Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: Hart, Gibson, Fifelski
Drones policy aff 1nc t k cp politics case 2nc case (china war good) 1nr politics 2nr politics
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Cites
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Clarion Finals
Tournament: Clarion | Round: Finals | Opponent: Wayne State NW | Judge: Hagwood, Bender, Poapst 1NC Framework A. Interpretation – the aff should defend the implementation of a topical plan action
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor. 2. "The United States federal government should" means the debate is solely about hypothetical policy action Ericson et al. 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts at California Polytechnic State University, 2003, "The Debater’s Guide," Third Edition," p. 7, accessed via Google Books on 3-29-12 Bosley)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions.
4. "War powers authority of the President" refers to Commander in Chief power to deploy military force Bejesky 2012 (Robert, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M AND Journal, 44 St. Mary’s L. J. 1, lexis)
V. CONCLUSION¶ The roles of war powers delegated to Congress and the Executive AND discord about the scope of the Executive’s war powers for nearly two centuries.
B. Violation – the affirmative claims to win the debate for reasons other than the benefits of hypothetical implementation of a topical policy action 3. Skills development – discussion of specific policy-questions overcomes preconceived ideological notions and breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making Esberg and Sagan 12 (*Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108)
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for AND quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14 Specifically empowering students through academic debates of presidential war powers are necessary to check excessive executive war-making Young 13 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State (Kelly, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers," 9-4-13, http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13-http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13, accessed 9-4-13 Bosley)
Beyond its obviously timeliness, …check on the presidency.
4. Stasis – even if it is possible to debate the aff, a focus on a specific policy action is more productive by providing a limited topic of discussion and equitable ground Steinberg and Freeley 08 (David L. – Lecturer of Communication Studies at the University of Miami, and Austin – Criminal, Personal Injury, and Civil Rights Law Attorney, "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making," 12th Edition, http://www.scribd.com/doc/54200547/Argumentation, p43-45, accessed 7-18-12 Bosley)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
1NC K
Fearing identities being essentializing prevents us from creating a struggle within the working class—this allows capitalism to continue its totalizing control Neascu, 05 Dana Neacsu. The Wrongful Rejection of Big Theory (Marxism) by Feminism and Queer Theory: A Brief Debate. 2005 Capital University Law Review. A specter is haunting America’s Left-which includes feminist and queer theories- the AND such universal social problems as those posed by gender and sexual orientation discrimination.
Turns case- capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
Their engagement with the Other is parasitic and consumptive, naturalizing academic colonialism and oppression Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93 (Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) *Note – under erasure
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
Their rejection of institutional solutions is a betrayal of the real world ways queers have successfully mobilized for change and they ignore the transformative effect of introducing queerness into traditional structures
Rollins and Hirsch 3 Sexual politics and political engagements: a queer survey Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society 10.3 (2003) 290-313 proj muse A brief summary profile of those who self-identify as queer in our sample AND institutions like schools, family, and parenting is a profoundly radical step."
The Queer paradigm commits violence against the feminine – it only recharacterizes dominant masculinity
Render 6 ~Meredith, Practicing Attorney, Washington, D.C, "MISOGYNY, ANDROGYNY, AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT: SEX DISCRIMINATION IN A GENDER-DECONSTRUCTED WORLD," http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=121326context=fac_pubs~~ADS It makes intuitive sense that gender deconstruction should be of particular import in the queer AND more important in the queer paradigm than in the non-queer paradigm.
We must work to build links between those within and outside of bureaucracies. The alternative alienates those in power who can push for change within – alt alone can’t solve
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 4 | Opponent: Mary Washington SY | Judge: Samantha Godbey 1NC T
They don’t spec their agent of action—destroys education—reason to vote neg Brovero, 94 (Adrienne, Immigration Policies Expert, "Immigration Regulation : Borderline Policies" Wake Forest Debate Site www.wfu.edu/Student¬organizations/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Brovero1994I mmig ration. htm) The problem is not that there is not a plan; this time there is AND plan of action, the affirmative team should specify an agent of action.
1NC DA
The plan causes backlash from Obama that makes him overrule restrictions—turns the case Lobel, 08 Professor of Law @ University of Pittsburgh ~Jules Lobel, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 69, 2008, pg. 391~ The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity AND over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409
That guts our commitment to Afghanistan Lieberman, 10 Independent Democratic senator from Connecticut ~Joseph I. Leiberman, "Back to a Bipartisan Foreign Policy," Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2010, pg. http://tinyurl.com/m5z623w~~ This year’s midterm elections marked the first time since 9/11 that national security AND war effort in Afghanistan, which remains critical to our security at home.
Botched withdrawal is the fastest way to trigger every impact Miller, 12 Professor of International Security Affairs 26 Director for the Afghanistan-Pakistan program @ National Defense University ~Paul D. Miller (Former Director for Afghanistan on the National Security Council staff under Presidents Bush and Obama), "It’s Not Just Al-Qaeda: Stability in the Most Dangerous Region," World Affairs Journal, March-April 2012, pg. http://tinyurl.com/lnplsb7~~ In fact, the war is only now entering its culminating phase, indicated by AND likely to be widespread and swift, especially against women and religious minorities.
1NC T A. Interpretation – authority is a mass noun – that’s Oxford Dictionaries 13 authority noun (plural authorities) 1 ~mass noun~ the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience:¶ he had absolute authority over his subordinates¶ a rebellion against those in authority¶ ~often with infinitive~ the right to act in a specified way, delegated from one person or organization to another:¶ military forces have the legal authority to arrest drug traffickers¶ official permission; sanction:¶ the money was spent without parliamentary authority
Mass nouns are not countable. English club, 13 http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-un-countable_2.htm Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself
"Authority" via "restrictions" is discretionary freedom – makes it an "all or nothing" question Erik Luna, professor of law at the University of Utah, May 2K, 85 Iowa L. Rev. 1107, lexis For present purposes, a modest definition will suffice—discretion is the power to AND act at all. In other words, the actor is without discretion.
B. Violation: The plan restricts instance of use and not the authority C. Vote neg 1) Limits – this topic is already huge – restricting authority is key to prevent topic explosion from every individual instance of exercising war powers 2) Ground – race to the margins ensures the specificity of their link turns for a tiny subset will always outweigh our links – also ensures they can dominate uniqueness by claiming small changes
Prez flex solves extinction Yoo, 12 (John Yoo, American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration. "War Powers Belong to the President"¶ Posted Feb 1, 2012,¶ http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, KB) A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power AND time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include AND , or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb. Vote neg for limits – absent prohibition of an area, every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a AND sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
That produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04 (Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22) This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this AND including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).
Case
Solvency
New restrictions cause Obama to legitimize his military operations through other rules—that results in worse counterterrorism policies that cause global war and extinction
Barnes, 12 (Beau D. Barnes, J.D., Boston University School of Law, M.A. in Law and Diplomacy, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 2012, "Reauthorizing the ’War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence," Military Law Review, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=215087426download=yes-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=215087426download=yes) In a world without a valid AUMF, the United States could base its continued AND and rooting~ counterterrorism efforts within a more durable, legal foundation."152
Drone courts cause terrorism and don’t solve assurance issues Rona, 13 (Gabor, international legal director at Human Rights First, "The pro-rule of law argument against a ’drone court’", 2/27, thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court NL) In wartime, the president may authorize killing of members of enemy armed forces or AND own secret rules while insisting that other countries follow the international public ones.
Drone courts create a precedent that destroys presidential flexibility
Boot, 13 (Max, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, "A Drone Court is a Terrible Idea", 2/11, www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/02/11/a-drone-court-is-a-terrible-idea-fisa-terroris/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/02/11/a-drone-court-is-a-terrible-idea-fisa-terroris/ NL) There is no doubt that putting judicial imprimatur on such strikes would help to dissipate AND before being overruled by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
Exclusivity issues prevent solvency and the president will just veto the decision—empirics prove Gallington, 13 (Daniel, senior policy and program adviser at the George C. Marshall Institute in Arlington, Va. He served in senior national security policy positions in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Department of Justice, and as bipartisan general counsel for the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, "The Problem With ’Drone Courts’", Feb 12, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/02/12/what-congress-should-do-about-obamas-drone-program-http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/02/12/what-congress-should-do-about-obamas-drone-program NL) This is an interesting idea, and one that will hopefully get a comprehensive look AND president as commander in chief to take such actions as he determines necessary.
====Plan is unconstitutional and ineffective==== Epps, 13 (Garrett, writer for The Atlantic, "Why a Secret Court Won’t Solve the Drone-Strike Problem", Feb 16, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/-http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/ NL) The idea of a "drone court" would send federal courts into areas they AND the shire reeve he can hunt someone down and kill him without trial.
Adv 1
Other actors won’t follow aff precedent
Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
Drone prolif is slow and there’s no impact
Zenko, 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65, online) Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within AND undertake the significant¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.
Other weapons make miscalc inevitable and drone prolif is inevitable Clarke, 12 (Richard, security consultant and author, is a former White House counterterrorism adviser to Presidents George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. He was deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence under President Ronald Reagan, "Give drones a medal", Dec 2, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249-http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249 NL) The concern about other nations employing drones is legitimate, but not a good argument AND are very unlikely to give up drones, no matter what we do.
Keck, 13 (Zachary, Associate Editor of The Diplomat. He has previously served as a Deputy Editor for E-IR and as an Editorial Assistant for The Diplomat, "Why China and the US (Probably) Won’t Go to War", July 12, thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/07/12/why-china-and-the-us-probably-wont-go-to-war/ NL) Geography is the less appreciated factor that will mitigate the chances of a U. AND .S.-China war, it is nearly unthinkable one will occur.
- Logistical Hurdles – technical - No rogue stockpiles - Failure deters attempts - Not in AQ strategy Gavin, Professor of International Affairs at UTA, 10 (Francis J., also Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, "Same As It Ever Was: Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War," International Security 34:3, Winter 09/10, pp.7-37, accessed 5-24-12Bosley)
Coherent policies to reduce the risk of a nonstate actor using nuclear weapons clearly need AND overstated, and that popular wisdom on the topic is significantly flawed."59
Panel moderator Benjamin Friedman, a research fellow at the Cato Institute, said academic AND . Which can’t make anything and what it would make is just garbage."
No price spikes – market adaptations solve
Gholz and Press 07 (Eugene, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs at the University of Texas, and Daryl G., Dartmouth government associate professor, "Energy Alarmism: The Myths That Make Americans Worry about Oil", 04/05/07 http://cato.org/pubs/pas/pa589.pdf-http://cato.org/pubs/pas/pa589.pdf)
In the five major oil supply shocks caused by political disruptions in the past 30 AND allowing producers, wholesalers, refiners, and major consumers to smooth risks.
Economy resilient and decline doesn’t cause war – recession proves
When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze AND great resilience of America’s post-World War II international liberal trade order.
11/10/13
Clarion Semis
Tournament: Clarion | Round: Semis | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Paqueo, Young, Picardi 1NC Framework A. Interpretation – the aff should defend the implementation of a topical plan action
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor. 2. "The United States federal government should" means the debate is solely about hypothetical policy action Ericson et al. 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts at California Polytechnic State University, 2003, "The Debater’s Guide," Third Edition," p. 7, accessed via Google Books on 3-29-12 Bosley)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions.
4. "War powers authority of the President" refers to Commander in Chief power to deploy military force Bejesky 2012 (Robert, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M AND Journal, 44 St. Mary’s L. J. 1, lexis)
V. CONCLUSION¶ The roles of war powers delegated to Congress and the Executive AND discord about the scope of the Executive’s war powers for nearly two centuries.
Authority must have a statutory basis Words and Phrases 04 (Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275) U.S.N.Y. 1867. Under the federal judiciary act AND . 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829 They’re extra t—that’s an independent voter—allows them to garner unpredictable advantages that we could never be prepared for Horowitz 13 Colby P., J.D. Candidate 2014, Fordham University School of Law. "Symposium: The Goals of Antitrust: Note: Creating a more meaningful detention Stateuate: Lessons Learned From Hedges V. Obama." 2013 Fordham Law Review. April 2013. MM Justice Black’s majority opinion in Youngstown expressed a limited view of presidential war powers. AND execute the laws, because Justice Black saw it as lawmaking and not execution
Indefinite detention of immigrants is derived from immigrant law, not war powers authority Aleinikoff 02 – Professor of Law and Former Dean and Georgetown University Law Center (T. Alexander, "ARTICLE: Detaining Plenary Power: The Meaning and Impact of Zadvydas v. Davis," Winter 2002, 16 Geo. Immigr. L.J. 365, accessed via LexisNexis 9-30-13 Bosley)
Under Section 241(a)(6) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, AND judgments of the political branches with respect to matters of national security." n10
Specifically empowering students through academic debates of presidential war powers are necessary to check excessive executive war-making Young 13 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State (Kelly, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers," 9-4-13, http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13-http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13, accessed 9-4-13 Bosley)
Beyond its obviously timeliness, … check on the presidency.
