Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU GP | Judge:
1AC

Plan: The U.S. Congress should establish a Targeted Killing Review Court to rule on the legality of targeting decisions.

Advantage 1- Terror
Strikes foster public outrage in Pakistan and Yemen which is used as a recruitment tool for terrorists.
Harris, 12
((Paul “Drone attacks create terrorist safe haven” June 5, 2012, www.the gauardian.com/world/2012/jun/05/al-qaida-drone-attacks-too-broad)
Paul Harris (footnote 39) writes: “Now Robert Grenier, who headed
AND
the creation of a larger terrorist safe haven in Yemen," Grenier said.”
Drone strikes that kill high value terrorist targets are popular but public outrage over civilian casualties fosters a political environment conducive to terrorism
Hudson 12
(“Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates Through Counterterrorism?”
Leila Hudson, Colin S. Owens,David J. Callen, 17 SEP 2012, Hudson- Associate director of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Owens- Graduate of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy. Callen- PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00554.x/full)
Currently, the United States engages in two types of drone strikes, and neither
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global caliphate, drone counterterror seems to help create localized provincial Islamist emirates.

Drone strikes rapidly increased under Obama and expanded to include strikes on more low level targets, this resulted in less effective strikes, killing fewer leaders
Hudson, 2013 (Leila, Colin S. Owens, Matt Flannes Hudson is associate professor at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts. Owens and Fannes are research associates for SISMEC. “Drone Warfare” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war)
The use of armed drones by the United States has developed over nearly a decade
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commander Ilyas al-Kashmiri in 2009 and again in June 2011 notwithstanding.
Killing leaders is the key internal link to destroying terrorist organizations and stopping violence
Price 12
(Bryan Price is a major in the U.S. Army and former Assistant Professor of Social Sciences at the U.S.
Military Academy. He will serve at the Asia-Paciªc Center for Security Studies starting in August 2012. “Targeting Top Terrorists” Spring, http://shakes31471.typepad.com/files/how-leadership-decapit
ation-contributes-to-counterterrorism.pdf)
In contrast, some scholars argue that decapitation acts as a deterrent. First,
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have ongoing consequences, rather than merely a short-term effect.”124

Court review ensures that targets are leaders and decreases civilian deaths, this solves for terror attacks.
Harman 13
(Jane Harman is director, president and chief executive officer of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. She was a nine-term congresswoman from California, the ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee from 2002 to 2006, and a principal coauthor of the Intelligence Reform Law of 2004 and the FISA Amendments of 2008. Feb 19th, “Drone Courts Can Work” http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/19/harman-drone-courts-can-work/)
The FISA court, renamed the CT Court, could also oversee drones and cyber
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. We can have liberty and security, or we can diminish both.
Scenario 1- Pakistan
The Taliban in Pakistan is on the brink of launching an attack on India- Express Tribune 13
The Express Tribune, August 15th, 2013¶ (“Line of Control tension” http://www.defence.pk/forums/pakistans-war/271283-ttp-will-open-front-against-india-if-its-army-did-not-stop.html#ixzz2cdtkfHpi)
The Taliban leader said on Wednesday, that the TTP will open a front against
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that we will allow the enemies of the country to attack our homeland.”
Terrorism sparks Indo-Pak war
SIFY News, May 5, 2009 (“Mumbai-like attack can trigger India-Pakistan war: Blackwill,” http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jffu9Ajgdfdandtitle=Mumbai_like_attack_can_trigger_India_Pakistan_war_Blackwillandtag=ambassador, CMH)

Describing the growing Talibanisation of Pakistan "as the most dangerous international situation since the
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attack," the former envoy said while alluding to Pakistan's obsession with India.

