Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: M Weitz
boogiebear20@gmail.com

Tournament: UNT | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Houston LR | Judge: B Box, C Roark, S Varda
Text: We advocate deferring to the decision of demographically representative Pakistani kunferans regarding the drone policy of the United States.

Its competitive – Grand Jirgas and kunferans are distinct- Using "Jirga" as a method is ambiguous and has departed from its orginal meaning. We should use "kunferans" instead
Buchholz 13
(Benjamin, 11-19-13, Benjamin Buchholz is a researcher at Humboldt-University in Berlin. He studied Iranian Studies, Islamic Studies and Economics in Frankfurt, Bamberg, and Tehran and graduated (PhD) in Central Asian Studies at Humboldt-University. Since 2003, he has visited Afghanistan seven times. His dissertation deals with the history of the loya jirga and has now been turned into a book, "Loya Jirga: Afghanischer Mythos, Ratsversammlung und Verfassungsorgan, ed by Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr, Center for Military History and Social Sciences, Freiburg 2013, http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-nations-voice-afghanistans-loya-jirgas-in-the-historical-context-http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-nations-voice-afghanistans-loya-jirgas-in-the-historical-context, JKS)

The term loya jirga is highly ambiguous and may evoke differing associations. The term
AND
greater than ever (read an earlier AAN discussion of the subject here-http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/innovative-loya-jirga-ism).
*modified for ableist language

Jirgas are a bad method – they aren’t used for community building, only for leaders to justify their actions—it will be co-opted in the debate space
Rawlings 13
Nate, holds a BA in History from Princeton University, an MS from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism and a MA in International Affairs from Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. "Afghanistan’s Big-Tent Politics: TIME Explains the Loya Jirga." TIME. November 20th, 2013. http://world.time.com/2013/11/20/afghanistans-big-tent-politics-time-explains-the-loya-jirga/-http://world.time.com/2013/11/20/afghanistans-big-tent-politics-time-explains-the-loya-jirga/
The loya jirga is an institution deeply embedded in Afghan culture and has played a
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jirga goes against you, it’s a bad change in the political wind."

The tribal jirga system is illegal and upholds a patriarchial system that does violence to women
Guerin 7-25-13  
(Orla, reporter, BBC News, Pakistani women use jirga to fight for rights, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23453243)
The response from the local male jirga was less surprising. They were dismissive, saying the women have AND
 from one family to another to settle disputes.

Tournament: UK | Round: 5 | Opponent: KU GoRe | Judge: J Guha
Prior to implementation, the United States federal government will enter into binding consultation with the government of Brazil, proposing that the United States Congress should statutorily restrict the war powers authority of the president to introduce space armed forces into hostilities and will implement the agreed upon policies of consultation.  We’ll clarify.

It’s mutually exclusive — any permutation severs the certainty, immediacy, and unalterability of plan action, irreparably damaging competitive equity.

Says yes – Brazil is highly concerned about space weapons
Viotti, Brazilian Ambassador the the UN, 2012 (http://www.un.org/disarmament/special/meetings/firstcommittee/67/pdfs/1020Oct20GD20Brazil.pdf)

Brazil continues to-attach high priority to the objective of safeguarding outer-space
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on a legally­¶ binding instrument that prevents the weaponisation of outer space.

Consultation is critical to enhancing the US/Brazil relationship—even modest initiatives like the CP can have a profound effect of building trust and cooperation.
Hakim 11
(Peter, President of the Inter-American Dialogue, Foreign Service Journal, "Brazil and the US—Remaking a Relationship, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=3226pubID=2679)

Still, even when bilateral relations have become strained in recent years, the two
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there is consensus in Washington on U.S. climate change policy. 

Downward push in relations causes Amazonian Deforestation and destabilizes South America, resulting in arms races and nuclear proliferation
Shultz 00
(Donald, Research Professor of National Security Policy at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA: SHAPING AN ELUSIVE FUTURE, March) 

While we are in a speculative mode, it may be useful to raise the
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, there is an increasing temptation to  look to the military for answers. 

Amazon destruction causes extinction
Takacs 96
(David, Instructor in Department of Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State-Monterey Bay. Philosophies of Paradise, http://www.dhushara.com/book/diversit/restor/takacs.htm)

Peter Raven  bases his thinking on Leopold’s observation "To keep every cog and wheel
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the famines could lead to a thermonuclear war, which could extinguish civilization."

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne state LM | Judge: Loghry Manuel D Elliott
Case
Resistance to neolib gets quashed
Owen Jones 11
(Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing,” www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html)

My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001
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of revolt, there remains no left to give it direction and purpose.

Rejecting neolib as a monolith turns the aff
Rosaleen Duffy and Lorraine Moore 10
(*Professor of International Politics, at Manchester U; Professor of Conservation Politics at the Durrell Institute of Conservation Ecology (DICE) in the School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; “Neoliberalizing nature? Elephants as imperfect commodities,” Antipode Vol. 42.3 Pp. 742)

However, it is critically important not to reify neoliberalism and ascribe it a greater
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challenged through engagement with specific case studies (Bakker 2009; Castree 2008b).

The status quo is structurally improving because of neolib
Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 2010
(Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)

If my fictional family is not to your taste, perhaps you prefer statistics.
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was reduced more in the last fifty years than in the previous 500.  

Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship
Matthew Sharpe and Geoff Goucher 10
(*Lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies @ Deakin University; Senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies @ Deakin University; “Žižek and Politics: An Introduction,” Pp. 231 – 233) 

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework
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today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

The liberal international order will persist indefinitely – outweighs the aff
G. John Ikenberry 10
(Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University, Korea; “The Liberal International Order and its Discontents,” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 38; Pp. 509)

There are also reasons to think that this liberal order will persist, even if
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provides attractions and benefits to most states within it and on its edges.

Claims of a pervasive MIC are false
Stan Crock 3
(Specialist @ Washington Post; “An All-powerful U.S. Military-industrial Complex Is Simply An Enduring Myth,” Orlando Sentinel, Lexis)

While hardly anyone was watching, the American military-industrial complex died. Sure
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more complicated than the conventional view that defense contractors simply call the shots.

Their affective erotic pedagogy is not counter-hegemonic, it’s the new academic chic—appeals to emobidment can’t be refuted
Craig Ireland, Assistant Professor, Dept. Of American Culture and Literature Bilkent University, 2004, The Subaltern Appeal to Experience: Self-Identity, Late Modernity, and the Politics of Immediacy, p. 162-77

Such subaltern theorizing, however, paints itself into an epistemological corner and partakes of
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only legitimate ground from which counterhistories might be erected or counterhegemonic action mustered.
Now what is puzzling in all this is that subaltern theorizing should so insist on
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symptomatically represents an eroded capacity for sustaining mediation and temporal extension tout court?
But before we can answer this question, we must first consider yet another one
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experience to play a constitutive role in self-formation to begin with.
It is in just such a failure to recognize the class origins of this relation
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alternative modes of self-formation than capitalism has replaced alternative economic systems.
By failing to sufficiently historicize the association between experience and self-formation and,
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nick-led and dimed to death, to use Ehrenreich expression.29
Cultural issues can, admittedly, help redress certain wrongs, but they can also
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neither nativism, nor pluralism are in their thoughts, only survival."3

The affirmative occupies the position of the Maoist – the impact is imperialism and a reproduction of the harms of the 1ac.
Rey Chow 93
(Comparative Literature—Brown University, Writing Diaspora, p. 15-16)

The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
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longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."

Their attempt at academic change sustains power’s ability to constrain ANY resistance by turning those victims of power into ghosts.  The tradition of liberal citizenship is a ghostly attempt to remember past political struggles that ultimately fetishize movements of the past, especially in academic subculture—this turns the case.
Occupied UC Berkeley 2k9.http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19
Totally managed death. A machine for administering death, for the proliferation of technologies
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gets its own designated burial plot.  Who doesn’t participate in this graveyard?

Their argument that making this argument in a debate round actually changes something ignores  the coordinates of academic power/knowledge at play in the debate tournament itself which will always commodify their activism to justify the institutional and depoliticizing structure of the activity
Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19

In the university we prostrate ourselves before a value of separation, which in reality
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the positions we thoughtlessly enact.  It’s the particular nature of being owned.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baylor BE | Judge: B Box

Case

Obama will change definitions to circumvent
Jonathan Hafetz 11/5/13
(Law professor at Seton Hall; "Outrage Fatigue: The Danger of Getting Used to Gitmo," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13311/outrage-fatigue-the-danger-of-getting-used-to-gitmo))

The Obama administration has shown no shortage of creative lawyering in justifying U.S
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the urgency tends to dissipate once the public pressure and media attention fades.

Congress will ignore WPR circumvention – strong political incentives
Druck 12 ~Judah A. Druck, law associate at Sullivan 26 Cromwell LLP, Cornell Law School graduate, magna cum laude graduate from Brandeis University, "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf~~
Of course, despite these various suits, Congress has received¶ much of the
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, and congresspersons looking to continue the¶ system of passivity and deferment.

Congress lacks will and mechanism to enforce WPR consultation
Charles A. Stevenson 8, author of "Congress at War: The Politics of Conflict since 1789," 7/11/08, "Congress in Retreat on War Powers Reform, http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2008/07/11/congress_in_retreat_on_war_powers_reform/

The commission calls the 1973 law "impractical and ineffective." That’s half right.
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that future presidents will be any more forthcoming with lawmakers than their predecessors.

Neither the courts nor Congress want to play a role in authorizing war – they won’t enforce the aff

Gene Healy 2009 (vice president at the Cato Institute) "Reclaiming the War Power" http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-handbook-policymakers/2009/9/hb111-10.pdf

Each of these proposals has the merit of demanding that Congress carry the burden the
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war power will not be forthcoming unless and until American citizens demand it.

Aff is circumvented – plan does none of the things that are key to enforce the WPR – and the WPR proves enforcement is not normal means, so it won’t exist if the aff doesn’t explicitly fiat it

Lobel 9
Jules Lobel, Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh, "Restore. Protect. Expand. Amend the War Powers Resolution," Center for Constitutional Rights White Paper, http://ccrjustice.org/files/CCR_White_WarPowers.pdf

Reform the War Powers Resolution The War Powers Resolution has failed. Every president since
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responded by effectually saying: if Congress did nothing, why should we?
Reforming the War Powers Resolution is a project that will require leadership from the President
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a presidential violation of this principle should be explicitly made an impeachable offense.

Presidents have political incentives to cooperate with Congress over offensive operations – but requiring cooperation sends a signal of weakness to adversaries and hamstrings power projection

Michael A. Newton – 2012, Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School
Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol 45, Fall 2012, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1262.10.Article.Newton.pdf
The corollary to this modern reality, and the second of three inadvertent implications of
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dispel those doubts about our staying power and strengthen our political hand.6

9 Following the spectacularly successful terrorist attack on the Marine barracks in Beirut, President
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asymmetric enemy can in theory erode our political will even before it solidifies.

US – Latin American Relations resilient – immigration proves
Duddy and Mora 5/1/13
(Patrick and Frank O., "Latin America: Is U.S. influence waning?", Miami Herald, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/05/01/3375160/latin-america-is-us-influence.html)

Finally, one should not underestimate the resiliency of U.S. soft power in the region. The power of national reputation, popular culture, values and institutions continues to contribute to U.S. influence in ways that are difficult to measure and impossible to quantify. Example: Despite 14 years of strident anti-American rhetoric during the Chávez government, tens of thousand of Venezuelans apply for U.S. nonimmigrant visas every year, including many thousands of Chávez loyalists.

Attempts will be small and can be stopped
STEWART 3/22/12
Stratfor Intelligence  Reporter
Scott Stewart, Keeping Terrorism in Perspective, Stratfor,http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/keeping-terrorism-perspective~~

By design, terrorist attacks are intended to have a psychological impact far outweighing the
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and minimize the impact of such attacks if they maintain the proper perspective.

No internal link or impact to nuke terror – their Dworkin ev says dirty bombs but their terminal impact ev is about a full-scale nuke, as in a way more complicated bomb from a state arsenal. They read a take out to their own adv.

No risk of nuclear terrorism – answers every Jaspal acquisition warrant
John J. Mearsheimer 1/2/14
(R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, "America Unhinged," nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show)

Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many
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encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

No extinction
Mueller 10
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press)

In the ensuing decades, massive exaggerations of the physical effects of nuclear weapons have
AND
force of an earthquake, one-thousandth the force of a hurricane."

No retaliation – definitely no escalation
Mueller 5
(John, Professor of Political Science – Ohio State University, Reactions and Overreactions to Terrorism, http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/NB.PDF)

However, history clearly demonstrates that overreaction is not necessarily inevitable. Sometimes, in
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after the obligatory (and inexpensive) expressions of outrage are prominently issued.

Economic decline doesn’t cause war – no war scenario
Daniel W. Drezner Oct 12
(Professor, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University; "The Irony of Global Economic Governance: The System Worked," http://www.globaleconomicgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/IR-Colloquium-MT12-Week-5_The-Irony-of-Global-Economic-Governance.pdf)

The final outcome addresses a dog that hasn’t barked: the effect of the Great
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II – and not even worse – must be regarded as fortunate."42

Economic decline doesn’t cause war – empty bellies – war requires wealth that doesn’t exist in an economic downturn  
Deudney 91
Hewlett Fellow in Science, Technology, and Society at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton (Daniel, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Ebsco)

Poverty Wars. In a second scenario, declining living standards first cause internal turmoil
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military operations require complex organizational skills, specialized industrial products and surplus wealth.

Empirics prove
Ferguson 06
(Foreign Affairs, Niall, Harvard, EBSCO)

It might have been expected that such prosperity would eliminate the causes of war.
AND
and as the commander of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: Baylor SW | Judge: M Kearney
terrorism
Terror attempts will be small and can be stopped
STEWART 3/22/12
Stratfor Intelligence  Reporter
Scott Stewart, Keeping Terrorism in Perspective, Stratfor,http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/keeping-terrorism-perspective

By design, terrorist attacks are intended to have a psychological impact far outweighing the
AND
and minimize the impact of such attacks if they maintain the proper perspective.

No nuclear terror.
Chapman 12
Stephen, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely May 22, 2012 6:00 AM http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html

Given their inability to do something simple — say, shoot up a shopping mall
AND
it bear fruit. Given the formidable odds, it probably won’t bother.

No extinction
Mueller ‘10
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press, Accessed @ Emory)

In the ensuing decades, massive exaggerations of the physical effects of nuclear weapons have
AND
force of an earthquake, one-thousandth the force of a hurricane."

Consensus of experts is zero risk – aff is alarmist
Matt Fay 13, PhD student in the history department at Temple University, has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, 7/18/13, “The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism”, webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+andcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=usandclient=firefox-a
For over a decade now, one of the most oft-repeated threats raised
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terrorism hardly warrants the type of exertions many alarmist assessments indicate it should.

No retaliation – definitely no escalation
Mueller 5
(John, Professor of Political Science – Ohio State University, Reactions and Overreactions to Terrorism, http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/NB.PDF)

However, history clearly demonstrates that overreaction is not necessarily inevitable. Sometimes, in
AND
after the obligatory (and inexpensive) expressions of outrage are prominently issued.

Obama’s nuclear doctrine proves
Sanger and Baker 10 (David E. and Peter, April, New York Times “Obama Limits When U.S. Would Use Nuclear Arms”.  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/world/06arms.html)

WASHINGTON — President Obama said Monday that he was revamping American nuclear strategy to substantially
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United States with biological or chemical weapons, or launched a crippling cyberattack.

The worst case scenario happened – no extinction
Alan Dove 2/24/12
(PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, “Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?” http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/)

The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with
AND
biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.

Your “gene manipulation” ev is overblown – still requires way more expertise than terrorists have
Jonathan B. Tucker Spring 11
(Expert in arms control and nonproliferation policy, specializing in chemical and biological weapons. He served in the U.S. government in several capacities, including as a biological-weapons inspector in Iraq in the 1990s. He also worked at several think tanks and advocacy groups, including the Center for Nonproliferation Studies of the Monterey Institute of International Studies.  Studied biology as an undergraduate at Yale, and earned a Ph.D. in political science from M.I.T.; “Could Terrorists Exploit Synthetic Biology?” http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/could-terrorists-exploit-synthetic-biology)

Field research by sociologists of science has shown that advanced biotechnologies such as whole-
AND
ability of terrorist organizations to exploit this technology for harmful purposes.15

firebreaks 

Decreasing AUMF authorizations snowballs – causes judicial rollback of the AUMF
Beau Barnes 12
(J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law, “Reauthorizing the ‘War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, Vol. 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874)

The scope of the AUMF is also important for any future judicial opinion that might
AND
its precise scope, authorization, and continuing vitality matter a great deal.

They are alarmist – no Indo-Pak war and escalation – deterrence has always held
A. Vinod Kumar 6/30/13
(MPhil in disarmament studies and an Associate Fellow at Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Delhi; "Nuclear Deterrence Works in Indo-Pak Ties," http://www.indepthnews.info/index.php/global-issues/1650-nuclear-deterrence-works-in-indo-pak-ties)

NEW DELHI (IDN | IDSA) - For over two decades, a dominant
AND
once had their leaderships lost complete faith in the efficacy of mutual deterrence. 

China’s firebreak won’t fail
Robert J. Art Fall 10
(Christian A. Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University and Director of MIT's Seminar XXI Program; “The United States and the rise of China: implications for the long haul,”  Political Science Quarterly 125.3; Pp. 359)

The workings of these three factors should make us cautiously optimistic about keeping Sino-
AND
analyze America's interests in East Asia. I now turn to these interests. 

No China-Taiwan war or escalation
GS 6
(Global Security, China's Options in the Taiwan Confrontation, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/taiwan-prc.htm)

With a belief that the US will come to Taiwan's aid should China initiate action
AND
to control escalation beyond "demonstrative" detonations would cause utterly disproportionate destruction.

No Asia war, tons of checks
Feng 10 – professor at the Peking University International Studies Zhu, “An Emerging Trend in East Asia: Military Budget Increases and Their Impact”, http://www.fpif.org/articles/an_emerging_trend_in_east_asia?utm_source=feed

As such, the surge of defense expenditures in East Asia does not add up
AND
Senkaku Islands to the Spratly Islands to the India-China border dispute.
S

Double-bind – either they limit the number of those who can be targeted so much that it collapses deterrence OR they just allow the president to call whoever he wants a militant which causes circumvention – that’s what ends up happening
RT 2013 (http://rt.com/news/naming-dead-project-pakistan-drones-284/)
The US has ordered more than 350 drone strikes since 2006 as the CIA has
AND
May 2010 strikes have killed more than 600 militants, but no civilians. 

Legal restrictions are temporary and unenforceable in the long term
Posner and Vermeule, 10 - *professor of law at the University of Chicago AND professor of law at Harvard (Eric and Adrian, The Executive Unbound, p. 41-45)

Liberal legalists, following Madison, describe Congress as the deliberative institution par excellence.
AND
to restrict the president’s power to seize property in times of crisis.57

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory CS | Judge: Zendeh Gilniecki Mathis
LOAC
LOAC flexibility solves new tech and collapse
Stewart 11 (Darren, Colonel, British Army; Director, Military Department, International Institute of Humanitarian Law, “New Technology and the Law of Armed Conflict,” International Law Studies Vol. 87) 

Useful processes, such as those forming part of the AP I Article 36 weapons
AND
caused by armed conflict, but they are by no means a panacea.

Not reverse causal – authoritarian states wouldn’t follow regardless – “US justifies others” is naive  
John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law.  Ilya Somin  Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Self-replicating nanotech is impossible
Mike Treder, Executive Director of CRN, Boards of Directors of the Human Futures Institute and the World Transhumanist Association, and is a member of the Executive Advisory Team for the Extropy Institute. “Applying the Precautionary Principle to Nanotechnology”  AND Chris Phoenix, CRN’s Director of Research, Master’s Degree in computer science from Stanford University. PUBLISHED JANUARY 2003  

Molecular nanotechnology is
AND
will never be built.

Military won’t adhere to nanotech limits in battle
John Robert Matthew, member of the Scientific Advisory Board @ NanoNow, 2004, http://www.nanotech-now.com/John-Marlow-Superswarm-interview-Feb04.htm
Lastly, there are the proposed prohibition on self-replication in open environments,
AND
research and development activities under the all-concealing cloak of national security.

It is not possible to solve a nano arms race
Mark Gubrud, Research Associate, Center for Superconductivity Research Physics, University of Maryland, 1997, Nanotechnology and International Security, http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT05/Papers/Gubrud/

• The prospect of revolutionary advances in military capabilities will stimulate competition to develop and
  AND
  political and military reactions which further reinforce a cycle of competition and confrontation.

Self-replicating nanobots and grey goo are impossible
Smalley in 2001
Richard – Gene and Norman Hackerman Professor of Physics and Chemistry @ Rice University, received the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of fullerenes – September, “Nanofallacies: of Chemistry, Love, and Nanobots,” Scientific American, Vol. 285 #3

But how realistic is this notion of a self-replicating nanobot? Let's
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. Such a nanobot will never become more than a futurist's daydream. 

1NC – space weaps
Space weap is inevitable but the US can deter and de-escalate conflict – we’ll get the high ground now – only risk of an arms race is inevitable US retaliation to international weaponization
Everett C. Dolman and Henry F. Cooper, Jr. 11
(*Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Former DoD Deputy Executive and Chairman of High Frontier, a Defense Tech Think-Tank; “Increasing the Military Uses of Space,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

Space is too vast to be controlled. If one state weaponizes, then all
AND
empowering and ¶ crippling—whichever argument appears most persuasive at the time.
Multilat fails but US space heg solves the impact – failure to lead causes miscalc and extinction – astro-political realism prevents order-shifting wars and promotes cooperation
Everett C. Dolman and Henry F. Cooper, Jr. 11
(*Professor of Comparative Military Studies at the US Air Force’s School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Former DoD Deputy Executive and Chairman of High Frontier, a Defense Tech Think-Tank; “Increasing the Military Uses of Space,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)
*gender modified

We aver that the application of space technology to military operations is simply the ¶
AND
of all. America ¶ must lead, for the benefit of all.
Independently, weapons solve asteroids – the squo will use nuclear busting
Asian News International 3/20/7
(“Lightweight lasers can eliminate Earth-striking asteroids,” http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/world/20070320/618874.html)

Researchers at the University of Alabama in Huntsville have claimed that a lightweight, space
AND
, pushing it into a different orbit - and safely away from Earth.

Try or die – a strike destroys civilization – magnitude outweighs probability
Garshnek et. al, 2k
(Victoria Garshnek, Global Human Futures Research Associates, David Morrison,  NASA Ames Research Center, Frederick M. Burkle Jr, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, John A. Burns School of Medicine “ The mitigation, management, and survivability of asteroid/comet impact with Earth,”  Space Policy 16 (2000) 213 – 222)

As far as we know, impacts are randomly distributed in time. Of the
AND
of our civilization. However, chance is not really at work here. 

There either is or is not a NEO aimed to hit Earth in the next
AND
shepherd our own survival, and that of all life on Eartha. 

Busting causes oxygen depletion and extinction
Verschurr 96
(Gerrit, adjunct professor of physics for the U of Memphis, Impact: The Threat of Asteroids and Comets, pg. 40) 

Did consider are potential risk to earth if it were to run into the head
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destroyed and our world would be transformed into a desolate and barren rock.
Space weapons solves all wars and locks-in hegemony
Steven Lambakis 2/1/7
(PhD from Catholic University, National Institute for Public Policy Senior Analyst; “Missile Defense From Space,” http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6124)

The policy benefits of a space-based missile defense layer are straightforward. A
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for world peace, stability, and enforcing the rule of law internationally.

Multiple tests prove global space capabilities are inevitable – the US must claim the high ground to prevent further militarization – otherwise miscalc creats a space arms race and a rapid power vacuum
Randall R. Correll 11
(National security consultant with Science Applications International Company, served in the United States Air Force in a wide variety of research, development and space assignments, PhD in physics from UT; “Emerging Actors,” http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

The world of the 21¶ st¶ century is radically different from that of
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better engage with emerging competitors in support of national goals and ¶ interests.

Multilat
The treaty won’t be self-executing – hollows out solvency
Somin 9 (Ilya, George Mason University School of Law, AND John McGinnis, Northwestern University - School of Law, “Democracy and International Human Rights Law”, July 1, 2009, Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp 1739-1798, May 2009 Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 08-08 George Mason Law and Economics Research Paper No. 08-19, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116406, ZBurdette)

Besides the influence of nondemocratic states, there is another more fundamental problem that contributes
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perhaps the sincerity of the commitment to the norms embodied in them.126
We violate treaties all the time – fights will fizzle out
Koplow ’13 David A. Koplow is Professor of Law and Director of the Center for Applied Legal Studies ¶ at Georgetown University Law Center. He was Special Counsel for Arms Control to the ¶ General Counsel, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC, from 2009 to 2011, “Indisputable Violations: ¶ What Happens When the ¶ United States Unambiguously ¶ Breaches a Treaty?” http://www.fletcherforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Koplow_37-1.pdf

This commitment to the law also extends to international agreements. Treaties are the coin
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faith ¶ advanced what subsequently turns out to be only a minority position.

There are no silver bullets – takes years to overcome legacies
Gray ’11
Colin S, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England, and Founder of the National Institute for Public Policy, “Hard Power And Soft Power: The Utility Of Military Force as An Instrument Of Policy In The 21st Century,” April, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1059

It bears repeating because it passes unnoticed that culture, and indeed civilization itself,
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it may be, a country cannot easily escape legacies from its past.

Multilat fails – to many actors means no consensus
Holmes ’10
Kim Holmes, VP, foreign policy and defense studies, Heritage. Frmr Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs. While at the State Department, Holmes was responsible for developing policy and coordinating U.S. engagement at the United Nations and 46 other international organizations. Member of the CFR. Frmr adjunct prof of history, Georgetown. PhD in history, Georgetown, Smart Multilateralism and the United Nations, 21 Sept. 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/09/smart-multilateralism-when-and-when-not-to-rely-on-the-united-nations

The need for multilateralism is obvious. Nations share concerns about many problems and issues
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positions on an issue have been predetermined in their regional or political groupings.  
The US isn’t key to global order and ad hoc diplomacy checks
Keith A. Grant et al, 2009; Professors of Political Science at the University of Arizona, Keith A. Grant, Thomas Volgy, Elizabeth Fausett, and Stuart Rodgers;  Mapping the New World Order Chapter 3  Accounting for the New World Order of FIGO Architecture and Its Effectiveness p 74

Our mapping of the web of FIGOs in the post-Cold War era indicate
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IMF for Asia in the 1990s failed in part due to such pressure. 

Global multilateralism is impossible, but regional solutions check the impact
Khanna, 10 – senior research fellow at the New America Foundation (Parag, “How’s That New World Order Working Out?,” Foreign Policy, December, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/hows_that_new_world_order_working_out

Bush Sr. chose to give the speech at the United Nations for a reason
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. And it's happening from the bottom up rather than the top down.
No spillover impact – the commons is resilient regardless of multilateral instituions
Ikenberry ’11 – Professor of Politics and International Affairs @ Princeton
G. John Ikenberry, the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University. “A World of Our Making”. Democracy A Journal of Ideas. Issue #21, Summer 2011. http://www.democracyjournal.org/21/a-world-of-our-making-1.php?page=1

The main alternatives to liberal order—both domestic and international—have more or
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managing differences with frameworks of great-power cooperation exist and will grow.
Multilat fails – states will either inevitably cooperate, or ilaw can’t convince them to
Eric A. Posner 9, Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School. The Perils of Global Legalism, 34-6

Most global legalists acknowledge that international law is created and enforced by states. They
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states, and bad states, all exist on a plane of equality.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno HT | Judge: J Marianetti
The aff’s framework focuses on a particular space which undermines the emancipatory potential of the 1AC
Timothy Morton 7
(Professor and Rita Shea Guffey Chair in English at Rice University; “Ecology Without Nature,” Pp. 10-11)

From an environmentalist point of view, this is not a good time. So
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we had a few pockets of place in which to store our hope.

Women’s personal narratives reproduce hegemonic power relations and inequality – protects dominant narratives from criticism – this is an epistemological indict
Patricia Ewick and Susan S. Silbey Law and Society Review, 00239216, 1995, Vol. 29, Issue 2

In the previous section, we discussed how narratives, like the lives and experiences
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without the requirement to produce an individually crafted narrative of right and liability.

Affirming emotion via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence
Wendy Brown 95
(Professor at UC Berkeley; “States of Injury,” Pp. 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other modalities of domination,
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so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

This means the affirmative’s emotional framework actively provides fuel to the fire of hegemonic debate practices. As long as the community provides an avenue for self-expression, the issue is resolved. This actively discourages structural solutions to problems of inequality because it makes the narrative of success a sufficient remedy.
Mari Tonn 5
(Associate professor of communication at the University of Maryland; “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 8.3, Pp. 405-430)

Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational,¶ personal,
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and dialogue into the¶ public realm can foster and sustain such problems.

We should not be forced to refute the emotional content of their personal experience because it’s sociopathic and impossible – people are victimized, the core question is “what do we do?!”
Subotnik 1998
Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center, 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681

Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
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to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Structural antagonism destroys progressivism and re-entrenches racism – we can acknowledge every problem with the status quo, but adopt a pragmatic orientation towards solutions
Leroy D. Clark 95
(Professor of law at Catholic University, 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) 

A Final Word¶ Despite Professor Bell's prophecy of doom, I believe he would
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. was his capacity to "dream" us toward a better place.

War
The 1AC’s metaphor of a “war on mothers” reifies militarism and gets co-opted
Sanchez 13 – jd candidate @ Yale Law
(Andrea Nill, Mexico’s Drug “War”: Drawing a Line Between Rhetoric and Reality, THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol. 38: 467)

Outside of legal academia, the late Wayne C. Booth—who dedicated his
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coherent. In this sense metaphors can be self-fulfilling prophecies.68

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: B Manuel
The 1AC’s war rhetoric is a double-turn – they criticize calling everything a war, and then immediately say there’s "a war at home in this community"

That turns the aff and gets co-opted
Sanchez 13 – jd candidate @ Yale Law
(Andrea Nill, Mexico’s Drug "War": Drawing a Line Between Rhetoric and Reality, THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol. 38: 467)

Outside of legal academia, the late Wayne C. Booth—who dedicated his
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coherent. In this sense metaphors can be self-fulfilling prophecies.68

The body does not come first – a rich individual with disabilities has it a lot better off than a less affluent one – they erase difference

Jos Boys 8
("challenging the ’normal’: towards new conceptual frameworks," http://www.sowhatisnormal.co.uk/challenging)

Of course, the standard array of Others – under-class/women/
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which all can ’undo’ a elegant theoretical conceit – to remain concealed.

Re-centering debate as an activity is a solution ill-suited to the problems of the community – the 1AC is about issues larger than any person, round, tournament, and even debate itself – a maximally accessible community is obviously good in theory, but unsustainable because debate is competitive persuasion – promoting non-hegemonic perspectives by equating experience with evidence makes the most on-point responses to the 1AC seem either too impersonal or just plain offensive.  We cannot contest or mitigate their impact claims because they’ve "been there" and "experienced that."  The aff’s approach cannot eliminate barriers to entry or generate solutions – it only risks cynicism, groupthink, and trade-offs with extra-communal change to address structural repression.