4. Stasis – even if it is possible to debate the aff, a focus on a specific policy action is more productive by providing a limited topic of discussion and equitable ground Steinberg and Freeley 08 (David L. – Lecturer of Communication Studies at the University of Miami, and Austin – Criminal, Personal Injury, and Civil Rights Law Attorney, "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making," 12th Edition, http://www.scribd.com/doc/54200547/Argumentation, p43-45, accessed 7-18-12 Bosley)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Identity politics encourages a focus on difference that divides resistances to capitalism Cloud, 03 ~Dana, Prof at UT Austin, Talk for Regional Socialist Conference, "Marxism and Oppression", 4.19~ That title demonstrates the major flaw of identity politics, namely, that it encourages AND nature, an therefore unable to confront the basic antagonism of capitalist society.
Turns case- capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
then we can see more clearly how we can cease being slaves.
Case
The impact to linguistic reform is trivial, it masquerades as a substitute for material transformation, and make it more difficult to root out and counteract its undesirable effect. Prefer our ev because it’s specific to debate.
Previously, we have argued that the language advocates have erroneously reversed the causal relationship AND result of raising social consciousness about the underlying societal problem..." (560).
Don’t let them get away with saying that all of our evidence is racist—their epistemological account is reductionist and empiricism is valid. Personal insight is non-falsifiable and has no brightline—the rejection of all "Eurocentric" methods means they are too arbitrary to generate real discussion
Niemonen 10 (Jack Niemonen, American Sociologist, 41(1), 48-81, "Public Sociology or Partisan Sociology? The Curious Case of Whiteness Studies" EBSCOhost) Despite recognition that racial classification systems are not constant, proponents of whiteness studies treat AND underpins a political project that could not succeed in the absence of reification.
Nommo is only accessible to black subjects who already agree with their majoritarian terms—they foreclose collective, intersubjective dialogue key to resist racialized norms.
Clarke ’4 (Lynn, "Talk About Talk: Promises, Risks, and a Proposition Out of Nommo," Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18:4shree)
Returning to the question of creative power’s compass—Yancy’s account of Nommo raises problems AND overlooked, and at best deferred until a time yet to be named.
Their engagement with the Other is parasitic and consumptive, naturalizing academic colonialism and oppression Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93 (Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) *Note – under erasure
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND , the Maoist applauds the same natives for personifying and fulfilling her ideals.
For the Maoist in the 1970s, the mainland Chinese were, in spite of AND longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include AND , or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb. Vote neg for limits–every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check
Jubilee is not a restriction it is a defense of the black identity it’s a defense of hip hop pedagogy
Voter allows anything that isn’t an actual restriictions to be topical
1NC DA
Obama is pushing for patent reform now—he’ll get it passed Mershon and Byers, 2/19 (Erin Merson and Alex Byers, Politico, "White House pushes forward with patent reforms", 2/19/14, www.politico.com/story/2014/02/patent-reforms-white-house-103696.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/patent-reforms-white-house-103696.html NL) The White House on Thursday will unveil a handful of new actions designed to improve AND to pass a bill like the Innovation Act that the president will sign."¶
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
That’s key to the overall economy Hoyer, 12 (Steny, US Representative from Maryland, "Innovation Is Key to Helping Businesses Make It In America", 8/20, www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-steny-hoyer/innovation-is-key-to-help_b_1810306.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-steny-hoyer/innovation-is-key-to-help_b_1810306.html NL) Since our nation’s earliest days, Americans have excelled at envisioning new ideas and transforming AND . It’s up to Congress to embrace that future and make it possible. Economic decline turns structural violence – exacerbates poverty and causes widespread mental trauma WHO, World Health Organization, 11 ("Impact of Economic Crisis on Mental Health," http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/134999/e94837.pdf, accessed 1-16-13 Bosley)
It is the poor that will be hardest hit by the current economic crisis. AND outline possible measures to mitigate the mental health effects of the current crisis.
Using the President’s budget request and CBO’s reports, both the House Budget Committee and AND be located in the source: Congressional Full Text Bills - Current Congress. It solves and avoids politics Ackerman and Hathaway 11 (Bruce – Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale, and Oona – Professor of International Law at Yale, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis)
We have begun by discussing the classic ways in which the House and Senate " AND power to rein in presidential bait-and switches in waging limited war.
Refusing to focus on capital as the starting point obscures revolutionary change that a focus on racism can’t enact—the alternative alone is the only way to ensure that all social formulations are changed for the better Gimenez, 01 (Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online) There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society, AND what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
Capitalism has explicitly justified racist policies throughout history Alexander, 10 (Michelle, a longtime civil rights advocate and litigator. She won a 2005 AND Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness," Chapter 1) The concept of race is a relatively recent development. Only in the past few AND , and justice for all. Before democracy, chattel slavery was born.
Turns case- capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism—this action is the necessary starting point—only by understanding the epistemology of capitalism and why it has historically been propagated can we create an effective criticism of the squo—the method question is the most important question in the debate because it frames how we act and create politics—that means you must weigh the alternative separately but against the aff Tumino, 01 ~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~ Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory. The method question is relevant because if we don’t understand how capitalism has historically propagated violence, that violence is inevitable—they fundamentally misunderstand history which makes them terminally fail Smith, 96 ~Steve, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, "Positivism and Beyond," International theory: Positivism and beyond, New York: Cambridge University Press, 12-1 3~ But the stakes are also high because of the links between theory and practice. AND are far more considerable than at first sight seem to be the case.
Case
Ending drone strikes ensures US hegemony
Michael J Boyle 13, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, former Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St Andrews, PhD from Cambridge University, January 2013, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf In his second term, President Obama has an opportunity to reverse course and establish AND to shrug off the loss of life that drones inflict on others today.
Heg causes genocide and paranoiac threat construction that turns the aff
Since at least World War II, the genocidal propensity and practices of the US AND unavoidably clear. The US is at war – against the entire world.
Their use of the term "Holocaust" in their evidence is racist and turns case.
Agamben 99 (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the university of Verona, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive, pg. 28-31shree)
1.10 The history of an incorrect term can also prove instructive. AND from its inception anti-Semitic. This is why we will never make
You make a mockery of the experience of the gas chambers by using the term "Holocaust," which presupposes a notion of sacrifice that is natural, intentional, and necessary.
Text: We endorse the 1AC without analogizing particular oppressions to the generic signifier "Holocaust"
Lang 90 (Berel, professor of philosophy at the state university of new york at Albany, Act and Idea in the Nazi Genocide, pg. xx-xxii, modified for gender language in shree)
The reader of this Introduction will have noticed the absence of the term "Holocaust AND , it seems, to take seriously this condition of its own possibility.
Their black white binary focus kills coalitions and turns the aff Hutchinson, 04 (Darren, Prof @ Wash College, August, 53 Am. U. AND and to competing demands for centrality in a marginalized space of racial victimization.
This silence smooths over different forms of racism and either discards them as irrelevant or integrates them within the logic of antiblackness, recreating the universalism of whiteness and making racial harms inevitable Alcoff 3 (Linda Alcoff, professor of philosophy at CUNY, "LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK-WHITE BINARY", The Journal of Ethics 7: 5–27, 2003 In fact, in Texas not only were Mexicans subject to Jim Crow in public AND helps at least on occasion. But it leaves everyone else unprotected.25
Tournament: Districts | Round: 4 | Opponent: Pitt JL | Judge: Andrew Landrum 1NC Framework A. Interpretation – the aff should defend the implementation of a topical plan action
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor. 3. "The United States federal government" is the legislative, judicial, and executive branches USA.gov 12 (Official US. Government Web Portal, "U.S. Federal Government, last updated 3-27-12, http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml-http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml, accessed 3-29-12 Bosley)
U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions. C. Vote negative
Predictable limits – there’s an infinite number of alternative frameworks outside of instrumental defense of the resolution – shifting the debate ensures one side is unprepared which destroys productive clash 2. Fairness – allowing the affirmative to defend vague alternative positions allows the aff to become a moving target – that makes it impossible to be neg because the aff can spike out of any links Independently, extra topicality is a reason to vote negative because it allows them to garner absurd infinite ground that we could never debate them on like doing the plan and causing world peace
1NC DA
Obama is pushing for patent reform now—he’ll get it passed Mershon and Byers, 2/19 (Erin Merson and Alex Byers, Politico, "White House pushes forward with patent reforms", 2/19/14, www.politico.com/story/2014/02/patent-reforms-white-house-103696.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/patent-reforms-white-house-103696.html NL) The White House on Thursday will unveil a handful of new actions designed to improve AND to pass a bill like the Innovation Act that the president will sign."¶
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
That’s key to the overall economy Hoyer, 12 (Steny, US Representative from Maryland, "Innovation Is Key to Helping Businesses Make It In America", 8/20, www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-steny-hoyer/innovation-is-key-to-help_b_1810306.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-steny-hoyer/innovation-is-key-to-help_b_1810306.html NL) Since our nation’s earliest days, Americans have excelled at envisioning new ideas and transforming AND . It’s up to Congress to embrace that future and make it possible. Economic decline turns structural violence – exacerbates poverty and causes widespread mental trauma WHO, World Health Organization, 11 ("Impact of Economic Crisis on Mental Health," http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/134999/e94837.pdf, accessed 1-16-13 Bosley)
It is the poor that will be hardest hit by the current economic crisis. AND outline possible measures to mitigate the mental health effects of the current crisis.
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to find Khalid Sheikh Mohammed not guilty. Self-restraint solves the case – only action Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
1NC T
Our interpretation is that the president’s war powers authority is his ability to conduct war Howard, 01 Gerald G. Howard - Spring, 2001, Senior Notes and Comments Editor for the Houston Law Review, COMMENT: COMBAT IN KOSOVO: IGNORING THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION, 38 Hous. L. Rev. 261, LexisNexis ~*270~ The issue, then, becomes one of defining and monitoring AND of authority to properly assess the legality of the combat operations in Kosovo.
The plan limits the president’s power, NOT his authority Zimmerman, 09 Fellow, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress¶ Adam, "The Politics Economics Make." March 22, 2009, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2009/Colgate_Zimmerman.pdf Skowronek distinguishes between presidential power and authority. Power is the formal and informal resources AND expands; the ability of the president to exercise those powers has narrowed.
indefinite detention is the process of detaining persons US LEGAL 13 ~last modified, US Legal Forms Inc., Indefinite Detention Law and Legal Definition http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/~~ Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or AND indefinite detention is permitted pursuant to section 412 of the USA Patriot Act.
The affirmative is not a restriction on indefinite detention, but on KSM AND only a limitation on the president’s power, not his authority— vote neg for limits—allowing restrictions on instances of authority instead of the authority itself allows for numerous unpredictable affs like stopping a type of torture in gitmo or stopping the president from conducting OCOs in a certain way that are unresearchable—making it impossible to be neg
1NC K
Creations of technology in combination with the law has created new justifications for warfare that guarantee infinite destruction. The affirmative’s faith in the law obscures these violences and only serves to legitimize future military interventions in the name of securitization Smith, 02 Thomas SMITH Gov’t 26 Int’l Affairs @ South Florida 2 ~"The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence" Int’l Studies Quarterly, 46, p. 367-371~ This ev is gender modified The role of military lawyers in all this has, according to one study, AND and construed, hopes of rescuing law from politics will be dim indeed.
The alternative is to reject the affirmative and their reliance on legal liberalism in favor of an epistemological criticism of the state. We must couch our criticism in the epistemology of the state in order to best understand how violence occurs and how to stop it Gorelick, 08 ~Nathan Gorelick is a Ph.D. student of Comparative Literature at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he holds a Presidential Fellowship. His research concerns theories of excess from Blanchot, Bataille and Foucault, and these thinkers’ indebtedness to 18th century literatures of death and sexuality in England and France.~ "Imagining Extraordinary Renditions: Terror, Torture and the Possibility of an Excessive Ethics in Literature" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v011/11.2.gorelick.html III. Literature Beyond Ethics¶ Extraordinary rendition, torture, the war on terror AND operating within the dialectic of visibility endemic to the epistemology of the burrow.
Legal liberalism makes their restriction a smokescreen—absent an epistemological change in Congress, nothing will happen Nzelibe, 7 Professor of Law @ Northwestern University ~Jide Nzelibe, "Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?" Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, 2007~ These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, there is not much AND powers are likely to fall on deaf ears. Pg. 912-913
Case
Congressional restrictions do nothing Turner, 13 (Robert, co-founded the Center for National Security Law at the University of Virginia School of Law in 1981 and has written two books specifically on the War Powers Resolution. He is a former three-term chairman of the ABA Standing Committee on Law and National Security, "Why the War Powers Resolution isn’t a key factor in the Syria situation", 8/31, blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/08/why-the-war-powers-resolution-isnt-a-key-factor-in-the-syria-situation/ NL) THE PRECEDENTS FOR PRESIDENTIAL MILITARY POWERS¶ Congress has formally "declared war" 11 AND war by private merchant vessels, Congress would still retain its constitutional negative.