Current political conditions make it more likely that a terror attack will cause a war
Aanchal Anand 2012
(Anand is a graduate student at SAIS, Johns Hopkins University, pursuing her degree in International Economics and Russian and Eurasian Studies. She is an Associate Editor of the SAIS Review. “Countering Hidden Risks in the India-Pakistan Conflict” Winter-Spring, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais/summary/v032/32.1.anand.html)
India will also hold national elections in 2014, which will create other complications.
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at a smaller scale, would almost certainly provoke an aggressive Indian response.
Indopak war causes great power war- Russia, China and the US would be drawn in to the conflict.
Pitt, 9
a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence."
(5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183) 

But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep
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to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Terrorists can acquire nuclear materials.
Jen Talley, staff writer for Avvo, 3/23/11
(“Could Terrorists Easily Buy a Nuclear Bomb?” Accessed online at http://nakedlaw.avvo.com/2011/03/could-terrorists-easily-buy-a-nuclear-bomb/, Accessed on 7/29/11)

A more likely possibility, according to these same experts, is that a terrorist
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that any terrorist group has yet succeeded in acquiring nuclear weapons or materials.

Nuclear terrorism causes Extinction
Sid-Ahmed 4
(Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
A nuclear attack by terrorists will be much more critical than Hiroshima and Nagazaki,
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When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Scenario 2- Yemen
AQAP is on the cusp of acquiring and using biological and chemical weapons in Yemen
Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Second, with a long history as one of the region’s eminent weapons markets,
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 producing biological and chemical material  in remote areas under their control.

Independently, Biological terrorism threatens extinction
Clifford E. Singer, professor of nuclear engineering and director of the Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, SWORDS AND PLOUGHSHARES, Spring 2001, p. http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/SandPs/2001-Sp/SandP_XIII/Singer.htm, accessed 5/6/2005.
There are, however, two technologies currently under development that may pose a more
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connected human family may be in question when and if this is achieved.
Advantage 2- Drone prolif
Drone prolif is inevitable and happening NOW, political limits on use are changing and markets are deepening
Singer 13
Peter Singer is director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution. 19/06/2013 “The Proliferation of Drones” https://ip-journal.dgap.org/en/ip-journal/topics/proliferation-drones

Today the United States is ahead in the field of military robotics, and given
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three weapons exporting nations in the world, are very eager to enter.
US precedent undermines norms on the use of force
Boyle ’13 (Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
Third, lethal drones create the possibility that the norms on the use of force
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the legal and evidentiary difficulties associated with giving them a fair trial.147
The U.S. shapes how other countries use drones- unconstrained use of drones will cause more conflict
Micah Zenko 13
(Douglas Dillon Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations January 2013 “Reforming U.S.  Drone Strike Policies” Council on Foreign Relations i.cfr.org)
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by
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the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Unconstrained drone technology cause extinction
Mitchell A. Chester, an attorney and civic activist Failsafe Revisited…Psychology and Robotic Delivery of the Bomb 12/26/2009  d.a. 7-25-10
http://sharedemergency.wordpress.com/2009/12/26/failsafe-revisited-psychology-and-robotic-delivery-of-the-bomb/

Tactical conventional weapon drones are currently used with precision impact against terrorist operations in Pakistan
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can save lives, but nuclear equipped robotics can help end all life.

US Legal standards are the best way to create norms regarding targeted strike technologies among both US allies and adversaries by raising the costs of misuse
Anderson and Waxman 13
(Kenneth Anderson-American University- Washington College of Law ; Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Brookings Institution - Governance Studies, Mathew Waxman- Columbia Law School, “Law and ethics for Autonomous weapon Systems Why a Ban Won’t Work and  How the Laws of War Can” April 10, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250126)

Given all of these risks, and to promote many other interests as well,
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autonomous weapons, whether those of the United States or those of others.
Now is the key time to shape norms- the window is closing on US ability to influence the trajectory of drones
Kristin Roberts 13
(Roberts is News Editor for National Journal she holds a master's degree in security studies from Georgetown University. March 22, 2013 “When the Whole World Has Drones” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)

Berteau is not alone. Zenko, of the Council on Foreign Relations, has
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, or 15 years—might find helpful in arguing against another’s actions.
Solvency
Judges are uniquely situated to provide a check on targeted killing
Adelsberg 13
(Samuel S. Adelsberg is a J.D. Candidate 2013, Yale Law School, “Bouncing the Executive’s Blank Check:
Judicial Review and the Targeting of Citizens” http://www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/hlpr/files/2013/06/Bouncing-the-Executives-Blank-Check.pdf)
Rather, as recognized by the Founders in the Fourth Amendment, balancing the needs
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, we will turn to what this judicial involvement would look like.