Mari Tonn 5
(Associate professor of communication at the University of Maryland; "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ," Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs 8.3, Pp. 405-430)
*ableism modified

Among academics, this cult of conversation has been championed most¶ ardently by communitarian
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conflict, even when conversational¶ partners violate norms or make outlandish claims. 

Because the¶ presumption of trust governs, Ronald Wardbaugh notes, "good behavior
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group harmony and cohesiveness in conversational¶ models grants freer license to scapegoat.

Amorphous activism turns case – they refuse to be tied down to normative strategies and are more concerned with what they are against than what they are for. This is a focus on personal empowerment rather than wider social change, which bolsters the legitimacy of liberalism by providing venues for expression. The affirmative ensures that everyone feels empowered, but nobody actually is.

Wendy Brown 95
(Professor at UC Berkeley; "States of Injury," Pp. 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other modalities of domination,
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capacity to shape the terms of political, social, or economic life.

 Indeed, the possibility that one can "feel empowered" without being so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 6 | Opponent: Fullerton RR | Judge: S Topp

Their role of the judge is bad – the judge should NOT express their privilege in the debate space. This is a form of confession that gets co-opted to mark whiteness with a self-reflexive quality, becomes a substitute for material politics and reinforces racism.

Andrea Smith 13
(Cultural Studies, Cal-Riverside, "The Problem with Privilege" http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/)

In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
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and the colonized/racialized subject as the occasion for self-reflexivity.

1. The aff is too radical to create coalitions—-Zapatistas cede politics to the right—-causes worse elitism and turns dialogue

Greebon 8 ( Deborah A is the Executive Director at OneVillage Partners and Board of Directors at Center for Community Alternatives, November 2008, Civil Society’s Challenge to the State: A Case Study of the Zapatistas and their Global Significance, http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/uploadedFiles/moynihan/dst/Greebon.pdf?n=4980)
Because space does not permit an analysis of neoliberalism, globalization, or any of
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current system of global relations to re-conceptualize and create an alternative.

2. Localized democratics bad – their performance trades off with collective change to address the structural repression. This pre-figures their agency arguments because they offer the false hope of symbolic solutions to collective action problems.

Mari Tonn 5
(Associate professor of communication at the University of Maryland; "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ," Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs 8.3, Pp. 405-430)

Approaching public controversies through a conversational model informed by therapy also enables political inaction in
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cure for racial ailments that included neither exhaustive racial data nor concrete goals.

 "The game," wrote Jackson, "is to get ’rid’ of responsibility
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nation’s record of dismantling racial and gender barriers through judicial and legislative means.

3. Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved

Kenneth E. Boulding 77
(Economist, educator, peace activist, poet, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher, cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science, graduated from Oxford University, 1949 to 1967 faculty member of the University of Michigan, 1967 joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder until retirement; "Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14.11, Pp. 75-86)

 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’positive
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it may have d’one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

Their subjective decolonization is a mark of privilege.  Despite paying lip service to difference, it is a really a form of camouflage for a comfortable intellectual form of subjectivity that comes to things like debate tournaments and acts transgressive while doing mass epistemic violence to the subaltern.

Pels 1999 (Dick, Professor of Sociology in the Department of Human Sciences at Brunel University, West London, and a Senior Research Affiliate of the Amsterdam School of Social Science Research, "Privileged Nomads?: On the Strangeness of Intellectuals and the Intellectuality of Strangers"Theory, Culture 26 Society Vol. 16 No 1, JK)

The previous accounts are not simply suggestive of the cognitive force, but also begin
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lounges which he transits en route towards another international meeting of his peers. 

====Failure to engage the state has caused the Zapatistas to fail====
Lakin 9 Jason Lakin (Jason Lakin joined the International Budget Partnership as Program Officer for the Partnership Initiative in May 2009.¶ Lakin completed his Ph.D. in political science and social policy at Harvard University in 2008, and spent the 2008-2009 academic year as a research fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health. His dissertation focused on the politics surrounding the creation and implementation of Mexico’s 2003 health insurance reform. Prior to graduate school, Lakin worked briefly as a research assistant for the DC Fiscal Policy Institute in 2002.¶ Lakin completed a B.A. in History at Brown University in 1998 and went on to work as a research assistant to the late Seymour Martin Lipset. Lakin and Professor Lipset co-authored The Democratic Century in 2004. Jason has spent time working, volunteering ,and conducting research in a number of countries around the world since the mid-1990s, including Kenya, Zimbabwe, Chile, Mexico, and India.)¶ "Fifteen Years After The Zapatistas" Harvard International Review¶ April 13, 2009 ¶ http://hir.harvard.edu/blog/jason-lakin/fifteen-years-after-the-zapatistas

So why haven’t all of these political changes made more of a difference to the
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findings are consistent across states as different as Oaxaca, Mexico and Chiapas.

The state must be engaged—-action can be reoriented away from past abuses, the aff goes too far

Williams and Krause 97 Michael, assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine and Keith, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, associate professor of political science at York University, Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited by Krause and Williams, p. xvi
Many of the chapters in this volume thus retain a concern with the centrality of
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of influencing what remains the most structurally capable actor in contemporary world politics.

====The Zapatistas approach of pure dialogue is insufficient—-government engagement is key to political accountability and economic progress====
Khokar 5-2/13 (Tanya Khokhar is a program analyst at the Ford Foundation in New York City. She is a 2012 graduate of Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, where she earned a master’s degree in international affairs, specializing in economic and political development and conflict resolution. She is from Karachi, Pakistan.) Harvard Kennedy School’s Public Policy Journal¶ May 2, 2013¶ http://harvardkennedyschoolreview.com/zapatista-development-local-empowerment-and-the-curse-of-top-down-economics-in-chiapas-mexico/
Guaquitepec is a small village in Chiapas, the southernmost state in Mexico and by
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~ Such alternative models offer engaging platforms for local empowerment and collective action.

The movement empirically fails as a national movement

Arsenault 13 (Chris- as a reporter with Inter Press Service news agency. He has also reported for CBC radio, the Halifax Chronicle Herald and dozens of magazines. His work focuses on North and South America, geopolitics, energy markets and social movements. Educated in Canada, he holds a BA in history and economics from Dalhousie University and an MA in history from the University of British Columbia, where he was awarded the 2008/09 Phil Lind Fellowship. In 2012, he held the Wolfson Press Fellowship at Cambridge University, February 15. 2013. Zapatista break silence to Slam Mexico Elite, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/01/201313014344451496.html
In recent communiques, Marcos has described Mexico’s government as a "zombie state"
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the Zapatistas in 2006, was largely unsuccessful in building a national movement.

The aff’s framework focuses on a particular space which undermines the emancipatory potential of the 1AC

Timothy Morton 7
(Professor and Rita Shea Guffey Chair in English at Rice University; "Ecology Without Nature," Pp. 10-11)

From an environmentalist point of view, this is not a good time. So
AND
we had a few pockets of place in which to store our hope.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston AB | Judge: J Kurr
3

The aff is a double turn- The aff is premised on the idea that we and the USFG privilege our perspective above Pakistanis’, but they advocate that we- in this debate- are the “grand Jirga” and should act on behalf of the so-called periphery and that we must affirm the Pakistani Jirga’s decision in order to legitimate it.  This is the exact same logic the aff ev criticizes.  Vote neg because:
 a. The aff’s advocacy can’t solve for anything because they don’t do what their solvency evidence argues for.
 b. It’s a 100 case turn- their case args are a disad to their advocacy statement- vote neg on presumption.

Debate is not a Jirga and even if it was, it would be unstable and fail – academic resistance is only reminiscent of Pakistani Jirgas, it cannot effect change in the same way.  Prefer comparative ev – there is no internal link between academic discussion and implementation.
Urs Geiser 2/14/12
(Development Study Group, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr; “Reading political contestation in Pakistan’s Swat valley – From deliberation to ‘the political’ and beyond,” Geoforum 43 (2012) 707–715)

The Swat valley in the Karakorum foothills of north-west Pakistan¶ has seen
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this background (Geiser, 2006; Geiser and Rist, 2009).1

Method first is a bad method – it’s only a means.  Elevating them legitimizes suffering
James Fearon and Alexander Wendt 2k
(*Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford; Professor of IR at Ohio State; “Handbook of International Relations,” ed. Carlsnaes, Pp. 68)

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

They are not the type of Jirga their solvency card talks about.  Their solvency ev. talks about tribal Jirga’s, but the advocacy statement says “grand Jirga” which is a Loya Jirga.  

Those aren’t used for community building anymore—it is only used by leaders to justify their actions—it will be co-opted in the debate space
Rawlings 13
Nate, holds a BA in History from Princeton University, an MS from Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism and a MA in International Affairs from Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. “Afghanistan’s Big-Tent Politics: TIME Explains the Loya Jirga.” TIME. November 20th, 2013. http://world.time.com/2013/11/20/afghanistans-big-tent-politics-time-explains-the-loya-jirga/
The loya jirga is an institution deeply embedded in Afghan culture and has played a
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jirga goes against you, it’s a bad change in the political wind.”

THE TRIBAL JIRGA SYSTEM IS ILLEGAL AND UPHOLDS A PATRIARCHIAL SYSTEM THAT DOES VIOLENCE TO WOMEN – Probably a bad method for debate
Guerin 7-25-13
(Orla, reporter, BBC News, Pakistani women use jirga to fight for rights, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23453243)
The response from the local male jirga was less surprising. They were dismissive, saying the women have no power to enforce their decisions.
That view was echoed by the prominent Pakistani human rights activist Tahira Abdullah. "I don't see it as more than a gimmick," she said. "Who is going to listen to these women? The men with the Kalashnikovs? The Taliban who ar anti-women? The patriarchal culture that we have?"
Ms Abdullah wants jirgas stopped whether male or female. "The jirga system is totally illegal, and has been declared illegal by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. It can never be just. There are several extremely notorious cases where we have noticed that women do not get justice from jirgas, neither do non-Muslims."
One of those cases took place last year in a remote region of northern Pakistan where a jirga allegedly ordered the killing of five women - and two men - for defying local customs by singing and dancing together at a wedding.
And there are regular reports of jirgas decreeing that women and young girls be handed over from one family to another to settle disputes.

2
Aff advocacy can’t solve their impacts – they only affirm the position of the Jirga- there is no solvency ev that says this debate would actually do anything about US drone policy, the congresspersons who ignored the hearing, or dismissal of the tribal governments of Pakistan.

Debate as activism gets co-opted by those on the right – the Tea Party rejects existing institutions like the hearings on drones because they think they are hegemonic, just like the aff
Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy and Social Criticism, 31.4, “Deliberativist responses to activist challenges”) *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young 

My call for a more detailed articulation of the second activist challenge may be met
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altogether, and communicates only with his comrades. Here the discussion ends.
However, the deliberativist has a further consideration to raise as his discursive partner departs
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of Young’s activist becomes more evidently problematic, even by his own standards.
To explain: although Young’s discussion associates the activist always with politically progressive causes,
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a hegemonic ideology that currently dominates and systematically distorts our political discourses.21
The point here is not to imply that Young’s activist is no better than the
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more just society, but promote a set of ends that he opposes?
It seems that Young’s activist has no way to deal with opposing activist programs except
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, activism entails a politics based upon interestbased power struggles amongst adversarial factions.

The aff can’t overcome communicative, sociological, and geographical distances that make ignorance like the hearing inevitable
Fuyuki Kurasawa 7
(Associate Professor of Sociology at York University; “The Work of Global Justice: Human Rights as Practices,” Pp. 35-36)

If the task of giving voice and listening to testimonies of severe human rights abuses
AND
cliche´s and derogatory stereotypes about non-Western peoples and societies. 

1

Their model of narrative engagement encourages authenticity at the expense of testability – it homogenizes experiences, creates false applications of past experience, papers over its own tendency to summarize and can’t generate sustainable social change.
Robert J. Antonio 91
(Professor of Sociology @ University of Kansas; “Postmodern Storytelling versus Pragmatic Truth-Seeking: The Discursive Bases of Social Theory,” Sociological Theory, Vol. 9, No. 2, Pp. 157-158)

The critical point here is not a matter of intellectual genealogy; instead it concerns
AND
effectiveness at pointing out sequences of events external to the theoretical discourse itself.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Houston JJ | Judge: J Stanley
Solvency

Obama would ignore the plan
Michael J., Garcia 2003; JD – Georgetown University Law Center, “A Necessary Response: The Lack of Domestic and International Constraints Upon a U.S. Nuclear Response to a Terrorist Attack”, The Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Summer, 1 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 515, Lexis

In the face of a significant terrorist attack, the President might not wait for
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the Executive's inherent power to respond to attacks against the United States. n75

NFU fails – too vague
Peng and Rong 9 (Yu and Guangqian, PhD candidate at the Institute of International Strategy and Development, School of Public Policy and Management and editor-in-chief of Strategic Sciences and has long been engaged in research on military strategy and international affairs., “Nuclear No-First-Use-Revisted,” China Security, Issue 13 http://www.chinasecurity.us/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=225andItemid=8)
There are also uncertainties that plague states pledging NFU. Modern warfare is conducted amid
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nuclear attack. Deciphering adversary intention would be fraught with difficulty and risk.

Threats

Accidental launches won’t happen and wouldn’t escalate
Quinlan 9 Michael Quinlan, former British Permanent Under Secretary of State for Defence, former Director of the Ditchley Foundation, Visiting Professor at King's College London, “Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects,” Oxford University Press, p. 69
It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental
AND
cosmic holocaust might be mistakenly precipitated in this way belongs to science fiction. 

No accidental detonation
Quinlan 9 Michael Quinlan, former British Permanent Under Secretary of State for Defence, former Director of the Ditchley Foundation, Visiting Professor at King's College London, “Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects,” Oxford University Press, p. 67-8
There have certainly been, across the decades since 1945, many known accidents involving
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more frequent, and several aspects of doctrine and readiness arrangements more tense. 

No firebreak or global first use
Cha 1
(Victor, Associate Professor of Government and School of Foreign Service @ Georgetown, “The second nuclear age: Proliferation pessimism versus sober optimism in South Asia and East Asia,” Journal of Strategic Studies, InformaWorld)

Proliferation pessimists do not deny the existence of the nuclear taboo; they do,
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among some, as a responsibility to be borne as a nuclear state. 

China

The existence of nukes and 2nd strike is enough deterrence – no war
Robert J. Art Fall 10
(Christian A. Herter Professor of International Relations at Brandeis University and Director of MIT's Seminar XXI Program; “The United States and the rise of China: implications for the long haul,”  Political Science Quarterly 125.3; Pp. 359)

The workings of these three factors should make us cautiously optimistic about keeping Sino-
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analyze America's interests in East Asia. I now turn to these interests. 

US controls nuclear escalation – no China first-use
Roberts 5
(Brad, member of the research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1/26 http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/?fa=eventDetailandid=740)

In Roberts' assessment, there are at least five elements in this picture. While
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efforts would be undertaken to prevent the re-occurrence of nuclear confrontation .  

No US-China war – China accepts US military dominance
Rosecrance et. al. 10
(Richard, Political Science Professor @ Cal and Senior Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center and Former Director @ Burkle Center of IR @ UCLA, and Jia Qingguo, PhD Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of School of International Studies @ Peking University, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251)

Will China and the US Go to War?  If one accepts the previous analysis
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to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no. 

SQ solves every impact and locks in relations
Shambaugh 13—Professor of Political Science and International Affairs and Director of the China Policy Program at the George Washington University, a nonresident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies and Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution (7/20/13, David, A Big Step Forward in U.S.-China Relations, www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/07/20/a_big_step_forward_in_us-china_relations_105332.html)

As a result of the recently concluded U.S.-China Strategic and Economic
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for several years, and is good news for global stability and development.

US–China cooperation inevitable – multiple shared interests
Wu Hailong, Ambassador of China to the European Union, 1/27/13. “2012: Year of Transition for China-EU Relations,” http://www.neurope.eu/blog/2012-important-year-transition-china-eu-relations

Year 2012 is an important year of transition for China-EU relations. With
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urbanization, new energy, scientific innovation, and high and new technologies.

Disputes won’t escalate – international forums check
Xinhua News, citing Yang Dali, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago and Director of the University’s Confucius Institute, 2-28-2012, “U.S.-China relations evolve with the times: U.S. expert” http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/7742506.html

"(As opposed to 40 years ago) however, today this is a multifaceted
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communication was key and that the international system was now far more accommodating.

Relations solve nothing – No coop
Blumenthal 11
(Dan, Resident fellow at AEI, Current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, where he directs efforts to monitor, investigate, and provide recommendations on the national security implications of the economic relationship between the two countries. Previously, he was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense's Office of International Security Affairs and practiced law in New York prior to his government service. At AEI, in addition to his work on the national security implications of U.S.-Sino relations, he coordinates the Tocqueville on China project, which examines the underlying civic culture of post-Mao China. Mr. Blumenthal also contributes to AEI's Asian Outlook series and is a research associate with the National Asia Research Program. 10/3/2011, “The top ten unicorns of China policy”, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/asia/the-top-ten-unicorns-of-china-policy/)

9) We need China's help to solve global problems. This is further down
AND
help. However, China actually contributing to global order is a unicorn. 

Prolif
No first use does not solve proliferation
Fred Kaplan, Slate Magazine, March 3, 2010.  “How Important is Obama’s Nuclear Posture Review?” http://www.slate.com/id/2246737/

At the same time, though, it's equally hard to see what we'd get
AND
for their security—to take the leap and build their own bombs.

No prolif – too many disincentives to go nuclear
Mueller ‘9
(John – Woody Hayes chair of national security studies at Ohio State University, Atomic Obsession, p. 103)

It rather appears that, insofar as most leaders of most countries (even rogue
AND
This chapter assesses the quite considerable and significant consequential disincentives to go nuclear.

No rapid proliferation – new programs fail
Hymans 12
JACQUES E. C. HYMANS is Associate Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California. His most recent book is Achieving Nuclear Ambitions: Scientists, Politicians, and Proliferation (Cambridge University Press, 2012), from which this essay is adapted. Botching the Bomb. By: Hymans, Jacques E. C., Foreign Affairs, 00157120, May/Jun2012, Vol. 91, Issue 3

Yet there is another possibility. The Iranians had to work for 25 years just
AND
Iran's political leaders -- to hinder the country's nuclear progress all by themselves.

No escalatory arms races – nuclear weapons make force comparisons irrelevant
Kenneth Waltz, Emeritus Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley and Adjunct Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate, 1995, p. 29-30

For three main rea¬sons, new nuclear states are likely to decrease, rather than
AND
ranges neither side need respond to increases in the other side’s military capabilities.

Empirical studies prove no preemption – uncertainty is irrelevant
Bzostek 5
(Rachel, PhD Candidate Pol. Sci. “WHY NOT PREEMPT? AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF LEGAL AND NORMATIVE CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF ANTICIPATORY MILITARY ACTIVITIES,” August, http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-06302005-104805/unrestricted/Bzostek_dis.pdf)

Anticipatory Military Activities: Do States Preempt? While there are a plethora of different
AND
important to look at the different explanations and hypotheses tested in these studies. 

No prolif cascades and long timeframe – their ev is biased
Kahl 13 – Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and an associate professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service (Colin H., Melissa G. Dalton, Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, Matthew Irvine, Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security, February, “If Iran Builds the Bomb, Will Saudi Arabia Be Next?” http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_AtomicKingdom_Kahl.pdf)
*cites Jacques Hymans, USC Associate Professor of IR*

I I I . LESSONS FROM HISTORY Concerns over “regional proliferation chains,” “
AND
-related motivations) but are wary of the negative consequences of proliferation.

NPT fails
Betts 2k – Professor of War and Peace Studies, Columbia (Richard, The Coming Crisis, ed Utgoff, p 69)

First, as useful as treaties are, it is a misconception to see them
AND
or was stopped, because of either treaty. None comes to mind.

Rapid NPT collapse is impossible – failure will be incremental.
Simpson, PhD, director of the Mountbatten Centre for International Studies at University of Southhampton, expert of international standing on the NPT, awarded the Order of the British Empire; ‘9
(John. “The Future of the NPT,” in Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Future of International Nonproliferation Policy, Eds. Busch, N.E. and Joyner, D.H. University of Georgia Press, p. 48)

Although the treaty text opened its parties to diplomatic frictions, it also resulted in
AND
erode, as will the effectiveness of the nuclear nonproliferation regime it underpins.

Tournament: UNT | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Houston LR | Judge: B Box, C Roark, S Varda

Case

Their model of narrative engagement encourages authenticity at the expense of testability – it homogenizes experiences, creates false applications of past experience, papers over its own tendency to summarize and can’t generate sustainable social change.
Robert J. Antonio 91
(Professor of Sociology @ University of Kansas; "Postmodern Storytelling versus Pragmatic Truth-Seeking: The Discursive Bases of Social Theory," Sociological Theory, Vol. 9, No. 2, Pp. 157-158)

The critical point here is not a matter of intellectual genealogy; instead it concerns
AND
theory with legitimacy and that make it worthwhile for thinkers with pragmatic intent.

Debate as activism gets co-opted by those on the right – the Tea Party rejects existing institutions like the hearings on drones because they think they are hegemonic, just like the aff
Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy 26 Social Criticism, 31.4, "Deliberativist responses to activist challenges") *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young 

My call for a more detailed articulation of the second activist challenge may be met
AND
activism entails a politics based upon interestbased power struggles amongst adversarial factions.

The aff can’t overcome communicative, sociological, and geographical distances that make ignorance like the drone hearing inevitable
Fuyuki Kurasawa 7
(Associate Professor of Sociology at York University; "The Work of Global Justice: Human Rights as Practices," Pp. 35-36)

If the task of giving voice and listening to testimonies of severe human rights abuses
AND
cliche´s and derogatory stereotypes about non-Western peoples and societies. 

Method first is a bad method – it’s only a means.
James Fearon and Alexander Wendt 2k
(*Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford; Professor of IR at Ohio State; "Handbook of International Relations," ed. Carlsnaes, Pp. 68)

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

Using jirgas to create community masks internal power relations and inequalities – they’re coercive, bad for participatory deliberation, and don’t take into account the interests of the members
Urs Geiser 2/14/12
(Development Study Group, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr; "Reading political contestation in Pakistan’s Swat valley – From deliberation to ’the political’ and beyond," Geoforum 43 (2012) 707–715)

In short, we find practices informed by a conceptualisation of social¶ change through
AND
interests of a wider public or bring about any¶ noticeable economic change.¶ 

Debate is not a Jirga and even if it was, it would be unstable and fail – academic debate is only reminiscent of Pakistani Jirgas, there is no internal link between academic discussion and implementation.
Urs Geiser 2/14/12
(Development Study Group, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr; "Reading political contestation in Pakistan’s Swat valley – From deliberation to ’the political’ and beyond," Geoforum 43 (2012) 707–715)

The Swat valley in the Karakorum foothills of north-west Pakistan¶ has seen
AND
this background (Geiser, 2006; Geiser and Rist, 2009).1

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa SL | Judge: Chris Stone

Case

Adventurism

Bosco escalation ev is 0 about drones – says "nuclear capabilities, and long-range missile technology is spreading like a virus" which is not something the aff can solve

The drone lobby controls Congress – LOL @ oversight
Michaels 2013 (Martin, The Human Side of Drones: Congress fails in oversight", http://www.mintpressnews.com/the-human-side-of-drones-congress-fails-in-oversight/158722/)

Standing in the way of proper congressional oversight has been the burgeoning drone lobby,
AND
Street Research. Seventy-seven percent of these donations went to Republicans.

The president will do what he wants – Syria, Libya, Kosovo all prove that labeling it as an intro of armed forces doesn’t provide provide meaningful constraints
Greenwald 13
(The Guardian, 9-1, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/01/obama-congress-syria-authorization)

It’s a potent sign of how low the American political bar is set that gratitude
AND
is to display a fairly strong contempt for both democracy and the Constitution.

No reverse causality for plan – authoritarian states don’t follow norms – their "US justifies others" arg is naive  
John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law.  Ilya Somin  Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175
The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Terrorism

Best statistics indicate that drones stop terror – their ev is based on a regression error.
Johnston et. al. 13 (The Impact of US Drone Strikes on Terrorism in¶ Pakistan and Afghanistan ¶ Patrick B. Johnston is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation. He specializes in counterinsurgency and counterterrorism, with a particular focus on Afghanistan and the Philippines.¶ RAND Corporation¶ Anoop K. Sarbahi ¶ UCLA¶ January 3, 2013 http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf)kk

According to our data, militants conducted 1522 attacks between January 1, 2007 and
AND
of drone strikes on the lethality of militant attacks and suicide¶ attacks.

Best scholarship proves no martyrs – opposite’s true
Johnston 12
(Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida¶ by Patrick B. Johnston¶ August 22, 2012 http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html)

A popular assumption is that costly "martyrdom effects" are a consequence of¶
AND
significant¶ strength and intelligence capabilities, possibly deterring additional mobilization for insurgency.

Yemen instability inevitable – they don’t have a gov’t right now…

Terrorism decreasing now – no attacks
Zenko and Cohen 12
(Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety

NONE OF this is meant to suggest that the United States faces no major challenges
AND
the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies.

Terrorism inevitable and attacks can be stopped
STEWART 3/22/12
Stratfor Intelligence  Reporter
Scott Stewart, Keeping Terrorism in Perspective, Stratfor,http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/keeping-terrorism-perspective~~

By design, terrorist attacks are intended to have a psychological impact far outweighing the
AND
and minimize the impact of such attacks if they maintain the proper perspective.

No nuclear terror.
Chapman 12
~Stephen, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely May 22, 2012 6:00 AM http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html~~

Given their inability to do something simple — say, shoot up a shopping mall
AND
it bear fruit. Given the formidable odds, it probably won’t bother.

Small impact
Mueller ’10
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press, Accessed @ Emory)

In the ensuing decades, massive exaggerations of the physical effects of nuclear weapons have
AND
force of an earthquake, one-thousandth the force of a hurricane."

Group decisionmaking dynamics prevent Iran aggression
Boroujerdi and Fine, 07
Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Middle Eastern Studies Program at Syracuse University AND graduate student in International Relations at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University  (Mehrzad and Todd, "A NUCLEAR IRAN: THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF A PREEMPTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: IRANIAN NUCLEAR MIASMA", 57 Syracuse L. Rev. 619, lexis)

Even though Ahmadinejad uses foreign policy issues to gain authority, his greatest immediate challenge
AND
prospect of Iran engaging in a boldly offensive or miscalculated action less realistic.

History proves Israel won’t jump the gun
Steinberg ’98
~Gerald, professor of Political Science, Bar-Ilan University, MERIA, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 4, November, http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/besa/meria/journal/1998/issue4/jv2n4a7.html nick~

Following the invasion of Kuwait, U.S. views abruptly changed, and
AND
alliance, and the restraint was, in itself, and important contribution. 

Mid-east conflict doesn’t escalate – self-interest contains war. History overwhelmingly proves.
Satloff 6
(12-19, Robert, Washington Institute for Near East Policy executive director, "Forget the Domino Theories," www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC06.php?CID=1011, accessed 10-2-10) atw

The wise men (and woman) don’t know their history. In boldly suggesting
AND
aid of Muslims in danger inside Iraq will be the United States. 

No Saudi/Iran war
Kaye 10
Senior political scientist, RAND. CFR member and former prof at George Wash. PhD in pol sci from UC Berkeley—AND—Frederic Wehrey—Senior analyst at RAND. Former Georgetown prof. D.Phil. candidate in IR, Oxford. Master’s in near Eastern studies, Princeton—AND—Jeffrey Martini—Middle East research project associate at RAND. Master’s in Arab studies at Georgetown (Dalia Dassa, The Iraq Effect, Report Prepared for the Air Force, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG892.pdf)

The  result  is  that  Iran’s  Arab  neighbors,  particularly  the  smaller  GCC states, have
AND
. attempts to solidify an  anti-Iranian stance among Iran’s neighbors face.

No escalation and proxy wars are inevitable.
Gharekhan, 4/28/2011 (Chinmaya R., The new great game in West Asia?, The Hindu, p. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article1774074.ece?homepage=true)

In the years immediately following its attack on Iraq, the U.S.
AND
build on it. The Americans will certainly not watch this game passively.

Prolif

SCS conflict doesn’t escalate or draw in US
Terry Wing 9/4/12
("Will South China Sea Disputes Lead to War?" http://www.voanews.com/content/south-china-sea-war-unlikely/1501780.html)

 "A minor military clash in the South China Sea is, rather worryingly
AND
D. Kaplan, Chief Political Strategist for the geopolitical analysis group Stratfor.

Can’t stop drone prolif – the horse already left the barn
Byman 2013
(July/August 2013¶ Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice Daniel L. Byman¶ Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy¶ Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman)

Controlling the spread of drone technology will prove impossible; that horse left the barn
AND
(also called Burma) to kill a wanted drug trafficker hiding there. 

Drone proliferation is an exaggerated threat – way too hard for most states to pull off
Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli 13
(Northwestern Political Science, "Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?" Paper presented at APSA 2013, http://www.academia.edu/4331462/Attack_of_the_Drones_Should_We_Fear_The_Proliferation_of_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles JK)

This intuition has important policy implications: if military technology spreads quickly and easily,
AND
military threats are unlikely to spread as quickly and easily as many claim. 

States might proliferate – but that doesn’t mean increased violence. History lends itself to the opposite conclusion.
Signh 2012
 (Betting Against a Drone Arms Race¶ Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. Aug. 13, 2012¶ http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2cdlCIjCE)kk
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

Tournament: Diss trix | Round: 1 | Opponent: JCCC BN | Judge: E Robinson
Confessions of privilege serve to reinforce racism – they become a substitute for material politics and mark whiteness with a self-reflexive quality that helps to absolve it of its foul characteristics
Andrea Smith 13
(Cultural Studies, Cal-Riverside, “The Problem with Privilege” http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/)

In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
AND
and the colonized/racialized subject as the occasion for self-reflexivity.

The 1ac appropriates suffering via snippets of oppression, then rationalizes it by hoping that those in misery eventually see the trickle down of whatever debate can do to change society.  This ensures the continuation of violent world ordering and politics as usual. Reject the aff because they are naïve about global politics and participate in the violent masking of domination.
Jayan Nayar 13
(School of Law, Warwick University, “The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-the-World: Thinking Exteriority” Law and Critique 24:63–85, DOI 10.1007/s10978-012-9115-8, JK)

People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
AND
Other, help create masks of hegemony for the brutal faces of domination.

No internal link – one state action doesn’t cause their impact
Mervyn Frost, U of Kent, 1996, Ethics in Int’l Relations, p. 90-1

A first objection which seems inherent in Donelan’s approach is that utilizing the modern state
AND
such as citizenship, rights under law, representative government and so on.