Signing statements take out the aff Crouch et al. 13 (Jeffrey – Assistant Professor of American Politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell – Acting Dean and Professor of Public Policy at GMU, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, "The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power," December 2013, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43(4):883-899, accessed 12-15-13 Bosley)
Signing statements become objectionable when a president attempts to transform statutory authority and circumvent the AND , it is doubtful that a layperson can clearly discern the president’s intentions.
The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist – their engagement the Otherness is parasitic and consumptive, naturalizing academic colonialism and oppression Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93 (Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) *Note – under erasure
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
Ending indefinite detention causes US legitimacy—that guarantees hegemony David Welsh 11, J.D. from the University of Utah, "Procedural Justice Post-9/11: The Effects of Procedurally Unfair Treatment of Detainees on Perceptions of Global Legitimacy", http://law.unh.edu/assets/images/uploads/publications/unh-law-review-vol-09-no2-welsh.pdf The Global War on Terror 1 has been ideologically framed as a struggle between the AND this article offers a psychological perspective of legitimacy in the context of detention.
Since at least World War II, the genocidal propensity and practices of the US AND unavoidably clear. The US is at war – against the entire world.
2/26/14
Districts R5
Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Terrell Taylor 1NC Framework A. Interpretation – the aff should defend the implementation of a topical plan action
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor. 2. "The United States federal government should" means the debate is solely about hypothetical policy action Ericson et al. 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts at California Polytechnic State University, 2003, "The Debater’s Guide," Third Edition," p. 7, accessed via Google Books on 3-29-12 Bosley)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions.
4. "War powers authority of the President" refers to Commander in Chief power to deploy military force Bejesky 2012 (Robert, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M AND Journal, 44 St. Mary’s L. J. 1, lexis)
V. CONCLUSION¶ The roles of war powers delegated to Congress and the Executive AND discord about the scope of the Executive’s war powers for nearly two centuries.
B. Violation – the affirmative claims to win the debate for reasons other than the benefits of hypothetical implementation of a topical policy action C. Vote negative
Predictable limits – there’s an infinite number of alternative frameworks outside of instrumental defense of the resolution – shifting the debate ensures one side is unprepared which destroys productive clash 2. Fairness – allowing the affirmative to defend vague alternative positions allows the aff to become a moving target – that makes it impossible to be neg because the aff can spike out of any links 3. Stasis – even if it is possible to debate the aff, a focus on a specific policy action is more productive by providing a limited topic of discussion and equitable ground Steinberg and Freeley 08 (David L. – Lecturer of Communication Studies at the University of Miami, and Austin – Criminal, Personal Injury, and Civil Rights Law Attorney, "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making," 12th Edition, http://www.scribd.com/doc/54200547/Argumentation, p43-45, accessed 7-18-12 Bosley)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
Extra topicality is an independent voter because it proves the resolution as insufficient and is a reason to vote neg on presumption
Discussions of narratives encourage a focus on difference that divides resistances to capitalism Cloud, 03 ~Dana, Prof at UT Austin, Talk for Regional Socialist Conference, "Marxism and Oppression", 4.19~ That title demonstrates the major flaw of identity politics, namely, that it encourages AND nature, an therefore unable to confront the basic antagonism of capitalist society.
Refusing to focus on capital as the starting point obscures revolutionary change that a focus on racism can’t enact—the alternative alone is the only way to ensure that all social formulations are changed for the better Gimenez, 01 (Martha, Prof. Of Sociology at CU Boulder, "Marxism and Class, Gender and Race", Race Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online) There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society, AND what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.
Capitalism has explicitly justified racist policies throughout history Alexander, 10 (Michelle, a longtime civil rights advocate and litigator. She won a 2005 AND Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness," Chapter 1) The concept of race is a relatively recent development. Only in the past few AND , and justice for all. Before democracy, chattel slavery was born.
Turns case- capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
John K. Young’s book opens compellingly with a litany of African American writers who AND that has been lost or suppressed because of racist publishing and scholarly practices. Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism—this action is the necessary starting point—only by understanding the epistemology of capitalism and why it has historically been propagated can we create an effective criticism of the squo—the method question is the most important question in the debate because it frames how we act and create politics—that means you must weigh the alternative separately but against the aff Tumino, 01 ~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~ Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will AND determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.
The method question is relevant because if we don’t understand how capitalism has historically propagated violence, that violence is inevitable—they fundamentally misunderstand history which makes them terminally fail
Smith, 96 ~Steve, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, "Positivism and Beyond," International theory: Positivism and beyond, New York: Cambridge University Press, 12-1 3~ But the stakes are also high because of the links between theory and practice. AND are far more considerable than at first sight seem to be the case.
Our anti-capitalist re-reading of Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the most relevant starting point
without the enslavement of the masses, either nominal or real. There must, AND Stowe illustrates through this argument the root of the problem lies in capitalism.
Case
Becoming Topsy gets commodified as a stage play for white people who then think that you thrive within slavery
Townes, 06 (Emilie, "Womanist Ethics and the Cultural Production of Evil", 2006, NL) Despite her best intentions, there is no indication that Stowe talked¶ with Black AND to one that suggested¶ that children did and could thrive within slavery.
Topsy has been commodified into Black memorabilia to make money and only cause worse racist violence
Townes, 06 (Emilie, "Womanist Ethics and the Cultural Production of Evil", 2006, NL) It did not stop with Topsy. The dynamics of structural evil rarely stop¶ AND 1960s, pickaninny was being¶ used to describe a Black child.8
2/26/14
Districts R7
Tournament: Districts | Round: 7 | Opponent: Mason KM | Judge: Hagwood, Barnes, Kimball 1NC T
Signature strikes are not targeted killing Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst. (John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/) We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present AND Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency.
Vote neg for limits and legal precision—they create a whole new literature basis we have to be prepared for and moot core neg strategy—legal precision is especially important on the legal topic 1NC DA
Obama is pushing for patent reform now—he’ll get it passed Mershon and Byers, 2/19 (Erin Merson and Alex Byers, Politico, "White House pushes forward with patent reforms", 2/19/14, www.politico.com/story/2014/02/patent-reforms-white-house-103696.html-http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/patent-reforms-white-house-103696.html NL) The White House on Thursday will unveil a handful of new actions designed to improve AND to pass a bill like the Innovation Act that the president will sign."¶
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
That’s key to the overall economy Hoyer, 12 (Steny, US Representative from Maryland, "Innovation Is Key to Helping Businesses Make It In America", 8/20, www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-steny-hoyer/innovation-is-key-to-help_b_1810306.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-steny-hoyer/innovation-is-key-to-help_b_1810306.html NL) Since our nation’s earliest days, Americans have excelled at envisioning new ideas and transforming AND . It’s up to Congress to embrace that future and make it possible.
Nuclear war Merlini 11 Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to ban signature strikes carried out by remotely piloted vehicles. Self-restraint solves the case Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
1NC K
Creations of technology in combination with the law has created new justifications for warfare that guarantee infinite destruction. The affirmative’s faith in the law obscures these violences and only serves to legitimize future military interventions in the name of securitization Smith, 02 Thomas SMITH Gov’t 26 Int’l Affairs @ South Florida 2 ~"The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence" Int’l Studies Quarterly, 46, p. 367-371~ This ev is gender modified The role of military lawyers in all this has, according to one study, AND and construed, hopes of rescuing law from politics will be dim indeed.
The alternative is to reject the affirmative and their reliance on legal liberalism in favor of an epistemological criticism of the state. We must couch our criticism in the epistemology of the state in order to best understand how violence occurs and how to stop it Gorelick, 08 ~Nathan Gorelick is a Ph.D. student of Comparative Literature at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he holds a Presidential Fellowship. His research concerns theories of excess from Blanchot, Bataille and Foucault, and these thinkers’ indebtedness to 18th century literatures of death and sexuality in England and France.~ "Imagining Extraordinary Renditions: Terror, Torture and the Possibility of an Excessive Ethics in Literature" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v011/11.2.gorelick.html III. Literature Beyond Ethics¶ Extraordinary rendition, torture, the war on terror AND operating within the dialectic of visibility endemic to the epistemology of the burrow.
Legal liberalism makes their restriction a smokescreen—absent an epistemological change in Congress, nothing will happen Nzelibe, 7 Professor of Law @ Northwestern University ~Jide Nzelibe, "Are Congressionally Authorized Wars Perverse?" Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, 2007~ These assumptions are all questionable. As a preliminary matter, there is not much AND powers are likely to fall on deaf ears. Pg. 912-913
Solvency
Obama will circumvent the plan Levine 12 (David Levine, Law Clerk; J.D., May 2012, University of Michigan Law School 2013 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW: BOOK NOTICE: A TIME FOR PRESIDENTIAL POWER? WAR TIME AND THE CONSTRAINED EXECUTIVE, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 1195) Both the Declare War Clause n49 and the War Powers Resolution n50 give Congress some AND the American people, but instead their inattention" (p. 132).¶
Signing statements take out the aff Crouch et al. 13 (Jeffrey – Assistant Professor of American Politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell – Acting Dean and Professor of Public Policy at GMU, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, "The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power," December 2013, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43(4):883-899, accessed 12-15-13 Bosley)
Signing statements become objectionable when a president attempts to transform statutory authority and circumvent the AND , it is doubtful that a layperson can clearly discern the president’s intentions.
Modeling
Other actors won’t follow aff precedent Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
Drone prolif is slow and there’s no impact Zenko, 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65, online) Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within AND undertake the significant¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.
China won’t use drones—international pressure against it Erickson and Strange, 13 (Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", May 29, www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html-http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html NL) Those worried about exactly that tend to point their fingers at China. In March AND caution - something Washington must bear in mind with its own drone programme.
Other weapons make miscalc inevitable and drone prolif is inevitable Clarke, 12 (Richard, security consultant and author, is a former White House counterterrorism adviser to Presidents George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. He was deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence under President Ronald Reagan, "Give drones a medal", Dec 2, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249-http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249 NL) The concern about other nations employing drones is legitimate, but not a good argument AND are very unlikely to give up drones, no matter what we do.
Clarke 13 – Senior Research Fellow at Griffith Asia Institute (Michael, PhD Griffith University, "Pakistan and Nuclear Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?" Comparative Strategy, 32:2, 98-114)
Although the acquisition of an intact nuclear weapon would be "the most dif?cult challenge AND , the production of medical isotopes, and to fuel Russian icebreakers.23
No internal link to the airline argument –
Yemen instability inevitable – triggers all case impacts and prevents solvency
Reuters 10-27-11 (Erika Solomon, "Yemen’s conflicts hasten state collapse," in.reuters.com/article/2011/10/27/idINIndia-60153020111027, accessed 1-7-12Bosley)
Even if negotiators manage to prise President Ali Abdullah Saleh from power, Yemen’s descent AND of thousands migrating around the country — and that will mark the end."
Middle East war won’t escalate – precedent
Steven A. Cook (fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations) Ray Takeyh (fellows at the Council on Foreign Relations) and Suzanne Maloney (senior fellow at Saban Center) June 28 2007 "Why the Iraq war won’t engulf the Mideast", International Herald Tribune
Finally, there is no precedent for Arab leaders to commit forces to conflicts in AND its civil strife and prevent local conflicts from enveloping the entire Middle East.
1. US-Russia relations are resilient and won’t break down – mutual deterrence
There is nothing special or unusual about the current difficulties. Over the past twenty AND Russia and the United States returned to a state of low intensity confrontation.
2/26/14
GSU R1 Cites
Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake PP | Judge: Andy Montee 1NC Framework A. Interpretation – the aff should defend the implementation of a topical plan action
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor. 2. "The United States federal government should" means the debate is solely about hypothetical policy action Ericson et al. 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts at California Polytechnic State University, 2003, "The Debater’s Guide," Third Edition," p. 7, accessed via Google Books on 3-29-12 Bosley)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions.
4. "War powers authority of the President" refers to Commander in Chief power to deploy military force Bejesky 2012 (Robert, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M AND Journal, 44 St. Mary’s L. J. 1, lexis)
V. CONCLUSION¶ The roles of war powers delegated to Congress and the Executive AND discord about the scope of the Executive’s war powers for nearly two centuries.