Drone courts minimize error and have a built in mechanism for enforcement
Guiora 12
(Amos N. Guiora is an Israeli-American professor of law at The S. J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion” Fall, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf)
Expansiveness and flexibility are at odds with a measured  approach to targeted killing precisely
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morality in armed conflict and articulation of policy effectiveness.

Court doesn’t implicate operational ability- existing policy creates similar delays
David W. Opderbeck 8/02/13
(Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law,
Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
Many of these requirements are already implied in the existing Justice Department guidelines,
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AND
to provide any sort of advance public notice of ordinary military objectives.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: Toya Green
The U.S.- Mexico border is a point of active hostility. In 1845 Polk ordered troops to the disputed territory of Texas to agitate Mexico, thus expanding executive control over war powers under assumptions of Manifest destiny that set the precedent for further expansionism throughout Latin America
Pinhiero 2011 (John, associate professor of history at Aquinas College. He is the author of "Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War" (2007). “Hostilities” and War Powers: Let’s Choose the Constitution, http://historynewsservice.org/2011/06/hostilities-and-war-powers-lets-choose-the-constitution/)

In fact, the slide to which Congressman Nadler referred has been going on for
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continued funding wars because the safety of American soldiers is always at stake.

Second, The violence of Polk’s actions continued today- prompted by anti-Latin@ conditions and further militarization of the border- Marquez 12
(John. D. Marquez, PhD from Ethnic Studies Department at the University of California, San Diego. Assistant Professor at Northwestern University, “Latin@s as the ‘Living Dead’: Raciality, expendability, and border militarization”, Latino Studies, (2012) 10, 473-498)

This section discusses the difficulties that legal practitioners have faced in  attempting to defend the
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which law enforcement agents are preauthorized  be extra aggressive, if not brutal.

The US-Mexico border is a site of settler colonialism that structures white supremacy in the United States that produces Latin@s as a threat to be violently policed. This is a unique example of the way that US national mythologies function.- Marquez in 12
(John. D. Marquez, PhD from Ethnic Studies Department at the University of California, San Diego. Assistant Professor at Northwestern University, “Latin@s as the ‘Living Dead’: Raciality, expendability, and border militarization”, Latino Studies, (2012) 10, 473-498)

The United States is not a European nation such as those that Foucault  theorized.
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been operationalized via the threat or practice of state sanctioned and  systemic violence.

The construction of the border is just another instance of the naturalization of the non-ethics of war prompted by colonialism in which  bodies become marked and then naturalized to rape and genocide- Madonado-Torres 7
Nelson Madonado-Torres, “On the Coloniality of Being”, Cultural Studies. Vol. 21 Nos. 2-3 March/May 2007. Pp. 240-270.
Misanthropic skepticism doubts in a way the most obvious. Statements like  ‘you are
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the emerging modernity  comes to be shaped by a paradigm of war.38

This legacy of oppression pushes Chicanas into a position where they can either rebel and be bad women or cooperate with male power- Anzaldua 87
Gloria Anzaldua, Scholar of Chicana cultural theory and queer theory, “Borderlands La Frontera: the New Mestiza”, 1987 *gender modified

At a very early age I had a strong sense of who I was and  
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ada. I've always been her  daughter. No 'tes chingand.o.

The dichotomoy of bad woman/good woman or Malinche/Marina leaves Chicanas alienated from her own Self, unable to make choices.- Anzaldua 87
Gloria Anzaldua, Scholar of Chicana cultural theory and queer theory, “Borderlands La Frontera: the New Mestiza”, 1987 *gender modified

The world is not a safe place to live in. We shiver in separate
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to feel strong, and" for the most  part,. in control.