Even if the State is academically obsolete, we can’t underestimate its centrality. Refusal to work with it is naïve and counter-productive
Dr. Inis Claude 88
(Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs, Emeritus, at the University of Virginia. During his teaching career, Professor Claude held positions at the University of Michigan, Harvard University, Columbia University, University of Wales, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Institute of Social Studies at the Hague. “States and the Global System”)

Finally, let us take note of the view that the state is obsolete,
AND
rather than to rail against the system and to dream of abolishing it.  

Psychological impacts don’t escalate
Robert Hinde and Lea Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2K, DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge, http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm

People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows.
AND
we are concerned with the factors that make such conflicts escalate into violence.
The answer to that question depends critically on the context. While there may be
AND
multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.

Always a value to life
Keith Augustine 2k
(“Death and the Meaning of Life,” http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/features/2000/augustine1.html)

These considerations show that we must create our own meaning for our lives regardless of
AND
as the value that we find in living and thus would be irrelevant.

Don’t prioritize ontology – irresolvable and not relevant
John Gerring 4, Associate Professor in Department of Political Science at BU, "What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?", May, American Political Science Review, Vol. 98, No. 2

To be sure, there is no profit in dwelling on ontological differences between case
AND
the social sciences. It is neither fish nor fowl, ontologically speaking.

We should treat war and other violence differently.  The tradeoff only goes in the other direction – we lose what is distinctive about organized violence.
Tarak Barkawi 12
(Associate Professor of Politics at the New School for Social Research; “Of Camps and Critiques: A Reply to ‘Security, War, Violence’,” Millennium 41 (1) Pp. 129-130)

A final totalising move in ‘Security, War, Violence’ is the idea that
AND
dominated by the mostly self-serving nostrums of the liberal peace debates.

Util outweighs ethics impacts when evaluating policy – the aff makes bad policies
Dan W. Brock Jul 87
(Professor of Philosophy and Biomedical Ethics at Brown University; “Truth or Consequences: The Role of Philosophers in Policy-Making," Ethics, Volume 97, p. 787, JSTOR)

When philosophers become more or less direct participants in the policy-making process and
AND
why did they enter the public domain?  What are they doing there?

Tournament: Districts | Round: 9 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: M Gerber, G Murillo, P Samuels

To demystify love we must start from a sound definition of love so that we do not confuse it with abuse. Failure to explain what love is means the 1AC cannot bring about a loving ethic.

bell hooks, 2000
(quals: cultural critic and feminist theorist). "all about love. new visions." p.  25

In the prologue to Creating Love, John Bradshaw calls this confusion about love "
AND
we also need to ensure that loving action is never tainted with abuse.

The 1AC is insufficient – love is the will to nurture the growth of one’s self or another – intention is not enough

bell hooks, 2000
(quals: cultural critic and feminist theorist). "all about love. new visions."  p. 4-5

Imagine how much easier it would be for us to learn how to love if
AND
, this definition counters the more widely accepted assumption that we love instinctually. 

The ballot cannot "create" love, and an ethic of love will not create a more secure debate space. Their solvency claims are rooted in a patriarchal fantasy which prevents us from doing the work necessary to be truly loving.

bell hooks, 2000
(quals: cultural critic and feminist theorist). "all about love. new visions." p. 114

This same politics of greed is at play when folks seek love. They often
AND
critical awakening and pain, many of us turn our backs on love.

The 1AC’s emphasis on love is a form of hegemonic libidinal pedagogy. Rejection is a pre-req to material resistance gainst systems of oppression and love as a method

Ebert 1996 (Teresa, Critical Theory @SUNY Albany, "For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need" College English 58:7,JK)

Libidinal pedagogy has become the new hegemonic pedagogy in literary and cultural studies, especially
AND
space of equals, nor is it situated in an egalitarian¶ society.

Don’t buy their "performance first" args – the 1AC wasn’t a performance, it was a competitive attempt to make arguments and win a debate – framing hope via selected snippets of oppression reinforces hegemonic imperialism.

Jayan Nayar 13
(School of Law, Warwick University, "The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-the-World: Thinking Exteriority" Law 26 Critique 24:63–85, DOI 10.1007/s10978-012-9115-8, JK)

People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
AND
Other, help create masks of hegemony for the brutal faces of domination.

The 1AC’s metaphor of a "war on identity" reifies militarism and gets co-opted

Sanchez 13 – jd candidate @ Yale Law
(Andrea Nill, Mexico’s Drug "War": Drawing a Line Between Rhetoric and Reality, THE YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, Vol. 38: 467)

Outside of legal academia, the late Wayne C. Booth—who dedicated his
AND
coherent. In this sense metaphors can be self-fulfilling prophecies.68

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 4 | Opponent: KCKCC JM | Judge: W Johnson
Paternalism DA – the 1AC is apt in describing the ethical injustice of colonialism, but leaves out how it is pertinent FOR DEBATE to be the site of this savior mentality.
Halberstam 13
Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California. (Jack, http://www.minorcompositions.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/undercommons-web.pdf, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study) –modified

These kinds of examples get to the heart of Moten and Harney’s world of the
AND
another collaborative unit of study) call “no church in the wild.”

Rejecting the aff is key – absent this discussion, the affirmative occupies the position of the Maoist – the impact is imperialism and a reproduction of the harms of the 1ac.
Rey Chow 93
(Comparative Literature—Brown University, Writing Diaspora, p. 15-16)

The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."

Telling stories is unlikely to reach the desired audience and even when it does it is unlikely to have an effect.
James Dawes 7
(Professor English at Macalester college; “That The World May Know: Bearing Witness To Atrocity”)

Representations can misfire because of imperturbable bystander passivity and because of malicious intervention by perpetrators
AND
but we have lost or are losing our human ability to feel them.

The bystander effect means that even if we do know about what is happening in these countries we still don't change our actions.
Dawes, Professor English at Macalester college, 7
(James That The World May Know: Bearing Witness To Atrocity, AB)

“Even in the absence of effective counter-representations by perpetrators and sponsors,
AND
and does understand, and still doesn’t react, your time is up.”

Not reverse causal – their stories focus on the victims instead of the oppressors. Images of suffering don’t provide context or solutions for the political events that cause them – only risks desensitization
JM Bernstein 4
(University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at The New School; “Bare Life, Bearing Witness: Auschwitz and the Pornography of Horror,” Parallax, 10(1), Pp. 12-13) 

The second difficulty with Nachtwey’s practice is a consequence not of his photographic practice as
AND
is there, finally, any significant gap between Nachtwey’s witnessing and Agamben’s?

The 1ac appropriates suffering via snippets of testimony, then rationalizes it by hoping that those in misery eventually see the trickle down of whatever debate can do to change society.  Technical and bureaucratic solutions inevitably follow, manifested in every normative statement we make about the way the world should be—this ensures the continuation of violent world ordering and politics as usual. Vote Negative because they are naïve about global politics and participate in the violent masking of domination.
Jayan Nayar 13
(School of Law, Warwick University, “The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-the-World: Thinking Exteriority” Law and Critique 24:63–85, DOI 10.1007/s10978-012-9115-8, JK)

People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
AND
Other, help create masks of hegemony for the brutal faces of domination.

We should treat war and structural violence differently.  The tradeoff only goes neg – they lose what is distinctive about organized violence.
Tarak Barkawi 12
(Associate Professor of Politics at the New School for Social Research; “Of Camps and Critiques: A Reply to ‘Security, War, Violence’,” Millennium 41 (1) Pp. 129-130)

A final totalising move in ‘Security, War, Violence’ is the idea that
AND
dominated by the mostly self-serving nostrums of the liberal peace debates.

Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved
Kenneth E. Boulding 77
(Economist, educator, peace activist, poet, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher, cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science, graduated from Oxford University, 1949 to 1967 faculty member of the University of Michigan, 1967 joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder until retirement; “Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14.11, Pp. 75-86)

 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of 'structural violence' 'and 'positive
AND
it may have d'one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

Performance is not a mode of resistance – it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Peggy Phelan 96
(Chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies; “Unmarked: the politics of performance,”)

Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded,
AND
only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

Henze’s insider/outsider dichotomy is wrong and should not be the basis of scholarly assessments.
Innes 2009
Robert Alexander, member of Cowessess First Nation and an assistant professor in the Department of Native Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, "Wait a Second. Who Are You Anyways?", American Indian Quarterly, 33.4
Insider scholars, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, challenge the research conducted by outsiders
AND
their insider status so that their research participants accepted them and their differences.

Opening up space for new ways of knowing won't affect international violence
Terry O'Callaghan 2
(Lecturer in IR in the school of International Relations at the University of South Australia; “International Relations and the third debate,” Pp. 80-81)

There are also a host of technological and logistical questions that plague George's scheme and
AND
creativity, and openness, George's postmodern musings have understandably attracted few disciples. 

Epistemological debate is irrelevant – concrete action is inevitable – they fail to create useful knowledge
Jorg Friedrichs 9
(University Lecturer in Politics at the Oxford Department of International Development, “From Positivist Pretense to Pragmatic Practice Varieties of Pragmatic Methodology in IR Scholarship” Pragmatism and International Relations)

As Friedrich Nietzsche (1887 1994:1; cf. Wilson 2002)
AND
for the generation of useful knowledge are two sides of the same coin.

Their claim to listen or open space ignores their position in the western academy and reproduces the colonial gaze that they criticize
John Beverley 99
(Professor of Spanish and Latin American Literature and Cultural Studies, University of Pittsburgh SUBALTERNITY AND REPRESENTATION: ARGUMENTS IN CRITICAL THEORY, Pp. 69-70)

Despite all the misunderstandings her essay has provoked, this was surely Spivak's point in
AND
subaltern otherness, which in the end also isolates us from our reality.

Tournament: UK | Round: 5 | Opponent: KU GoRe | Judge: J Guha

Case

Solvency

And their Mutschler-10 evidence says they don’t solve- unilateral action doesn’t solve for global signal or Russia-China- from their solvency card
The major arguments in favor of a "rules of the road" approach which
AND
space weapons is better suited to keeping space safe in the long term.

And the top of their Tannenwald evidence confirms this saying-
The future of peace and security in outer space is at a critical juncture.
AND
place at risk existing military, commercial, and scientific activities in space.

Adv 1

Multi-purpose space tech solves pre-emption args
Michael Krepon, Theresa Hitchens, and Michael Katz-Hyman 11
(*Co-founder of the Stimson Center, and director of the South Asia and Space Security programs; Director of the Center for Defense Informations Space Security Project; *Research associate for the Space Security Project of the Henry L. Stimson Center; "Preserving Freedom of Action in Space: Realizing the Potential and Limits of U.S. Spacepower," http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/spacepower/spacepower.pdf)

The demonstration of dual- or multi-use space technologies that could be adapted
AND
such as the return to the Moon and the ¶ exploration of Mars.

Squo solves multilat – newer than ANY aff card
World Outline, postgraduate student in international affairs at King’s College, 1/24/12
~"How valuable is multilateral diplomacy in a post-9/11 world?," http://worldoutline.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/how-valuable-is-multilateral-diplomacy-in-a-post-911-world/~~

At the turn of the last century, 189 world leaders convened at the Millennium
AND
multilateral diplomacy is of more value today than it was a decade ago.

No extinction – they either burn out or don’t spread
Posner 05
(Richard A, judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter. "Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them." http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_3_11/ai_n29167514/pg_2?tag=content;col1)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.

Top consensus indicates no warming – 15 years of cooling, politically driven and dated models
Bastasch 9/29
(Top MIT scientist: Newest UN climate report is ’hilariously’ flawed¶ 1:27 PM 09/29/2013¶ Michael Bastaschhttp://dailycaller.com/2013/09/29/top-mit-scientist-un-climate-report-is-hilariously-flawed/~~23ixzz2gmtrGt1E)kk
Not all scientists are panicking about global warming — one of them finds the alarmism
AND
science behind ~hu~manmade global warming is faulty and politically driven.

Adv 2

No war and escalation
GS 6
(Global Security, China’s Options in the Taiwan Confrontation, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/taiwan-prc.htm)

With a belief that the US will come to Taiwan’s aid should China initiate action
AND
to control escalation beyond "demonstrative" detonations would cause utterly disproportionate destruction.

No Korean war – laundry list
Fisher ’13 Max, Foreign Policy Writer @ Washington Post 26 Former Editor at the Atlantic, "Why North Korea loves to threaten World War III (but probably won’t follow through)" http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/12/why-north-korea-loves-to-threaten-world-war-iii-but-probably-wont-follow-through/

North Korea is indeed a dangerous rogue state that has, in the recent past
AND
because he deserves it, but because you want the tantrum to stop.

Heg decline inevitable and peaceful – attempting to sustain incites escalatory wars and flips the aff
Quinn 11
Adam, Lecturer in International Studies. Adam Quinn, University of Birmingham (July 1, 2011, "The Art of Declining Politely," International Affairs Volume 87, Issue 4)

As noted in the opening passages of this article, the narratives of America’s decline
AND
seems it is fortunate enough to have a president who fits the bill.

Debt kills heg
Khalilzad, 2011
former director of planning at the Defense Department ~Zalmay February 8, 2011 The Economy and National Security Accessed July 29 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/259024/economy-and-national-security-zalmay-khalilzad?page=1 The National Review Online~
If we don’t get our economic house in order, we risk a new era
AND
These trends could in the long term produce a multi-polar world.

Plan doesn’t solve sustainability – space laser key
Steven Lambakis 2/1/7
(PhD from Catholic University, National Institute for Public Policy Senior Analyst; "Missile Defense From Space," http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6124)

The policy benefits of a space-based missile defense layer are straightforward. A
AND
for world peace, stability, and enforcing the rule of law internationally.

Heg doesn’t solve war
Christopher Preble (director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute) August 2010 "U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?" http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/

Goure and the Hadley-Perry commissioners who produced the alternate QDR argue that the
AND
States while the schlubs in fly-over country pick up the tab. 

Dominance doesn’t equal influence – the US lacks leverage.
Mastanduno 9
(Michael, Professor of Government at Dartmouth, World Politics 61, No. 1, Ebsco,)

During the cold war the United States dictated the terms of adjustment. It derived
AND
way, but it can no longer count on getting its own way.

No escalation
Haas 8 Richard, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, former director of policy planning for the Department of State, former vice president and director of foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution, the Sol M. Linowitz visiting professor of international studies at Hamilton College, a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a lecturer in public policy at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, and a research associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, April, "Ask the Expert: What Comes After Unipolarity?" http://www.cfr.org/publication/16063/ask_the_expert.html

Does a non polar world increase or reduce the chances of another world war?
AND
highly costly conflicts involving terrorist groups, militias, rogue states, etc.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: KU HR | Judge: K Sommers
Adv

The prisoners are not bare life – there are rules that prevent true reduction
Halit Tagma 09, Professor of Political Science, Arizona State , “Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 2009), pp. 407-435

Thus in some respects, prisoners of the "war on terror" might be
AND
work in the day-to-day administration of this space.67

It’s not unique – people can assert agency in the face of state power, invoking the concept of bare life destroys that
Cesare Casarino and Antonio Negri 4
(*Professor of cultural studies and comparative literature at the University of Minnesota; Author of numerous volumes of philosophy and political theory; “It’s a Powerful Life: A Conversation on Contemporary Philosophy,” Cultural Critique 57) 

AN: I believe Giorgio is writing a sequel to Homo Sacer, and I
AND
continuously try to subtract or neutralize our resistance. End Page 174 

No social death – history proves
Vincent Brown Dec 9
(Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard University; "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, Pp. 1231-1249)

THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
AND
of becoming ‘African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity.”40

Racism is not the root cause – resolving it doesn’t solve conflict
Julie Mertus 99
(Professor and co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs @ American U. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions, J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University,  International Council on Human Rights Policy; “THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICT”, http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf) 

II. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICTS WITH RACIAL DIMENSION: ROLES OF RACISM 18. The
AND
of violence. Until this happens, the cycle of violence will continue.

Squo’s improving – prison numbers declining
Erica Goode 7/25, New York Times, "U.S. Prison Populations Decline, Reflecting New Approach to Crime", 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/07/26/us/us-prison-populations-decline-reflecting-new-approach-to-crime.html?ref=global-homeand_r=0

The prison population in the United States dropped in 2012 for the third consecutive year
AND
don’t think in modern history we’ve seen anything like this,” she said. 

Non-reformist reforms work better than abolition
Angela Davis 4, Interview with Dylan Rodriguez, Davis: The Challenges of Prison Abolition, illinoisprisonwatch.blogspot.com/2010/03/davis-challenges-of-prison-abolition.html

Angela: The seemingly unbreakable link between prison reform and prison development -- referred
AND
education, housing, health care, and other public resources and services.

Belief in a structural black/white antagonism destroys progressivism and re-entrenches racism – we can acknowledge every problem with the status quo, but adopt a pragmatic orientation towards solutions
Leroy D. Clark 95
(Professor of law at Catholic University, 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) 

A Final Word¶ Despite Professor Bell's prophecy of doom, I believe he would
AND
. was his capacity to "dream" us toward a better place.

Their focus on the body as the basis for identifying oppression results in a crude form of biological determinism that results in reactionary and violent politics
Craig Ireland, Assistant Professor, Dept. Of American Culture and Literature Bilkent University, 2004, The Subaltern Appeal to Experience: Self-Identity, Late Modernity, and the Politics of Immediacy, p. 13-22

This Thompsonian notion of experience has found its way into numerous strands of histories of
AND
against which Felix Guattari warned in his last essay before his death.38

S

“Indefinite detention” means detained without charges—not criminal law. Means they don’t stop broader prison industrial conduct.
Cheyette, JD, MPH, and Allen, MD, Co-Director of the Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights at Brown University, 2011
(Cara and Scott, “Punishment Before Justice: Indefinite Detention in the US,” http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/resources/transcripts/upload/022912RecordSubmission-Franken.pdf)
Individuals who are indefinitely detained are, by definition, individuals against whom no charges
AND
inhuman, or degrading treatment, in violation of domestic and international law.

“Indefinite detention” by definition does not result in trial
Greenwald, JD NYU and national security writer for The Guardian and formerly Salon, 12/16/2011
(Glenn, “Three myths about the detention bill,” http://www.salon.com/2011/12/16/three_myths_about_the_detention_bill/)
Section 1021 of the NDAA governs, as its title says, “Authority of
AND
the power vested in the President by the next section, (c):
It simply cannot be any clearer within the confines of the English language that this
AND
explain how they can claim that in light of this crystal clear provision.

Abolition’s an unrealistic and ineffective strategy
Nick Herbert 8, The Guardian, The abolitionists' criminal conspiracy, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jul/27/prisonsandprobation.youthjustice

Last week saw an International Conference on Penal Abolition. With such a heady ambition
AND
purpose – not to hold lazy conferences making futile calls for their abolition.

Deconstruction is based on dogmatic ideology and hypocrisy – it’s functionally a conspiracy theory
Plaut, 04
(Steven, Professor at the Graduate School of the Business Administration at the University of Haifa, “The Deconstruction of Jacques Derrida”, Frontpage Magazine, 10/11, http://www.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=11030)

Deconstructionism is a shallow form of Non-Thinking that has gained popularity among some
AND
of insiders who know that the Wizard of Oz is behind the curtain."

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU HW | Judge: S Weiner

Case

Adv

Best evidence indicates that alt causes outweigh the aff – spying, drones, stuxnet
Greenwald 2012
(Collapsing U.S. credibility¶ Condemning foreign governments for abusive acts while ignoring one’s own is easy. But the U.S. leads the way¶ BY GLENN GREENWALD is a former Constitutional and civil rights litigator and is the author of three New York Times Bestselling books http://www.salon.com/2012/06/25/collapsing_u_s_credibility/)kk
Two Op-Eds in The New York Times this morning both warn of the
AND
concern by the extent to which they work against their own government’s conduct.

Seriously – this is the wrong week to read this advantage – NSA decks uniqueness.
Compliance campaign
("International outcry over NSA mass surveillance calls U.S. credibility into question" June 12, 2013 http://compliancecampaign.wordpress.com/2013/06/12/international-outcry-over-nsa-mass-surveillance-calls-u-s-credibility-into-question/)kk
The world is reacting with alarm to revelations that the United States has been committing
AND
and put in place better safeguards against security agency overreach," HRW said.

Doesn’t violate I-law and no impact – others don’t abide by it either
Taylor and Wittes 2009
 (Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and contributing editor for Newsweek, and Senior Fellow and Research Director in Public Law at the Brookings Institution ~Stuart and Benjamin, "Looking Forward, Not Backward: Refining American Interrogation Law", http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/0510_interrogation_law_wittes/0510_interrogation_law_wittes.pdf)
Fourth, opponents of any coercion argue that any use of interrogation methods that can
AND
has shrunk from violating international law when necessary to protect its vital interests.

Multilat fails – to many actors means no consensus
Holmes ’10
~Kim Holmes, VP, foreign policy and defense studies, Heritage. Frmr Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs. While at the State Department, Holmes was responsible for developing policy and coordinating U.S. engagement at the United Nations and 46 other international organizations. Member of the CFR. Frmr adjunct prof of history, Georgetown. PhD in history, Georgetown, Smart Multilateralism and the United Nations, 21 Sept. 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/09/smart-multilateralism-when-and-when-not-to-rely-on-the-united-nations~~

The need for multilateralism is obvious. Nations share concerns about many problems and issues
AND
positions on an issue have been predetermined in their regional or political groupings.  

Multilateralism doesn’t prevent backlash. Countries hate US power, regardless of how it’s exercised
Charles Krauthammer, nationally syndicated columnist, Pulitzer Prize winner, recipient of the Irving Kristol Award from the American Enterprise Institute, Winter 2002/2003, The National Interest, "The Unipolar Moment Revisited," p. Lexis

A third critique comes from what might be called pragmatic realists, who see the
AND
the international system, not by the details of our management of it.

Your Montreal Protocol impacts are empirically denied, it’s all hype founded on flawed evidence recorded in the 80’s and the 90’s
Ben Lieberman, a senior policy analyst at the Heritage Foundation, September 19, 2007, Washington Times, p ln

The international treaty to protect the ozone layer turns 20 this year. But is
AND
bad consequences go away - they were never occurring in the first place.  

No impact – radiation increase is trivial
Singer, 95
(S. Fred, Ph.D., president science and environment policy project, November 1, Washington Times, http://209.85.141.104/search?q=cache:YItL5uwXgYQJ:www.sepp.org/key2520issues/ozone/oznobel.html+Time+and+again,+journalists+have+run+with+a+story+that+amounts+to+little+more+than+22science+by+press+release.2226hl=en26ct=clnk26cd=126gl=us)

Time and again, journalists have run with a story that amounts to little more
AND
seem to matter, at least to the Academy, is "salvation."

Using Ilaw as binding law would mobilize opposition to the Court and cause stripping efforts.
Hutt 2007
David T. Hutt, J.D., Ph.D., legal trainer in Washington, and former Adjunct Assistant Professor at Le Moyne College, and Lisa K. Parshall, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in the Department of History and Gov’t at Daemen College, 2007. (33 Ohio N.U.L. Rev. 113, Divergent Views on the Use of International and Foreign Law: Congress and the Executive versus the Court)
In its last few terms, the United States Supreme Court has utilized foreign and
AND
ramifications for U.S. relations with other nations and international organizations.

Turns the aff—means no future use of CIL and plan’s unenforced.
Kubiak 2005
David Kubiak, Project Censored award-winning journalist,’5 ~ZMag, April 3, Introducing The Constitution Restoration Act, http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=10426ItemID=7569~~
In other words, the bill ensures that God’s divine word (and our infallible
AND
illegal and, thank God, that’s the last we’d ever hear from them

Solvency

Multiple reason the courts fail – too slow, rule narrowly, shuffle their feet
Darren A. Wheeler Dec 9
(Assistant professor of political science at Ball State University and author of Presidential Power in Action: Implementing Supreme Court Detainee Decisions; "Checking Presidential Detention Power in the War on Terror: What Should We Expect from the Judiciary?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 4 (December 2009), pp. 677-700)

This article argues that there are four specific reasons why those expecting the Supreme Court
AND
administration clearly demonstrated an intense willingness and desire to exert unilateral control over matters

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: E Jensen
Turn – homogenization – centering discussions of African American culture on resisting white supremacy ignores the role of class in shaping racial consciousness, which is crucial to resistance
McClendon 4 John H, associate professor of African American and American Cultural Studies @ Bates College and editor of the American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience, “Philosophy of Language and the African American Experience: Are There Metaphilosophical Implications?”, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 18.4, pp. 305-10

Here I do want to give a cautionary suggestion. Yancy must stay alert to
AND
how African American language would serve in the reconceptualization of metaphilosophy remain open questions

Theory of a structural antagonism destroys coalitions and re-entrenches racism – we can acknowledge every problem with the status quo, but adopt a pragmatic orientation towards solutions
Leroy D. Clark 95
(Professor of law at Catholic University, 73 Denv. U.L. Rev. 23) 

A Final Word¶ Despite Professor Bell's prophecy of doom, I believe he would
AND
. was his capacity to "dream" us toward a better place.

Nommo’s focus on the self stops any possibility for the language to create social change and subjugates the Black community who don’t agree
Lynne Clark 2004
Talk About Talk:Promises, Risks, and a Proposition Out of Nommo The Journal of Speculative Philosophy 18.4 (2004) 317-325

A sole focus on Nommo's power to define the self and his sense of the
AND
experiences, their values, or their interests in the newly created terms.

We should not be forced to refute the content of their personal experience because it’s sociopathic and impossible – people are victimized, the core question is “what do we do?!”
Subotnik 1998
Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center, 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681

Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
AND
to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Minn OT | Judge: T Knoedler
S

Obama will change definitions to circumvent
Jonathan Hafetz 11/5/13
(Law professor at Seton Hall; “Outrage Fatigue: The Danger of Getting Used to Gitmo,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13311/outrage-fatigue-the-danger-of-getting-used-to-gitmo))

The Obama administration has shown no shortage of creative lawyering in justifying U.S
AND
the urgency tends to dissipate once the public pressure and media attention fades.

Adv 1

Methodological limitations disprove their legitimacy spillover link
Sitaraman, 14
Essay Credibility and War Powers Ganesh Sitaraman, 127 Harv. L. Rev. F. 123 (2014),Assistant Professor of Law Vanderbilt, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/127/january14/forum_1024.php 

B. The Logical Limits of Credibility Arguments In the context of military threats and
AND
on ad infinitum, it is impossible to determine what policy to pursue.

No legitimacy silver bullets – the I/L takes years
Gray ’11
Colin S, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England, and Founder of the National Institute for Public Policy, “Hard Power And Soft Power: The Utility Of Military Force as An Instrument Of Policy In The 21st Century,” April, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1059

It bears repeating because it passes unnoticed that culture, and indeed civilization itself,
AND
it may be, a country cannot easily escape legacies from its past.

Heg doesn’t solve war
Christopher Preble (director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute) August 2010 “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/

Goure and the Hadley-Perry commissioners who produced the alternate QDR argue that the
AND
States while the schlubs in fly-over country pick up the tab. 

No transition wars
Joseph Parent and Paul MacDonald 11
(*Assistant for of pol sci, U Miami. PhD in pol sci, Columbia; Assistant prof of pol sci, Williams; “Graceful Decline?;The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” Intl. Security, Spring 1, p. 7)

Some observers might dispute our conclusions, arguing that hegemonic transitions are more conflict prone
AND
ability to sustain its economic performance or engage in foreign policy adventurism. 94

Dominance doesn’t equal influence – the US lacks leverage.
Mastanduno 9
(Michael, Professor of Government at Dartmouth, World Politics 61, No. 1, Ebsco,)

During the cold war the United States dictated the terms of adjustment. It derived
AND
way, but it can no longer count on getting its own way.

Detention’s not key to terror
Joscelyn, 10
(Sr. Fellow-Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 12/27, “Gitmo is not Al Qaeda’s Number One Recruitment Tool,” http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/gitmo-not-al-qaedas-number-one-recruitment-tool_524997.html)

During a press conference on December 22, President Obama was asked about the difficulties
AND
publicly since January 2009. These messages do not support the president’s claim.

No risk of nuclear terrorism – too many obstacles
John J. Mearsheimer 1/2/14
(R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “America Unhinged,” nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show)

Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many
AND
encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

No extinction
Mueller 10
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press)

In the ensuing decades, massive exaggerations of the physical effects of nuclear weapons have
AND
force of an earthquake, one-thousandth the force of a hurricane."

Toon – disproven by nuclear testing, says it’s the equivalent of a counterforce exchange, not actual thermonuclear exchange
Joseph F. Coates 9
(Former adjunct professor at George Washington University, President of the Kanawha Institute for the Study of the Future and was President of the International Association for Impact Assessment and was President of the Association for Science, Technology and Innovation, M.S., Hon D., FWAAS, FAAAS; Futures 41, 694-705, "Risks and threats to civilization, humankind, and the earth,” ScienceDirect)

The opportunity for setting off a nuclear device, a dirty bomb, in a
AND
political responses are difficult to anticipate and a distraction to conjecture about here.

Russia rule of law impossible
Vladimir Gel'man is a professor in the Department of Political Science and Sociology at the European University at St.Petersburg, 2k “The Dictatorship of Law in Russia: Neither Dictatorship, Nor Rule of Law,” October, PONARS Policy Memo 146, http://www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/pm_0146.pdf

The First Alternative: Strong Rule of Law¶ First, Russia's current leaders have
AND
regional level), we can hardly expect the dominance of formal¶ institutions.

Zero risk of enough Russia instability to trigger the impact
Tarlton 8
Lt Col, USAF (2/7/2008, Michael, “A RESURGENT RUSSIA IN 2030? A STUDY OF THE PAST, PRESENT, AND POSSIBLE FUTURE POLITICAL SITUATION WITH THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.”, AIR WAR COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY, Research Report Submitted to the Faculty, https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/display.aspx?moduleid=be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153andmode=userandaction=researchprojectandobjectid=74bdbda7-1439-4054-bc3b-0ae57a386cc3) MGM

The least likely scenario is a failed state. Russia has vast economic resources in
AND
Russian Federation collapse in order to justify his current political power consolidation.87 

Adv 2
Deference is inevitable – the best they can achieve is inconsistent application of precedent.  
Posner and Vermeule, 10 - *professor of law at the University of Chicago AND professor of law at Harvard (Eric and Adrian, The Executive Unbound, p. 52-54)
THE COURTS
We now turn from Congress to the courts, the other main hope of liberal
AND
and they will have little sticking power when the next crisis rolls around.

Civil-military conflict inevitable
Janine Davidson Mar 13
(Assistant professor at George Mason University’s Graduate School of Public Policy, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Plans in the Pentagon, Presidential Studies Quarterly, March 2013, " Civil-Military Friction and Presidential Decision Making: Explaining the Broken Dialogue", Vol. 43, No. 1, Ebsco 

Such mutual frustration between civilian leadership and the military is not unique to the Obama
AND
what “success” means, only adds more fuel to the flame.