B. Violation – the affirmative claims to win the debate for reasons other than the benefits of hypothetical implementation of a topical policy action C. Vote negative
Predictable limits – there’s an infinite number of alternative frameworks outside of instrumental defense of the resolution – shifting the debate ensures one side is unprepared which destroys productive clash 2. Fairness – allowing the affirmative to defend vague alternative positions allows the aff to become a moving target – that makes it impossible to be neg because the aff can spike out of any links 3. Skills development – discussion of specific policy-questions overcomes preconceived ideological notions and breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making Esberg and Sagan 12 (*Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108)
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for AND quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14 Specifically empowering students through academic debates of presidential war powers are necessary to check excessive executive war-making Young 13 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State (Kelly, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers," 9-4-13, http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13-http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13, accessed 9-4-13 Bosley)
Beyond its obviously timeliness, we believed debating about presidential war powers was important because of the stakes involved in the controversy. Since the Korean War, scholars and pundits have grown increasingly alarmed by the growing scope and techniques of presidential war making. In 1973, in the wake of Vietnam, Congress passed the joint War Powers Resolution (WPR) to increase Congress’s role in foreign policy and war making by requiring executive consultation with Congress prior to the use of military force, reporting within 48 hours after the start of hostiles, and requiring the close of military operations after 60 days unless Congress has authorized the use of force. Although the WPR was a significant legislative feat, 30 years since its passage, presidents have frequently ignores the WPR requirements and the changing nature of conflict does not fit neatly into these regulations. After the terrorist attacks on 9-11, many experts worry that executive war powers have expanded far beyond healthy limits. Consequently, there is a fear that continued expansion of these powers will undermine the constitutional system of checks and balances that maintain the democratic foundation of this country and risk constant and unlimited military actions, particularly in what Stephen Griffin refers to as a "long war" period like the War on Terror (http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674058286). In comparison, pro-presidential powers advocates contend that new restrictions undermine flexibility and timely decision-making necessary to effectively counter contemporary national security risks. Thus, a debate about presidential wars powers is important to investigate a number of issues that have serious consequences on the status of democratic checks and national security of the United States. Lastly, debating presidential war powers is important because we the people have an important role in affecting the use of presidential war powers. As many legal scholars contend, regardless of the status of legal structures to check the presidency, an important political restrain on presidential war powers is the presence of a well-informed and educated public. As Justice Potter Stewart explains, "the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power…may lie in an enlightened citizenry – in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can protect the values of a democratic government" (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0403_0713_ZC3.html). As a result, this is not simply an academic debate about institutions and powers that that do not affect us. As the numerous recent foreign policy scandals make clear, anyone who uses a cell-phone or the internet is potential affected by unchecked presidential war powers. Even if we agree that these powers are justified, it is important that today’s college students understand and appreciate the scope and consequences of presidential war powers, as these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency.
4. Stasis – even if it is possible to debate the aff, a focus on a specific policy action is more productive by providing a limited topic of discussion and equitable ground Steinberg and Freeley 08 (David L. – Lecturer of Communication Studies at the University of Miami, and Austin – Criminal, Personal Injury, and Civil Rights Law Attorney, "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making," 12th Edition, http://www.scribd.com/doc/54200547/Argumentation, p43-45, accessed 7-18-12 Bosley)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
K
1NC K
The affirmative’s K of American policy is dangerous—it contributes to the collapse of US primacy
Heg collapse triggers every impact Heritage, 11 (Heritage Foundation, "A Strong National Defense: The Armed Forces America Needs and What They Will Cost", April 5, pdf) NL Vital National Interests U.S. national interests have remained remarkably consistent since World AND space systems would inhibit economic growth and could push America into economic decline.
Ignore their hipster politics—the whining needs to end so we can face real threats
Hanson, 03 (Victor Davis, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Professor Emeritus at California University, Fresno, Ph.D. from Stanford, "We Could Still Lose." National Review Online. August 11. http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3050721.html-http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3050721.htmlshree) If one were to collate the news reports about the Mosul shootout, the lessons AND —whining and debating to the end, even as they pass away.
Vote negative to align yourself with American dominance—the unwavering rhetoric of support is critical to preserving international stability.
Kristol and Kagan, 96 (William Kristol – visiting professor in government at Harvard University and Robert Kagan – senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and PhD in American History, "Toward a Neo-Reganite Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs. July/August, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=276-http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=276shree) TWENTY YEARS later, it is time once again to challenge an indifferent America and AND needs a neo-Reaganite foreign policy of military supremacy and moral confidence.
Case
Extinction first Schell, 82 (Jonathan, Professor at Wesleyan University, The Fate of the Earth, pages 136-137 THIS CARD IS GENDER MODIFIED) Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there has AND about, coloring our thoughts and moods with its presence throughout our lives.
Evolutionary biology makes sovereignty and realism inevitable
Thayer, 04 (Bradley Thayer has been a Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and has taught at Dartmouth College and the University of Minnesota, Darwin and International Relations: On the Evolutionary Origins of War and Ethnic Conflict, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, pg. 75-76)
The central issue here is what causes states to behave as offensive realists predict. AND their family’s or tribes need for food, shelter, or other resources).
Bulloch 8 (Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595)
But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities AND problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political.
The criticism’s focus on the body creates a cult of exclusion that re-entrenches its impact
Jarvis 2K ~DSL, ’International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism’, February, University of South Carolina Publishing, pg. 160-162~
Critical research agendas of this type, however, are not found easily in International AND , and dismissive of alternative perspectives as mainstream approaches are accused of being.
No error rep—we can fix past mistakes
Jones and Smith, 11 (David Martin, Senior Lecturer, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, M.L.R., Department of War Studies, King’s College, University of London, London, United Kingdom, "Terrorology and Methodology: A Reply to Dixit and Stump," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 34, issue 6, Juneshree) In our original review we particularly took issue with the belief, held by a AND the followers of critical theory alone can transcend the mundane and the political.
9/21/13
GSU R4
Tournament: Georgia State University | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Dylan Quigley
1NC—Indef Detention
1NC CP Text: The Executive branch of the United States should statutorily clarify that its authorization to use force is for zones of active hostilities
Aff kills flexibility Vermeule 6 Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006,¶ "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING¶ PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law Review, Nov., pp. LN. The reason for the failure of statutory frameworks is plain. When an emergency or war or crisis arises, the executive needs flexibility; because statutory limitations determined in¶ advance AND is far¶ more ambitious than the other ones - might fare differently. That causes extinction Yoo 12 (John Yoo, American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration. "War Powers Belong to the President"¶ Posted Feb 1, 2012,¶ http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, KB) A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power AND time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.
House Republicans are taming members’ expectations ahead of the debt limit showdown, signaling that AND charge and returns us to a pre-2008 level of discretionary spending."
President Obama’s hardest sell in his renewed push to close the U.S. AND and also to have a secure place to interrogate terrorists or terror suspects."
This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
That causes nuclear war Merlini, 11 Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2 Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a AND sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
Our alt is to vote neg to embrace a pedagogy outside of violent spectacles. Without it, continuously violence becomes desirable and militarizes the public sphere—we are a pre-requisite to solve their offense.
As the social is devalued along with rationality, ethics and any vestige of democracy AND in response to their protests will become impossible to recognize and act on.
Global Battlefield
These impacts are terminally non-uniq – AMUF has been the "playbook" for more than a decade no impact Ignoring Ilaw is inevitable—people go to war Doebbler, 11 (Chris, writer for Ahram online, "The international law we do not use", June 2, english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/4/0/13500/Opinion/The-international-law-we-do-not-use.aspx NL) Although one may not realise it judging from recent events, the use of force AND in the UN Charter would even understand how we have abused their intentions.
UN Declaration of Human Rights solves now Borton, 12 (Verona, president of the United Nations Association of the United States of America, Davis chapter, "Universal Declaration of Human Rights is still powerful after 64 years", Dec 2, www.davisenterprise.com/forum/opinion-columns/universal-declaration-of-human-rights-is-still-powerful-after-64-years/-http://www.davisenterprise.com/forum/opinion-columns/universal-declaration-of-human-rights-is-still-powerful-after-64-years/ NL) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights turns 64 on Monday, Dec. 10.¶ AND statement rings as true today as it did when pronounced many decades ago.
Other actors won’t follow precedent set by the plan Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND we cannot expect other nations to adopt the oversight and restrictions we have.
What doors are we opening for other nations’ use of drones? What happens when terrorist groups acquire them? The United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND at least minimal air defenses that can quickly detect and take down drones,
as the U.S. discovered when it employed drones at the onset AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
Congress won’t enforce the plan Druck, 12 (Judah A., , J.D. Candidate at Cornell "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review 98:209-237, accessed 6-12-13 Bosley) Of course, despite these various suits, Congress has received much of the blame AND Congress itself has taken a role in the continued disregard for WPR enforcement.
Washington’s miscalculation is not just a product of the difficulties of seeing inside the Hermit AND , as a struggling proliferator, North Korea has a lot of company.
A growing and compelling body of research suggests that nuclear weapons may not, in AND oppressive, but nothing in their behavior suggests they have a death wish.
And proliferation-induced deterrence solves conventional warfare – comparatively outweighs their scenarios
Preston, Associate Professor of IR at Washington State, 07 (Thomas, also Faculty Research Associate at the Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs, "From Lambs to Lions: Future Security relationships in a World of Biological and Nuclear Weapons", p. 31-32)
1.) The Cost of Deterrence Failure Is Too Great Advocates of deterrence seldom take AND into situations that otherwise would likely have resulted in war (Hagerty 1998).
Euro Zone: It’s been clear for some time that the European Union is in AND The only question is, will they have the courage to do it?
No warming impact
- Recent cooling disproves climate models - CO2 is not a pollutant – agriculture and wildlife trends prove - Evidence is biased – scientists seeking funding - Dissent is being quelled by warming theorists – crushes scientific inquiry Allegre et al. 12 (Claude Allegre, former director of the Institute for the Study of the Earth AND /SB10001424052970204301404577171531838421366.html, accessed 5-24-12Bosley)
There’s no compelling scientific argument for drastic action to ’decarbonize’ the world’s economy. A AND surprise since plants and animals evolved when CO2 concentrations were about 10 times larger
than they are today. Better plant varieties, chemical fertilizers and agricultural management contributed AND , and they fiercely defended their dogma and the privileges it brought them.
We have reviewed what we know about GCC based on study of modern and ancient AND will continue to warm the earth for more than 1,000 years.
This is because some greenhouse gases such as CO2 have long atmospheric residence times ( AND potential consequences of AGW and attempt to give some measure of associated uncertainties.
The UK’s MailOnline did just that this week under the headline The mini ice age AND the warming was caused by oceanic cycles when they were in a ’warm mode’
as opposed to the present ’cold mode’." That’s a point made by Dr. AND of the computer climate models on which the IPCC and other alarmists rely.
And the impact will be minimal – means adaptation solves
Lendzen, Professor of Meterology at MIT, 10 (Richard, "Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus," Problems of Sustainable Development 5:2 13-28, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1638860, accessed 5-3-12Bosley)
Most of the literate world today regards "global warming’’ as both real and dangerous AND to sea-level rise would be swamped by other more important factors.
No impact to warming for decades allows for adaptation to reverse it
So how might we solve global warming and make the world in 500 years look AND humankind that solar panels, hydroelectricity, windmills, and as yet undiscovered technologies
will be good and cheap enough to replace fossil fuels. We have already warmed AND , warming our solar system, our galaxy, and beyond with abandon.
Consequently, the best policy is to live with some modest climate change now and AND reason to think environmental speculators won’t be rewarded in the future, too.
Chaos theory means we can never accurately predict the effects of warming or the effects of environmental policy – this is terminal defense
Systems sometimes enter regions of highly erratic and chaotic behavior. In such cases it AND within natural and social systems. Clearly a whole new philosophy is demanded. ?
Climate leadership theory is false – it doesn’t cause success in international negotiations and having high emissions actually gives a country more leverage in negotiations
Nonetheless, there are certain common purposes that cannot be effectively realised without the support AND it has used to lower expectations about what the climate regime may achieve.
Indefinite Detention is key to heg Meese, 12 (Edward Meese III, Ronald Reagan Distinguished Fellow in Public Policy and chairman of the Center for Legal 26 Judicial Studies at the Heritage Foundation. He served as the 75th attorney general of the United States under President Reagan, "Guantanamo Bay Prison is Necessary", Jan 11, www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2012/01/guantanamo-bay-prison-is-necessary-http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2012/01/guantanamo-bay-prison-is-necessary) NL The detention and interrogation facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, which I have visited AND continue to use Guantanamo as a detention, interrogation and military commissions’ facility.
1NC CP Text: The Executive branch of the United States should require that terrorism suspects are tried in federal court within 18 months of detention or release the suspects.
President Obama’s hardest sell in his renewed push to close the U.S. AND and also to have a secure place to interrogate terrorists or terror suspects."
This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs AND free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
That causes nuclear war Merlini, 11 Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2 Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a AND sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
Our alt is to vote neg to embrace a pedagogy outside of violent spectacles. Without it, continuously violence becomes desirable and militarizes the public sphere—we are a pre-requisite to solve their offense.
As the social is devalued along with rationality, ethics and any vestige of democracy AND in response to their protests will become impossible to recognize and act on.
While the international community has continuously condemned targeted killing since its emergence in 2000, AND targeted killing lawful? The answer depends on how the conflict is classified.
Ignoring Ilaw is inevitable—people go to war Doebbler, 11 (Chris, writer for Ahram online, "The international law we do not use", June 2, english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/4/0/13500/Opinion/The-international-law-we-do-not-use.aspx NL) Although one may not realise it judging from recent events, the use of force AND in the UN Charter would even understand how we have abused their intentions.