To end this violence, we must confront the myth of Malintzin, the Native woman who acted as Cortez's translator, this myth works to reinforce misogyny and imperialism by treating Chicana women as traitors and sell-outs. –Moraga 2k
Moraga, 2000 (Cherrie Loving in the War Years, expanded second edition p.91-92).
Chicanas' negative perceptions of ourselves as sexual persons and our consequential betrayal of each other
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even if she never hears directly of the one-time Aztec princess.

Sarah and I advocate a Chicana Critical rhetoric that resists the hostilities of colonization and misogyny manifested in U.S. war powers at the border
The aff is an act of Chicana Critical Rhetoric that is necessary to change dominant narratives and serves the pedagogical purpose of decolonization. New discourse is necessary in order to change material conditions.
Dicochea, 2004. (Perlita. Assistant professor of ethnic studies at Santa Clara  Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2004))
Democratizing information about the Chicana Feminist Movement has been-and continues to be-
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"become" CCR practitioners by returning to the foundational Chicana feminist texts.

The rhetorical analysis of the 1ac is necessary to construct a space for Chicana empowerment – Flores 96
Lisa A. Flores, Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at Arizona State University, “Creating Discursive Space Through A Rhetoric of Difference: Chicana Feminists Craft A Homeland”, Quarterly Journal of Speech 82 (1996) 142-156

In its most basic form, a rhetoric of difference includes repudiating mainstream discourse and
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but lead as well to a resistance against the subjection… (1)

The 1ac's unpacking of Malintzin is necessary to creating resistive discourse - it's the only way to move forward
Dicochea, 2004. (Perlita. Assistant professor of ethnic studies at Santa Clara  Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2004))
Chicana feminist writers pointed out during the movement that idealized configurations of La Virgen results
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a strengthening of the very virtues she is now accused of destroying." 18

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: UNI | Judge:
1AC

Plan: The U.S. Congress should ban the offensive use of drones for the purpose of targeted killing.
Contention 1 is Innocents

Nabila Rehman tells us that…..
(10-29-13, “Victims of drone strike testify before Congress”, http://rt.com/usa/rehman-drone-grayson-hearing-924/, JKS)
The victims of a drone strike alleged to be launched last year by the United
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don’t expect to see a formal hearing conducted on this subject anytime soon.”

U.S. drone strikes are killing innocent people violating their non-combatant immunity
Boyle ’13
(Michael J. Boyle is an assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, and former counterterrorism advisor for Obama. “The costs and consequences of drone warfare” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)
One reason why the US has been so successful in spinning the number of civilian
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the legal and moral responsibility to make this determination before killing them.36
Over 40 innocent people were killed or injured in just 1 drone attack – all to kill 4 members of the Taliban. This leaves innocents living in constant fear of the next strike
Stanford Clinic 12
Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (IHRCRC) and Global Justice Clinic (GJC) at NYU School of Law. “Living Under Drones.” http:www.livingunderdrones.org/report/
Some men who survived are now unable to work or earn the living they could
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obtained the names of 24 civilians killed who died in the strike.330
US Joint Chiefs of Staff study concludes drone strikes in Afghanistan kill 10 times as many innocent people as jet fighters
Big News Network 13
(July 3rd, “Study: Drones killed more civilians than jet fighters” http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/215595981/scat/b8de8e630faf3631/ht/Study-Drones-killed-more-civilians-than-jet-fighters)
U.S. drone strikes in Afghanistan killed 10 times as many civilians as
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Afghan civilians as jet fighters -- they actually killed 10 times as many.
*Modified for gendered language
Drone strikes outweigh other non-lethal methods because of the impossibility of surrender
Naureen Shah 4-12-13
 (Acting director of The Human Rights Clinic at Columbia Law School, http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/COLUMBIAStatementforRecord.pdf)
Drone strikes are inherently more threatening to civilian life than alternative, non-lethal
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S. interests—an opportunity taken off the table by drone strikes.
Contention 2 is Solvency
Simulation of different roles through fiat encourages learning and empowerment
Innes and Booher 99
 (Judith, Director – Institute of Urban and Regional Development and Professor at UC Berkeley and David, Visiting Scholar at the Institute, Journal of the American Planning Association, Winter, Vol. 65, Iss. 1)
Our observation and practice of consensus building suggests that the analogy to role-playing
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entertaining and-when conducted effectively-in some fundamental sense empowers individuals.
Our political engagement is key to preventing a vacuum that will be filled by violent elites
Cook in 92
(Anthony, Associate Professor, Georgetown Law, New England LR, Spring, 26 New Eng.L.)
The effect of deconstructing the power of the author to impose a fixed meaning on
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those who influence us through their eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.
Plan based debates on presidential powers create better education
Jeffrey A. Kurr 9/5/13
(Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts and Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society; “Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers,” http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)
The public debates on presidential war powers co-hosted by the Miller Center and
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where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.
Epistemological validity cannot be separated from the outcomes of decisions
Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore 2011
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications
Since our goal is to explain why deliberation works sometimes well and sometimes poorly,
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Author, submitted-b, for an extension to the moral domain).
Our methodology and epistemology is good and self-reflexive
Mary Caprioli Jun 4
(Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Tennessee, International Studies Review, pp.256-8)
The purported language difference between feminist and IR scholars appears to be methodological. In
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to provide a more thorough understanding of the social matrix underlying state behavior.
Failure to engage the political process turns us into spectators powerless to produce real change
Rorty 98
(prof of philosophy at Stanford, Richard, 1998, “achieving our country”, Pg. 7-9)JFS
Such people find pride in American citizenship impossi¬ble, and vigorous participation in electoral politics
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in him will sit down fatalistically before the croaker's picture. "2 wq