No negative impact to tensions – they’re managed and key to national security  
Biddle 9
(Stephen, Senior Fellow for Defense Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/publication/20283/us_policy_toward_afghanistan.html)

As far as the civil-military relations aspects of this go, we have
AND
taking another couple of weeks to avoid that are minor -- are modest. 

No court modeling
Liptak, Supreme Court correspondent for the New York Times, 2008
(Adam, U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations,
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/l/adam_liptak/index.html?inline=nyt-perandpagewanted=all)
Judges around the world have long looked to the decisions of the United States Supreme
AND
and Roberts courts and for that reason more inclined to cite one another.

Bioweapons can’t cause extinction and won’t be used
Washington Note 4
"Wolfowitz's Xmas Present to Troops: Anthrax vaccine?" 19 Dec. http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/000241.php

Depending on the biological weapon used, delivery can become even more difficult. An
AND
do with maintaining the fiction that Iraq really was a "gathering threat". 

Don’t solve bioweapons – their link author is talking about informed consent protocols – research will continue (and empirically denied)
Parasidis, their link article, 2012
(Efthimios, Assistant Professor of Law, Center for Health Law Studies, Saint Louis University School of Law, 2012, "Justice and Beneficence in Military Medicine and Research" Ohio State Law School, Lexis)
START OF ARTICLE
The United States military has a long and checkered history of experimental research involving human
AND
currently considering amendments to the federal requirements for human-subjects research. n27

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota PW | Judge: C Loghry
They replicate American Exceptionalism—they falsely assumed that their model of race, which is based on the US is transhistorical and universally applicable
Carey 2009 (Jane Postcolonialism Researcher, Monach U), Leigh Boucher (School of Modern History 26 PLS, Marquarie U), and Katherine Ellinghaus (School of Hist Studies, Monach U), Re-Orienting Whiteness )

 (p3-4) Arneson was not alone, as the flurry of
AND
far too important to allow them to be subsumed within such parochial concerns.

They uncritically deploy arguments about their performativity as if that was capable of changing things—Within the framework of their impacts you’d vote for us because they mystify this process and we problematize it.
Wilderson 2009 (Frank, GRAMMAR 26 GHOSTS: THE PERFORMATIVE LIMITS OF AFRICAN FREEDOM, Theatre Survey 50:1 May JK)
The conference was seeking, not always explicitly, not always consciously, the grammar
AND
or Latinos. Attention to it problematizes the articulation between performance and emancipation.
Their totalizing view of black agency is ahistorical and debilitates our understanding of Blackness by papering over all the ways that black people throughout history have resisted alienation (blue)
Brown 2009 –(Vincent, professor of history and of African and African American Studies specializing in Atlantic Slavery and#34;Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery,and#34; http://history.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/documents/brown-socialdeath.pdf)

But this was not the emphasis of Patterson’s argument. As a result, those
AND
continuous struggles to remake it. Those struggles are slavery’s bequest to us. 

The affirmative frames their struggle as a struggle against WHITE SUPREMACY – this has several problems

1. It furthers racialized capitalism – by locating the struggle in RACE they cause destruction of 16 million poor whites
   Mike Cole 2007
   and#34;’Racism’ is about more than colourand#34; http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=31122226sectioncode=26 November 23rd

The problem with standard critical race theory is the narrowness of its remit, says
AND
Statistics such as these are indicative of racialised capitalism rather than white supremacy.  

2. It justifies racism against excluded groups deemed and#34;whiteand#34; – anti-semitism, traveller communities, and muslim communities just to name a few
Mike Cole 2007
and#34;’Racism’ is about more than colourand#34; http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=31122226sectioncode=26 November 23rd

A second problem with and#34;white supremacyand#34; is that it is inherently unable to
AND
to be fundamentally connected in the current historical circumstances of Western capitalist developmentand#34;.

Their suggestion that we debate from personal experience is a form of forced outing that forecloses options for resistance
Patterson, Florida Atlantic University, 2000
(Patricia M. Administrative Theory 26 Praxis Vol. 22, No. 4,: 663–695)

Speaking specifically of modern university classrooms, but clearly not limiting herself to them,
AND
1993, p. 34; Young, 1997, p. 66).

Attention given to micropolitics obscures actual successes of disfavored groups and only benefits the privileged (green)
Patricia Hill Collins, Prof. of Sociology - Dept. of African-American Studies at Univ. of Cincinnati, Fighting Words, 1998, 135-7
In this academic context, postmodern treatment of power relations suggested by the rubric of
AND
relations in academia or elsewhere. Ironically, their privilege may actually increase. 

The affirmative cultivates an ethic of resentment that equates political subjectivity with victimhood and suffering resulting in a culture of vengeance and blame
Brown ’93
~Wendy (University of California, Santa Cruz); and#34;Wounded Attachmentsand#34;; Political Theory; Vol. 21, No. 3; August; p. 390-410; JSTOR nick~

However, it is not only the tension between freedom and equality but the prior
AND
Nietzsche’s terms, and#34;anaesthetizeand#34 and externalize what is otherwise and#34;unendurable.and#34;

The oppressor/oppressed dichotomy forecloses addressing the intersections of power.  They can’t account for the multiplicity of power relations within and#34;oppressedand#34; groups
Thomas S. Popkewitz Sept 97
Dept. of Curriculum and Instruction at Univ. of Wisconsin-MadisonANDMarieBrennan,Faculty of Education at Central Queensland U; and#34;RESTRUCTURING OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THEORY IN EDUCATION: FOUCAULT AND A SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY OF SCHOOL PRACTICES,and#34; Educational Theory, Volume 47 Issue 3 , Pages 287 – 434, JT~

Thus, while research and researchers can be sensitive to issues of race, class
AND
multiplicity of relations that exist within and among groups at any one time.

A standpoint of the oppressed is inadequate to ground ontology. Their argument establishes a truth regime where their specific location becomes the standard by which to exclude all others.  The net result is to entrench oppression
Carolyn D’Cruz 1
~LaTrobe University, Australia; and#34;What Matter Who’s Speaking?and#34; Authenticity and Identity in Discourses of Aboriginality in Australia, Vol. 5 Issue 3, Jouvert, http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v5i3/cdcr.htm~~

Borrowing from Marx’s materialist conception of history, feminist standpoint theory finds its point of
AND
way in which the issues raised by standpoint positions impinge upon that debate.

Their attempt to raise the question of who is able to speak on the part of the oppressed only reduces the oppressed to tools in the quest for rhetorical victory—reinscribes the privilege which enables them to speak in the first place.
Chow 93
Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993 Writing Diaspora, p.145-146

But while it effectively raises our consciousness in regard to the privileged positions enjoyed by
AND
who speak‚—this is the answer this question is meant to provoke.

This creates cycles of exclusion, making their impacts inevitable.  Rejecting the affirmative because their blindness to their intellectual project’s privileged foundations is a prior question – this allows you prevent becoming the object and instrument of power by investigating your own privilege
Chow 93
Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993 Writing Diaspora, p. 16-17

Why are and#34;tacticsand#34; useful at this moment? As discussions about and#34;multiculturalism
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Their invocation of the speech/silence metaphor is a phonocentric construct that marks one as superior based on their ability to hear and audibly speak – this is the root cause of oppression against deaf people, causing biopolitical domination of BEING
Myers and Fernandes 6/11/9
(Gallaudet University, University of North Carolina Asheville; and#34;Deaf Studies: A Critique of the Predominant U.S. Theoretical Direction,and#34; http://jdsde.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/30.full)

Discussing the phenomenon of audism both at Gallaudet University and in the greater society beyond
AND
thus, results in continually frustrating and damaging the lives of deaf people.

The opening up of knowledge to include kinesthetic speech is key to break down audism
Myers and Fernandes 6/11/9
(Gallaudet University, University of North Carolina Asheville; and#34;Deaf Studies: A Critique of the Predominant U.S. Theoretical Direction,and#34; http://jdsde.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/30.full)

Most fully expressing this reactive stance is Bauman’s and#34;Audism: Exploring the metaphysics of
AND
not recognized as languages or have been marginalized throughout the course of history.

Tournament: UK | Round: 4 | Opponent: MoSt CC | Judge: G Murillo

Case

Solvency

The drone lobby controls Congress – LOL @ thinking they would durably solve
Michaels 2013 (Martin, The Human Side of Drones: Congress fails in oversight", http://www.mintpressnews.com/the-human-side-of-drones-congress-fails-in-oversight/158722/)

Standing in the way of proper congressional oversight has been the burgeoning drone lobby,
AND
Street Research. Seventy-seven percent of these donations went to Republicans.

International law can’t change state behavior
Hudson 6 (Walter, Major US Army, "The Limits of International Law, Book Review" Army Lawyer, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-156365904.html) 

The authors of Limits rely on economic-based rational choice theory, using some
AND
of cooperation, coordination, or coercion—between states. (12)

Adv 1

You should disregard all of their Kahn 2011 evidence-
He states at the top of the paper
"DRAFT – Please do not cite or circulate without permission."
(http://www.iilj.org/courses/documents/2011Colloquium.Kahn.pdf) 

No inherency – US just reduced drone strikes because of public scrutiny
Gannon and Abbot 7/24 (U.S. slashes drone program in Pakistan
July 25, 2013 - 4:50pm KATHY GANNON SEBASTIAN ABBOT THE ASSOCIATED PRESS http://thechronicleherald.ca/world/1144300-us-slashes-drone-program-in-pakistan)kk

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone
AND
of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the classified program publicly.¶

Norms aren’t reverse causal – authoritarian states wouldn’t follow regardless – "US justifies others" is naive  
John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law.  Ilya Somin  Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Drones won’t increase violence or collapse restraint. History goes the other way.
Signh 2012
 (Betting Against a Drone Arms Race¶ Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. Aug. 13, 2012¶ http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2cdlCIjCE)kk

Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

Conflict escalates globally in a system of multipolarity – WWI proves
Christensen and Snyder 11(Thomas J. Christensen, senior fellow at Brookings Institute, professor of politics and international affairs and co-director of the Princeton-Harvard China and the World Program at Princeton University, Jack L. Snyder, Professor of International Relations at Columbia University, May 9, 2011, "Multipolarity, Perceptions, and the Tragedy of 1914", International Studies Quarterly)

Unfortunately, wars break out all too frequently. Fortunately, global conflagrations like World
AND
tragedy. Our original article was one attempt to provide such an explanation.

Adv 2

Soft power fails and alt causes outweigh
Rachman 9 ~Gideon Rachman is the Economist’s bureau chief in Brussels, June 1 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e608b556-4ee0-11de-8c10-00144feabdc0.html~~  

Barack Obama is a soft power president. But the world keeps asking him hard
AND
months it will become increasingly obvious that soft power also has its limits.

Single reforms fail—soft power is doomed and their authors are clowns
Afrasiabi, 07 – PhD and author on Iran (Kaveh, Asia Times, "The illusion of American ’smart power’"
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IK13Ak02.html)

Over the years, Nye has been anything but shy about claiming credit for his
AND
vicious policy circle, bound to reintroduce failed US policies under new guises. 

The new report proves that warming isn’t real and forums that produce their impact are worthless – their politically-charged alarmism denies facts and produces groupthink
Curry 10/1
(Kill the IPCC: After decades and billions spent, the climate body still fails to prove humans behind warming¶ Judith A. Curry is Chair and Professor, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology., Special to Financial Post | 30/09/13 | Last Updated: 01/10/13)kk
The IPCC is in a state of permanent paradigm paralysis. It is the problem
AND
disease. The precautionary principle demands that we not take any risks here.

No impact to biodiversity
Sagoff 97
Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, "Institute Of Bill Of Rights Law Symposium Defining Takings: Private Property And The Future Of Government Regulation: Muddle Or Muddle Through? Takings Jurisprudence Meets The Endangered Species Act", 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N

Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands
AND
above a certain level, increasing biodiversity is likely to make little difference." 

Disease spread double bind – their impact cards are too good. If they’re true, international law is obviously too slow to stop such killer diseases and the plan doesn’t solve because it fails to eradicate disease in entirety, or the diseases won’t spread and there’s zero risk of a pandemic

No extinction – they either burn out or don’t spread
Posner 05
(Richard A, judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter. "Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them." http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_3_11/ai_n29167514/pg_2?tag=content;col1)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
AND
lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.

Humans are evolving faster to resist them
Clover, 08
Charles Clover, Daily Telegraph Environment Editor 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/2008/02/05/scievol105.xml

A major genetic survey shows how we are changing, reports Roger Highfield Evidence that
AND
since in modern society the survivors no longer have to be the fittest.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 3 | Opponent: MoSt | Judge: B Delong
s

Obama would ignore the plan
Michael J., Garcia 2003; JD – Georgetown University Law Center, “A Necessary Response: The Lack of Domestic and International Constraints Upon a U.S. Nuclear Response to a Terrorist Attack”, The Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Summer, 1 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 515, Lexis

In the face of a significant terrorist attack, the President might not wait for
AND
the Executive's inherent power to respond to attacks against the United States. n75

Negligence

Terror attempts will be small and can be stopped
STEWART 3/22/12
Stratfor Intelligence  Reporter
Scott Stewart, Keeping Terrorism in Perspective, Stratfor,http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/keeping-terrorism-perspective

By design, terrorist attacks are intended to have a psychological impact far outweighing the
AND
and minimize the impact of such attacks if they maintain the proper perspective.

No nuclear terror.
Chapman 12
Stephen, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely May 22, 2012 6:00 AM http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html

Given their inability to do something simple — say, shoot up a shopping mall
AND
it bear fruit. Given the formidable odds, it probably won’t bother.

No extinction
Mueller ‘10
(John, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and a Professor of Political Science at The Ohio State University, A.B. from the University of Chicago, M.A. and Ph.D. @ UCLA, Atomic Obsession – Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, Oxford University Press, Accessed @ Emory)

In the ensuing decades, massive exaggerations of the physical effects of nuclear weapons have
AND
force of an earthquake, one-thousandth the force of a hurricane."

“Only a risk of nuke terror” logic makes us stupider
Mueller and Stewart 11 – *Professor and Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Department of Political Science at Ohio State University Professor of Civil Engineering Director, Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at The University of Newcastle *John Mueller, Mark Stewart, “Terror, Security, and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security”, http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/MID11TSM.PDF

Playing to this demand, government officials are inclined to focus on worst case scenarios
AND
and “probabilistic thinking is repudiated in favor of "possibilistic thinking."17 

No retaliation – definitely no escalation
Mueller 5
(John, Professor of Political Science – Ohio State University, Reactions and Overreactions to Terrorism, http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/NB.PDF)

However, history clearly demonstrates that overreaction is not necessarily inevitable. Sometimes, in
AND
after the obligatory (and inexpensive) expressions of outrage are prominently issued.

Obama’s nuclear doctrine goes neg
Sanger and Baker 10 (David E. and Peter, April, New York Times “Obama Limits When U.S. Would Use Nuclear Arms”.  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/world/06arms.html)

WASHINGTON — President Obama said Monday that he was revamping American nuclear strategy to substantially
AND
United States with biological or chemical weapons, or launched a crippling cyberattack.

Even a rapid US-Russia war would end in peace negotiations before nukes were launched – Russian generals concede.
Ivashov ‘7
(Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems. July 2007 “WILL AMERICA FIGHT RUSSIA”. Defense and Security, No 78. LN  

Ivashov: Numerous scenarios and options are possible. Everything may begin as a local
AND
nuclear arsenals. It will stop the war and put negotiations into motion.

Bostrom changed his mind – no extinction
Bostrom 7
(Nick, Oxford Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy and James Martin 21st Century School. "The Future of Humanity," New Waves in Philosophy of Technology, http://www.nickbostrom.com/)

Extinction risks constitute an especially severe subset of what could go badly wrong for humanity
AND
setback: a giant massacre for man, a small misstep for mankind.

No chance that Pakistan will collapse
Bandow 09
Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, “Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan,” Huffington Post, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10924)

From Pakistan's perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than
AND
state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."

That means zero percent chance of loose nukes
AFP, 01/24/08. “Pakistan Army Chief Rejects World Nuclear Fears.” Islamabad. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iyJGVUry16ldmWZ6U8Nyr22bqt-A

His statement closely follows the line of Musharraf's comments on Pakistan's nuclear weapons during a
AND
nuclear capability was solely for the purpose of deterring all types of aggression." 

Disregard Pitt—no quals, rabid partisan
PW, 3 (Publishers Weekly, http://www.amazon.com/Greatest-Sedition-Silence-Years-America/dp/0745320104)

Pitt, coauthor of War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to
AND
end tax giveaways to corporations and the rich") break no new ground. 

PQD

Groupthink theory is wrong in general – zero validity for the model
Anthony Hempell 4, User Experience Consulting Senior Information Architect, “Groupthink:  An introduction to Janis' theory of concurrence-seeking tendencies in group work., http://www.anthonyhempell.com/papers/groupthink/, March 3
In the thirty years since Janis first proposed the groupthink model, there is still
AND
1986, p. 399; cited by Choi and Kim, 1999). 

No exec groupthink—executives are fragmented and pluralistic—Congress links harder
Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 46-47)

The idea that Congress will, on net, weed out bad policies rests on
AND
policies that need to be adopted quickly if they are to be effective.

None of Obama’s mistakes resulted from groupthink—unprecedented number of anti-groupthink mechanisms
Kennedy, 12   Copyright (c) 2012 Gould School of Law Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal Spring, 2012 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 21 S. Cal. Interdis. L.J. 633 LENGTH: 23138 words NOTE: THE HIJACKING OF FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING: GROUPTHINK AND PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE POST-9/11 WORLD NAME: Brandon Kennedy* BIO: * Class of 2012, University of Southern California Gould School of Law; M.A. Regional Studies: Middle East 2009, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; B.A. Government 2009, Harvard University. 

A. Anti-Groupthink Decision-Making Practices  The Obama team adopted several decision
AND
doubts and to rethink the entire issue before making a definitive choice. n246

Empirically—Congress doesn’t improve decisionmaking—they intentionally defer because they know that they don’t have the capacity
Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 47-48)

The concern we have just articulated, that Congress will block or delay justified security
AND
its institutional disabilities despite an emergency.

Setting a precedent against the PQD spills over to climate change cases-~--litigants are turning to the Courts now and asking them to abrogate the PQD
Laurence H. Tribe 10, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School; Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy and Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, “TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE,” http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
Two sets of problems, one manifested at a microcosmic
AND
political question doctrine is feeling heat from both directions.

That crushes global coordination necessary to solve climate change
Laurence H. Tribe 10, the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School; Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy and Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, “TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE,” http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf
But that being said, if the Second Circuit was implying that such claims are
AND
implications for how we govern ourselves. 

Warming is real, anthropogenic and causes extinction
Flournoy 12 -- Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center. Don Flournoy is a PhD and MA from the University of Texas, Former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, Former Associate Dean @ State University of New York and Case Institute of Technology, Project Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, Currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications @ Ohio University (Don, "Solar Power Satellites," January, Springer Briefs in Space Development, Book, p. 10-11
In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu, a  NASA
AND
simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 )

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: G Lundeen

Case

Cont 1

The president will do what he wants – Syria, Libya, Kosovo all prove that the gov’t cannot provide meaningful constraints on introducing the armed forces into hostilities.
Greenwald 13
(The Guardian, 9-1, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/01/obama-congress-syria-authorization)

It’s a potent sign of how low the American political bar is set that gratitude
AND
is to display a fairly strong contempt for both democracy and the Constitution.

Contractors will fill in because they aren’t US armed forces—net worse because they are accountable to no one
Singer 7 (Peter, Director @ 21st century defense initiative, interviewed by Scott Horton, columnist for Harper’s Magazine, "’Can’t Win With ’Em, Can’t Go to War Without ’Em’: Six Questions for P.W. Singer", 9/30, http://harpers.org/archive/2007/09/hbc-90001311 JK) 

One of your first conclusions is that by using military contractors, policymakers "dodge
AND
the full nation, then maybe it shouldn’t happen in the first place. 

Their argument that their IR theory overwhelms the specifics of the situation flips their Hobbes argument
Caprioli, 04
"Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis" Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076).

There is little utility in constructing a divide if none exists. As Thomas Kuhn  
AND
seek to identify and eradicate conflict and hierarchy within society as a whole.

Equating militarism and patriarchy assumes traditional gender roles and reinforces domination
hooks 95 ~bell, English professor and senior lecturer in Ethnic Studies at the University of Southern California "Feminism and Militarism: A Comment" Women’s Studies Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3/4, Rethinking Women’s Peace Studies (Fall - Winter, 1995), pp. 58-64~
By equaling militarism and patriarchy, these feminists often structure their arguments in such a
AND
have been quite violent and militaristic in their support and maintenance of racism.              

Cont 2

Turn – if current just war doctrine is immoral, war is always immoral. No new just war theory outweighs the damage inherent
Dixon 2011
(Founder of JustPeaceTheory.com
Valerie Elverton Dixon MAR 25, 2011 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/post/there-is-no-such-thing-as-a-just-war/2011/03/25/AFxvlDWB_blog.html)kk
There is no such thing as a just war.¶ Every war is an injustice
AND
allowing a smooth transition of power that is truly power to the people.

Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved
Kenneth E. Boulding 77
(Economist, educator, peace activist, poet, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher, cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science, graduated from Oxford University, 1949 to 1967 faculty member of the University of Michigan, 1967 joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder until retirement; "Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14.11, Pp. 75-86)

 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’positive
AND
it may have d’one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

Turn – Nietzsche
Their ethic of care is tantamount to declaring the other an innocent in need of protection which traps them in a perpetual state of victimization
Faulkner 08 ~Joanne, "The Innocence of Victimhood Versus the "Innocence of Becoming": Nietzsche, 9/11, and the "Falling Man", University of New South Wales, The Journal Of Nietzsche Studies, Spring 2008, Project Muse~

The decision to jump hundreds of meters to one’s death from a burning building might
AND
to be out in the air … it must have felt like flying.

"Us vs. them" mentality is hard-wired
Fisbein and Dess 3
(Harold D., Nancy, Ph. D. University of Cincinnati psychology, Ph.D. Occidental College psychology Evolutionary psychology and violence: a primer for policymakers and public policy advocates Ed. - Richard W. Bloom, Nancy Kimberly Dess pg.157-158)

This chapter deals with an evolutionary analysis of intercultural conflict. The core assumption is
AND
that children’s great facility for learning human language is an evolutionary legacy is clear

Embracing realist government action in the face of violent threats is critical to shape the direction of change – their abstractions allow for extinction
David Brooks 1, senior editor for the Weekly Standard, The Weekly Standard, 11/5, lexis

Obviously nobody knows what the future years will feel like, but we do know
AND
they have stood for and the role they have assigned themselves in society.  

Ethics in policymaking creates myopic policies
Dan W. Brock Jul 87
(Professor of Philosophy and Biomedical Ethics at Brown University; "Truth or Consequences: The Role of Philosophers in Policy-Making," Ethics, Volume 97, p. 787, JSTOR)

When philosophers become more or less direct participants in the policy-making process and
AND
why did they enter the public domain?  What are they doing there?

Causes tunnel vision, evil and irrelevance
Isaac ’2
(Jeffrey C. Isaac, professor of political science at Indiana-Bloomington, director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, PhD from Yale, Spring 2002, Dissent Magazine, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, "Ends, Means, and Politics," p. Proquest

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Their criticism of America is ethnocentric—ensures the subjects of violence are only portrayed as indistinguishable, agencyless mass which merely has instrumental value in their self-serving intellectual America bashing
Chow 93
Rey Chow, Comparative Literature—Brown University, 1993 Writing Diaspora, p. 19-20

To give one example, the sanctification of victimization in the American academy and its
AND
indistinguishable mass, while "first world" intellectuals continue to have names.

Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: M Weitz

Case

Solvency

Deterrence

Norms aren’t reverse causal – authoritarian states wouldn’t follow regardless – "US justifies others" is naive  
John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law.  Ilya Somin  Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Drones might proliferate, but that doesn’t mean increased violence or deterrence collapse. History lends itself to the opposite conclusion.
Signh 2012
 (Betting Against a Drone Arms Race¶ Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. Aug. 13, 2012¶ http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2cdlCIjCE)kk

Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

They conflate production with excellence—others will make drones but they’ll be crappy
Gilli and Gilli 2013 (Andrea and Mauro, Northwestern Political Science, "Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?" Paper presented at APSA 2013, http://www.academia.edu/4331462/Attack_of_the_Drones_Should_We_Fear_The_Proliferation_of_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles JK)

Fourth, most analysts conflate production with excellence in manufacturing. Many countries in the
AND
warfare capabilities (precision, resolution, bandwidth, processing speed, etc.).

International law

Citing international law doesn’t set a precedent
NYT 8 ("US Court is Now Guiding Fewer Nations," 9-18, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/us/18legal.html?_r=226hp=26adxnnlx=1221753717-8pdanTsDalyAfCQgzjrVvQ26pagewanted=print)

Judicial citation or discussion of a foreign ruling does not, moreover, convert it
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reached on other grounds. It leads to more impressionistic, undisciplined adjudication."

It can’t change state behavior
Hudson 6 (Walter, Major US Army, "The Limits of International Law, Book Review" Army Lawyer, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-156365904.html) 

The authors of Limits rely on economic-based rational choice theory, using some
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of cooperation, coordination, or coercion—between states. (12)

The new report proves that warming isn’t real and forums that produce their impact are worthless – their politically-charged alarmism denies facts and produces groupthink
Curry 10/1
(Kill the IPCC: After decades and billions spent, the climate body still fails to prove humans behind warming¶ Judith A. Curry is Chair and Professor, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology., Special to Financial Post | 30/09/13 | Last Updated: 01/10/13)kk
The IPCC is in a state of permanent paradigm paralysis. It is the problem
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disease. The precautionary principle demands that we not take any risks here.

Empirics disprove and no statistical date to support their claims – no risk of escalation
Katz, Enviro Studies Prof at Tel Aviv, ’11
(David, February, "Hydro-Political Hyperbole: Examining Incentives for Overemphasizing the Risks of Water Wars" Global Environmental Politics, Vol 11 No 1, ProjectMuse)

Critiques of the Water War Hypothesis A number critiques have been leveled against both the
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to one, and are five times more likely to be cited.48

No extinction – they either burn out or don’t spread
Posner 05
(Richard A, judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School, Winter. "Catastrophe: the dozen most significant catastrophic risks and what we can do about them." http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmske/is_3_11/ai_n29167514/pg_2?tag=content;col1)

Yet the fact that Homo sapiens has managed to survive every disease to assail it
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lesson of the AIDS pandemic. And there is always a lust time.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Stanford GR | Judge: J Cheek

Solvency

Coronogue recommends adopting a way more specific standard than what the plan codifies.  The plan is basically the word "circumvention" made out of blinking lights, which turns case
-Ohey, this is also the card where he’s all like "you’re not topical"21
Graham Coronogue 12
(JD at duke; "A NEW AUMF: DEFINING COMBATANTS IN THE WAR ON TERROR," scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil)

Despite the significant flexibility of the phrase "associated force engaged in hostilities", I
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spreading to supporters of those who are merely supporters of al-Qaeda.

1 Deference adv.

The broad trend of rulings prove their Chevron I/L is completely bunk
Landau 12
~JOSEPH LANDAU, Associate Professor, Fordham Law School. I want to thank Mickey Alterman, Aditi ¶ Bagchi, Samuel Bray, Jim Brudney, Marc DeGirolami, Nestor Davidson, Annie Decker, ¶ Ray Fisher, Martin Flaherty, Abner Greene, Clare Huntington, Eric Jensen, Robert J. ¶ Kaczorowski, Andrew Kent, Tom Lee, Ethan Leib, Peter Margulies, Henry Monaghan, ¶ Richard Nicholson, Melissa O’Leary, Deborah Pearlstein, Alex Reinert, Bertrall Ross, ¶ Jonathan Ross, Jacob Sayward, Peter Schuck, Olivier Sylvain, and Ben Zipursky for helpful ¶ comments and assistance."CHEVRON MEETS YOUNGSTOWN: NATIONAL SECURITY ¶ AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE " http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume92n4/documents/LANDAU.pdf~~

Since 9/11, the Executive Branch has argued on numerous occasions that the
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Court has often remanded those questions for further deliberation by the political branches.

No cred silver bullets – the I/L takes years
Gray ’11
~Colin S, Professor of International Politics and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, England, and Founder of the National Institute for Public Policy, "Hard Power And Soft Power: The Utility Of Military Force as An Instrument Of Policy In The 21st Century," April, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1059~~

It bears repeating because it passes unnoticed that culture, and indeed civilization itself,
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it may be, a country cannot easily escape legacies from its past.

Not key to anything and it’s derived from the private sector
Singh 8 (Robert, professor in the School of Politics in Birkbeck College at University of London, "The exceptional empire," Vol. 45, Iss. 5, ProQuest)

Like many theoretical constructs in social science, ’soft power’ has its appeal and adherents
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As one Newsweek poll recorded the sorry figuresunderpinning America’s ’tarnished global image.’

Heg doesn’t solve war
Christopher Preble (director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute) August 2010 "U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?" http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/

Goure and the Hadley-Perry commissioners who produced the alternate QDR argue that the
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States while the schlubs in fly-over country pick up the tab. 

No transition wars
Joseph Parent and Paul MacDonald 11
(*Assistant for of pol sci, U Miami. PhD in pol sci, Columbia; Assistant prof of pol sci, Williams; "Graceful Decline?;The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment," Intl. Security, Spring 1, p. 7)

Some observers might dispute our conclusions, arguing that hegemonic transitions are more conflict prone
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ability to sustain its economic performance or engage in foreign policy adventurism. 94

2 Self-defense adv.

Co-belligerency distinction means you don’t solve – it won’t apply to strikes against organizations other than Al Qaeda
Robert Chesney Nov 13
(Law Prof at UT; "BEYOND THE BATTLEFIELD, BEYOND AL QAEDA: THE DESTABILIZING LEGAL ARCHITECTURE OF COUNTERTERRORISM," 112 Mich. L. Rev. 163)

There are two legal dimensions to the problem of increasing organizational uncertainty: disagreement as
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effectively destroyed, thus removing the predicate for a cobelligerency type of analysis.

No impact to pre-emptive drone norms and it’s impossible to solve
Alejandro Sueldo 12, J.D. candidate and Dean’s Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and a PhD candidate at the Department of War Studies at King’s College London of the University of London, 4/11/12, "The coming drone arms race," http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=70B6B991-ECA7-4E5F-BE80-FD8F8A1B5E90

Should enough states follow the U.S. example, the practice of preemptively
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is virtually limitless, states are now unwilling to control how drones evolve.

Not reverse causal – authoritarian states wouldn’t follow regardless – "US justifies others" is naive  
John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law.  Ilya Somin  Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
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compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Separation principle is unstable – blurring now
Ryan Goodman 10, "CONTROLLING THE RECOURSE TO WAR BY MODIFYING JUS IN BELLO", http://ssrn.com/abstract=1666198

According to a bedrock principle of international law, the rules regulating the recourse to
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need for greater resolve in identifying and overcoming threats to the existing design.