UN Declaration of Human Rights solves now Borton, 12 (Verona, president of the United Nations Association of the United States of America, Davis chapter, "Universal Declaration of Human Rights is still powerful after 64 years", Dec 2, www.davisenterprise.com/forum/opinion-columns/universal-declaration-of-human-rights-is-still-powerful-after-64-years/-http://www.davisenterprise.com/forum/opinion-columns/universal-declaration-of-human-rights-is-still-powerful-after-64-years/ NL) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights turns 64 on Monday, Dec. 10.¶ AND statement rings as true today as it did when pronounced many decades ago.
No superpower draw in Gelb, 10 (Leslie, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations former senior official in the U.S. Defense Department and State Department, Foreign Affairs, November/December Foreign Affairs 2010) Also reducing the likelihood of conflict today is that there is no arena in which AND not help one another, they rarely oppose one another in explosive situations.
No impact to Afghanistan collapse – empirically proven
Finel, Senior Fellow at the American Security Project, 2009 (Dr. Bernard I., also contributing editor of the Atlantic Council, "Afghanistan is Irrelevant" 4/27/09, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/afghanistan-irrelevant, accessed 6/23/11Bosley)
It is now a deeply entrenched conventional wisdom that the decision to "abandon" AND case of Islamist movements as it was in the case of Communist expansion.
’Don’t go to Afghanistan if you want to save the money.’ These AND these weapons are further transferred to Pakistan via the Hindu Kush mountainous regions.
Adv 2
Syria makes US-Russia war inevitable PressTV, 13 (Press TV, "Israel can spark US-Russia thermonuclear war: LaRouche", Aug 8, www.presstv.com/detail/2013/08/08/317842/israel-can-spark-usrussia-nuclear-war/-http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/08/08/317842/israel-can-spark-usrussia-nuclear-war/ NL) American political activist Lyndon LaRouche has warned that the continuation of Israeli behavior towards Syria AND by a nest of Israeli agents inside the U.S. government."
Aff kills flexibility Vermeule 6 Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006,¶ "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING¶ PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law Review, Nov., pp. LN. The reason for the failure of statutory frameworks is plain. When an emergency or war or crisis arises, the executive needs flexibility; because statutory limitations determined in¶ advance AND is far¶ more ambitious than the other ones - might fare differently. That causes extinction Yoo 12 (John Yoo, American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration. "War Powers Belong to the President"¶ Posted Feb 1, 2012,¶ http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, KB) A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power AND time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.
Zero risk of US-Russia war – weak Russian military and economic interdependence check Graham 07 - senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007 Thomas, "Russia in Global Affairs" July - September 2007, The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness An astute historian of Russia, AND long-term relations with Russia..
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that " AND while laying the basis for more constructive long-term relations with Russia.
No US-China war Perkovich, 09 (George, vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Extended Deterrence on the way to a nuclear-free world", May 2009, icnnd.org/Documents/Perkovich_Deterrence.pdf) NL The reality today is that the taboo against using nuclear weapons has become so strong AND to fight for Taiwanese independence if China has not committed aggression against Taiwan first
Iran makes the impact inevitable Lyons, 13 (James, retired admiral in the US Navy, "How to Bring Middle East Peace and Stability", April 14, www.americanthinker.com/2013/04/how_to_bring_middle_east_peace_and_stability.html-http://www.americanthinker.com/2013/04/how_to_bring_middle_east_peace_and_stability.html NL) President Obama returned from his trip to the Middle East (ME) on March AND , which is 80-90 percent of the way to weapons grade.
9/25/13
Georgia R1
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Becca Steiner 1NC T
Our interpretation is that restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions Conner, 78 William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379-http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379 Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
Vote neg for limits—they allow affs that don’t limit war powers but just creates a condition or a requirement on it—that’s an unlimited amount of affs we couldn’t prepare for
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to restrict the war powers authority of the president for self-defense targeted killings outside zones of hostilities. Self-restraint solves the case – only action Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
CP avoids politics Fine, 12 Jeffrey A. Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, and Political Behavior. Adam L. Warber is an associate professor of political science at Clemson University. He is the author of Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, " Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government", Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive AND have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.
1NC K The 1AC makes the same mistake as those liberals before them—couching their action within the government only allows it to maintain power and ensure the continuation of capitalist domination Herod, 01 (James Herod. In A Stake, Not a Mistake. October, 2001. http://www.jamesherod.info/index.php?sec=paper26id=9) I spent several years in the early sixties studying Underdevelopment. It was frustrating, AND will wake up, take notice, apologize, and stop doing it.
Capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
Causes Israeli strikes Perr, 12/24 (Jon, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered AND these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Obama will circumvent the plan Levine 12 (David Levine, Law Clerk; J.D., May 2012, University of Michigan Law School 2013 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW: BOOK NOTICE: A TIME FOR PRESIDENTIAL POWER? WAR TIME AND THE CONSTRAINED EXECUTIVE, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 1195) Both the Declare War Clause n49 and the War Powers Resolution n50 give Congress some AND the American people, but instead their inattention" (p. 132).¶
Signing statements take out the aff Crouch et al. 13 (Jeffrey – Assistant Professor of American Politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell – Acting Dean and Professor of Public Policy at GMU, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, "The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power," December 2013, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43(4):883-899, accessed 12-15-13 Bosley)
Signing statements become objectionable when a president attempts to transform statutory authority and circumvent the AND , it is doubtful that a layperson can clearly discern the president’s intentions.
No DoD shift means CIA circumvents Miller 13 (Greg, staff writer for The Washington Post, "CIA remains behind most drone strikes, despite effort to shift campaign to Defense", The Washington Post, 11/25, LW) When missiles fired by CIA drones slammed into Yemen and Pakistan last week, the AND be focusing on questions of analytic product? Those issues are absolutely key."
Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many AND encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.
Drone strikes destabilize Pakistan and Yemen, cause increased terrorism, and create an arms race that destabilizes the entire international system
Ramachandran, 13 (Jaya, writer for the Palestine Chronicle, "Drone War ’Will Trigger New Arms Race’", Jan 22, www.palestinechronicle.com/drone-war-will-trigger-new-arms-race/-http://www.palestinechronicle.com/drone-war-will-trigger-new-arms-race/ NL) The increasing resort to drones by President Barack Obama will over the long term usher AND polarized between those who have drones and those who are victims of them.
No terrorism – weak leadership and no recent attacks
NONE OF this is meant to suggest that the United States faces no major AND the intelligence and law enforcement agencies of the United States and its allies.
No Russia war
- No motive – fear of US backlash/deterrence precludes nuclear use - No capability – outclassed in spending, economics, and territory Betts 13 – Arnold A. Saltzman Professor of War and Peace Studies at Columbia (Richard, "The Lost Logic of Deterrence," Foreign Affairs, March/April, Vol. 92, Issue 2, Online)
These continuities with the Cold War would make sense only between intense adversaries. Washington AND , it is not the vanguard of a globe-spanning revolutionary ideal.
No threat of terrorism – no capable militants
Mueller and Stewart 12 (John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the AND jmuellerabsisfin.pdf, 7/12/13, EGM)
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) AND took a tram going the wrong way and dynamited a mosque instead.15
Prolif
Other actors won’t follow aff precedent Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
Drone prolif is slow and there’s no impact Zenko, 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65, online) Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within AND undertake the significant¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.
Writer Amitav Ghosh divined a crucial connection between the two messages. "When commentators AND and is using its regional influence to bring more diplomatic pressure on Pakistan.
Since early 2013, the rate of border skirmishes between the Pakistani and Indian militaries AND the near future, maintaining the status quo remains in both countries’ interests.
Won’t spontaneously occur—would have to be slow and from a conventional war Khan, 09 (Feroz Hassan Khan, Lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at the. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey California, "Reducing the Risk of Nuclear War in South Asia", December, NL) The only silver lining in this unhealthy regional¶ security picture is the slowly improving AND escalation from¶ conventional warfare to nuclear warfare a very real¶ possibility.
No Turkey war Mufti, Professor of Political Science at Tufts, 2011 (Malik, "A Little America: The Emergence of Turkey Hegemony," Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Middle East Brief No.51, May 2011Bosley) Indeed, the defining feature of this alternative school of thought is that it AND States to welcome and "support these efforts towards stabilisation through integration."22
Turkey’s military is too weak to intervene Gursel, 12 December 23, "Patriot Missiles Reveal Turkey’s Military Weakness," http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/patriot-missiles-turkey-nato.html~~23 ¶ But the purpose of this article is not to set out what Patriot deployments doesn’t AND military capacity is not enough to support an aggressive and ambitious Syria policy.
Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries AND ). In such circumstances, the role of norms is much more limited.
By asserting that "we’re" creating it, this is a claim that there AND states competing to come up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include AND , or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb. Vote neg for limits–every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to Congress should restrict targeted killing to individuals who are engaged in direct participation in hostilities. "Direct participation in hostilities" should be defined as proof of: (1) geographic proximity of service provided to units in contact with the enemy, (2) proximity of relationship between services provided and harm resulting to enemy, and (3) temporal relation of support to enemy contact or harm resulting to enemy.
Self-restraint solves the case – only action Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
CP is key to flexibility which prevents war Yoo 12 (John Yoo, American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration. "War Powers Belong to the President"¶ Posted Feb 1, 2012,¶ http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, KB This evidence is gender modified) Those in the pro-Congress camp call upon the anti-monarchical origins of AND the real threat to our national security may come from inaction and isolationism.
CP avoids politics Fine, 12 Jeffrey A. Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, and Political Behavior. Adam L. Warber is an associate professor of political science at Clemson University. He is the author of Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, " Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government", Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive AND without having to spend time lining up votes or forming coalitions with legislators.
As a result, and since reversal from Congress is unlikely, presidents have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.
1NC Plan Flaw
Plantext doesn’t specify which Congress does the plan—vote neg for vagueness because it allows them to spec out of our federal Congress links—they could defend state legislature
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
Causes Israeli strikes Perr, 12/24 (Jon, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered AND these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Our interpretation is that restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions Conner, 78 William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379-http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379 Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
Vote neg for limits—they allow affs that don’t limit war powers but just creates a condition or a requirement on it—that’s an unlimited amount of affs we couldn’t prepare for
1NC K The 1AC makes the same mistake as those liberals before them—couching their action within the government only allows it to maintain power and ensure the continuation of capitalist domination Herod, 01 (James Herod. In A Stake, Not a Mistake. October, 2001. http://www.jamesherod.info/index.php?sec=paper26id=9) I spent several years in the early sixties studying Underdevelopment. It was frustrating, AND will wake up, take notice, apologize, and stop doing it.
Capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
then we can see more clearly how we can cease being slaves.
1NC T
Signature strikes are not targeted killing Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst. (John, "The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes," http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/) We must begin with clear terms, and that is the purpose of the present AND Geneva Conventions, International Law, public opinion, and basic human decency.
Vote neg for limits—they create a whole new literature basis we have to be prepared for and moot core neg strategy forcing each debate to become an impact turn debate
Solvency
Obama will circumvent the plan Levine 12 (David Levine, Law Clerk; J.D., May 2012, University of Michigan Law School 2013 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW: BOOK NOTICE: A TIME FOR PRESIDENTIAL POWER? WAR TIME AND THE CONSTRAINED EXECUTIVE, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 1195) Both the Declare War Clause n49 and the War Powers Resolution n50 give Congress some AND the American people, but instead their inattention" (p. 132).¶
Signing statements take out the aff Crouch et al. 13 (Jeffrey – Assistant Professor of American Politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell – Acting Dean and Professor of Public Policy at GMU, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, "The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power," December 2013, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43(4):883-899, accessed 12-15-13 Bosley)
Signing statements become objectionable when a president attempts to transform statutory authority and circumvent the AND , it is doubtful that a layperson can clearly discern the president’s intentions.
Drone Wars
Zero internal link—their evidence is about other actors modeling how we fight Al Qaeda, not drug lords
Other actors won’t follow aff precedent Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
Drone prolif is slow and there’s no impact Zenko, 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65, online) Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within AND undertake the significant¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.
Other weapons make miscalc inevitable and drone prolif is inevitable Clarke, 12 (Richard, security consultant and author, is a former White House counterterrorism adviser to Presidents George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. He was deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence under President Ronald Reagan, "Give drones a medal", Dec 2, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249-http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249 NL) The concern about other nations employing drones is legitimate, but not a good argument AND are very unlikely to give up drones, no matter what we do.
A spill-over of the Afghan conflict or aspects of it like the drug AND competing attempts to achieve regional leadership, this perception is everything but justified.
Empirics disprove Finel, Senior Fellow at the American Security Project, 2009 (Dr. Bernard I., also contributing editor of the Atlantic Council, "Afghanistan is Irrelevant" 4/27/09, http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/afghanistan-irrelevant, accessed 6/23/11Bosley)
It is now a deeply entrenched conventional wisdom that the decision to "abandon" AND case of Islamist movements as it was in the case of Communist expansion.
But states and policymakers habitually overestimate the impact of nuclear weapons. This happens among AND Korean nuclear program has yet to inspire Tokyo or Seoul to follow suit.
The DPRK’s program represents a tremendous waste of resources and human capital for a AND , exaggerated alarmism will substitute for a realistic appraisal of the policy landscape.