Critique must engage the state.  Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups.  Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them.
Mouffe 2009
(Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there is therefore emphasis upon ‘
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my view, is how we should conceive the nature of radical politics. 

No prior question when it comes to innocent deaths
Jarvis 2K
Darryl S. L. Jarvis, Director of the Research Institute for International Risk and Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sydney, 2k (International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline, Published by the University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1570033056, p. 128-129)
Perhaps more alarming though is the outright violence Ashley recommends in response to what at
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to address the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places.
Our epistemology is right – Policy debate is key to effecting institutional change  
Heydemann 2
(Steve,director – Program on Philanthropy and Nonprofit Sector @ Social Science Research Council, frmr Prof Poli Sci – Columbia, “Defending the Discipline,” Journal of Democracy Vol. 13, No. 3, Muse)
Though Kramer's book is severely flawed, 2 the larger question remains: Is his
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and decline of political liberalization in the Middle East during the course of the

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent:  | Judge:
Plan: The U.S. Congress should establish a Targeted Killing Review Court to rule on the legality of targeting decisions.

Advantage 1- Terror
Strikes foster public outrage in Pakistan and Yemen which is used as a recruitment tool for terrorists.
Harris, 12
((Paul “Drone attacks create terrorist safe haven” June 5, 2012, www.the gauardian.com/world/2012/jun/05/al-qaida-drone-attacks-too-broad)
Paul Harris (footnote 39) writes: “Now Robert Grenier, who headed
AND
the creation of a larger terrorist safe haven in Yemen," Grenier said.”
Drone strikes that kill high value terrorist targets are popular but public outrage over civilian casualties fosters a political environment conducive to terrorism
Hudson 12
(“Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates Through Counterterrorism?”
Leila Hudson, Colin S. Owens,David J. Callen, 17 SEP 2012, Hudson- Associate director of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Owens- Graduate of the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy. Callen- PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00554.x/full)
Currently, the United States engages in two types of drone strikes, and neither
AND
that will help clarify the obscure de facto parameters for executive executions.18
While there have been successful HVT strikes on non-U.S. citizens
AND
secure an allied regime, especially given the nature of signature strikes.20
Dubious pattern-based signature strikes set Yemen counterterrorism projects up for the same patterns
AND
global caliphate, drone counterterror seems to help create localized provincial Islamist emirates.