Tons of things thump the separation principle
Ryan Goodman 10, "CONTROLLING THE RECOURSE TO WAR BY MODIFYING JUS IN BELLO", http://ssrn.com/abstract=1666198

3.1 Type I erosion: Humanitarian interventions and other wars of choice 3
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valued – purposes, a higher level of jus in bello applies.13

Erosion of separation principle doesn’t cause war
Ryan Goodman 10, "CONTROLLING THE RECOURSE TO WAR BY MODIFYING JUS IN BELLO", http://ssrn.com/abstract=1666198

Finally, a related consequence of these erosions of the separation principle does not directly
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of force away from goals that serve the public welfare of foreign populations.

Self-defense TKs are not a thing and the international community has rejected the doctrine
Martin, 11 - Associate Professor of Law at Washburn University School of Law (Craig, "GOING MEDIEVAL: TARGETED KILLING, SELF?DEFENSE AND THE JUS AD BELLUM REGIME" SSRN)
NSA = Non State Actors

We turn next to the second question identified at the outset of this section,
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to increase the risk of war simply to address the threat of terrorism.

Anticipatory self-defense doctrine isn’t modeled and there’s no impact.
Lewis 26 Crawford 13 ~Michael W., Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University Pettit College of Law, Emily, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the University of Sydney, "DRONES AND DISTINCTION: HOW IHL ENCOURAGED THE RISE OF DRONES" p. 1166,¶ , http://www.law.georgetown.edu/academics/law-journals/gjil/recent/upload/zsx00313001127.PDF~~

Lastly, the legal justi?cation advanced by the United States for its drone use does
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it likely to "haunt" the United States in the future.169

The US has been using broad interpretations of self-defense since the 80s – nothing happened, and post- 9/11 everyone knows self-defense only applies to terrorism
Schmitt 8 ~Michael N. Schmitt, Chairman of the International Law Department at the United States Naval War College, Former Judge specializing in operational and international law, "RESPONDING TO TRANSNATIONAL TERRORISM UNDER THE JUS AD¶ BELLUM: A NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK," 56 Naval L. Rev. 2008, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1610011, wyo-sc~

Operation Enduring Freedom was not the first instance of the United States claiming self-defense as a right in forcefully countering terrorism, although in previous decades it typically addressed transnational terrorism through the prism of law enforcement." The international reaction to such assertion of self-defense has evolved steadily, an evolution that reflects a clear shift in the normative expectations regarding exercise of the right.

¶ Recall Operation El Dorado Canyon in 1986, mentioned at the outset of this
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, and Uzbekistan opened¶ 40 airspace and provided facilities to support operations.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas KS | Judge: S Pryor
Drones

No chance of drone autonomy
Zenko 13 (Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department's Office of Policy Planning, 3/19/2013, "This Is Not the Drone Debate We're Looking For", www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/19/this_is_not_the_drone_debate_were_looking_for)

Meanwhile, human rights groups, legal scholars, and columnists are increasingly warning about
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have been used by the Bush and Obama administrations 420 times and counting.  

The idea of the robot historian is so mired in abstraction no one can make relevant predictions
Petersson ’05 (Dag Petersson, Modinet Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, “Time and technology,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2005, volume 23, pages 207-234) 

Can these movement-images, which exist on any screen whose technicity has the
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symmetry than both images and pictures and are affected only by other diagrams.

Robot history makes no sense – the drone is intimately related to human decisionmaking – means there’s no impact
Joshua Foust, former analyst at the Defence Intelligence Agency, 5/20/13, Human Agency and the Moral Imperative of Robot Warfare, joshuafoust.com/human-agency-and-the-moral-imperative-of-robot-warfare/

There have been a number of responses to my FP article on robot autonomy and
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value that should be safeguarded to the greatest extent possible with human ingenuity.

OOO fails bad—Changing doesn’t mean we will treat these new subjects with respect
Hettinger, Professor of Philosophy and coordinator of the minor in environmental studies, 02
(Ned, Ethics and the Environment 7.1 (2002) 109-123)

What cannot be found in Nature as Subject is a vision of a positive role
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account of how humans can be flourishing members who contribute to natural community.

The aff instrumentalists the agency of objects by speaking for them – privileges the human domain of logocentrism which turns case – stop talking and let drones be heard!
Cole ’13 (Andrew, teaches English at Princeton University, “The Call of Things: A Critique of Object-Oriented Ontologies,” Minnesota Review Number 80, 2013) 

If, so the idea goes, we make objects mute owing to our instrumental
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, 218-19; Bryant 2011, 40, 86, 276).

Trying to ontologize the object dooms their politics to reductionism and a sissy fight of metaphysical truths
Brassier 11
The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism
 edited by Levi R. Bryant, Nick Srnicek, Graham Harman

18. However, in the absence of any understanding of the relationship between
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'reality' of the object, understood as the relation between representing and represented.

Consequentialism

Consequentialism first – their ethics claims are shirk responsibility allowing infinite violence
Michael Williams 2000
(Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales—Aberystwyth, “The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations,” Pp. 174-176)

A commitment to an ethic of consequences reflects a deeper ethic of criticism, of
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— it is both a condition of, and imperative toward, responsibility.

Predictions are possible—it’s not all chaos and uncertainty
Levine 13 (Steve, Bernard L. Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation, 1/7/13, “The 14 rules for predicting future geopolitical events” Quartz) http://qz.com/40960/the-14-rules-for-predicting-future-geopolitical-events/

Nations are eccentric. But they also have threads of repeated history through which we
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and from that derive the likely direction if not the outcome of events. 

Aff fails – prediction-based policymaking inevitable
Danzig 11
Richard Danzig, Center for a New American Security Board Chairman, Secretary of the Navy under President Bill Clinton, October 2011, Driving in the Dark Ten Propositions About Prediction and National Security, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Prediction_Danzig.pdf

The Propensity to Make Predictions – and to Act on the Basis of Predictions –
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over-prediction. People are doomed repeatedly to drive beyond their headlights.

Tournament: UNT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: C Loghry, B Delong, M Gordon

Cont 1

The Aff’s not unique – the application of R2P was an exception and won’t be repeated, no linear increase in intervention – their author
Patrick ’11 (Stewart, Senior Fellow and the Director of the Program on International Institutions and Global Governance at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Libya and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention," August 26, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68233/stewart-patrick/libya-and-the-future-of-humanitarian-intervention)

The fall of Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi is a significant foreign policy triumph
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for NSS Senior Director Samantha Power, a leading administration hawk on Libya.

Obama is not Bush – not a latent justification of his policies
Long ’13 (Kelley, Bridgewater University, "The Rhetorical Evolution of President Obama’s Discourse on the War on Terror," May 2014) 

It seems that President Obama all but abandons his previous rhetorical standings – the emphasis
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enemy that the newly founded Iraqi democracy and the United States now share.

Their risk assessment arg doesn’t assume context – political action and fidelity towards the global rule of law stop violence – this is fact not white masculinism
Kyle ’13 (Jess, Dept. of Philosophy @ Binghamton, "Protecting the World: Military Humanitarian Intervention and the Ethics of Care," Hypatia Vol. 28 Iss. 2, pg. 257-273 2013)

In this section I articulate what I take to be the costs of Held’s exceptionalist
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of a world if it cannot effectively contain violence and thereby protect politics.

Zero risk of endless warfare
Gray 7
Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies and Professor of International Relations and Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, graduate of the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, Founder and Senior Associate to the National Institute for Public Policy, formerly with the International Institute for Strategic Studies and the Hudson Institute (Colin, July, "The Implications of Preemptive and Preventive War Doctrines: A Reconsideration", http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf)

7. A policy that favors preventive warfare expresses a futile quest for absolute security
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strategy, though not always policy, must be nothing if not pragmatic.

No internal link – protection discourse does not relate to specific policy and does not create a norm of intervention
Heinze ’11 (Eric A., is Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Oklahoma, "Humanitarian Intervention, the Responsibility to Protect, and Confused Legitimacy," Academia) 

The results of this attempt to reframe the humanitarian intervention debate as R2P are interesting
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2005; Evans 2008b; Arbour 2008; Kuperman 2008; Serrano 2010).
On the other hand, state practice has not necessarily accompanied these declarations of the
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has gained acceptance in some international circles and among academics (Stahn 2007).

Impact inevitable – they have to start with a critique of violence not just who is using it
Forsythe ’13 (David P., Emeritus University Professor and Charles J. Mach Distinguished Professor in Political Science at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, "On Contested Concepts: Humanitarianism, Human Rights, and the Notion of Neutrality," Journal of Human Rights Volume 12, Issue 1, 2013)

The difficulty of distinction here is not merely a problem of parsing sincere from insincere
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distinction between "solidarity" and "intervention" would make much sense.
Finally, the last but not least of the challenges that presented itself in debates
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is, as to what is said to constitute and not constitute violence.
I ultimately raise the question of violence not as a "mere" exercise in
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and revolutionaries have been willing to offer—but perhaps it is not.

Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved
Kenneth E. Boulding 77
(Economist, educator, peace activist, poet, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher, cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science, graduated from Oxford University, 1949 to 1967 faculty member of the University of Michigan, 1967 joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder until retirement; "Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 14.11, Pp. 75-86)

 Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’positive
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it may have d’one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer. 

Cont 2

Public opinion or resistance does not overcome political factors that lead to circumvention
Hildebrandt et al. ’13 (Timothy Hildebrandt, Assistant Professor in Social Policy and Developoment in the Department of Social Policy at The London School of Economics, Courtney Hillebrecht, Ph.d., Assistant Professor in IR @ the University of Nebraska Lincoln, and Jon Pevehouse, "Opinion: In U.S., humanitarian intervention is just ’politics as usual,’" http://www.ibsys.com/content-development/content-portfolio/Opinion-In-U-S-humanitarian-intervention-is-just-politics-as-usual/-/8622374/20140962/-/s6jhd2z/-/index.html-http://www.ibsys.com/content-development/content-portfolio/Opinion-In-U-S-humanitarian-intervention-is-just-politics-as-usual/-/8622374/20140962/-/s6jhd2z/-/index.html) 

Those who push for more humanitarian missions can increase support for such missions by raising public outcry for action.
But the bad news is that humanitarian crises, like in Syria, which should rise above politics as usual, are often mired in that very spot.
Although public opinion appears to have an influence on legislative behavior, traditional factors such as partisanship have the strongest influence on how legislators cast their votes.
Humanitarian intervention is most likely when the U.S. president enjoys a majority in Congress. In the case of the 1990s, humanitarian interventions failed to get off the ground when President Clinton lost majorities in Congress.
If American politics is becoming increasingly partisan, future administrations should have an even harder time galvanizing the domestic support they need to address any humanitarian crises.
This does not mean, however, that humanitarian intervention will only occur when a president enjoys a majority in Congress. As the recently launched humanitarian missions suggest, politicians are learning the lessons of the 1990s and circumventing Congress.
This helps explain why President Obama’s decision to contribute the U.S. military to NATO operations in Libya proceeded without Congressional authorization; the president was surely aware that such a vote would go down to defeat in a Republican-controlled House and deeply partisan Senate.
Congress was similarly bypassed in October 2011 when the administration deployed military advisers to Uganda.
Congress was similarly bypassed in 2011 and 2013 when the administration deployed military advisers to Uganda and Jordan, respectively.

Military intervention solves war
Goldstein 11
Joshua S. Goldstein is professor emeritus of international relations at American University and author of Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide, Foreign Policy, September/October 2011, "Think Again: War", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war?page=full
"Peacekeeping Doesn’t Work."
It does now. The early 1990s were boom years for the blue helmets,
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as in Namibia and Mozambique, but people tend to forget about them.)
In response, the United Nations commissioned a report in 2000, overseen by veteran
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peacekeepers deployed worldwide today are meeting with far greater success than their predecessors.
Overall, the presence of peacekeepers has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of
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. has done a lot of good around the world in containing war.
"Some Conflicts Will Never End."
Never say never. In 2005, researchers at the U.S. Institute
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of Congo and Uganda, have at least limited the area of fighting).
Could we do even better? The late peace researcher Randall Forsberg in 1997 foresaw
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be surprised if the end of war, too, becomes downright thinkable.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: G Murillo

Case

Aff’s Shakur iconography gets coopted – Kills solvency
James 99 Joy James Shadowboxing: Representations of Black Feminist Politics 1999 Presidential Professor of the Humanities and a professor in political science at Williams College Pg. Xiii

Chapter 4, "Radicalizing Feminisms from The Movement’ Era." reviews the emergence and
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opposition, it promotes the disappearance of black female agency in political struggles.

It’s bad politics—coopts the aff—takes out the next level of solvency
James 99 Joy James Shadowboxing: Representations of Black Feminist Politics 1999 Presidential Professor of the Humanities and a professor in political science at Williams College Pg. 122

Progressive icons are significant because they function to popularize political movements and struggles. However
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revolutionary personas could be as mercurial and impermanent as fixed sites for freedom.

Jazz is a form of social control – the defining feature of jazz is syncopation – it relies on the inclusion of unexpected rhythms meant to disturb the status quo – however syncopation is not disruptive. Instead these disruptions must be seen as both limited by and solidly entrenched within modern forms of social control – the logic of jazz is the logic of totalitarianism – vote negative to critique the inclusion of jazz within the 1AC
Lewandowski 1996 (Joseph, "Adorno on jazz and society" Philosophy Social Criticism 1996; 22; 103)
The primary technical maneuver peculiar to jazz is syncopation.  Syncopation was a requirement for
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becomes the likeness of a society in which chance  itself is planned.16

Their performance and critique of scriptocentrism fails to embody Conquergood’s advocacy of Douglas; the article indicates that improvisational, "wild notes", not scripted music, creates embodied experience and escapes scriptocentrism. Portions of Conquergood they don’t read make this distinction.
Dwight Conquergood, PhD, ethnographer, Performance scholar, "Interventions and Radical Research" 2002. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1146965
Gilroy’s point is illustrated vividly by Frederick Douglass in a remarkable pas-sage from
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"they were tones loud, long, and deep" (99).

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production
Peggy Phelan 96
(Chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies; "Unmarked: the politics of performance,")

In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson
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reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.

No social death – history proves
Vincent Brown Dec 9
(Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard University; "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, Pp. 1231-1249)

THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
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of becoming ’African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity."40

Tournament: UNT | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC CJ | Judge: S Allen
Drone prolif 

US drone restraint fails – the model doesn’t matter
Etzioni ‘13
Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, “The Great Drone Debate,” March-April, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf

Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
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terrorist group Y—if the United States refrains from employing that technology.

No impact to pre-emptive doctrine and it’s impossible to solve
Alejandro Sueldo 12, J.D. candidate and Dean’s Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and a PhD candidate at the Department of War Studies at King’s College London of the University of London, 4/11/12, “The coming drone arms race,” http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=70B6B991-ECA7-4E5F-BE80-FD8F8A1B5E90

Should enough states follow the U.S. example, the practice of preemptively
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is virtually limitless, states are now unwilling to control how drones evolve.

Doesn’t collapse existing deterrent norms – zero escalation
Signh 2012
 (Betting Against a Drone Arms Race¶ Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. Aug. 13, 2012¶ http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/#ixzz2cdlCIjCE)kk

Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
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of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

China won’t use drones to resolve territorial disputes – fears international backlash and creating a precedent for U.S. strikes in the area
Erickson and Strange 5-29
Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, and Strange, researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, 5-29-13 (Andrew and Austin, China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, da 8-3-13) PC

Drones, able to dispatch death remotely, without human eyes on their targets or
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areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China's Defence Ministry.

Japan and China won’t go to war
Steve LeVine, 1/10/13, 2013,adjunct prof. at Georgetown Univ.’s Security Studies Program in the Graduate School of Foreign Service and Schwartz Fellow at the New America Foundation, “Six geopolitical predictions for 2013,” Quartz, http://qz.com/42413/uniqlos-skinny-jeans-and-their-prospects-for-world-peace/, ACC. 1-10-13, JT

The signs are troubling. Japan’s new government, led by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
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and know they have much to lose from hostilities veering out of control.

No US-China war – China isn’t expansionist
Rosecrance et. al. 10
(Richard, Political Science Professor @ Cal and Senior Fellow @ Harvard’s Belfer Center and Former Director @ Burkle Center of IR @ UCLA, and Jia Qingguo, PhD Cornell, Professor and Associate Dean of School of International Studies @ Peking University, “Delicately Poised: Are China and the US Heading for Conflict?” Global Asia 4.4, http://www.globalasia.org/l.php?c=e251)

Will China and the US Go to War?  If one accepts the previous analysis
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to territorial expansion and war with the US? The answer is no. 

Alternatives to drones are worse for credibility – even eliminating them’s not enough to solve
Amitai Etzioni 12, senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard and The University of California at Berkeley; and is a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, 4/2/12, “In Defense of Drones,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715 

In addition, Rohde argues that drones are bad for public relations. He says
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and above all, American attempts to much change their ways of life.
Moreover, few things agitate Muslims around the world, polls show, more than
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do if we are going to fight terrorists and those who harbor them.

Multilat fails – to many actors means no consensus
Holmes ’10
Kim Holmes, VP, foreign policy and defense studies, Heritage. Frmr Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs. While at the State Department, Holmes was responsible for developing policy and coordinating U.S. engagement at the United Nations and 46 other international organizations. Member of the CFR. Frmr adjunct prof of history, Georgetown. PhD in history, Georgetown, Smart Multilateralism and the United Nations, 21 Sept. 2010, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2010/09/smart-multilateralism-when-and-when-not-to-rely-on-the-united-nations

The need for multilateralism is obvious. Nations share concerns about many problems and issues
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positions on an issue have been predetermined in their regional or political groupings.  

Squo solves multilat
World Outline, postgraduate student in international affairs at King’s College, 1/24/12
“How valuable is multilateral diplomacy in a post-9/11 world?,” http://worldoutline.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/how-valuable-is-multilateral-diplomacy-in-a-post-911-world/

At the turn of the last century, 189 world leaders convened at the Millennium
AND
multilateral diplomacy is of more value today than it was a decade ago.

Global multilateralism is impossible, but regional solutions check the impact
Khanna, 10 – senior research fellow at the New America Foundation (Parag, “How’s That New World Order Working Out?,” Foreign Policy, December, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/11/29/hows_that_new_world_order_working_out

Bush Sr. chose to give the speech at the United Nations for a reason
AND
. And it's happening from the bottom up rather than the top down.

Pakistan

No inherency – US reduced drone strikes which appeased the military – any Pakistani resistance is not sincere.
Gannon and Abbot 7/24 (U.S. slashes drone program in Pakistan
July 25, 2013 - 4:50pm KATHY GANNON SEBASTIAN ABBOT THE ASSOCIATED PRESS http://thechronicleherald.ca/world/1144300-us-slashes-drone-program-in-pakistan)kk
ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone
AND
articulate a clear demand regarding drone strikes to take advantage of coalescing pressure.”

Drones are the best internal link to stability – this card is pretty good.
Fair 10
(Fair, C. Christine, ForeignPolicy. May 28, 2010. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/28/drone_wars )kk
How does the situation in the air over Afghanistan compare to that in Pakistan?
AND
to buy drones from Italy, but now plans to manufacture them locally.

No Pakistan collapse and it doesn't escalate
Dasgupta 13
Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four
AND
out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Military collapse is the LEAST LIKELY I/L
Bandow 09
Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, “Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan,” Huffington Post, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10924)

From Pakistan's perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than
AND
state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."

That means zero percent chance of loose nukes
AFP, 01/24/08. “Pakistan Army Chief Rejects World Nuclear Fears.” Islamabad. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iyJGVUry16ldmWZ6U8Nyr22bqt-A

His statement closely follows the line of Musharraf's comments on Pakistan's nuclear weapons during a
AND
nuclear capability was solely for the purpose of deterring all types of aggression." 

No Indo-Pak war or nuclear escalation – mutual faith in deterrence
A. Vinod Kumar 6/30/13
(MPhil in disarmament studies and an Associate Fellow at Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Delhi; "Nuclear Deterrence Works in Indo-Pak Ties," http://www.indepthnews.info/index.php/global-issues/1650-nuclear-deterrence-works-in-indo-pak-ties)

For over two decades, a dominant section of western analysts harped on the volatilities
AND
once had their leaderships lost complete faith in the efficacy of mutual deterrence. 

Indo-Pak war does not cause extinction
Ball ‘6
(Desmond, prof at the Strategic and Defense Studies Centre at the Australian National Univ, “The Probabilities of On the Beach: Assessing ‘Armageddon Scenarios’ in the 21st Century,” Working Paper No. 401, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at The Australian National University, http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/sdsc/wp/wp_sdsc_401.pdf) 

Analysis of these incidents suggests that nuclear war is in fact more likely between India
AND
the Indian population and 93 percent of the Pakistani population would survive.35 

No Indo-Pak war – instability’s non-unique and proves they’d rather work together
Henry Pant 5/19/12
(Teaches in King's College, London; “Afghanistan's Post-NATO Future,” http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2012/05/19/afghanistans_post-nato_future_100058.html)

This is also a signal to the Taliban and other extremist groups that waiting out
AND
its growing global weight must be reassured about India's reliability as a partner.

Solvency

Targeted killing regulation is impossible – plenty of avenues for circumvention
Alston 11, professor – NYU Law (Philip, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283)

Despite the existence of a multiplicity of techniques by which the CIA might be held
AND
turn now to examine the feasibility and desirability of pursuing such an option.

Congress will ignore WPR circumvention – strong political incentives
Druck 12 Judah A. Druck, law associate at Sullivan and Cromwell LLP, Cornell Law School graduate, magna cum laude graduate from Brandeis University, “Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare,” http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf
Of course, despite these various suits, Congress has received¶ much of the
AND
, and congresspersons looking to continue the¶ system of passivity and deferment.

Congress lacks will and mechanism to enforce WPR consultation
Charles A. Stevenson 8, author of "Congress at War: The Politics of Conflict since 1789," 7/11/08, “Congress in Retreat on War Powers Reform, http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2008/07/11/congress_in_retreat_on_war_powers_reform/

The commission calls the 1973 law "impractical and ineffective." That's half right.
AND
that future presidents will be any more forthcoming with lawmakers than their predecessors.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 7 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: P Johnson

S

Obama will change definitions to circumvent

Jonathan Hafetz 11/5/13
(Law professor at Seton Hall; "Outrage Fatigue: The Danger of Getting Used to Gitmo," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13311/outrage-fatigue-the-danger-of-getting-used-to-gitmo))

The Obama administration has shown no shortage of creative lawyering in justifying U.S
AND
the urgency tends to dissipate once the public pressure and media attention fades.

UCMJ solves need for remedy

Alan Rozenshtein, Harvard Law School J.D., Lawfare Blog, 10/31/2011, Argument Recap in Lebron v. Rumsfeld (Padilla’s Bivens Suit), www.lawfareblog.com/2011/10/argument-recap-in-lebron-v-rumsfeld-padillas-bivens-suit/

Rivkin returns to the issue of Bivens and why the UCMJ is a satisfactory alternate
AND
, in Stanley, half of the defendants were civilians. Rivkin concludes.

Can’t solve public engagement – drone warfare is too removed – it’s psychology21

Judah A. Druck – 2012, DRONING ON: THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION AND THE NUMBING EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN WARFARE, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, Cornell Law Review ~Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

But perhaps we can examine the apathetic treatment of President Obama’s actions in Libya in
AND
many of the concerns held by those who drafted the WPR nevertheless remain.

Cole wrote a newer article where he concludes mobilizing public engagement in national security isn’t sufficient – expertism key to solve

David Cole 12
(Professor of law at Georgetown, "Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy" 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1617-1625, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1085)

Rana is right to focus our attention on the assumptions that frame modern Americans’ conceptions
AND
about security threats; it is also at least in part objectively based.

Their focus on the court is myopic – they are infinitely flexible, and always used to further interests of elites at the expense of oppressed groups.

Zinn, 05
(Howard, "It’s not up to the Court," The Progressive, November, http://www.progressive.org/mag_zinn1105, accessed 7-11-09, GAL)

There is enormous hypocrisy surrounding the pious veneration of the Constitution and "the rule
AND
poor people, women, people of color, dissenters of all kinds.

 Those rights only come alive when citizens organize, protest, demonstrate, strike
AND
to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—be fulfilled.

Their narratives can’t overcome communicative, sociological, and geographical distances that make action unlikely – the media will package them into sensationalist stories that reinforce squo narratives

Fuyuki Kurasawa 7
(Associate Professor of Sociology at York University; "The Work of Global Justice: Human Rights as Practices," Pp. 35-36)

If the task of giving voice and listening to testimonies of severe human rights abuses
AND
global injustices frequently exceeds the bounds of the familiar and ordinary frames of reference
that most potential or real audience members use to function (Felman and Laub 1992
AND
cliche´s and derogatory stereotypes about non-Western peoples and societies. 

The bystander effect means that even if we do know about what is happening in these countries we still don’t change our actions.

Dawes, Professor English at Macalester college, 7
(James That The World May Know: Bearing Witness To Atrocity, AB)

"Even in the absence of effective counter-representations by perpetrators and sponsors,
AND
and does understand, and still doesn’t react, your time is up."

Telling stories won’t reach the desired audience and even if it does, it is won’t have an effect.

James Dawes 7
(Professor English at Macalester college; "That The World May Know: Bearing Witness To Atrocity")

Representations can misfire because of imperturbable bystander passivity and because of malicious intervention by perpetrators
AND
but we have lost or are losing our human ability to feel them.
 

TK

The likely alternative to targeted killings would be invasions or un-targeted killings, both of which involve far more state violence

Dershowitz 12—Alan M. Dershowitz, the Felix Frankfurter professor of law at Harvard Law School ~November 15, 2012, "The Rule of Proportionality," http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/11/14/how-can-targeted-killings-be-justified/in-targeted-killings-the-rule-of-proportionality-should-be-the-guiding-principle~~

If a combatant is appropriately subject to military attack, as the military leader of
AND
of collateral damage. The rule of proportionality should be the guiding principle.
It is sometimes argued that targeted assassination should never be permitted because it is a
AND
, but it introduces a more neutral decision maker into the balancing process.
The alternatives to targeted killing are either to allow terrorists free rein in targeting civilians or to engage in undertargeted military actions that are likely to cause more casualties. Targeted assassination will often be the least bad alternative in an inevitable choice of evils.

This isn’t theoretical—the U.S. will put boots on the ground where it can no longer use drones

Adrian Johnson 13, Director of Publications, Royal United Services Institute ~May 3, 2013, "Mr Emmerson Takes on Washington," http://www.rusi.org/publications/newsbrief/ref:A5183D24D108B9/~~23.UizUn9L_l8E~~

It could well be the case that drones are the best of a bad bunch
AND
have been inflicted, are rather more discriminating than many of the alternatives.
Neither is drone warfare as ’costless’ to the protagonist or as revolutionary as many
AND
-insurgency in Pakistan. This may be a novelty of unmanned capabilities.

Risk

Probabalistic thinking fails to account or respond adequately to worst case scenarios, leading to policy failure – evidence-based possibilistic thinking is vital for preventing catastrophes, while avoiding their offense

Lee Clarke 6, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University, Worst Cases: Terror and Catastrophe in the Popular Imagination, 2006, p. ix-xi

People are worried, now, about terror and catastrophe in ways that a short
AND
sociologist, but I wrote Worst Cases so that nonsociologists can read it.

The disad isn’t linear causality – it’s scenario planning

Steven Bernstein 2k
("God Gave Physics the Easy Problems: Adapting Social Science to an Unpredictable World," EJIR, 6, 43, p. 53-55)

One useful alternative approach is the development of scenarios, or narratives with plot lines
AND
or selecting the story that was from the stories that might have been.

Ethical policymaking requires calculation of consequences

Dan W. Brock Jul 87
(Professor of Philosophy and Biomedical Ethics at Brown University; "Truth or Consequences: The Role of Philosophers in Policy-Making," Ethics, Volume 97, p. 787, JSTOR)

When philosophers become more or less direct participants in the policy-making process and
AND
why did they enter the public domain?  What are they doing there?

Tournament: Diss trix | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD LO | Judge: B Box
Case

Obama will change definitions to circumvent
Jonathan Hafetz 11/5/13
(Law professor at Seton Hall; “Outrage Fatigue: The Danger of Getting Used to Gitmo,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13311/outrage-fatigue-the-danger-of-getting-used-to-gitmo))

The Obama administration has shown no shortage of creative lawyering in justifying U.S
AND
the urgency tends to dissipate once the public pressure and media attention fades.
Aff is circumvented – plan does none of the things that are key to enforce the WPR – and the WPR proves enforcement is not normal means, so it won’t exist if the aff doesn’t explicitly fiat it
Lobel 9
Jules Lobel, Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh, “Restore. Protect. Expand. Amend the War Powers Resolution,” Center for Constitutional Rights White Paper, http://ccrjustice.org/files/CCR_White_WarPowers.pdf

Reform the War Powers Resolution The War Powers Resolution has failed. Every president since
AND
responded by effectually saying: if Congress did nothing, why should we?
Reforming the War Powers Resolution is a project that will require leadership from the President
AND
a presidential violation of this principle should be explicitly made an impeachable offense.

Norms

Aff causes a fight between the President and Congress before every deployment – destroys US diplomacy – turns softer power and coop
Michael A. Newton – 2012, Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School
Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol 45, Fall 2012, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.10.Article.Newton.pdf
The War Powers Resolution is an outdated and demonstrably irrelevant relic of a bygone era
AND
synergy between the coordinate branches of government and the forces in the field.

Squo solves international cooperation and mutual restraint – Obama Doctrine
Aziz 13 (Omer, graduate student at Cambridge University, is a researcher at the Center for International and Defense Policy at Queen’s University, “The Obama Doctrine's Second Term,” Project Syndicate, 2-5, http://www.project-syndicate.org/blog/the-obama-doctrine-s-second-term~-~-by-omer-aziz)

The Obama Doctrine’s first term has been a remarkable success. After the $3
AND
is the final nail in the coffin of the neoconservatives' failed imperial policies. 

Not reverse causal – authoritarian states wouldn’t follow norms regardless – “US justifies others” is naive  
John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law.  Ilya Somin  Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175

The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

SOP
Presidents have political incentives to cooperate with Congress over offensive operations – but requiring cooperation sends a signal of weakness to adversaries and hamstrings power projection
Michael A. Newton – 2012, Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School
Inadvertent Implications of the War Powers Resolution, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, vol 45, Fall 2012, http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1and2.10.Article.Newton.pdf
The corollary to this modern reality, and the second of three inadvertent implications of
AND
asymmetric enemy can in theory erode our political will even before it solidifies.

No impact (to SOP violations)
Constitutional Commentary 96
(Winter, p. 343-345)

A second, perhaps more interesting, difficulty with the prophylactic approach is that it
AND
change its approach to separation of powers to prevent a slide into tyranny.
Groupthink

Doesn’t solve “better wars”
Jide Nzelibe 6, Asst. Profesor of Law @ Northwestern, and John Yoo, Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law, “Rational War and Constitutional Design,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115, SSRN
But before accepting this attractive vision, we should ask whether the Congress first system
AND
have produced sharp division in American domestic politics and proven to be mistakes.
The other side of the coin here usually goes little noticed, but is just
AND
might be American policy in the Balkans during the middle and late 1990s. 