Relations tanked now and Snowden prevents them from being fixed Kharpal 9/26/2013 (Arjun Kharpal is a writer for CNBC and specializes in European news. "EU threatens to halt terrorist fund tracking deal with US." Date made September 26, 2013. Date retrieved September 26, 2013. http://www.cnbc.com/id/101064891-http://www.cnbc.com/id/101064891) Anger continues to spread across Brussels over allegations that the United States has been spying AND from documents provided by former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden
¶ "For me the agreement is effectively dead...it is null and void AND the NSA’s collection of phone records and preventing the tapping of Internet communications.¶
2/2/14
Kentucky R1
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Houston BL | Judge: Nick Ryan 1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to restrict the authority of the President of the United States to introduce nuclear weapons first into hostilities.
Executive action solves nuclear policy and avoids politics Smith, 09 (Barron Young Smith, "These Are The President’s Weapons" The New Republic, September 22, 2009 | 2:13 pm Pg. http://www.tnr.com/print/blog/the-plank/these-are-the-presidents-weapons-http://www.tnr.com/print/blog/the-plank/these-are-the-presidents-weapons) Yet none of that obscures the importance of the fact that Obama is now acting directly to alter the U.S. nuclear posture. Unlike health care or climate change, U.S. nuclear policy is an intensely presidential issue: Throughout history, major changes to America’s nuclear stance have almost always been the result of direct presidential engagement. Unless the commander-in-chief gives a direct order to alter our nuclear posture, bureaucratic inertia reigns, as it did when President Clinton’s 1994 Nuclear Posture Review-http://www.nukestrat.com/us/reviews/npr1994.htm essentially froze the cold war status quo for another 15 years. When the president does decide to change course, however, he doesn’t have to ask anyone for permission.
1NC T A. Interpretation and violation – "introduction of armed forces" refers to US soldiers and members of the armed forces and excludes weapons systems or capabilities Lorber, J.D. Candidate of UPenn and Ph.D. Candidate at Duke in Poli Sci, 13 (Eric, "EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?," Journal of Constitutional Law 15(3):961-1002, accessed 8-14-13 Bosley)
As discussed above, critical to the application of the War Powers Resolution—especially AND conceptualized "armed forces" to mean U.S. combat troops. B. Vote negative for limits – they justify restrictions on an infinite number of weapon systems or capabilities that are impossible to predict – only our interp provides a clear brightline based on statutory interpretation and history of the War Powers Act
1NC DA
Strong military guarantees heg now Kagan, 13 (Robert, American historian, author and foreign policy commentator at the Brookings Institution. He was a co-founder of the Project for the New American Century, "Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline", Jan 15, www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?lng=en26id=15643426contextid774=15643426contextid775=15642426tabid=1453435300-http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?lng=en26id=15643426contextid774=15643426contextid775=15642426tabid=1453435300) NL Military capacity matters, too, as early nineteenth-century China learned and Chinese AND no longer be the case, but that moment has not yet arrived.
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a AND sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
Our alt is to vote neg to embrace a pedagogy outside of violent spectacles. Without it, continuously violence becomes desirable and militarizes the public sphere—we are a pre-requisite to solve their offense.
As the social is devalued along with rationality, ethics and any vestige of democracy AND in response to their protests will become impossible to recognize and act on.
While the lack of a budget forced the government shutdown this week, failure to AND and probably prompt a conservative backlash that could cost him his leadership office.
Fighting to defend his war power will drain Obama’s PC— trading off with rest of agenda—empirics prove Kriner, 10 (Douglas L. Kriner is assistant professor of political science at Boston University "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact,congressional criticism saps AND to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
Nuclear war Merlini, 11 Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2 Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
1NC Threats Fail
No accidental launches—
A) Safeguards Quinlan, 09 (Michael Quinlan, former British Permanent Under Secretary of State for Defence, former Director of the Ditchley Foundation, Visiting Professor at King’s College London, former senior fellow at the International Institute of Strategic Studies, "Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects," April 15, Oxford University Press, p. 67-8) There have certainly been, across the decades since 1945, many known accidents involving AND more frequent, and several aspects of doctrine and readiness arrangements more tense.
C) It won’t escalate Quinlan 9 (Michael Quinlan, former British Permanent Under Secretary of State for Defence, former Director of the Ditchley Foundation, Visiting Professor at King’s College London, former senior fellow at the International Institute of Strategic Studies, "Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects," April 15, Oxford University Press, p. 69) It was occasionally conjectured that nuclear war might be triggered by the real but accidental AND cosmic holocaust might be mistakenly precipitated in this way belongs to science fiction.
1NC China
Numerous alt causes destroy the relationship now Lawrence, 13 (Susan, specialist in Asian affairs for the Congressional Research Service, "U.S.-China Relations: An Overview of Policy Issues", Aug 1, www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41108.pdf-http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41108.pdf NL) Nonetheless, the U.S.-China relationship remains dogged by long-standing AND to ¶ thwart the PRC’s unification with Taiwan, a cherished PRC goal.
Deterrence checks—only risk of break down is through the plan Glaser, 11 (Charles, Professor of Political Science at George Washington also Director of the Institute for Security and Conflict Studies at GWU, "Will China’s Rise Lead to War?" Foreign Affairs March/April 2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67479/charles-glaser/will-chinas-rise-lead-to-war) What does all this imply about the rise of China? At the broadest level AND and thus help head off a downward political spiral fueled by nuclear competition.
No risk of US-China war—no incentive and China doesn’t have the capabilities to beat us Perkovich, 09 (George, vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Extended Deterrence on the way to a nuclear-free world", May 2009, icnnd.org/Documents/Perkovich_Deterrence.pdf) NL The reality today is that the taboo against using nuclear weapons has become so strong AND to fight for Taiwanese independence if China has not committed aggression against Taiwan first
1NC Prolif
No first use doesn’t solve proliferation Kaplan, 10 Fred Kaplan, Slate Magazine, March 3, 2010. "How Important is Obama’s Nuclear Posture Review?" http://www.slate.com/id/2246737/ At the same time, though, it’s equally hard to see what we’d get AND for their security—to take the leap and build their own bombs.
Prolif solves war Preston, 07 (Thomas, Associate Professor of IR at Washington State also Faculty Research Associate at the Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs, "From Lambs to Lions: Future Security relationships in a World of Biological and Nuclear Weapons", p. 31-32) 1.) The Cost of Deterrence Failure Is Too Great Advocates of deterrence seldom take AND into situations that otherwise would likely have resulted in war (Hagerty 1998).
No widespread proliferation Hymans, 12 (Jacques, USC Associate Professor of International Relations "North Korea’s Lessons for (Not) Building an Atomic Bomb," 4-16-12, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137408/jacques-e-c-hymans/north-koreas-lessons-for-not-building-an-atomic-bomb?page=show-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137408/jacques-e-c-hymans/north-koreas-lessons-for-not-building-an-atomic-bomb?page=show, accessed 9-26-12 Bosley) Washington’s miscalculation is not just a product of the difficulties of seeing inside the Hermit AND , as a struggling proliferator, North Korea has a lot of company.
Prolif won’t be destabilizing—your authors are hacks who have an incentive to lie Farley, 11 (Dr. Robert, Assistant Professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky "Over the Horizon: Iran and the Nuclear Paradox," 11-16-11, www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10679/over-the-horizon-iran-and-the-nuclear-paradox-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10679/over-the-horizon-iran-and-the-nuclear-paradox, accessed 9-27-12 Bosley) But states and policymakers habitually overestimate the impact of nuclear weapons. This happens among AND , exaggerated alarmism will substitute for a realistic appraisal of the policy landscape.
NPT results in dangerous prolif and nuclear war—states will not be able to control their programs and people will freak out Wesley, 05 (Michael, Professor of National Security at the Australian National University "It’s time to scrap the NPT", Australian Journal of International Affairs Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 283/299, September 2005, www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10357710500231230-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10357710500231230 NL) By prohibiting proliferation, without the capacity or moral authority to enforce¶ such a AND mean that war is imminent (1991: 20, italics in original).
No way to enforce the NPT Salik, 12 (Naeem Ahmad Salik Before his retirement from Pakistan’s military, Brigadier Salik served as director of arms control and disarmament affairs in the Strategic Plans Division, the secretariat of Pakistan’s National Command Authority. He has taught at National Defense University in Islamabad and has been a visiting scholar at Johns Hopkins University and the Brookings Institution. He is currently pursuing a doctorate in political science and international relations at the Center for Muslim States and Societies at the University of Western Australia 14 JUNE 2012 "A Tale of Two Treaties?" Bulletin of Atomic Scientists http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/tale-of-two-treaties~~23) This is not quite correct. I do recognize, however, that the NPT AND the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, despite the passage of seven years.
Your authors are hacks Leverett and Leverett, 12 (Flynt Leverett is a senior fellow at the New America Foundation in Washington, D.C. and a professor at the Pennsylvania State University School of International Affairs and Hillary Mann Leverett is a Middle East analyst and former State Department and National Security Council official. She is currently the chief executive officer of STRATEGA, a political risk consulting firm. She worked for many years in the US government on a number of Middle East issues, including as Middle East expert for the Secretary of State’s Policy Planning Staff October 18, 2012 "U.S. Efforts to Take Away Iran’s Rights by Unilaterally Rewriting the NPT with Complicity of America’s Iran "Experts"" http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/index.php?q=node/12992) "A colleague in D.C. once said this to me about the AND a threat to world peace yet" like the DNI did.’"
NPT doesn’t solve prolif Wesley, 05 (Michael, Professor of National Security at the Australian National University "It’s time to scrap the NPT", Australian Journal of International Affairs Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 283/299, September 2005, www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10357710500231230-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10357710500231230 NL) The major concern of those who oppose scrapping the NPT is that it would¶ AND a large number of states, fears of a proliferation breakout are unfounded.
10/8/13
Kentucky R3
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Dartmouth CM | Judge: Ben Hagwood 1NC DA
While the lack of a budget forced the government shutdown this week, failure to AND and probably prompt a conservative backlash that could cost him his leadership office.
Fighting to defend his war power will drain Obama’s PC— trading off with rest of agenda—empirics prove Kriner, 10 (Douglas L. Kriner is assistant professor of political science at Boston University "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact,congressional criticism saps AND to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
Nuclear war Merlini, 11 Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2 Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
1NC T
A. Interpretation-Presidential war power is derived from statutory authorization—Authority is power delegated to an agent Kelly 03 judge for the State of Michigan JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, lexis) Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done AND be delegated in carrying out the principal’s business." Id. at 1348.
Presidential authority comes from executing the laws that Congress enacts; Congress can revoke that authority Hawkins et al 05 professor of law at Brigham Young, Darren, Delegation Under Anarchy: States, International Organizations, and Principal-Agent Theory, http://mjtier.people.wm.edu/papers/INTRO20HLNT20July2031.pdf-http://mjtier.people.wm.edu/papers/INTRO HLNT July 31.pdf The relations between a principal and an agent are always governed by a con- AND principals, actors must both grant and have the power to revoke authority.
Authority must have a statutory basis Words and Phrases 04 (Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275) U.S.N.Y. 1867. Under the federal judiciary act AND . 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829
A. Plan does not restrict a statutory delegated war power so it does not restrict authority B. RTP i. Limits—limiting affirmative to existing statutory authrorization is key to limit the topic and ensure stable negative ground ii. Education C. Voter
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to allow individuals into hostilities regardless of physical requirements.
Self-restraint solves the case Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
1NC DA
The plan causes backlash from Obama that makes him overrule restrictions—turns the case Lobel, 08 Professor of Law @ University of Pittsburgh ~Jules Lobel, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 69, 2008, pg. 391~ The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity AND over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409
That guts our commitment to Afghanistan Lieberman, 10 Independent Democratic senator from Connecticut ~Joseph I. Leiberman, "Back to a Bipartisan Foreign Policy," Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2010, pg. http://tinyurl.com/m5z623w~~ This year’s midterm elections marked the first time since 9/11 that national security AND war effort in Afghanistan, which remains critical to our security at home.
Botched withdrawal is the fastest way to trigger every impact Miller, 12 Professor of International Security Affairs 26 Director for the Afghanistan-Pakistan program @ National Defense University ~Paul D. Miller (Former Director for Afghanistan on the National Security Council staff under Presidents Bush and Obama), "It’s Not Just Al-Qaeda: Stability in the Most Dangerous Region," World Affairs Journal, March-April 2012, pg. http://tinyurl.com/lnplsb7~~ In fact, the war is only now entering its culminating phase, indicated by AND likely to be widespread and swift, especially against women and religious minorities.
1NC K
The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist – their engagement the Otherness is parasitic and consumptive, naturalizing academic colonialism and oppression
Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93 (Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) *Note – under erasure The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
Our alternative is to reject the affirmative and their usage of the Other as a form of power
Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93 (Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) Because "borders" have so clearly meandered into so many intellectual issues that the AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
Extinction first Schell, 82 (Jonathan, Professor at Wesleyan University, The Fate of the Earth, pages 136-137 THIS CARD IS GENDER MODIFIED) Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there has AND about, coloring our thoughts and moods with its presence throughout our lives.