Drone strikes rapidly increased under Obama and expanded to include strikes on more low level targets, this resulted in less effective strikes, killing fewer leaders
Hudson, 2013 (Leila, Colin S. Owens, Matt Flannes Hudson is associate professor at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts. Owens and Fannes are research associates for SISMEC. “Drone Warfare” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war)
The use of armed drones by the United States has developed over nearly a decade
AND
commander Ilyas al-Kashmiri in 2009 and again in June 2011 notwithstanding.
Killing leaders is the key internal link to destroying terrorist organizations and stopping violence
Price 12
(Bryan Price is a major in the U.S. Army and former Assistant Professor of Social Sciences at the U.S.
Military Academy. He will serve at the Asia-Paciªc Center for Security Studies starting in August 2012. “Targeting Top Terrorists” Spring, http://shakes31471.typepad.com/files/how-leadership-decapit
ation-contributes-to-counterterrorism.pdf)
In contrast, some scholars argue that decapitation acts as a deterrent. First,
AND
have ongoing consequences, rather than merely a short-term effect.”124

Court review ensures that targets are leaders and decreases civilian deaths, this solves for terror attacks.
Harman 13
(Jane Harman is director, president and chief executive officer of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. She was a nine-term congresswoman from California, the ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee from 2002 to 2006, and a principal coauthor of the Intelligence Reform Law of 2004 and the FISA Amendments of 2008. Feb 19th, “Drone Courts Can Work” http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/02/19/harman-drone-courts-can-work/)
The FISA court, renamed the CT Court, could also oversee drones and cyber
AND
. We can have liberty and security, or we can diminish both.
Scenario 1- Pakistan
The Taliban in Pakistan is on the brink of launching an attack on India- Express Tribune 13
The Express Tribune, August 15th, 2013¶ (“Line of Control tension” http://www.defence.pk/forums/pakistans-war/271283-ttp-will-open-front-against-india-if-its-army-did-not-stop.html#ixzz2cdtkfHpi)
The Taliban leader said on Wednesday, that the TTP will open a front against
AND
that we will allow the enemies of the country to attack our homeland.”
Terrorism sparks Indo-Pak war
SIFY News, May 5, 2009 (“Mumbai-like attack can trigger India-Pakistan war: Blackwill,” http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jffu9Ajgdfdandtitle=Mumbai_like_attack_can_trigger_India_Pakistan_war_Blackwillandtag=ambassador, CMH)

Describing the growing Talibanisation of Pakistan "as the most dangerous international situation since the
AND
attack," the former envoy said while alluding to Pakistan's obsession with India.

Current political conditions make it more likely that a terror attack will cause a war
Aanchal Anand 2012
(Anand is a graduate student at SAIS, Johns Hopkins University, pursuing her degree in International Economics and Russian and Eurasian Studies. She is an Associate Editor of the SAIS Review. “Countering Hidden Risks in the India-Pakistan Conflict” Winter-Spring, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais/summary/v032/32.1.anand.html)
India will also hold national elections in 2014, which will create other complications.
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at a smaller scale, would almost certainly provoke an aggressive Indian response.

Indo-Pak war causes extinction
Lawrence Korb March/April 12
(Senior Fellow Center for American Progress, Assistant Secretary of Defense under Reagan; “No first use: The way to contain nuclear war in South Asia,” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol 68 No 2, Pp. 34-42, SagePub)

In the twenty-first century, the Indian subcontinent has surpassed Europe as the
AND
no guarantees that it would choose to restrain itself after another such incident.
AND, nuke terror is highly likely– one success causes extinction and major power escalation – a farsighted plan is key
Zafar Nawaz Jaspal 12
(Associate Professor at the School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; “Nuclear/Radiological Terrorism: Myth or Reality?” Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 19.1, 91-111)

The misperception, miscalculation and above all ignorance of the ruling elite about security puzzles
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the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.” (UNSC Resolution, 2009)