Obama will resist the plan – fights over war powers create intractable national diversions and impairs military decision making
Lobel, Pittsburgh law professor, 2008
(Jules, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War”, Ohio State Law Journal, vol 69, lexis, ldg)

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity
AND
over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409

Groupthink theory is wrong in general – zero validity for the model
Anthony Hempell 4, User Experience Consulting Senior Information Architect, “Groupthink:  An introduction to Janis' theory of concurrence-seeking tendencies in group work., http://www.anthonyhempell.com/papers/groupthink/, March 3
In the thirty years since Janis first proposed the groupthink model, there is still
AND
1986, p. 399; cited by Choi and Kim, 1999). 

No exec groupthink—executives are fragmented and pluralistic—Congress links harder
Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 46-47)

The idea that Congress will, on net, weed out bad policies rests on
AND
policies that need to be adopted quickly if they are to be effective.

Tournament: UK | Round: 7 | Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: L VanLuvanee

Case

Notions that an ethic of love will bring about a more secure world are rooted in patriarchal notions about love which prevent us from doing the work necessary to be truly loving.
bell hooks, 2000.
(quals: cultural critic and feminist theorist). and#34;all about love. new visions.and#34; p. 114

This same politics of greed is at play when folks seek love. They often
AND
critical awakening and pain, many of us turn our backs on love.

Sexual difference is a not foundational – most species and human cells are intersex
Hird, ’4
~Myra J. Hird Queen’s University, Belfast, Feminist Theory, 2004, vol. 5(1): 85–89, 1464–7001~

Non-linear biology provides a wealth of evidence to confound static notions of sexual
AND
sex back and forth depending on environmental conditions (see Rothblatt, 1995).

Turn – heterosexism
Rooting ontology in Irigaray’s sexual difference prioritizes heterosexual relationships
Allison Stone, 2K3
~and#34;the sex of nature: A reinterpretation of Irigaray’s metaphysics and political thoughtand#34; Hypatia 18.3, JT~

A more serious problem with Irigaray’s philosophy is its assignation of metaphysical, ethical,
AND
, heterosexuality confers greater merit on its practitioners than forms of sexuality can.

Defining the ontologies of others is a form of domination that ignores individual expression
Shirky 2005
Clay, decentralization and technology consultant to Nokia, GBN, the Library of Congress, the Highlands Forum, the Markle Foundation, and the BBC, adjunct professor in NYU’s graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, has had regular columns in Business 2.0, FEED, OpenP2P.com and ACM Net_Worker, and his writings have appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Harvard Business Review, Wired, Release 1.0, Computerworld, and IEEE Computer, the original Professor of New Media in the Media Studies department at Hunter College, and#34;Ontology is Overrated: Categories, Links, and Tagsand#34;, http://www.shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html~~23the_only_group

The mind-reading aspect shows up in conversations about controlled vocabularies. Whenever users
AND
of expression, and they overestimate loss from the lack of a thesaurus.

They rely on a psychoanalytic conception of gender
Irigaray’s Bio, 2013 (http://www.egs.edu/faculty/luce-irigaray/biography/)

Luce Irigarary Ph.D.is a Belgian philosopher, psychoanalyst and linguist.
AND
one of the forefront feminist, postmodern, psychoanalytical theorist of our times.

This universal and ahistorical psyche arises from a colonial paradigm.  Colonized cultures were mined for the so-called primitive psyche
Brickman ’3
~Celia (Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago, PhD in Religion and the Human Sciences at the University of Chicago); Aboriginal Populations in the Mind: Race and Primitivity in Psychoanalysis; Columbia University Press; New York; p. 118-119 nick~

But a subjectivity (psychoanalytically conceived of as) emerging through separation and exclusion produces
AND
of speaking, of being heard, of becoming a subject at all.

Turn – race
Irigaray privileges sexual difference, thus denying the intersecting forces of power through which an articulation of one another is essential
Butler IN 1993 (Judith, she won’t privilege sexual difference, will you?, Bodies That Matter, p. 167-168)

A number of theoretical questions have been raised by the effort to think the relationship
AND
the convergent modalities of power by which sexual difference is articulated and assumed?

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake CL | Judge: D stout
Militarism inevitable – aff can’t overcome
William J. Astore 8
(Retired lieutenant colonel (USAF), has taught cadets at the U.S. Air Force Academy, officers at the Naval Postgraduate School, and currently teaches at the Pennsylvania College of Technology, “The Tenacity of American Militarism What Progressives and Other Critics Don't Get about the U.S. Military,” http://www.alternet.org/story/75940/militarism_is_deeply_entrenched_in_the_american_psyche)

The point is this: It's not enough simply to rail against the military or
AND
ennobling price -- or a more self-destructive one for progressive agendas. 

Metaphors aren’t meaning-generating – can’t influence policy
Matthew S. McGlone Apr 7
(Department of Communication Studies, The University of Texas at Austin, What is the explanatory value of a conceptual metaphor?, Language and Communication, Volume 27, Issue 2, Pp. 109-126)

In drawing these pessimistic conclusions about the notion of a ‘‘conceptual metaphor,’’
AND
a sore thumb, metaphors in the mind are far harder to ?nd. 

Deconstructing discourse is based on dogmatic ideology and hypocrisy – it’s functionally a conspiracy theory
Plaut, 04
(Steven, Professor at the Graduate School of the Business Administration at the University of Haifa, “The Deconstruction of Jacques Derrida”, Frontpage Magazine, 10/11, http://www.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=11030)

Deconstructionism is a shallow form of Non-Thinking that has gained popularity among some
AND
of insiders who know that the Wizard of Oz is behind the curtain."   

We should discuss war and other violence differently.  The tradeoff only goes in our direction – the aff loses what is distinctive about organized violence.
Tarak Barkawi 12
(Associate Professor of Politics at the New School for Social Research; “Of Camps and Critiques: A Reply to ‘Security, War, Violence’,” Millennium 41 (1) Pp. 129-130)

A final totalising move in ‘Security, War, Violence’ is the idea that
AND
dominated by the mostly self-serving nostrums of the liberal peace debates.

You need to understand flash point scenarios to understand everyday violence because they are both part of the human condition.
Favret 5
(Mary A. Favret, Professor. Ph.D., Stanford University; “Everyday War,” Indiana University, Johns Hopkins University Press; http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/elh/v072/72.3favret.html)

It should come as no surprise, then, that later theories of the everyday
AND
disclose themselves as wartime structures, telling but not telling histories of war.

No risk of continual war making – institutional safeguards check
Allen Buchanan 7
(Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at Duke; “Preemption: military action and moral justification,” Pp. 128)

The intuitively plausible idea behind the 'irresponsible act' argument is that, other things being
AND
make it irresponsible for a leader to invoke the preventive-war justification.
Discursive othering doesn’t result in “uncontrollable violence”
Jonathan Rodwell 5
(PhD candidate, Manchester Met; “Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson,” http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm)

In this response I wish to argue that the Post-Structural analysis put forward
AND
analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model. 

Global war isn’t caused by threat con or timeframe claims – it’s a lack of strategic limits, which the plan solves
David Chandler 9
(Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, “War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War',” Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243)

Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive characteristics that Schmitt attributed to ‘
AND
lack of clear contestation involving the strategic accommodation of diverse powers and interests. 

Reps don’t cause war
Dan Reiter Autumn 95
(Professor of Political Science at Emory University and has been an Olin post-doctoral fellow in security studies at Harvard; “Exploring the Powder Keg Myth” International Security v20 No2 Pp 5-34 JSTOR)

A criticism of assessing the frequency of preemptive wars by looking only at wars themselves
AND
cancer, this is not demonstrated by the results of such a test.

Discursive teleology is good and solves the impact of WHAT is said – makes communication more effective and prevents blind trust
Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore 11
(*Professor of philosophy, politics and economics at University of Pennsylvania; Professor of political science at Yale; “Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology,” http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications)

In order to understand when reasoning works well, we can imagine how we would
AND
). These argumentative skills bode well for the performance of reasoning in groups.

Psychological impacts don’t escalate
Robert Hinde and Lea Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2K, DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens' College, Cambridge, http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm

People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows.
AND
multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Weber State ST | Judge: K Kuswa
Racism is not the root cause – resolving it doesn’t solve conflict
Julie Mertus 99
(Professor and co-director of Ethics, Peace and Global Affairs @ American U. She has written widely on human rights and gender, conflict, the Balkans, U.S. foreign policy and U.N. institutions, J.D., Yale Law School; B.S. Cornell University,  International Council on Human Rights Policy; "THE ROLE OF RACISM AS A CAUSE OF OR FACTOR IN WARS AND CIVIL CONFLICT", http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/167/112_-_The_Role_of_Racism_as_a_Cause_of_or_Factor_in_Wars_and_Civil_Conflict_Mertus__Julie__1999.pdf) 

II. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICTS WITH RACIAL DIMENSION: ROLES OF RACISM 18. The
AND
of violence. Until this happens, the cycle of violence will continue.

No social death – history proves
Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249

THE PREMISE OF ORLANDO PATTERSON’S MAJOR WORK, that enslaved Africans were natally alienated and
AND
social personhood, or identity, and of resistance to slavery itself. 35
Scholars of slave resistance have never had much use for the concept of social death
AND
had arrived in the Americas bearing much more than their "tropical temperament."
The cultural continuity and resistance schools of thought come together pow- erfully in an
AND
of becoming ’African American’ in culture, orientation, and identity."40

Rhetoric of "colonialism" becomes a PC catchphrase silencing specific historical accounts and entrenching highly particularized American and European assumptions
Landow 2002
~George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University, "The Metaphorical Use of Colonialism and Related Terms" June 2, http://www.thecore.nus.edu.sg/post/poldiscourse/colony2.html~~

As the Oxford English Dictionary makes clear, the word colonialism has fairly recently acquired
AND
be judged by the standards and experiences of American and European feminist assumptions.

Method/Ontology first is a bad method – it’s only a means.
James Fearon and Alexander Wendt 2k
(*Professor of Poli Sci at Stanford; Professor of IR at Ohio State; "Handbook of International Relations," ed. Carlsnaes, Pp. 68)

It should be stressed that in advocating a pragmatic view we are not endorsing method
AND
, but we certainly believe a conversation should continue on all three levels.

Always a value to life
Keith Augustine 2k
("Death and the Meaning of Life," http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/features/2000/augustine1.html)

These considerations show that we must create our own meaning for our lives regardless of
AND
as the value that we find in living and thus would be irrelevant.

No risk of continual war making – institutional safeguards check
Allen Buchanan 7
(Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at Duke; "Preemption: military action and moral justification," Pp. 128)

The intuitively plausible idea behind the ’irresponsible act’ argument is that, other things being
AND
make it irresponsible for a leader to invoke the preventive-war justification.

Discursive othering doesn’t result in "uncontrollable violence"
Jonathan Rodwell 5
(PhD candidate, Manchester Met; "Trendy But Empty: A Response to Richard Jackson," http://www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk/back/issue15/rodwell1.htm)

In this response I wish to argue that the Post-Structural analysis put forward
AND
analysis provides us with is a set of universals and a heuristic model. 

Global war isn’t caused by threat con or timeframe claims – it’s a lack of strategic limits, which the plan solves
David Chandler 9
(Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, "War Without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of `Global War’," Security Dialogue 2009; 40; 243)

Western governments appear to portray some of the distinctive characteristics that Schmitt attributed to ’
AND
lack of clear contestation involving the strategic accommodation of diverse powers and interests. 

Their impact doesn’t escalate
Robert Hinde and Lea Pulkkinnen, Cambridge psychology professor and University of Jyväskylä psychology professor, 2K, DRAFT Background Paper for Working Group 1: HUMAN AGGRESSIVENESS AND WAR, 50th Pugwash Conference On Science and World Affairs: "Eliminating the Causes of War" Queens’ College, Cambridge, http://www.pugwash.org/reports/pac/pac256/WG1draft1.htm

People are capable of perpetrating the most terrible acts of violence on their fellows.
AND
we are concerned with the factors that make such conflicts escalate into violence.
The answer to that question depends critically on the context. While there may be
AND
multiple causes, and the interactions between the causal factors remain largely unexplored.

Their appeal to the experience of an oppressed identity to establish the authenticity of a political claim reinforces exclusion. Experience is defined in self-serving terms to eliminate questioning of its foundational status.
Joan W. SCOTT is professor of social science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, 91 ~"The Evidence of Experience," Critical Inquiry, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Summer, 1991), pp. 773-797, JSTOR~

The unifying aspect of experience excludes whole realms of human activity by simply not counting
AND
add that it masks the necessarily discursive character of these experiences as well.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: M Munday

S

Obama will change definitions to circumvent
Jonathan Hafetz 11/5/13
(Law professor at Seton Hall; "Outrage Fatigue: The Danger of Getting Used to Gitmo," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13311/outrage-fatigue-the-danger-of-getting-used-to-gitmo))

The Obama administration has shown no shortage of creative lawyering in justifying U.S
AND
the urgency tends to dissipate once the public pressure and media attention fades.

Norms

US drone restraint fails – the model doesn’t matter
Etzioni ’13
~Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, "The Great Drone Debate," March-April, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf~~

Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
AND
terrorist group Y—if the United States refrains from employing that technology.

No impact to pre-emptive doctrine and it’s impossible to solve
Alejandro Sueldo 12, J.D. candidate and Dean’s Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and a PhD candidate at the Department of War Studies at King’s College London of the University of London, 4/11/12, "The coming drone arms race," http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=70B6B991-ECA7-4E5F-BE80-FD8F8A1B5E90

Should enough states follow the U.S. example, the practice of preemptively
AND
is virtually limitless, states are now unwilling to control how drones evolve.

Doesn’t collapse existing deterrent norms – zero escalation
Signh 2012
 (Betting Against a Drone Arms Race¶ Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. Aug. 13, 2012¶ http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/~~23ixzz2cdlCIjCE)kk

Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

China won’t use drones to resolve territorial disputes – fears backlash and creating a precedent
Erickson and Strange 13 ~Andrew Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, and Austin Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, 5-29-13 China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html, da 8-3-13~
Beijing, however, is unlikely to use its drones lightly. It already faces
AND
areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China’s Defence Ministry.

Even miscalculated SCS conflict doesn’t escalate or draw in major powers
Terry Wing 9/4/12
("Will South China Sea Disputes Lead to War?" http://www.voanews.com/content/south-china-sea-war-unlikely/1501780.html)

 "A minor military clash in the South China Sea is, rather worryingly
AND
D. Kaplan, Chief Political Strategist for the geopolitical analysis group Stratfor.

Pakistan

Drone strikes have minimal to zero civilian casualties – newest numbers and your studies are biased
Bergen and Rowland 2012
(Civilian casualties plummet in drone strikes¶ By Peter Bergen, CNN National Security Analyst, and Jennifer Rowland, Special to CNN¶ updated 12:20 PM EDT, Sat July 14, 2012 http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/13/opinion/bergen-civilian-casualties)kk
Last week, a U.S. drone attack killed 19 suspected Taliban militants
AND
had all contributed to a significant drop in civilian deaths in drone strikes.

No recruitment - Local anger is overstated and aff numbers are based on a sampling error. Also drone alternatives are worse
Byman 2013
(July/August 2013¶ Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice Daniel L. Byman¶ Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy¶ Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Saban Center for Middle East Policy http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman)kk

Still, Pakistan is reluctant to make its approval public. First of all,
AND
raids or cruise missile strikes, would make the United States more popular.

Restricting drone use causes a shift to ground operations which increases civilian casualties
Bowden, 13 —- national correspondent for The Atlantic (8/14/2013, Mark, "The Killing Machines; How to think about drones," http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/09/the-killing-machines-how-to-think-about-drones/309434/?single_page=true)
No civilian death is acceptable, of course. Each one is tragic. But
AND
are led, as Obama was, to the logic of the drone.

Shift to ground assaults causes net more civilian casualties, collapses the Pakistani government and increases support for the Taliban
Weitz, 11 —- Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at the Hudson Institute (1/2/2011, Dr. Richard, "Why UAVs Have Become the Anti-Terror Weapon of Choice in the Afghan-Pak Border," http://www.sldinfo.com/why-uavs-have-become-the-anti-terror-weapon-of-choice-in-the-afghan-pak-border/)

In recent years, the main form of U.S. military operation in
AND
giving sanctuary to terrorists striking US and coalition forces in Afghanistan and beyond.

No Pakistan collapse and it doesn’t escalate
Dasgupta 13
Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/

As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four
AND
out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States.

Military collapse is the LEAST LIKELY I/L
Bandow 09
Senior Fellow @ Cato, former special assistant to Reagan (11/31/09, Doug, "Recognizing the Limits of American Power in Afghanistan," Huffington Post, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10924)

From Pakistan’s perspective, limiting the war on almost any terms would be better than
AND
state in the vain hope of salvaging Afghanistan would be a terrible mistake."

That means zero percent chance of loose nukes
AFP, 01/24/08. "Pakistan Army Chief Rejects World Nuclear Fears." Islamabad. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iyJGVUry16ldmWZ6U8Nyr22bqt-A

His statement closely follows the line of Musharraf’s comments on Pakistan’s nuclear weapons during a
AND
nuclear capability was solely for the purpose of deterring all types of aggression." 

No nuclear terror.
Chapman 12
~Stephen, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, CHAPMAN: Nuclear terrorism unlikely May 22, 2012 6:00 AM http://www.oaoa.com/articles/chapman-87719-nuclear-terrorism.html~~

Given their inability to do something simple — say, shoot up a shopping mall
AND
it bear fruit. Given the formidable odds, it probably won’t bother.

Very low probability
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington,  "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, 2010 Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)
There is also the question of how other nuclear-armed states respond to the
AND
pressure on them, what conclusions might it then draw about their culpability?

Their scenario rests on the US blaming China and Russia for the attack, but we won’t
Ayson 10 (Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington,  "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, 2010 Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

It may require a considerable amount of imagination to depict an especially plausible situation where
AND
sort of terrorist behavior that could just as easily threaten them as well.

Central Asia domino theory is reductionist and doesn’t account for intervening actors
Silverman, 09
PhD in international relations-government and, as a Ford Foundation Project Specialist (11/19/09, Jerry Mark, The National Interest, "Sturdy Dominoes," http://www.nationalinterest.org/Article.aspx?id=22512)

The "fall of dominos" is no more inevitable in South and central Asia
AND
does not help predict the future course of political relations in the region—

nor would any other simplistic metaphor. Despite the view that the alliance between various
AND
sponsored by Americans or Islamic radicals, to establish centralized state authority there.

Central Asia war won’t escalate
Weitz 6 
Richard, Washington Quarterly, Summer, senior fellow and associate director of the Center for Future Security Strategies at the Hudson Institute, Lexis)
Central Asian security affairs have become much more complex than during the original nineteenth-
AND
opportunities for cooperative diplomacy in a region where bilateral ties traditionally have predominated.

No russia draw in
Graham, 07 senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007
Thomas, "Russia in Global Affairs" July - September 2007, The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness An astute historian of Russia, AND long-term relations with Russia..  atw
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that "
AND
end of the Second World War. Russia does not champion a totalitarian ideology

 intent on our destruction, its military poses no threat to sweep across Europe
AND
while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.

No Indo-Pak war or nuclear escalation – mutual faith in deterrence
A. Vinod Kumar 6/30/13
(MPhil in disarmament studies and an Associate Fellow at Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Delhi; "Nuclear Deterrence Works in Indo-Pak Ties," http://www.indepthnews.info/index.php/global-issues/1650-nuclear-deterrence-works-in-indo-pak-ties)

For over two decades, a dominant section of western analysts harped on the volatilities
AND
once had their leaderships lost complete faith in the efficacy of mutual deterrence. 

Indo-Pak war does not cause extinction
Ball ’6
(Desmond, prof at the Strategic and Defense Studies Centre at the Australian National Univ, "The Probabilities of On the Beach: Assessing ’Armageddon Scenarios’ in the 21st Century," Working Paper No. 401, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at The Australian National University, http://rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/sdsc/wp/wp_sdsc_401.pdf) 

Analysis of these incidents suggests that nuclear war is in fact more likely between India
AND
the Indian population and 93 percent of the Pakistani population would survive.35

Tournament: UTD | Round: Octas | Opponent: KU HW | Judge: J Kurr, E Robinson, J Stanley
Court will go EPA in Homer now, which is key to the Clean Air Act, but vote count and judicial capital are key because only 8 justices are hearing it
Barnes 12/10
( EPA rules on interstate air pollution get warm Supreme Court reception¶ Robert Barnes, Robert Barnes has been a Washington Post reporter and editor since 1987. , Published: December 10 ¶ http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/epa-rules-on-interstate-air-pollution-get-warm-supreme-court-reception/2013/12/10/5bebbdc8-61cd-11e3-bf45-61f69f54fc5f_story.html)kk

Supreme Court justices seemed inclined Tuesday to resurrect Environmental Protection Agency rules targeting air pollution
AND
Circuit’s ruling in place and send the EPA back to the drawing board.

Backlash strips the aff and kills judge-cap
Devins 2010
(Neal, professor at College of William and Mary, “Talk Loudly and Carry a Small Stick: The Supreme Court and Enemy Combatants” Journal of Constitutional Law)

For much the same reason, the Court understood that its decision¶ posed few
AND
branches to respect the¶ centrality of habeas corpus limits on governmental power.

Independently key to solve global warming, biodiversity, acid rain and extinction – key tenet of global emission standards
Mendleson and Bowes in 2010
(The Clean Air Act¶ 40 Years of Success Protecting Public Health and Environment Joe Mendelson¶ Director of Global ¶ Warming PolicyCatherine Bowes¶ Climate Policy ¶ Representative summer 2010 https://www.nwf.org/pdf/Policy-Solutions/CleanAirActFactSheet.pdf)kk

This fall marks the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, one of our
AND
must base the emission standards on available and affordable pollution control measures.15

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU HW | Judge: S Weiner
Obama push is causing critical GOP support for imiigration reform now – its shaky but it’ll hold
Mishak 9/9
(House Immigration Reform Measure Pushed By Group Of RepublicansBY MICHAEL J. MISHAK, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS¶ 09/09/2013http:www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/08/house-immigration-reform_n_3889935.html)kk
In the five weeks since he declared his support for a comprehensive immigration overhaul,
AND
. He is now pushing for a "compassionate" approach to immigration. 

Supreme court decisions are controversial and make Obama look weak. Obama will have to remedy them which cost pocap against a gridlocked legislature.
Sullivan 2013
(Why the Supreme Court’s Voting Rights Act decision puts Obama in a tough spot¶ By Sean Sullivan, Published: June 26 2013 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/06/26/why-the-supreme-courts-voting-rights-act-decision-puts-obama-in-a-tough-spot/)kk
The disapproval was swift and unequivocal.¶ "I am deeply disappointed with the Supreme
AND
for but nonetheless may not get could have grown by one item Tuesday.

Immigration reform key to invigorate the economy – on the knife’s edge
MarketWatch, January 18, 2013. Darrell Delamaide, "Obama poised to serve up legislative barrage," http://articles.marketwatch.com/2013-01-18/commentary/36403142_1_immigration-reform-illinois-democrat-luis-gutierrez-white-house
At the start of his second term, the president seems determined to gain the
AND
on other items in his agenda for the term that starts next week.

Growth averts great power nuclear war
Mead 9 ~Walter Russell, Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, New Republic, February 4, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f826p=2~~
If current market turmoil seriously damaged the performance and prospects of India and China,
AND
the world economy back on track, we may still have to fight.

Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: M Weitz
Shutdown averted and debt ceiling raised in package deal now, but pocap is key.
Goldfarb 10/3
(On Day 3 of shutdown, focus turns to debt-ceiling deadline By Zachary A. Goldfarb, Thursday, October 3¶ http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/on-day-3-of-shutdown-focus-turns-to-debt-ceiling-deadline/2013/10/03/21f42abc-2c24-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html)kk
The fight over the government shutdown appeared on Thursday to be moving toward a bigger
AND
said Sen. Lindsey O. Graham (R-S.C.).

Changing military deployment cost capital and hurts the president – generals and military lobby
Chayes 2009
(Remembering Clausewitz: Restoring the Civil-Military Relationship¶ By ANTONIA CHAYES, DIPALI MUKHOPADHYAY http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2009/01/28/remembering-clausewitz-restoring-the-civil-military-relationship)kk
It is tempting for Americans to skirt the multiple, overlapping, and often antagonistic
AND
strategy to frame our efforts in the challenging terrains of Iraq and Afghanistan.

That collapses the global economy – tanks the dollar
O’brien 9/29
(Not Raising the Debt Ceiling: A Crisis, If We’re Lucky, a Historic Calamity If We’re Not MATTHEW O’BRIENSEP 29 2013 http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/09/not-raising-the-debt-ceiling-a-crisis-if-were-lucky-a-historic-calamity-if-were-not/280057/)kk
It’s what Donald Rumsfeld would call a known unknown.¶ We know that we don’t
AND
lower than it would have otherwise been.¶ That’s some expensive political grandstanding.

Growth averts great power nuclear war
Mead 9 ~Walter Russell, Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, New Republic, February 4, http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f826p=2~~
If current market turmoil seriously damaged the performance and prospects of India and China,
AND
the world economy back on track, we may still have to fight.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: E Jensen
No drone shift now
David Corn 13
“Obama's Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?,” MOTHER JONES, 5—23—13,
http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties

So Obama's speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration's acknowledgment yesterday that
AND
dicey practice of indefinite detention or a conclusion to the fight against terrorism.

Plan spurs shift towards drones
Robert Chesney 11
Professor, Law, University of Texas, “Who May Be Held? Military Detention through the Habeas Lens,” BOSTON COLLEGE LAW REVIEW v. 52, 2011, LN.

The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might respond to the cross-
AND
substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.

Drone strikes cause thousands of civilian deaths and psychological violence
Stanford Clinic 12
Human Rights Clinic, “Living under Drones: death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan,” Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (IHRCRC) and Global Justice Clinic (GJC) at NYU School of 9—12, http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Stanford-NYU-LIVING-UNDER-DRONES.pdf

First, while civilian casualties are rarely acknowledged by the US government, there is
AND
loved ones or their homes in drone strikes now struggle to support themselves.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 3 | Opponent: MoSt | Judge: B Delong
Farm bill will pass now but Congressional focus is key. Aff would sap that focus which causes food price spikes.
Eubank 1/1
(Hope for Farm Bill Agreement by Mid January¶ January 1, 2014, Andy Eubank, Vice President of Operations at Hoosier Ag today News http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/hope-for-farm-bill-agreement-by-mid-january/)kk

Optimism remains high for completing a farm bill in January, but time is short
AND
, policy and actual programs, an outcome agriculture desperately wants to avoid.

Food wars and extinction
Lugar 2k
(Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee (Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. “calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability,” http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html)kk

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: KU HR | Judge: K Sommers
A violent war on terror is inevitable and necessary – debates embracing government action in the face of violent threats is critical to shape the direction of change – deconstruction allows for extinction
David Brooks 1, senior editor for the Weekly Standard, The Weekly Standard, 11/5, lexis

Obviously nobody knows what the future years will feel like, but we do know
AND
they have stood for and the role they have assigned themselves in society.  

The aff results in catastrophic terrorism – releases terrorists and kills intel gathering
Jack Goldsmith 9, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, 2/4/09, “Long-Term Terrorist Detention and Our National Security Court,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/2/0920detention20goldsmith/0209_detention_goldsmith.pdf

These three concerns challenge the detention paradigm. They do nothing to eliminate the need
AND
in the past; having government authorities that reflect that change makes sense. 

High risk of nuke terror – escalates and turns the case because of crackdowns
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html

Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Terrorism causes extinction – hard-line responses are key  
Nathan Myhrvold '13, Phd in theoretical and mathematical physics from Princeton,  and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist and chief technology officer of Microsoft Corporation , July 2013, "Stratgic Terrorism: A Call to Action," The Lawfare Research Paper Series No.2, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf

Several powerful trends have aligned to profoundly change the way that the world works.
AND
us with our shortcomings by repeatedly attacking us or hectoring us for decades.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baylor BE | Judge: B Box
It's back!

OPEC production is high now – seasonal buying
Reuters 2/28
(OPEC Oil Output Rises In February, Led By Iraq-Survey¶ Published February 28, 2014¶ Reuters¶ )kk
OPEC’s oil output has risen further in February from December’s 2-1/2
AND
demand. If market demand is there, then they will supply it."

Increased external production causes Saudi Arabia to flood the oil market and collapse prices– tanks other producers.
ERGO 2/1/12 ~Provides a wide range of research and consulting services focused on oil and gas, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, citing eight sources from Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, OPEC, and Middle East politics, ’The Waning Era of Saudi Oil Dominance,’ http://www.ergo.net/ErgoSpecialReport_Saudi_Oil_Feb2012.pdf, ~

Saudi Arabia’s importance to global oil markets is due not solely to its immense reserves
AND
and slowing upstream expansion programs in countries that had sought high oil prices. 

That crushes the Russian economy and undermines support for the regime
KRAMER 12 – New York Times writer and editor (ANDREW E. "Higher Oil Prices to Pay for Campaign Promises" New York Times March 16, 2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/business/global/vladimir-putins-big-promises-need-fueling-by-high-oil-prices.html?_r=2?pagewanted=print Putin Needs)
MOSCOW — In American presidential politics, high oil prices are a problem. For
AND
plan, though, was never part of Mr. Putin’s stump speech.

Turns case and extinction
FILGER 2009 (Sheldon, author and blogger for the Huffington Post, "Russian Economy Faces Disastrous Free Fall Contraction" http://www.globaleconomiccrisis.com/blog/archives/356)
In Russia historically, economic health and political stability are intertwined to a degree that
AND
the financial impact of the Global Economic Crisis is its least dangerous consequence.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 9 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: M Gerber, G Murillo, P Samuels

The 1AC is a double-turn – they only acknowledge their own privileges insofar as it provides credibility to their oppression. This form of confession gets co-opted to mark whiteness with a self-reflexive quality and converts oppression into currency. This becomes a substitute for material politics and reinforces racism.

Andrea Smith 13
(Cultural Studies, Cal-Riverside, "The Problem with Privilege" http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/)

In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
AND
and the colonized/racialized subject as the occasion for self-reflexivity.

Specifically true of autobiographical narratives in competitive spaces – as long as they win, debate is a site of resistance and that’s counter-hegemonic21

Anne Coughlin 95
(Associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School; "REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP," 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)

Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas KS | Judge: S Pryor
Cyber flexibility key to deterrence – failures spill over to all aspects of warfighting
Mowchan 11
John, Lieutenant Colonel, faculty at the Center for Strategic Leadership, US Army War College, career Army intelligence office, master’s degree in strategic intelligence from the National Intelligence University, US Naval Institute Editorial Board, “Don’t Draw the Red Line,” Proceedings Magazine, Oct, Vol 137, No 10/1304, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2011-10/dont-draw-red-line
In a strategic environment that has become more volatile, complex, and uncertain,
AND
actions and could undermine credibility and the power to effectively deter our adversaries.