The criticism’s focus on the body creates a cult of exclusion that re-entrenches its impact
Jarvis 2K ~DSL, ’International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism’, February, University of South Carolina Publishing, pg. 160-162~
Critical research agendas of this type, however, are not found easily in International AND , and dismissive of alternative perspectives as mainstream approaches are accused of being.
No error rep—we can fix past mistakes Jones and Smith, 11 (David Martin, Senior Lecturer, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, M.L.R., Department of War Studies, King’s College, University of London, London, United Kingdom, "Terrorology and Methodology: A Reply to Dixit and Stump," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 34, issue 6, Juneshree) In our original review we particularly took issue with the belief, held by a AND the followers of critical theory alone can transcend the mundane and the political.
any incorporation of gender in international relations becomes coopted or can’t solve because patriarchy is overwhelmingly strong
Saloom 6 JD Univ of Georgia School of Law and M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from U of Chicago, Fall 2006 ~Rachel, A Feminist Inquiry into International Law and International Relations, 12 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 159, l/n~ There is not much consensus between the gender theorists and those who adhere to current AND even desirable to wholly reject state-centrism as a masculinist androcentric paradigm.
He and his look forward to a reproduction of the logic of representative governance, AND all thought and action, that bind revolution inside books, lecture halls.
"Structural violence" is an obscure metaphor and cannot lead to positive changes because it conflates distinct and generally unrelated problems of violence and poverty.
Boulding ’77 (Kenneth, Faculty – U. Colorado Boulder, Former Pres. American Economic Association, Society for General Systems Research, and American Association for the Advancement of Science, Journal of Peace Research, "Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung", 14:1, JSTORshree)
Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’posi- AND it may have done a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer.
The first ’effect of power’ which a relation so structured entails is a hierarchical AND the confessor as arbiter of that truth and the ’reality’ it oversaw.
the idea that silence of oppression MUST be broken ensures that testimonies of oppression are coopted and creates a Big Brother state needed to regulate politicized injuries, turning the case Brown, Feminist Scholar and Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley, 96 (Wendy, "Constitutions and ’Survivor Stories’: In the ’folds of our own discourse’ The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence," 3 U Chi L Sch Roundtable 185, accessed via LexisNexis on 5-30-12, JDB)
But if the silences in discourses of domination are a site for insurrectionary noise, AND the further regulation of those lives, all the while depoliticizing their conditions.
10/8/13
Kentucky R6
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emory AdBo | Judge: Sarah Spring 1NC DA
While the lack of a budget forced the government shutdown this week, failure to AND and probably prompt a conservative backlash that could cost him his leadership office.
Fighting to defend his war power will drain Obama’s PC— trading off with rest of agenda—empirics prove Kriner, 10 (Douglas L. Kriner is assistant professor of political science at Boston University "After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War", University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69)
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact,congressional criticism saps AND to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
Nuclear war Merlini, 11 Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2 Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should issue an executive order to prohibit the use of offensive cyber operations absent prior Congressional notification
Aff kills flexibility Vermeule 6 Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, 2006,¶ "THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING¶ PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS," Fordham Law Review, Nov., pp. LN. The reason for the failure of statutory frameworks is plain. When an emergency or war or crisis arises, the executive needs flexibility; because statutory limitations determined in¶ advance AND is far¶ more ambitious than the other ones - might fare differently. That causes extinction Yoo 12 (John Yoo, American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration. "War Powers Belong to the President"¶ Posted Feb 1, 2012,¶ http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, KB) A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power AND time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war. Prez flex solves extinction Yoo, 12 (John Yoo, American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration. "War Powers Belong to the President"¶ Posted Feb 1, 2012,¶ http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president-http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president, KB) A radical change in the system for making war might appease critics of presidential power AND time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.
CP avoids politics Sovacool and Sovacool 09 (Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool is a Research Fellow in the Energy Governance AND ):333-393, accessed 8-7-13 Bosley) Executive Orders also save time in a second sense. The President does not have AND change law without having to wait for congressional action or agency regulatory rulemaking.
1NC T
Our interpretation is that they have to increase restrictions that decrease presidential authority—the aff is conditionally T—Congress may increase presidential discretion to do OCOs—that makes the topic bidirectional which means we can’t ever be prepared—reject the team
1NC DA
US cyber operations are a concession to Israel to avoid a first strike— plan reneges on that which causes Israel to strike Gross, 13 (Michael Joseph American author and journalist. He is a contributing editor to Vanity Fair, where he covers topics including politics, technology, and national security Silent War http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2013/07/new-cyberwar-victims-american-business) When the history of cyber-warfare comes to be written, its first sentence AND more interested in shooting back, and with weapons of a similar kind.
Israel strikes trigger every impact Goldberg, 10 (Jeffrey Goldberg, National correspondent for the Atlantic, "The Point of No Return,"http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/09/the-point-of-no-return/8186/, September 2010) When the Israelis begin to bomb the uranium-enrichment facility at Natanz, the AND once-admired refuge for a persecuted people into a leper among nations.
Extinction Moore, 09 (Carol, BA in Polisci @ Wane State, "Six Escalation Scenarios to Nuclear World War III, 16 February,http://pakalert.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/six-escalation-scenarios-to-nuclear-world-war-iii/) Israel is especially dangerous because its leaders and supporters have made clear for years that AND strikes cannot stop it. Only a worldwide disarmament movement can stop it.
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a AND sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
Our alt is to vote neg to embrace a pedagogy outside of violent spectacles. Without it, continuously violence becomes desirable and militarizes the public sphere—we are a pre-requisite to solve their offense.
As the social is devalued along with rationality, ethics and any vestige of democracy AND in response to their protests will become impossible to recognize and act on.
Scenario 1
Cyber-attacks don’t escalate – only espionage Rid, 13 (Thomas, Reader in War Studies at King’s College London "Cyber-warfare: Is the risk of cyber-warfare overrated?" The Economist, 7-24-13, http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/997-http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/997, accessed 7-24-13 Bosley) Three things: an act of cyberwar would need to be violent (if it AND But espionage is not war, and cyber-espionage is not cyberwar.
Patriotic hackers make crisis management impossible Owens et al 9 (William A. Owens, as an Admiral in the United States Navy and later Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Kenneth W. Dam, served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 2001 to 2003, where he specialized in international economic development, Herbert S. Lin, Senior Scientist and Study, "Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities" 4/27/2009, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf-http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf, KB)
Past experience strongly indicates that conflict or increased tension ¶ between two nations will result AND , even if there ¶ were in fact no patriotic hackers doing anything.
International legislation checks Channels, 9/17 (ChannelsTV, "Experts Call For Firm Legislation Against Cyber Crime", 9/17/13, www.channelstv.com/home/2013/09/17/experts-call-for-firm-legislation-against-cyber-crime/-http://www.channelstv.com/home/2013/09/17/experts-call-for-firm-legislation-against-cyber-crime/ NL) Experts and key players in ICT development and control at the 2013 Cyber Security Conference AND to fight it with resilient strategies experts say must be collaborative and practical.
Congressional restrictions do nothing—the president will continue to fight wars Turner, 13 (Robert, co-founded the Center for National Security Law at the University of Virginia School of Law in 1981 and has written two books specifically on the War Powers Resolution. He is a former three-term chairman of the ABA Standing Committee on Law and National Security, "Why the War Powers Resolution isn’t a key factor in the Syria situation", 8/31, blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/08/why-the-war-powers-resolution-isnt-a-key-factor-in-the-syria-situation/ NL) THE PRECEDENTS FOR PRESIDENTIAL MILITARY POWERS¶ Congress has formally "declared war" 11 AND war by private merchant vessels, Congress would still retain its constitutional negative.
Congress won’t enforce the plan Druck, 12 (Judah A., , J.D. Candidate at Cornell "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review 98:209-237, accessed 6-12-13 Bosley) Of course, despite these various suits, Congress has received much of the blame AND Congress itself has taken a role in the continued disregard for WPR enforcement.
No impact to meltdowns – plant explosion is impossible. Morris, PhD in Science Education and retired Environmental Consultant, 2k (Robert, The Environmental Case for Nuclear Power, 2000, pg 16-7)
In the 1970s, a number of anti-nuclear power organizations spread the idea AND Western European nations. (More about Chernobyl appears in a later chapter.)
No warming impact - Recent cooling disproves climate models - CO2 is not a pollutant – agriculture and wildlife trends prove - Evidence is biased – scientists seeking funding - Dissent is being quelled by warming theorists – crushes scientific inquiry Allegre et al. 12 (Claude Allegre, former director of the Institute for the Study of the Earth AND /SB10001424052970204301404577171531838421366.html, accessed 5-24-12Bosley)
There’s no compelling scientific argument for drastic action to ’decarbonize’ the world’s economy. A AND , and they fiercely defended their dogma and the privileges it brought them.
Although molecular manufacturing technology will give all states that possess it nearly identical power potential AND that a given state will be able to use it to full advantage. There are many factors we can identify that contribute to or subtract from efficiency in AND that will have the greatest impact on how they relate to each other.)
One of the highest hopes one can have for molecular manufacturing is that it will remove some of the causes of war, and contribute to a generally safer and more stable global environment. On the surface, there is cause to believe it will make the world safer, as there is a wide variety of conflicts that will be eased or even eliminated entirely by an advanced breed of this technology. Conflicts come in many different forms, but it is possible to narrow them down AND , interminable conflict, as may the ethnic strife in the former Yugoslavia.) We should not hope that any new technology will have the ability to resolve differences AND , so there is reason to think it is possible to happen again.
Doubling number of reactors can’t solve the other 95 of emissions Jim Green 2009 (PHD in Science and Technology Studies) "Nuclear Weapons and ’Fourth Generation’ Reactors" http://www.foe.org.au/anti-nuclear/issues/nfc/power-weapons/g4nw Others are less circumspect, with one advocate of integral fast reactors promoting them as AND at the expense of coal) would reduce Australia’s emissions by just 4.
We have reviewed what we know about GCC based on study of modern and ancient AND will continue to warm the earth for more than 1,000 years.
This is because some greenhouse gases such as CO2 have long atmospheric residence times ( AND potential consequences of AGW and attempt to give some measure of associated uncertainties.
The UK’s MailOnline did just that this week under the headline The mini ice age AND of the computer climate models on which the IPCC and other alarmists rely.
History is littered with examples of wars fought over resources. Wars were fought between AND was fought at least partially to defend the industrial states’ access to oil. More wars over resources loom, most notably in the South China Sea, where AND , and Asian states have been arming themselves steadily during the last decade. MNT may help to alleviate, and perhaps entirely resolve, the issue of access AND manufacturing processes will produce energy, rather than consume it. (4) Should such a situation become reality, the implications for reduced interstate conflict are significant AND defend from each other, and thus one fewer reason to wage wars.
10/8/13
Kentucky R7
Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Indiana PS | Judge: Rob Glass 1NC Framework A. Interpretation – the aff should defend the implementation of a topical plan action
The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after " AND resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor. 2. "The United States federal government should" means the debate is solely about hypothetical policy action Ericson et al. 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts at California Polytechnic State University, 2003, "The Debater’s Guide," Third Edition," p. 7, accessed via Google Books on 3-29-12 Bosley)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains AND compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose.
U.S. Federal Government The three branches of U.S. government—legislative, judicial, and executive—carry out governmental power and functions.
4. "War powers authority of the President" refers to Commander in Chief power to deploy military force Bejesky 2012 (Robert, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M AND Journal, 44 St. Mary’s L. J. 1, lexis)
V. CONCLUSION¶ The roles of war powers delegated to Congress and the Executive AND discord about the scope of the Executive’s war powers for nearly two centuries.