Scenario 2- Yemen
AQAP is on the cusp of acquiring and using biological and chemical weapons in Yemen
Berger 12
(Lars Berger, Maurice Döring, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, Ahmed Saif, and Ahmed Al-Wahishi, s Berger is a Lecturer in ¶ Politics and Contemporary ¶ History of the Middle East¶ at the University of Salford/¶ Manchester, United Kingdom.  He was an APSA Congressional Fellow in Washington, D.C. in 2002-03. Döring holds an MA in Political Science, International Law and Philosophy from the University of Bonn. Fikenscher is a Research Fellow at Goethe University, Frankfurt and was a Research Assistant at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt in 2006–11.May 2012“Yemen and the Middle East Conference¶ The Challenge of Failing States ¶ and Transnational Terrorism” http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
Second, with a long history as one of the region’s eminent weapons markets,
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¶ producing biological and chemical material ¶ in remote areas under their control.

The risk of a major bioterror attack is increasing – outweighs nuclear war and causes extinction
Anders Sandberg et al 9/8/8
(James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro; “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)

The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
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may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.

Advantage 2- Drolif
Drone prolif is inevitable and happening NOW, political limits on use are changing and markets are deepening
Singer 13
Peter Singer is director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution. 19/06/2013 “The Proliferation of Drones” https://ip-journal.dgap.org/en/ip-journal/topics/proliferation-drones

Today the United States is ahead in the field of military robotics, and given
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three weapons exporting nations in the world, are very eager to enter.
The U.S. shapes how other countries use drones- unconstrained use of drones will cause more conflict
Micah Zenko 13
(Douglas Dillon Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations January 2013 “Reforming U.S.  Drone Strike Policies” Council on Foreign Relations i.cfr.org)
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by
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the future, the United States should undertake the following specific policy recommendations.
Norms are key– failure to restrain locks in extinction
Richard Falk 2/13/12
(Chair of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University; “The Menace of Present and Future Drone Warfare,” http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=328)

Perhaps, the most important difference between the torture and drone debates has to do
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of state-centric logic and the grandiose schemes of the geopolitical mentality.
Only the plan establishes a restrained model of drone use – executive-only policy causes escalatory global war
Kristen Roberts 3/22/13
(News editor for the National Journal, master in security studies from Georgetown; “When the Whole World Has Drones,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)

The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
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operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.
US Legal standards are the best way to create norms regarding targeted strike technologies among both US allies and adversaries by raising the costs of misuse
Anderson and Waxman 13
(Kenneth Anderson-American University- Washington College of Law ; Stanford University - The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; Brookings Institution - Governance Studies, Mathew Waxman- Columbia Law School, “Law and ethics for Autonomous weapon Systems Why a Ban Won’t Work and  How the Laws of War Can” April 10, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2250126)

Given all of these risks, and to promote many other interests as well,
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autonomous weapons, whether those of the United States or those of others.

Solvency
Courts are uniquely situated to provide a check on targeted killing
Coughenour 08 (John C. , The Right Place to Try Terrorism Cases, July 27, 2008, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2008-07-27/opinions/36772256_1_terrorism-trials-district-court-federal-courts)

I have spent 27 years on the federal bench. In particular, my experience
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and should be addressed by further revision rather than by undermining the judiciary.

Drone courts minimize error and have a built in mechanism for enforcement
Guiora 12
(Amos N. Guiora is an Israeli-American professor of law at The S. J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion” Fall, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.13.Article.Guiora.pdf)
Expansiveness and flexibility are at odds with a measured ¶ approach to targeted killing precisely
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on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Court doesn’t implicate operational ability- existing policy creates similar delays
David W. Opderbeck 8/02/13
(Professor of Law, Seton Hall University Law School, and Director, Gibbons Institute of Law,
Science and Technology, “Drone Courts” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2305315)
Many of these requirements are already implied in the existing¶ Justice Department guidelines,
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the actual strike. The same could be true¶ for a court.
A second practical objection is that drone strikes typically¶ involve top secret and other
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Wanted” criminal list and its “Most Wanted Terrorists”¶ list.310
Notice and an opportunity to be heard are particularly¶ compelling if the target is
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to provide¶ any sort of advance public notice of ordinary military objectives.¶