OCO are key to deter violent china rise and ensure east asia stability
Zakaria 5/10/13
(Analyst: Asia relies on us to stand up to China¶ "Fareed Zakaria GPS," June 10th, 2013 http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/06/10/analyst-asia-relies-on-us-to-sand-up-to-china/)kk
Fareed speaks with Joseph Nye, the former dean and now a professor at the
AND
to us for security, but increasingly tied to China for their economies.

Conflict in east asia goes nuclear
Landray 2000
(Jonathan S. Landray, National Security and Intelligence Correspondent, KNIGHT RIDER NEWS SERVICE, March 10, 2000)
Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea,
AND
taboo against using nuclear weapons and demolish the already shaky international nonproliferation regime.

Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: M Weitz
Congressional debate about the plan causes perception of weakness and crushes leadership
Waxman 8/25/13
(The Constitutional Power To Threaten War¶ Matthew C. Waxman*¶ Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014)¶ August 25, 2013 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777)kk
When members of Congress vocally oppose a use of force, they undermine the president’s
AND
narrows¶ the President’s range of viable policy options for brandishing military force.

Turns the aff with multiple escalatory wars
Waxman 8/25/13
(The Constitutional Power To Threaten War¶ Matthew C. Waxman*¶ Forthcoming in YALE LAW JOURNAL, vol. 123 (2014)¶ August 25, 2013 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2316777)kk
After the Cold War, the United States continued to rely on coercive force –
AND
U.S. protection, to avert a destabilizing arms race.111

Independently, China war causes extinction
Strait Times 2k
Straits Times (Singapore), June 25, 2000, No one gains in war over Taiwan

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
should that come to pass, we would see the destruction of civilisation.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU HW | Judge: S Weiner
Court will uphold key tenets of the Clean Air Act now in Homer – but its controversial and judicial capital is key.
Hurley and Volcovici 13
(U.S. justices to hear EPA appeal over air pollution rule By Lawrence Hurley and Valerie Volcovici WASHINGTON | Mon Jun 24, 2013 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/24/us-usa-court-pollution-idUSBRE95N0OX20130624)kk

In a win for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Supreme
AND
City Generation, U.S. Supreme Court, No. 1182.

Massive support for Obama’s ID program – plan saps judge-cap
Wilson and Cohen 2012
(Scott and Jon "Poll finds broad support for Obama’s counterterrorism policies", The Washington Post, 2-7-12,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/poll-finds-broad-support-for-obamas-counterterrorism-policies/2012/02/07/gIQAFrSEyQ_story.html)
The sharpest edges of President Obama’s counterterrorism policy, including the use of drone aircraft
AND
policies of President George W. Bush, which many liberals bitterly opposed.

Independently key to solve global warming, biodiversity, mutations and extinction – key tenet of the EPA and global emission standards
Mendleson and Bowes 10
(The Clean Air Act 40 Years of Success Protecting Public Health 26 Environment Joe Mendelson Director of Global Warming PolicyCatherine Bowes Climate Policy  Representative summer 2010 https://www.nwf.org/pdf/Policy-Solutions/CleanAirActFactSheet.pdf)kk

This fall marks the 40th anniversary of the Clean Air Act, one of our
AND
must base the emission standards on available and affordable pollution control measures.15

Mutations ensure extinction
Yu 9
Victoria Yu, Dartmouth Journal of Undergraduate Science, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", 5-22-09 http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate

A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past, humans have indeed
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: G Lundeen
Emerging rogue threats from terrorist organizations entail unilateral flexibility – war powers key
Royal 11
(War Powers and the Age of Terrorism ¶ JOHN PAUL ROYAL ¶ Institute of World Politics http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf)kk
The international system itself and national security challenges to the United ¶ States in particular
AND
using all elements of national power ¶ (National Commission 2004, 367).

Nuclear retaliation and extinction – expert consensus
Rhodes 09
(Richard, affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, Former visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and author of "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award. "Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety"http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/red…)kk
The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
AND
nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message.

Shoring up deterrence creates predictability in threat perception – the alternative is cultural bias or suspicious gut reaction
Amir Lupovici 6/4-6/8
(Post-Doctoral Fellow Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto; "Why the Cold War Practices of Deterrence are Still Prevalent: Physical Security, Ontological Security and Strategic Discourse," http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf-http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2008/Lupovici.pdf)

Since deterrence can become part of the actors’ identity, it is also involved in
AND
strengthened the actors’ identities and ¶ created more stable expectations of avoiding violence.

Tournament: UNT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Texas DS | Judge: C Loghry, B Delong, M Gordon
Their Young evidence uses mobility in context of freedom or political action constructs disability as ’broken’ or ’stuck’ – reject the team
May and Ferri 5
May 26 Ferri, Syracuse Feminism and Disability studies Professors, 5
(Vivian M, Beth A, "Fixated on Ability: Questioning Ableist Metaphors in Feminist Theories of Resistance," 2005, Prose Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1262 April-August 2005, pp. 120-140, http://syr.academia.edu/BethFerri/Papers/160692/Fixated_on_Ability_Questioning_Ableist_Metaphors_in_Feminist_Theories_of_Resistance-http://syr.academia.edu/BethFerri/Papers/160692/Fixated_on_Ability_Questioning_Ableist_Metaphors_in_Feminist_Theories_of_Resistance, Date Accessed: 7/5, JS)

In addition to the use of explicitly ableist metaphors, it is equally important to
AND
and liberation in opposition to the duped and stuck femme character/body.

Tournament: UNT | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Houston LR | Judge: B Box, C Roark, S Varda
The aff’s center-periphery model reinforces a dichotomous view of social practices – perpetuates anti-feminine violence and generates flawed actions that turn aff – rejection of the center-periphery filtering device is a prior question
V. Spike Peterson and Anne Runyan 99
(Professor of political science at the University of Arizona and professor of women’s studies at Wright State University; Global Gender Issues, 2nd edition, Pp. 39-41)
The dichotomies of sovereignty-anarchy, politics-economics, realism-idealism,
AND
improving our knowledge of the world we both produce and are produced by.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston AB | Judge: J Kurr
The aff’s claim to emancipation collapses the real material difference between our position as debaters and those on the other end of drone strikes for whom resistance is not a simple language-game – their claims of resistance spotlight the aff’s righteousness while robbing the oppressed of protest
Chow 93—Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University (Rey, Writing Diaspora, 11-5) 

Until the very end of the novel, Jane is always excluded from every available
AND
career. How do we intervene in the productivity of this overdetermined circuit?

Tournament: UK | Round: 7 | Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: L VanLuvanee
The aff treats women as a monolithic group and fails to recognize the way gender violence works as a tool of racism and colonization – their ability to distance themselves from pragmatic reforms only reproduce structures of domination by assuming all women are just and#34;womenand#34;
INCITE! No date. ~INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence is a national activist organization of radical feminists of color advancing a movement to end violence against women of color and our communities through direct action, critical dialogue and grassroots organizing. and#34;Dangerous Intersections.and#34; http://www.incite-national.org/index.php?s=91~~

Within the mainstream anti-violence movement in the U.S., women of
AND
against women of color must take into account their particular histories of violence.

Love is the will to nurture the growth of one’s self or another – it requires both an intention and an action
bell hooks, 2000
(quals: cultural critic and feminist theorist). and#34;all about love. new visions.and#34;  p. 4-5

Imagine how much easier it would be for us to learn how to love if
AND
, this definition counters the more widely accepted assumption that we love instinctually. 

THEIR CONCEPTIONS OF SEXUAL DIFFERENCE EXCLUDE TRANSGENDERED PERSONS – this creates an unending cycle of exclusion and violence.
Danielle Poe, ’10, and#34;Thinking With Irigaray,and#34;  p. 111, JT

For thirty years, Luce Irigaray’s work on sexual difference has been the subject of
AND
Halberstam 2005)—challenge any conception that sexual difference can be only binary.

Refusal to include trans women perpetuates violence, makes it impossible for trans women to function and drives young trans women away from feminism
Feminists Fighting Transphobia, 2013. (
We recognize that transphobic feminists have used violence and threats of violence against trans*
AND
they drive trans* students away from education and the opportunities it provides.

The alternative is to support INCITE! and its push for a grassroots movement that places women of color at the center of analysis surrounding violence. Their ability to divorce the acts they talk about from specific, positive mechanisms for solvency is a form of privilege your ballot should not endorse.
INCITE! No date. ~INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence is a national activist organization of radical feminists of color advancing a movement to end violence against women of color and our communities through direct action, critical dialogue and grassroots organizing. and#34;Dangerous Intersections.and#34; http://www.incite-national.org/index.php?s=91~~

Thus, our challenge is, how do we develop community-based models of
AND
and our communities will move closer towards global peace, justice and liberation.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas KS | Judge: S Pryor
We must launch constant nomadological combat to maintain space outside conceptual sovereignty and biopolitics. We criticize the logic of demands for specific solutions by forming an event thought instead of a subject thought
Goh `4 Irving Goh is a doctoral candidate with the European Graduate School (EGS). His current research interests include the intersection of philosophy and architecture, theories of communities, the question of friendship, and postcolonial theory, 2004 Articles: a143, Date Published: 5/27/2004 www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=424 Arthur and Marilouise Kroker, Editors mh
The nomadological war machine is that which necessarily resists, which escapes the capture of
AND
the world against the State's delimitation of the free space of heterogeneous thoughts. 

The University of Texas must be rejected—it is accelerating the destruction of the world and we have to start our critical inquiries with this crucial site in order to address multiple cascading catastrophes
Jensen 2012 (Robert, UT Journalism, “What Starts Here…Accelerates Destruction? http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/11/16/what-starts-here-accelerates-destruction/ JK)
I want to suggest a slight modification of the University of Texas’ motto, “
AND
politics, and society, but the existing rules rule out such thinking.
Dissent like that shown by the UT debate team is explicitly tolerated because it does not rock the boat hard enough—they love it when you come to insulated academic events like this tournament because it means a trade off with you fucking up campus.
Jensen 2012 (Robert, UT Journalism, “What Starts Here…Accelerates Destruction? http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/11/16/what-starts-here-accelerates-destruction/ JK)

The university departments where one is most likely to find the culture of sustained critical
AND
,” but the institution implicitly defines that as “change within existing systems.”.¶

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne state LM | Judge: Loghry Manuel D Elliott
The 1AC is a form of hegemonic libidinal pedagogy. Rejection is a pre-req to resistance against systems of oppression and love as a method
Ebert 1996 (Teresa, Critical Theory @SUNY Albany, “For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need” College English 58:7,JK)

Libidinal pedagogy has become the new hegemonic pedagogy in literary and cultural studies, especially
AND
space of equals, nor is it situated in an egalitarian¶ society.
In response to being interpellated by the resolution, we affirm our reading of the resolution through a red feminist pedagogy pedagogy

Our counter-advocacy is antagonistic to their libidinal pedagogy and cannot be permuted – the aff gets coopted into neoliberal rationality —only we produce praxis capable of tearing down global oppressions
Ebert 1996 (Teresa, Critical Theory @SUNY Albany, “For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need” College English 58:7,JK)

The core of a red pedagogy (of critique) is that education is not
AND
by the material conditions by which people produce the sustenance of their life.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Weber State ST | Judge: K Kuswa
Their criticisms of the "West" reify metageographic lies about the West and Rest – this spatialized view turns rhetorics that disparage the West into subtle reinforcing the colonizer’s model of the world.
Lewis and Wigen 97
~Martin W. and Karen E., The Myth of Continents 6-7~

The North-South distinction, like that between the first, second, and
AND
in the form of rhetoric that disparages the West and celebrates the rest.

Vote neg – the the aff uncritically embraces the geographical myth that imposes militaristic thinking into academic scholarship
Lewis and Wigen 97
~Martin W. and Karen E., The Myth of Continents xi-xii~

Whatever their differences, all of these approaches share one attribute: a profound skepticism
AND
granted "regions" of the world were first framed by military thinkers.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: E Jensen
Affirming the self via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence. The affirmative ensures that everyone feels empowered, but nobody actually is.
Wendy Brown 95
(Professor at UC Berkeley; “States of Injury,” Pp. 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other modalities of domination,
AND
so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment
Anne Coughlin 95
(Associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School; “REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP,” 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)

Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism
Phelan 96—chair of New York University's Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005, 146

Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved,
AND
only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

This means the affirmative actively provides fuel to the fire of hegemonic debate practices. As long as the community provides an avenue for self-expression, the issue is resolved. This actively discourages structural solutions to problems of inequality because it makes the narrative of success a sufficient remedy.
Mari Tonn 5
(Associate professor of communication at the University of Maryland; “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 8.3, Pp. 405-430)

Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational,¶ personal,
AND
and dialogue into the¶ public realm can foster and sustain such problems.

Our alternative is to recognize debate as a site of contingent commonality in which we can forge bonds of argumentation beyond identity – the affirmative’s focus on subjectivity abdicates the flux of politics and debate for the incontestable truth of identity
Brown 95—prof at UC Berkely (Wendy, States of Injury, 47-51) 

The postmodern exposure of the imposed and created rather than dis- covered character of
AND
identity, and morality and to redress our underdeveloped taste for political argument.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: B Manuel

The affirmative relies on binary thinking that homogenizes the locus and cause for suffering – the USFG’s military actions are always deplorable, police actions are always bad, the topic is only a violent war on disability, the debate community and topicality only work in one, oppressive direction –

This ensures the failure of resistance and develops a culture of victimization that recreates imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy which is the foundation of all oppression.

bell hooks 12
(Distinguished Professor in Residence at Barea; "Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice," Pp. 43)

Clearly the future of diversity lies in creating greater awareness and greater critical consciousness about
AND
our society – both black and white – resist seeing the larger picture. 

Orienting resistance against imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy is a critical first step towards accurately naming interlocking systems of oppression in which we are both victim and victimizer.  This is critical to the creation of agency and the resistance of dominator thinking.

bell hooks 12
(Distinguished Professor in Residence at Barea; "Writing Beyond Race: Living Theory and Practice," pg. 43)

When I first began to use the phrase imperialist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy to characterize
AND
first step in self-determination.  It is the place of hope.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: L Vanluvanee
ALT IS TO REJECT THE AFF IN FAVOR OF A MOMENTUM BUILDING REJECTION OF THE STATE.

We aren’t a revolution – attempts to organize people after one homogenized cause leads to violence. Chaos rules everything theorizing any order is counterproductive and authoritarian—instead we should try to build momentum against the state.

Felonius Skunk 2005 (Green Anarchy #19)
Along with the promising contagious articulation of anti-civilization ideas within the anarchist movement
AND
on our own terms, as with the lives we create for ourselves.
The dominant historical narrative has taught us that civilization is the natural outcome of humanity—this is far from the truth and is ultimately a crazy rationalization for a system that has been imposed upon us via coercion and will ultimately result in planetary extinction
Watson 1991 (David, “Civilization in Bulk”, Fifth Estate, Summer)
According to official history, this grid is the natural outcome of an inevitable evolution
AND
. Can a world worth inhabiting survive the ruin that will be left?

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota PW | Judge: C Loghry

General

Focus on individual struggle trades off with class struggle, leaving us at the mercy of the system at large
Zavarzadeh 94
(Mas’ud, and#34;The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production (Marx, Theories of Surplus-Value),and#34; The Alternative Orange Vol. 4 No. 1, Fall/Winter 1994,http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html)

Reading and writing as stories of power-and-resistance are now part of
AND
. This is the post-al left in its most lucid moment.

That makes extinction inevitable
International Review ’89
(The decomposition of capitalist society, 57:2 http://en.internationalism.org/node/3070)

Similarly, all the disasters that the ecologists blame on ’technical progress’ the growing
AND
no limit to the horror of this bloody monster that is decadent capitalism.

Our alternative is to reject the aff in favor of historical materialism – that’s the best methodology for fighting capital and is key to agency
Holmstrom 97
(Nancy, Professor Emeritus Department of Philosophy at Rutgers, Renewing Historical Materialism, Solidarity, http://www.solidarity-us.org/node/2198)

Wood’s interpretation of historical materialism has been pejoratively labeled and#34;Political Marxism,and#34; but she
AND
sees and#34;historical determinations, structured processes with human agencies.and#34; (78) 

Links

Focus on race oppression is used by markets to ideologically justify economic exploitation
Young 6 (Robert, Red Critique, Winter/Spring, and#34;Putting Materialism back into Race Theoryand#34;, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm)

This essay advances a materialist theory of race. In my view, race oppression
AND
to one of democratic multiculturalism, ultimately, requires the transformation of capitalism.

Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: M Weitz
Our interpretation of politics is Schmittian – the executive cannot be effectively constrained using the law, only via popular pressure
Vermeule and Posner 2011 (Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011)

Our thesis is that these modifications to liberal legalism fail. Either they do not
AND
way to improve upon it, under the conditions of the administrative state.

And, the plan creates a façade of legal restraint while creating a gray hole of executive action—this is worse than doing nothing at all, because it masks the absence of real constraints on executive authority and implies citizen consent. Reject their security state that is liberal in name only.
Osborn 2008 (Timothy, Baker Ferguson Professor of Politics and Leadership at Whitman College, "We are all Torturers now: Accountability after Abu Ghraib" Theory 26 Event  Volume 11, Issue 2 JK)

The examples cited in this section suggest not the formation of an utterly lawless regime
AND
, renders recognition of the problematic character of its exercise ever less likely.

The alt is to reject the aff’s legal liberalism and acknowledge that the only constraints we have are political
Vermeule and Posner 2011 (Adrian Vermeule, prof of Law at Harvard University Law School, Eric A Posner., prof of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic, Oxford University Press 2011)

We do not yet live under a plebiscitary presidency. In such a system,
AND
suffering through an enfeebled old age, but electoral democracy is alive and wel
l. We have suggested that the historical developments that have under¬mined separation of powers
AND
better, despite the lack of a Madisonian separation of legislative and executive powers

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa SL | Judge: Chris Stone

General

This drive for infinite expansion on a finite world makes nuclear war and planetary collapse inevitable
John B. Foster, Prof.  Oregon Univ. Dept of Sociology, ’5, Monthly Review, "Naked Imperialism," http://www.monthlyreview.org/0905jbf.htm 

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
AND
foreshadow what is potentially the most dangerous period in the history of imperialism.

The alternative is to vote negative to reject their imposition of neoliberalism into the debate space – that’s essential to challenge hegemonic epistemologies
Giroux ’6
(Henry A. Giroux, 11-2-06, Cultural Studies in Dark Times: Public Pedagogy and the Challenge of Neoliberalism, http://firgoa.usc.es/drupal/node/25904

As collective agents recede under neoliberalism, market forces incessantly attempt to privatize or commercialize
AND
and power constitutes a new site of politics, pedagogy, and resistance.

Sensational predictions side-line less persuasive risks that are a chemisty kit waiting to blow – they misunderstand policy causation
Nassim Nicholas Taleb 7
(Dean’s Professor in the Sciences of Uncertainty at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, author of Fooled By Randomness; "The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable," Pp. xx-xxii)

Experts and "Empty Suits"¶ The inability to predict outliers implies the inability to
AND
do—except, of course, when we think¶ about it.

Links

The aff is a neoliberal ploy that clings to legally permissible acts of killing – aggression will always get dressed up in the respectable garb of legality
Jochnick and Normand 1994
(Chris and Roger, JD’s at Harvard Law, "the legitimation of violence: a critical history of the laws of war" 35 Harv. Int’l L.J. 49 JK)

While the laws of war impose no substantive restraints on pre-existing customary military
AND
process in which law is internalized as belief and belief leads to compliance.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Stanford GR | Judge: J Cheek
The affirmative deploys a strategy of legal militarism which justifies further imperial violence behind the veil of humane law. This displaces morality onto broken institutions and turns the case.
Smith 2002
("The New Law of War: Legitimizing¶ Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence"¶ Thomas W. Smith, University of South Florida, Jstor)kk

The role of military lawyers in all this has, according to one study,
AND
construed, hopes of rescuing law from politics will be dim¶ indeed.

Legalistically certain calls for war are epistemologically bankrupt and ignore the structural root cause of large scale violence. Our alternative is to reject the 1ac in favor of pacifist deliberation. Injecting doubt into violent calculations is key to re-orient politics and philosophy towards careful decision-making
Neu 2013
("The tragedy of justified war"¶ Michael Neu,¶ University of Brighton, International Relations 2013, http://ire.sagepub.com/content/27/4/461)kk

Just war theory is not concerned with millions of starving people who could be saved
AND
deprive themselves, today, of the possibility of not¶ wronging tomorrow.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU HW | Judge: S Weiner
Their orientation toward the unpredictable ensures failure – the most important events simply defy representation and foresight. Linear prediction is a fantasy of order that enables elites to lay the groundwork for failed interventions like Iraq and Afghanistan.
Jillian Smith Sept 8
(North Florida English Dept, Tolerating the Intolerable, "Enduring the Unendurable: Representing the Accident in Driver’s Education Films," Postmodern Culture 19:1)

In emphasizing Freud’s comment that "accumulation puts an end to the impression of chance
AND
time with a sensible end, but rather has opened multiplicity without end.

Methodological rigor is a gateway to accessing causal policy scenarios – risk management over-determines extinction-level events which makes survival less resilient by forcing decisions with constructed confidence when withholding judgment would be preferable
Nassim Nicholas Taleb 7
(Dean’s Professor in the Sciences of Uncertainty at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, author of Fooled By Randomness; "The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable," Pp. 117-120)
*Gender modified

Consider our own fates. Some people reason that the odds of any of us
AND
because" is derived from experiments, not backward-looking¶ history.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 9 | Opponent: KCKCC CG | Judge: M Gerber, G Murillo, P Samuels

Proximity focus bad – adds fuel to the fire of hegemonic debate practices and discourages structural approaches to inequality. As long as "counter-hegemonic" arguments win, the narrative of success is a sufficient remedy to 1AC harms.

Mari Tonn 5
(Associate professor of communication at the University of Maryland; "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ," Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs 8.3, Pp. 405-430)

Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational,¶ personal,
AND
and dialogue into the¶ public realm can foster and sustain such problems.

Their "counter-hegemonic politic" is against hegemonic things, but what is it FOR? It is only an adaptive politics that ignores the institutional constraints that reproduce structural violence.

Our alternative is to recognize debate as a site of contingent commonality in which we can forge bonds of argumentation beyond identity – the affirmative’s focus on situated-ness abdicates core features of political deliberation and debate for the incontestable truth of identity

Wendy Brown 95
(Professor at UC Berkeley; "States of Injury," Pp. 47-51) 

The postmodern exposure of the imposed and created rather than dis- covered character of
AND
erosion also creates to develop democratic processes for formulating postepistemelogical and postontological judgments.

 Such judgements require learning how to have public conversations with each other, arguing
AND
identity, and morality and to redress our underdeveloped taste for political argument.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: d elliott, manuel, loghry
OFF
1
Topical affirmatives must advocate statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the president’s war powers authority in one of the topical areas.
Judicial means court of law
OED no date
(Oxford University ¶ (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101916?redirectedFrom=judicial+#eid)
Statutory means legislation
Black’s Law no date
(http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)

Violations
(a) Mechanism – an erotic re-reading of the resolution does not necessitate statutory or judicial restrictions
(b) Extra-topical offense – they garner offense from vague talks about the state and violence generally, which are not tied to any specific topic area

Vote neg
(a) Limits and ground – this is not a “war” or a “state” topic – allowing affs tangentially related to the resolutional list eviscerates negative ground because they can access topic literature but still spike out of relevant counterplans, disads and case turns.
(b) Their model is aff-biased – produces a large number of possible readings of the resolution, which eliminates predictable offense that turns clash into good clash.
(c) Decision-making – national security debate key to agency and solves info overload, which is necessary to bridge theory and practice
Donohue 13
(Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf)

 (d) The ballot changes the game – their advocacy in a competitive forum allows one side to claim the moral high ground which kills debate
Hanghoj 2008
(Thorkild hanghoj, PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009 /ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

2
A violent war on terror is inevitable and necessary – debates embracing government action is key to shape the direction of change – the aff’s abstractions allow for extinction
David Brooks 1, senior editor for the Weekly Standard, The Weekly Standard, 11/5, lexis

TK restrictions cause existential terrorism
Beres 11—Louis René Beres, Professor of Political Science and International Law at Purdue, Ph.D. from Princeton 2011, “Roundtable Discussion: Is the President Bound by International Law in the War Against Terrorism? A Ten-Year Retrospective: After Osama bin Laden: Assassination, Terrorism, War, and International Law,” 44 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 93, Lexis

High risk of nuke terror – escalates and turns the case because of crackdowns
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html

3
In response to being interpellated by the resolution, we affirm our reading of the resolution through a red feminist pedagogy pedagogy
The 1AC is a form of hegemonic libidinal pedagogy. Rejection is a pre-req to resistance against systems of oppression and love as a method
Ebert 1996 (Teresa, Critical Theory @SUNY Albany, “For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need” College English 58:7,JK)

Our counter-advocacy is antagonistic to their libidinal pedagogy and cannot be permuted – the aff gets coopted into neoliberal rationality —only we produce praxis capable of tearing down global oppressions
Ebert 1996 (Teresa, Critical Theory @SUNY Albany, “For a Red Pedagogy: Feminism, Desire, and Need” College English 58:7,JK)

CASE
Neolib
Resistance to neolib gets quashed
Owen Jones 11
(Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing,” www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html)

Rejecting neolib as a monolith turns the aff
Rosaleen Duffy and Lorraine Moore 10
(*Professor of International Politics, at Manchester U; Professor of Conservation Politics at the Durrell Institute of Conservation Ecology (DICE) in the School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; “Neoliberalizing nature? Elephants as imperfect commodities,” Antipode Vol. 42.3 Pp. 742)

The status quo is structurally improving because of neolib
Ridley, visiting professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, former science editor of The Economist, and award-winning science writer, 2010
(Matt, The Rational Optimist, pg. 13-15)

Violence is proximately caused – root cause logic is poor scholarship
Matthew Sharpe and Geoff Goucher 10
(*Lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies @ Deakin University; Senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies @ Deakin University; “Žižek and Politics: An Introduction,” Pp. 231 – 233) 

The liberal international order will persist indefinitely – outweighs the aff
G. John Ikenberry 10
(Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University, Korea; “The Liberal International Order and its Discontents,” Millennium – Journal of International Studies 38; Pp. 509)

AT MIC

Claims of a pervasive MIC are false
Stan Crock 3
(Specialist @ Washington Post; “An All-powerful U.S. Military-industrial Complex Is Simply An Enduring Myth,” Orlando Sentinel, Lexis)
Ireland
Their affective erotic pedagogy is not counter-hegemonic, it’s the new academic chic—appeals to emobidment can’t be refuted
Craig Ireland, Assistant Professor, Dept. Of American Culture and Literature Bilkent University, 2004, The Subaltern Appeal to Experience: Self-Identity, Late Modernity, and the Politics of Immediacy, p. 162-77

OUCB
The affirmative occupies the position of the Maoist – the impact is imperialism and a reproduction of the harms of the 1ac.
Rey Chow 93
(Comparative Literature—Brown University, Writing Diaspora, p. 15-16)

Their attempt at academic change sustains power’s ability to constrain ANY resistance by turning those victims of power into ghosts.  The tradition of liberal citizenship is a ghostly attempt to remember past political struggles that ultimately fetishize movements of the past, especially in academic subculture—this turns the case.
Occupied UC Berkeley 2k9.http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19

Their argument that making this argument in a debate round actually changes something ignores  the coordinates of academic power/knowledge at play in the debate tournament itself which will always commodify their activism to justify the institutional and depoliticizing structure of the activity
Occupied UC Berkeley ‘9. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, the necrosocial: civic life, social death, and the UC, nov. 19

The question of the negative is where does that awakening take place? In academia? In debate? The silence of the affirmative on this question is problematic—the university structure is not neutral
Harney and Moten 13.  Stefano Harney, Professor of Strategic Management Education at the Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University and a co-founder of the School for Study and Fred Moten, Helen L. Bevington Professor of Modern Poetry at Duke University, “Politics Surrounded,” The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study, pg. 41

1NC – “debate space”

The aff’s framework focuses on a particular space which undermines the emancipatory potential of the 1AC
Timothy Morton 7
(Professor and Rita Shea Guffey Chair in English at Rice University; “Ecology Without Nature,” Pp. 10-11)

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: d elliott, manuel, loghry
K
Their arguments that white men could never say anything to improve the 1AC is basically biological determinism – the distinction between privileged and underprivileged identity should not be the basis of scholarly assessments.
Innes 2009
Robert Alexander, member of Cowessess First Nation and an assistant professor in the Department of Native Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, "Wait a Second. Who Are You Anyways?", American Indian Quarterly, 33.4
Performance
The affirmative is a claim to performativity rather than true performance.  Their claim to having identified a truly liberating, anti-racist speech act substitutes for true anti-racist action and conceals their own privilege as subjects within debate.  In this instance, their speech act is only liberatory for them at the expense of true action to help people other than themselves.
Sara AHMED, Reader in Race and Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths College, University of London, 4 “Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism,” Volume 3 Number 2, 2004, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm

CASE
We should not be forced to refute their survival strategies because it’s sociopathic and impossible for us to do so – people are victimized, the question is “what do we do?!”
Subotnik 1998
Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center, 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681

Poetry
Poetry first bad – too fluid and has no criteria for evaluation
Bleiker 2k
(Roland, Senior Lecturer – U Queensland, Popular Dissent, Human Agency, and Global Politics, p. 271)

2AC – “violence”

Their “violence” impact is a theoretical fabrication – not sufficient to explain any particular action
Jarvis 2k
(Darryl, Senior Lecturer in International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128)

AT affect
Affective approaches fail to mobilize or change politics
Jeff Pruchnic 8, Wayne State University, "The Invisible Gland: Affect and Political Economy", Volume 50, Number 1, Winter, muse.jhu.edu/journals/criticism/v050/50.1.pruchnic.html
Ireland
Their affective erotic pedagogy is not counter-hegemonic, it’s the new academic chic—appeals to emobidment can’t be refuted
Craig Ireland, Assistant Professor, Dept. Of American Culture and Literature Bilkent University, 2004, The Subaltern Appeal to Experience: Self-Identity, Late Modernity, and the Politics of Immediacy, p. 162-77

Tonn
Focus on survival strategy – T/O DA
Mari Tonn 5
(Associate professor of communication at the University of Maryland; “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 8.3, Pp. 405-430)

Cards
Hyper-theorization – academic philosophy has no relevance to social change. In fact, it locks in squo oppression and gets our debate programs cut.
Stephen Hartnett 10
(Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Communication at the University of Colorado Denver. “Communication, Social Justice, and Joyful Commitment,” Western Journal of Communication, 74:1, 68-93)

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: d elliott, manuel, loghry
T VERSION

Engaging policy-makers from the position of a university is critical to shape policy and prevent dominance of worse analysis
Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 7/8/8
(Political Psychology Volume 29, Issue 4, Pp. 593-603; “Bridging the Gap between Theory and Policy,” International Society of Political Psychology)

STATE GOOD
Donohue

plan based debates on presidential powers create better education and solve security – this card is better, newer and more specific than any of your solvency cards
Kurr 2013
(Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers¶ by Jeffrey A. Kurr¶ Jeffrey is a Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts and Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society. 09/05/2013 http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)kk

Talking about the state doesn’t grant it legitimacy – gotta speak its language to change bad policies
Mervyn Frost 96
Professor, University of Kent, Ethics In International Relations A Constitutive Theory, pp. 90-91, JT

They are nihilistic – state action can be reoriented away from past abuses, the alt goes too far
Williams and Krause 97
Michael, assistant professor of political science at the University of Southern Maine and Keith, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, associate professor of political science at York University, Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited by Krause and Williams, p. xvi

Specific policies outweigh error replication
Emory M. Roe 94
(Executive Director, Center for Sustainable Resource Development, “THE SHARP EDGE OF THE SWORD,” Transition, Issue 64, pp. 113-169)

SPUTNIK
We should not be forced to refute the content of their personal experience because it’s sociopathic and impossible – people are victimized, the question is “what do we do?!”
Subotnik 98
Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center, 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681

LIMITS CARDS/OV

And theres no impact to linguistic limits – if their aff is actually inhibited by linguistics, then its probably to weak to foster any change.
David McNally (prof. PoliSci at York University) 1997 in defense of history: marxism and the postmodern agenda p. 26-27

A/T PSYCHIC VIOLENCE
Only we access offense---arguments like framework don’t injure people, but policies do---avoiding democratic engagement means the aff can never actually transform the institutions that produce exclusion in the first place---rejecting institutional engagement turns debate into a palliative where they escaped lived realities instead of producing political habits necessary to actualize democratic politics
Amanda Anderson 6, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, “Reply to My Critic(s),” Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290 

METHOD

Terrorism studies are epistemologically and methodologically valid – our authors are self-reflexive
John Horgan and Michael J. Boyle April 8
(*International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; School of International Relations, University of St Andrews; Critical Studies on Terrorism, Vol. 1, No. 1, “A case against ‘Critical Terrorism Studies’”)

TERROR
High risk of nuclear terror --- they have the motivation and capability --- default to consensus of experts
Bunn et al. 10/2/13 ("Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism," Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School and Co-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998,http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html)
High risk of nuke terror—there’s motivation and capability
Kenneth C. Brill 12 is a former U.S. ambassador to the I.A.E.A. Kenneth N. Luongo is president of the Partnership for Global Security. Both are members of the Fissile Material Working Group, a nonpartisan nongovernmental organization “Nuclear Terrorism: A Clear Danger,” www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/opinion/nuclear-terrorism-a-clear-danger.html?_r=0

OTHER STUFF
Alternative methodologies undermine status seeking and cause transition conflict
Paul Aligica 4/21/3
(Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and Adjunct Fellow at the Hudson Institute; “The Great Transition and the Social Limits to Growth: Herman Kahn on Social Change and Global Economic Development,” http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=2827)

Neolib solves war
Eric Gartzke Jan 7
(Associate professor of political science and a member of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies at Columbia University, “The Capitalist Peace,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 1, Pp. 166–191)

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Stanford GR | Judge: J Cheek
The United States Federal Government should limit the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force to the armed or military wing of al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and their co-belligerents by restricting presidential authority to determine those responsible for the World Trade Center attacks.

Naming 9/11 presupposes a universal calendar – their repetition neutralizes and distances our actions from the events that made that day possible.
Derrida 2003
interviewed in Philosophy in a time of terror by Giovanna Borradori – Online excerpt http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html

Derrida: Le 11 septembre, as you say, or, since we have
AND
for the moment we are simply preparing ourselves to say something about it.

This specifically comes before the aff
Derrida 2003
interviewed in Philosophy in a time of terror by Giovanna Borradori – Online excerpt http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html

I believe always in the necessity of being attentive first of all to this phenomenon
AND
September 11, September 11, le 11 septembre, 9/11."

Tournament: Diss trix | Round: 1 | Opponent: JCCC BN | Judge: E Robinson
The 1AC is filled with the language of demand—it is a jackal language which promotes defensiveness and disharmony - we come to you from the position of the giraffe—only do the aff if you’re cool with it, we don’t want to change you.
Rosenberg 1995 (Marshall, Psychologist, founder of The Center for Nonviolent Communication, “Compassionate Communication”, Miracles Magazine (11) JK)

At an early age, most of us were taught to speak and think "
AND

"Obviously, you're emotionally disturbed (rude, lazy, selfish)."

Tournament: Diss trix | Round: 3 | Opponent: UTD LO | Judge: B Box
Text: The United States Federal Government should restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring Congressional authorization prior to introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities, unless to repel attacks on the United States or Israel. 

Consistent statements in support of U.S. security assurances that the US will come to the defense of Israel if they are under attack are key to prevent Israeli lashout
Murdock 09, Sr Advisor CSIS
(Clark A.-, Jessica M. Yeats, Linton F. Brooks, M. Elaine Bunn, Franklin C. Miller, James L. Schoff, CSIS Workshop Proceeding and Key Takeaways, “Exploring the Nuclear Posture Implications of Extended Deterrence and Assurance”, http://csis.org/files/publication/091218_nuclear_posture.pdf)
U.S. security assurances to Israel probably have their greatest impact on Israel’s
AND
bases and military facilities would survive a first strike to retaliate effectively.”147

An Israeli strike collapses the global economy, heg, and sparks war with China and Russia
Reuveny 10, Public Affairs Professor at Indiana
(Rafael, Guest Opinion: Unilateral strike on Iran could trigger world depression, www.indiana.edu/spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno HT | Judge: J Marianetti
Our counteradvocacy: we affirm black feminist emotional consciousness to discuss the wars affecting Black Mothers.
Womanist" scholarship is too exclusive – specifically sidelines oppression based on sexuality and religiosity – causes splintering – use of the term "black feminism" is superior.
Coleman 06
Monica A. Coleman, Associate Professor of Constructive Theology and African American Religions at Claremont School of Theology in the Claremont Lincoln University consortium, and an ordained minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, Spring 2006, "Must I Be Womanist?", Vol. 22, No. 1, pg. 85-134

I'm not sure I'm a womanist. In her definition, Walker describes womanist as
AND

Gloria Wade-Gayles's My Soul Is a Witness (1995).24

Affirming reproduction is a violent exclusion of the queer – focus on The Child is at the root of the death drive which pre-figures politics
Schotten 9
(C. Heike, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Nietzsche’s Revolution: Decadence, Politics, and Sexuality, p. 202-3)

What I wonder, instead, is if Lee Edelman offers us one possible way
AND
population, an illustration that bolster's Edelman's argument rather than undermines it."'

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: KU HR | Judge: K Sommers
Kyle and I advocate a policy of abolition that maintains indefinite confinement of violent rapists deemed to be dangerous if released.

Rehabilitation impossible – indefinite detention of rapists is the only solution
Vachss 1993
New York-based lawyer whose professional focus has been representing children (Andrew, "Sex Predators Can’t Be Saved," Originally published in the New York Times, http://www.vachss.com/av_dispatches/disp_9301_a.html)

While early childhood experiences may impel, they do not compel. In the end
AND
that threatens to pollute our society beyond the possibility of its own rehabilitation.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota PW | Judge: C Loghry
Kyle and I advocate the entirety of the 1AC except for their use of music.

Pairing arts with politics collapses into itself and creates the spectacle needed to achieve imperialist fascism.
Castronovo 03
~Russ, and#34;Geo-Aesthetics: Fascism, Globalism, and Frank Norrisand#34; boundary 2, Fall 2003~

The problem with this political task is that progressive commentary often envisions democracy in anti
AND
acquires unity under the spectacle of world markets backed up by imperialist aggression.

Tournament: UK | Round: 7 | Opponent: UTD MV | Judge: L VanLuvanee
We agree with the affirmative’s arguments about the people who are in debate and the structures of debate, but believe that we should not call that assemblage a and#34;communityand#34;. 

The role of the ballot should be love to the people in debate.

Community is an empty ideal—it cannot be libratory and only forcloses a deeper critique of civilization because it glorifies hierarchy and in/exclusion
Zerzan 2005 (John, Primitivist Activist, MA SFSU, and#34;Communityand#34; http://insurgentdesire.org.uk/community1.htm)

Community, by which one obviously means more than, say, neighborhood, is
AND
the categories of existent community, is legitimate and appropriate to our aims.

Social hierarchies and the elimination of undesirables are the outcome of the civilizing project, turns the case and causes massive subjugation
T.H.U.G. 2005 (Tree Huggin Urban Guerillas, Disorderly Conduct ~236, http://insurgentdesire.org.uk/ whycivilization.htm)
Over the next thousands of years, this disease progresses, with its colonizing and
AND
level from the institutional to the personal, while they have devoured life.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: G Lundeen
The USFG should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the wars powers authority of the President of the United States in the following area: introducting United States Armed Forces into hostilities, by an application of feminist just war theory evaluated through a feminist security lens.

Competes – eliminates judicial restrictions

Their focus on the court is myopic – they are infinitely flexible, and always used to further interests of elites at the expense of oppressed groups.
Zinn, 05
(Howard, "It’s not up to the Court," The Progressive, November, http://www.progressive.org/mag_zinn1105, accessed 7-11-09, GAL)
There is enormous hypocrisy surrounding the pious veneration of the Constitution and "the rule
AND
to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—be fulfilled.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa SL | Judge: Chris Stone
We should call them drones – the aff is a PR campaign to think less about their destruction
Whittle 2013 ("Don’t say drones, beg drone makers" http://breakingdefense.com/2013/08/14/dont-say-drones-beg-drone-makers/)

When you read or hear the word "drone," is your first thought,
AND
it’s in the cockpit or (a ground control station)," he said.

Euphemism and jargon enable the warfare state – distance sanitizes destruction and make sacrifice targeted bodies
Self 2011
(Will, Commentator, BBC News, "A Point of View: Why Euphemism is integral to Modern Warfare" http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15478001  JK)

Euphemism - along with its kissing cousin, jargon - is integral to modern warfare
AND
"logistical support" that we Britons have proved ourselves most linguistically adept.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: G Murillo
We reject the indefinite detention and targeted killings in the same instances of the Aff speech act other than in the instance of Assata Shakur. Assata Shakur should not be killed, but the targeting of her should be left in place.

Her appearance as a "target" only helps Assata Shakur’s cause
Peterson ’13
Latoya Peterson is the editor/owner of Racialicious, writer, and current Knight Fellow at Stanford University "Searching for the Truth Around Assata" – Clutch Magazine – May 7, 2013 http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2013/05/searching-for-the-truth-around-assata/comment-page-1/

Dueling narratives surround Assata Shakur, a political figure who found herself returned to the
AND
murder, many in the community see her as yet another persecuted revolutionary.

That cause spills over into other movements and is specifically important to addressing patriarchy.
Hing ’13
Julianne Hing is a reporter and blogger for Colorines.com covering immigration, education, criminal justice, and occasionally fashion and pop culture. In 2009 Julianne was the recipient of USC Annenberg’s Institute for Justice and Journalism fellowship, which funded a reporting project on the impacts of criminal deportation on immigrant families. She has covered police brutality issues from Oakland to New Orleans and in the summer of 2010 reported for Colorlines from the courtroom where Oscar Grant’s killer, BART cop Johannes Mehserle, faced trial. "Summer Reads: Punk Chicanas, Love, Poetry and Assata Shakur21" – Colorlines – August 9th – http://colorlines.com/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/colorlne/managed-mt/mt-search.cgi?IncludeBlogs=3,1,3,226search=terror

"When the FBI put Assata Shakur on its most wanted terrorists list this year
AND
can learn from her struggle and apply to what’s going on right now."

Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: G Murillo
The Federal Bureau of Investigation should remove JoAnne Chesimard from its most wanted list and the executive should not pursue JoAnne Chesimard through lethal or non-lethal means. 

The term targeted killing makes the practice seem legitimate – inconsistent with a strategy of resistance
Small, 12 
(Roundtable on Targeted Killing: Lawyering and Targeted Killing, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/4567/roundtable-on-targeted-killing_lawyering-and-targe)

The practice now commonly termed "targeted killing" was, before the turn of
AND
, if not persuasively, then at least plausibly, legal and permissible.

Euphemisms are central to the capacity to wage an unregulated war on terror – the plan legitimizes the abuse of civil liberties
Andrew Sullivan, political journalist for New York Times Magazine, 11/12/05 (http://www.andrewsullivan.com/index.php?dish_inc=archives/2005_11_06_dish_archive.html)

EXEMPTING THE CIA: A former general counsel for the agency argues against Dick Cheney’s
AND
up rape, murder, near-drowning and torture of defenseless detainees.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: OU MM | Judge: G Lundeen
The USFG should substantially increase statutory and judicial restrictions on the wars powers authority of the President of the United States in the following area: introducting United States Armed Forces into hostilities, by an application of feminist just war theories evaluated through a feminist security lens.

Competes – trades theory for THEORIES

Their monolithic feminism results in colonialism of third world women via a paternalistic assumption that Western experiences can stand in for all female experiences
Mohanty 86
~postcolonial and transnational feminist theorist, 1986 (Chandra Talpade, Under Western Eyes, http://blog.lib.umn.edu/raim0007/RaeSpot/under20wstrn20eyes.pdf)~~

What happens when this assumption of "women as an oppressed group" is situated
AND
world difference" includes a paternalistic attitude towards women in the third world.

That creates sexgender which flips the aff
Stern and Zalewski 09
MARIA STERN, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg university, AND MARYSIA ZALEWSKI, Director of Centre for Gender Studies at university of Aberdeen. "Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization" Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journals) DF

In this section we clarify what we mean by the problem of sexgender and how
AND
and preventing) conflict, or simply into hopeful scenarios for our students.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fresno HT | Judge: J Marianetti
Nothing about voting aff solves any of the harms isolated – they have not met their stock issues – the 1AC has harms and inherency but is missing solvency – telling stories that illustrate the master subject don’t change anything within this debate space – vote neg on presumption
Prager 90
(Debate coach in Michigan (John R., 1990, "Introduction to Policy Debate," Ch. 2)

The first stock issue is known as harm or need. The second is called
AND
claim for solvency must specifically fix the problems described in the Harm analysis.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: G Murillo
It’s a simple standard – they read it, they should defend it. Aff conditionality is a voting issue for fairness and education. Extra-topical actions are outside your jurisdiction and prove the resolution insufficient. It’s solely about the action.
Ericson 3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Minnesota PW | Judge: C Loghry
Our framework – The aff must present a predictable and stable policy option and defend that the United States federal government should adopt their policy.

and#34;Resolvedand#34; before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4
(5-12, and#34;~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolonand#34;, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after and#34;
AND
resolved:and#34; Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

The mechanics of the topic support a debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

That means Washington D.C.
Encarta 2k
(Online Encyclopedia, http://encarta.msn.com)

and#34;The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DCand#34; 

And it excludes action by smaller political groups or individuals.
Black’s Law Seventh Edition Ed. Bryan A. Garner (chief) 99

Federal government 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in national political matters.

Groupthink – they have functionally decided to write their own resolution instead of affirming the one we already have – even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink
Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore 11
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @ Yale; and#34;Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation,and#34; Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications)

Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.
AND
(e.g. Schweiger,¶ Sandberg, 26 Ragan, 1986).

Bad policy education – debating negative actions against prez war powers key to effective deliberation – switch side solves their impacts
Jeffrey A. Kurr 9/5/13
(Ph.D. student in the Communication Arts 26 Sciences program at Pennsylvania State University and a coach for the Penn State Debate Society; and#34;Bridging Competitive Debate and Public Deliberation on Presidential War Powers,and#34; http://public.cedadebate.org/node/14)

The public debates on presidential war powers co-hosted by the Miller Center and
AND
where deliberation was being stifled. As a result, debaters reinvigorate debate.

No offense – we’re advocating a process, not an outcome – it’s just a counter-method, not exclusion
Perkins, senior professor of education – Harvard Graduate School of Education, ’9
(David, Education and a Civil Society: Teaching Evidence-Based Decision Making, p. 16) 

Good decision making can be seen as a double balancing act. The decision maker
AND
to put good decision-making practices into action in learners’ everyday lives?

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 7 | Opponent: USC OP | Judge: P Johnson
Our theory of presumptherency: The affirmative must provide a reason that they are materially different than the status quo and why the status quo is incapable of solving their harms absent the affirmative advocacy.

They violate

The 1ac has already spread its consciousness—they’ve read it all year.  No effects have been noted.  Nothing about this debate is critical.

The organizations, NGO’s, public intellectuals, and whatever else they read already did their 1ac better than them—they wrote eloquently on the issue, the aff took it to a hermetically sealed debate with no audience and subjected it to the negative vibes of our scrutiny.  That’s bad consciousness raising.  They should just let the SQ solve the aff.

They’re naïve—the state will continue to have secrets, every state in history has had em.  Not one part of the 1ac makes enough of a claim to connect what they did here as being different or better than the status quo.

Vote neg—they have to be different from the squo.  They also have to prove the plan is necessary and sufficient to change the world.  They Don’t.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Stanford GR | Judge: J Cheek
Interps –
(a) "Restrictions" prohibit action – distinct from oversight
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12
(Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, "Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,"  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf)

3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
AND
some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

(b) "Authority" is the delegated authorization for action
Wesley Hohfeld 1919 
(Yale Law, "Fundamental Legal Conceptions," http://www.hku.hk/philodep/courses/law/HohfeldRights.htm)

Many examples of legal powers may readily be given. Thus, X, the
AND
, go far toward clearing up certain problems in the law of agency.

Violation – the affirmative increases presidential authorization under the AUMF.

(a) The AUMF only authorizes force against those who were involved in 9/11 or who aided those groups at that time.  The plan allows force against current allies of al Qaeda or the Taliban – it changes authorization from past tense to present tense.
AUMF 2001
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ40/pdf/PLAW-107publ40.pdf

SEC. 2. AUTHORIZATION FOR USE OF UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES.
(a) IN GENERAL.—That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.

(b) 1AC solvency advocate concludes that the plan is an expansion of authority because it includes groups that didn’t exist yet on 9/11.
-He’s even all like "def not a restriction on authority."
Graham Coronogue 12
(JD at duke; "A NEW AUMF: DEFINING COMBATANTS IN THE WAR ON TERROR," scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil)

My proposal for the new AUMF would appear as follows: AFFIRMATION OF ARMED CONFLICT
AND
it does a better job than Representative McKeon’s of heeding President Lincoln’s warning.

Vote Neg –

Extra-topicality – AUMF applies to war powers they specifically left out of the resolutional list
Justice.gov 2006
(January 27, "THE NSA PROGRAM TO DETECT AND PREVENT TERRORIST ATTACKS
MYTH V. REALITY" http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/nsa_myth_v_reality.pdf)

Myth: The NSA program is illegal. Reality: The President’s authority to authorize
AND
of the enemy is a fundamental incident to the use of military force.

Tournament: UK | Round: 5 | Opponent: KU GoRe | Judge: J Guha
Best analysis indicates "armed forces" only means human troops – excludes weapons systems
Lorber 13 – Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. January 2013, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Contsitutional Law, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis nexis

As is evident from a textual analysis, n177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
human members of the armed forces, such a conclusion is not determinative.

Vote neg for precise limits and eduction – inclusive interps violate legislative history – this is the reason cyber ops was its own topic area – taps into a distinct lit bases
Lorber 13 – Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. January 2013, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Contsitutional Law, 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis nexis

Tournament: UTD | Round: 3 | Opponent: MoSt | Judge: B Delong
The aff should specify their 1AC actor beyond “the federal judiciary”

That wrecks limits and explodes aff ground – includes all levels of decentralized federal Courts
Bruce A. Ragsdale 7
(Director, Federal Judicial History Office Federal Judicial Center; “History of the Federal Judiciary,” http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/establishjudiciary.pdf/$file/establishjudiciary.pdf)

1. A Federal System ¶ Since its origins in 1789, the nation’s court
   AND
   processing of growing caseloads and protection of the institutional independence of the judiciary.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: Baylor BE | Judge: B Box
Interpretation and violation – "hostilities" require an active exchange of fire with enemy force
Lee, U.S. Senator from Utah, and Koh, Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State and Sterling Professor of International Law at Yale, 6/28/11
(Mike and Harold, Libya and War Powers, hearing of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, CQ Testimony, Lexis)

First question I’d like to ask you relates to the definition of — of the
AND
history alone. And so they invited the executive branch to give clarification.

Violation – the aff is about the WAR ON DRUGS, which isn’t a specified armed group that the US is in armed conflict with

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Iowa SL | Judge: Chris Stone
Increase means net increase
Words and Phrases, 5 (Cummulative Supplementary Pamphlet, v. 20a, p.295) cmr

Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991.  Term "increase," as used
AND
.  West’s Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code § 25123.

"Statutory restrictions" review, time limit, or reverse Presidential actions
Mortenson 11
(Julian Davis Assistant Professor, University of Michigan Law School, "Review: Executive Power and the Discipline of History Crisis and Command: The History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush John Yoo. Kaplan, 2009. Pp vii, 524," Winter 2011, University of Chicago Law Review 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 377)

At least two of Yoo’s main examples of presidential power are actually instances of presidential
AND
(III, pp 295-301, 310, 327-28).

Violation – plan re-classifies UAV’s – they only apply existing restrictions – not a net increase

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas KS | Judge: S Pryor
Our interpretation – the aff should advocate statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the president’s war powers authority in one of the topical areas.

Violations –
“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School 4
(5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

Judicial belongs to court of law
Oxford English dictionary
(Oxford University ¶ (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/101916?redirectedFrom=judicial+#eid)
Of or belonging to judgment in a court of law, or to a judge in relation to this function; pertaining to the administration of justice; proper to a court of law or a legal tribunal; resulting from or fixed by a judgment in court.

Statutory means enacted by legislation
Black’s law
(http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)

What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION?¶ Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

The mechanics of the topic support a debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson 3
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Vote neg

-- Limits and ground – allowing affs tangentially related to the resolutional mechanism eviscerates negative ground because they can access topical literature but still spike out of generic counterplans, disads and case turns. 

-- Decision-making – simulating national security debates is key to decision-making skills and activism – other approaches collapse in on themselves and never bridge from theory to practice.
Donohue 2013
(Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf)
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

-- The ballot changes the game – advocating pure ethics is obviously fine, but when it is used in a competitive forum it kills engagement and allows one side to claim the moral high ground which erases clash.
Hanghoj 2008
(Thorkild hanghoj, PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009 /ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)
Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Tournament: UK | Round: 1 | Opponent: Samford CH | Judge: M Weitz
"Authority" refers to the specific "authorization" for action
Wesley Hohfeld 1919
(Yale Law, "Fundamental Legal Conceptions," http://www.hku.hk/philodep/courses/law/HohfeldRights.htm)

Many examples of legal powers may readily be given. Thus, X, the
AND
, go far toward clearing up certain problems in the law of agency.

"Restriction" is a method of prohibiting that "authority," not adding checks within it
P.A. Mohammed 1/24/97
(J. Sri Chithira Aero And Adventure ... vs The Director General Of Civil ... on 24 January, 1997¶ Equivalent citations: AIR 1997 Ker 121 Sri Chithira Aero And Adventure ... vs The Director General Of Civil ...; http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/255504/?type=print)

10. Microlight aircrafts or hang gliders shall not be flown over an assembly of
AND
P4 and P5 are purely measures regulating the use and operation of aircrafts.

Vote neg for precise limits and eductaion – only prohibition can restrict "authority" because it only exists after right to act is delegated
Garfagnini 10/15/12
(Umberto, ITAM School of Business, "The Dynamics of Authority in Innovating Organizations," https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=MWETFall201226paper_id=62)

Why do organizations change their internal allocation of authority over time? We propose a
AND
optimally delegate authority to a division manager initially and then later centralize authority.

Ex ante is key to precision – most important distinction
Solum 3
(Lawrence, professor of law at UCLA; "Legal Theory Lexicon 001: Ex Ante 26 Ex Post," http://lsolum.typepad.com/legal_theory_lexicon/2003/09/legal_theory_le_2.html)

If I had to select only one theoretical tool for a first-year law
AND
might associate the ex ante perspective with legal instrumentalism (or legal realism).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: KU HW | Judge: S Weiner
INTERP AND VIOLATION:
"Restrictions" on is a plural and countable noun – plan effects a single restriction, which is sub-topical.
http://www.**macmillandictionary**.com/dictionary/american/restriction

~COUNTABLE~ ~OFTEN PLURAL~ a rule, action, or situation that
AND
The restriction of press freedom is seen as an abuse of human rights.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman LT | Judge: M Munday
"Targeted killings" are pre-meditated strikes against individually-designated targets – plan affects low-level strikes which are distinct
Kenneth Anderson 8/29/11
(Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and ’Signature’ Attacks on Taliban Fighters," http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/)

From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
AND
will not tell one very much without knowing what mission is at issue.

Voter for precisely limited  education – they conflate tech and a type of operations which slays predictability and ground
William Abresch 9
(Director, Project on Extrajudicial Executions, Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, New York University School of Law; "Targeted Killing in International Law," European Journal of International Law, 20 (2); Pp. 449-453)

Studies of targeted killing are often situated within the politically fraught debate over Hellfire missile
AND
the implications of the lex lata for the practices covered by his definition.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: G Murillo
Targeted killing is pre-meditated state killings against an organized group in an armed conflict
Alston 2010 (UN Human Rights Council, "Study on Targeted Killings", http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf**)**

A targeted killing is the intentional, premeditated and deliberate use of lethal force, ¶ by States or their agents acting under colour of law, or by an organized armed group in ¶ armed conflict, against a specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the ¶ perpetrator. In recent years, a few States have adopted policies, either openly or implicitly, ¶ of using targeted killings, including in the territories of other States.

Vio – Assata is not in an organized group that the US is in an armed conflict with

Doesn’t link to scriptocentrism – Traditionalist opposition to performance is literally necessary for the dialogue, difference, and diversity of opinions necessary to debate and to constitute our field
Conquergood, Dwight.  "Response to Wendt" in Text and Performance Quarterly, July 1,  1990. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.er.lib.k-state.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c8ec5780-d172-4a9f-ba35-c883cfbbc76640sessionmgr19826vid=126hid=112
In "The Problems of Performance Studies," Ted Wendt grounds his case against performance
AND
literally, can come to terms with and there by constitute our field.

Tournament: Weber RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: B Manuel

Our interpretation – the aff should advocate restricted presidential war powers authority in one or more of the following areas:

(a) Targeted killing – that’s pre-meditated state killings targeting specific individuals who are not in custody

Alston 2010 (UN Human Rights Council, "Study on Targeted Killings", http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf**)**

A targeted killing is the intentional, premeditated and deliberate use of lethal force, ¶ by States or their agents acting under colour of law, or by an organized armed group in ¶ armed conflict, against a specific individual who is not in the physical custody of the ¶ perpetrator. In recent years, a few States have adopted policies, either openly or implicitly, ¶ of using targeted killings, including in the territories of other States.

(b) Indefinite detention – that’s detainment by the government without trial

US Legal 2013 (http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/)

Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or law enforcement agency without a trial. It may be made by the home country or by a foreign nation. Indefinite detention is a controversial practice, especially in situations where the detention is by a foreign nation. It is controversial because it seems to violate many national and international laws. It also violates human rights laws.

(c) Offensive cyber operations – those are military ops in cyberspace

Lin 2010 (Herbert S. "Offensive Cyber Operations and the Use of Force", Journal of National Security Law and Policy, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_Lin.pdf  jk)

For purposes of this article, the term "offensive cyber operations" will ¶ include military operations and activities in cyberspace for cyber attack ¶ against and (or) cyberexploitation of adversary information systems and ¶ networks.

(d) Introduction of armed forces into hostilities – that requires an active exchange of fire with a specified enemy force

Lee, U.S. Senator from Utah, and Koh, Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State and Sterling Professor of International Law at Yale, 6/28/11
(Mike and Harold, Libya and War Powers, hearing of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, CQ Testimony, Lexis)

First question I’d like to ask you relates to the definition of — of the
AND
history alone. And so they invited the executive branch to give clarification.

(e) Topical plans are limited to Presidential authority over the military.

Bajesky 13 – MA in Political Science and Applied Economics, LLM @ Georgetown
(Robert, "Dubitable Security Threats and Low Intensity Interventions as the Achilles’ Heel of War Powers," 32 Miss. C. L. Rev. 9)

A numerical comparison indicates that the Framer’s intended for Congress to be the dominant branch
AND
the President was empowered "to repel and not to commence war." n32

Violations

(a) Government policies like "the war on poverty" don’t involve armed forces or hostilities – they are categorically different legal authorities and procedures.

David B. Kopel and Paul M. Blackman 97
(*Research Director, Independence Institute, B.A., Brown University; J.D., University of Michigan; Research Coordinator, National Rifle Association. B.A., University of California at Riverside; Ph.D., University of Virginia, "Can Soldiers Be Peace Officers? The Waco Disaster and the Militarization of American Law Enforcement," 30 Akron L. Rev. 619, Lexis Law)

Another cause is the use of military rhetoric by politicians. Political talk about a
AND
make fine-grained legal and social distinctions about what action is required....

(b) "Authority" is what an actor is permitted to do – the aff talks a lot about power, which is the asserted right to act.

Ellen Taylor 96
(21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)

The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
AND
is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

(c) Extra-topical offense – they garner offense from vague talks about police actions that have been labeled "wars" – the affirmative does not defend a specific advocacy or statement of relation to the topic dealing with one of the above areas

Vote neg

(a) Limits and ground – this is not a "war" topic – allowing affs tangentially related to the resolutional list eviscerates negative ground because they can access topic literature but still spike out of generic counterplans, disads and case turns. This model is aff-biased – produces a large number of possible readings of the resolution, which eliminates predictable offense that turns clash into good clash.  That turns engagement because only large schools with tons of researchers would be prepared and win.

(b) Decision-making – national security debate is key to decision-making skills and activism – other approaches collapse in on themselves and never bridge from theory to practice.

Donohue 2013
(Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf)

The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

(c) The ballot changes the game – advocating pure ethics is obviously fine, but when it is used in a competitive forum it kills engagement and allows one side to claim the moral high ground which erases clash.

Hanghoj 2008
(Thorkild hanghoj, PhD, assistant professor, School of Education, University of Aarhus, also affiliated with the Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials, located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009 /ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

(d) Precise legal discourse solves the legitimization of "war on X" rhetoric – loose rhetoric reinforces the squo, so T turns case

David B. Kopel and Paul M. Blackman 97
(*Research Director, Independence Institute, B.A., Brown University; J.D., University of Michigan; Research Coordinator, National Rifle Association. B.A., University of California at Riverside; Ph.D., University of Virginia, "Can Soldiers Be Peace Officers? The Waco Disaster and the Militarization of American Law Enforcement," 30 Akron L. Rev. 619, Lexis Law)

~T~he results of ~"war on crime" rhetoric~ distort and
AND
deploying paramilitary police groups to patrol U.S. neighborhoods.~175~