B. Violation – the affirmative claims to win the debate for reasons other than the benefits of hypothetical implementation of a topical policy action C. Vote negative
Predictable limits – there’s an infinite number of alternative frameworks outside of instrumental defense of the resolution – shifting the debate ensures one side is unprepared which destroys productive clash 2. Fairness – allowing the affirmative to defend vague alternative positions allows the aff to become a moving target – that makes it impossible to be neg because the aff can spike out of any links 3. Skills development – discussion of specific policy-questions overcomes preconceived ideological notions and breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making Esberg and Sagan 12 (*Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108)
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for AND quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14 Specifically empowering students through academic debates of presidential war powers are necessary to check excessive executive war-making Young 13 – Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State (Kelly, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers," 9-4-13, http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13-http://public.cedadebate.org/node/13, accessed 9-4-13 Bosley)
Beyond its obviously timeliness, we believed debating about presidential war powers was important because of the stakes involved in the controversy. Since the Korean War, scholars and pundits have grown increasingly alarmed by the growing scope and techniques of presidential war making. In 1973, in the wake of Vietnam, Congress passed the joint War Powers Resolution (WPR) to increase Congress’s role in foreign policy and war making by requiring executive consultation with Congress prior to the use of military force, reporting within 48 hours after the start of hostiles, and requiring the close of military operations after 60 days unless Congress has authorized the use of force. Although the WPR was a significant legislative feat, 30 years since its passage, presidents have frequently ignores the WPR requirements and the changing nature of conflict does not fit neatly into these regulations. After the terrorist attacks on 9-11, many experts worry that executive war powers have expanded far beyond healthy limits. Consequently, there is a fear that continued expansion of these powers will undermine the constitutional system of checks and balances that maintain the democratic foundation of this country and risk constant and unlimited military actions, particularly in what Stephen Griffin refers to as a "long war" period like the War on Terror (http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674058286). In comparison, pro-presidential powers advocates contend that new restrictions undermine flexibility and timely decision-making necessary to effectively counter contemporary national security risks. Thus, a debate about presidential wars powers is important to investigate a number of issues that have serious consequences on the status of democratic checks and national security of the United States. Lastly, debating presidential war powers is important because we the people have an important role in affecting the use of presidential war powers. As many legal scholars contend, regardless of the status of legal structures to check the presidency, an important political restrain on presidential war powers is the presence of a well-informed and educated public. As Justice Potter Stewart explains, "the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power…may lie in an enlightened citizenry – in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can protect the values of a democratic government" (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0403_0713_ZC3.html). As a result, this is not simply an academic debate about institutions and powers that that do not affect us. As the numerous recent foreign policy scandals make clear, anyone who uses a cell-phone or the internet is potential affected by unchecked presidential war powers. Even if we agree that these powers are justified, it is important that today’s college students understand and appreciate the scope and consequences of presidential war powers, as these students’ opinions will stand as an important potential check on the presidency.
4. Stasis – even if it is possible to debate the aff, a focus on a specific policy action is more productive by providing a limited topic of discussion and equitable ground Steinberg and Freeley 08 (David L. – Lecturer of Communication Studies at the University of Miami, and Austin – Criminal, Personal Injury, and Civil Rights Law Attorney, "Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making," 12th Edition, http://www.scribd.com/doc/54200547/Argumentation, p43-45, accessed 7-18-12 Bosley)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of AND particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.
1NC K
The affirmative takes the position of the Maoist – their engagement the Otherness is parasitic and consumptive, naturalizing academic colonialism and oppression Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93 (Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) *Note – under erasure The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND longer distinguishable from those of us who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
Our alternative is to reject the affirmative and their usage of the Other as a form of power Chow, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature at Duke, 93 (Rey, Writing Diaspora, Indiana University of Press, 1993, p.10-13, accessed via Google Books on 5-29-12, JDB) Because "borders" have so clearly meandered into so many intellectual issues that the AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
1NC K
The affirmative’s K of American policy is dangerous—it contributes to the collapse of US primacy Kagan, 98 (Robert, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and PhD in American History from American U, "The Benevolent Empire," Foreign Policy. Summer, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=275-http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=275shree) Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing AND when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling.
Drones ensure effective hegemony—allows us to get militants and makes other people more cooperative with us Nadim, 12 (Hussain, visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, "How Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan", Aug 3, nationalinterest.org/how-drones-changed-the-game-pakistan-7290) NL Regardless of what the news agencies in Pakistan claim about the negative effects of drone AND flush out and close doors to militants who seek refuge in their areas.
Heg collapse triggers every impact Heritage, 11 (Heritage Foundation, "A Strong National Defense: The Armed Forces America Needs and What They Will Cost", April 5, pdf) NL Vital National Interests U.S. national interests have remained remarkably consistent since World AND space systems would inhibit economic growth and could push America into economic decline.
Ignore their hipster politics—the whining needs to end so we can face real threats Hanson, 03 (Victor Davis, Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Professor Emeritus at California University, Fresno, Ph.D. from Stanford, "We Could Still Lose." National Review Online. August 11. http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3050721.html-http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3050721.htmlshree) If one were to collate the news reports about the Mosul shootout, the lessons AND —whining and debating to the end, even as they pass away.
Terrorists are out there and they’re trying to get us—we must take the serious route or risk being suicidal Sowell, 06 (Thomas, senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, "Serious or Suicidal", Jewish World Review, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell010306.asp-http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell010306.aspshree) Just last year, before the American election, Osama bin Laden warned that those AND brutal alternatives. The big question is whether we are serious or suicidal.
Terrorism guarantees extinction Speice, 06 (Speice, JD Candidate @ College of William and Mary ~Patrick F. Speice, Jr., "Negligence And Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating The Current Liability Barrier To Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs," William 26 Mary Law Review, February 2006, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427~) Accordingly, there is a significant and ever-present risk that terrorists could acquire AND will draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons
Vote negative to align yourself with American dominance—the unwavering rhetoric of support is critical to preserving international stability. Kristol and Kagan, 96 (William Kristol – visiting professor in government at Harvard University and Robert Kagan – senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and PhD in American History, "Toward a Neo-Reganite Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs. July/August, http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=276-http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view26id=276shree) TWENTY YEARS later, it is time once again to challenge an indifferent America and AND needs a neo-Reaganite foreign policy of military supremacy and moral confidence.
Extinction first Schell, 82 (Jonathan, Professor at Wesleyan University, The Fate of the Earth, pages 136-137 THIS CARD IS GENDER MODIFIED) Implicit in everything that I have said so far about the nuclear predicament there has AND about, coloring our thoughts and moods with its presence throughout our lives.
Universities gladly permit leftist academic discourses, knowing the proliferation of these discourses in the academy get co-opted by the sign economy and are graveyards for radical potential Occupied UC Berkeley ’9 (The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC; http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/-http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, 11/19 shree) He and his look forward to a reproduction of the logic of representative governance, AND all thought and action, that bind revolution inside books, lecture halls.
The first ’effect of power’ which a relation so structured entails is a hierarchical AND the confessor as arbiter of that truth and the ’reality’ it oversaw.
the idea that silence of oppression MUST be broken ensures that testimonies of oppression are coopted and creates a Big Brother state needed to regulate politicized injuries, turning the case Brown, Feminist Scholar and Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley, 96 (Wendy, "Constitutions and ’Survivor Stories’: In the ’folds of our own discourse’ The Pleasures and Freedoms of Silence," 3 U Chi L Sch Roundtable 185, accessed via LexisNexis on 5-30-12, JDB)
But if the silences in discourses of domination are a site for insurrectionary noise, AND the further regulation of those lives, all the while depoliticizing their conditions.
10/8/13
NDT R2
Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan HK | Judge: Hart, Gibson, Fifelski 1NC T Interp-- Restrictions are prohibitions Court of Appeals 12 (STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, DIVISION I, RANDALL KINCHELOE Appellant. vs. Respondent, BRIEF OF APPELLANT, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/a01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe's.pdf)
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include AND , or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb.
1NC DA
Congress is attempting to levy new sanctions on Iran now—if they pass, negotiations will be derailed—Obama’s political capital is key Glass, 3/25 (Jacob, Truman-Albright Fellow and Huffington Post, "As Iran Nuclear Negotiations Begin, Threat of Increased Sanctions Looms Large", 3/25/14, www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-glass/as-iran-nuclear-negotiati_b_5024604.html NL) Last week Iran and the so-called P5+1 countries -- Russia, AND victory will only be achieved if the international community stands united before Iran.¶
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. “Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts” 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) -- An endless Washington debate over the president's power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1161andcontext=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
Causes Israeli strikes Perr, 12/24 (Jon, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran# As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered AND these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Israeli first strike causes global nuclear war Reuveny, 10 (Rafael, professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra, 8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf) A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including AND green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to establish a limited ex ante judicial review process for targeted killing by drones.
Self-restraint solves the case Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
CP avoids politics Fine, 12 Jeffrey A. Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, and Political Behavior. Adam L. Warber is an associate professor of political science at Clemson University. He is the author of Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, " Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government", Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive AND have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.
1NC K
Creations of technology in combination with the law has created new justifications for warfare that guarantee infinite destruction. The affirmative’s faith in the law obscures these violences and only serves to legitimize future military interventions in the name of securitization Smith, 02 Thomas SMITH Gov’t and Int’l Affairs @ South Florida 2 “The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence” Int’l Studies Quarterly, 46, p. 367-371 This ev is gender modified The role of military lawyers in all this has, according to one study, AND and construed, hopes of rescuing law from politics will be dim indeed.
The alternative is to reject the affirmative and their reliance on legal liberalism in favor of an epistemological criticism of the state. We must couch our criticism in the epistemology of the state in order to best understand how violence occurs and how to stop it Gorelick, 08 Nathan Gorelick is a Ph.D. student of Comparative Literature at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where he holds a Presidential Fellowship. His research concerns theories of excess from Blanchot, Bataille and Foucault, and these thinkers' indebtedness to 18th century literatures of death and sexuality in England and France. “Imagining Extraordinary Renditions: Terror, Torture and the Possibility of an Excessive Ethics in Literature” http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v011/11.2.gorelick.html III. Literature Beyond Ethics¶ Extraordinary rendition, torture, the war on terror AND operating within the dialectic of visibility endemic to the epistemology of the burrow.
Interpretation: Presidential War Powers exist only in war—outside active hostilities is not in war Smith 7 R. Andrew, City of Chicago Law Department in the Municipal Prosecution Division. "Symposium on Electronic Privacy in the Information Age: Breaking the Stalemate: The Judiciary’s Constitutional Role in Disputes Over the War Powers". Valparaiso University Law Review. Summer 2007. MM Baker v. Carr demonstrates that the purpose of the political question doctrine is to AND powers because only congress may determine that a legal state of war exists.
Additionally, restriction is a prohibition Northglenn 11 (City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, "Rules of Construction – Definitions", http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html) Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term "restriction" shall mean a prohibitive regulation. Any use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing which is the subject of a restriction is prohibited, and no such use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.
PART I INTRODUCTION Article 1 Use of terms and scope 1. For the purposes of this Convention: (1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction; (2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority; (3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;
Substantially is at least 90 Words and Phrases 05 (v. 40B, p. 329) N.H. 1949. The word "substantially" as used in provision AND , as added by Laws 1945, c.138, § 16.
Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions Conner, 78 William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379-http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379 Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
Vote neg— A) Jurisdiction—you cannot vote for a non-topical aff—rejecting them sets a precedent to limit these types of arguments B) Limits—underlimits the topic—results in affs that decrease one surveillance drone over the US—we could never get links or be prepared C) Bidirectionality – lets affs that result in an increase in presidential war powers become topical—makes it impossible to be neg because we’re required to be aff and neg while on the negative
1NC CP Text: The United States federal government should enact a concurrent resolution to limit the war power authority of the president for self-defense targeted killings to outside an armed conflict.
Using the President’s budget request and CBO’s reports, both the House Budget Committee and AND be located in the source: Congressional Full Text Bills - Current Congress. It solves and avoids politics Ackerman and Hathaway 11 (Bruce – Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale, and Oona – Professor of International Law at Yale, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis)
We have begun by discussing the classic ways in which the House and Senate " AND power to rein in presidential bait-and switches in waging limited war.
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a AND sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
That produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04 (Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22) This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this AND including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains political capital Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
Causes Israeli strikes Perr, 12/24 (Jon, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered AND these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Drone strikes destabilize Pakistan and Yemen, cause increased terrorism, and create an arms race that destabilizes the entire international system
Ramachandran, 13 (Jaya, writer for the Palestine Chronicle, "Drone War ’Will Trigger New Arms Race’", Jan 22, www.palestinechronicle.com/drone-war-will-trigger-new-arms-race/-http://www.palestinechronicle.com/drone-war-will-trigger-new-arms-race/ NL) The increasing resort to drones by President Barack Obama will over the long term usher AND polarized between those who have drones and those who are victims of them.
Drones are ineffective and only result in terrorist recruitment Boyle, 13 (Michael, PhD from Cambridge and assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare", 2013, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf NL) As this discussion illustrates, each of the most common claims for the effectiveness of AND groups or tribal networks, that are more sympathetic to Al-Qaeda.
The chance of nuclear terrorism is 1 in 3-billion – multiple reasons
Mueller, Professor of Political Science at Ohio State, 10 (John, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science 26 Technology, Winter2010, Vol. 26, Issue 2)
In contrast to these predictions, terrorist groups seem to have exhibited only limited desire AND concern would be that the terrorist group might be infiltrated by foreign intelligence.
Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many AND encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.
No Russia war
- No motive – fear of US backlash/deterrence precludes nuclear use - No capability – outclassed in spending, economics, and territory Betts 13 – Arnold A. Saltzman Professor of War and Peace Studies at Columbia (Richard, "The Lost Logic of Deterrence," Foreign Affairs, March/April, Vol. 92, Issue 2, Online)
These continuities with the Cold War would make sense only between intense adversaries. Washington AND , it is not the vanguard of a globe-spanning revolutionary ideal.
Consistent with treaty and case law, overt and sustained fighting are key factors in AND sufficiently intense and pervasive enough to create a new zone of active hostilities.
Conflation is inevitable—iLaw and theorists prove Sloane, 09 Robert Sloane, Associate Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law, 2009, "The Cost of Conflation: Preserving the Dualism of Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello in the Contemporary Law of War," Yale Journal of International law, http://www.yale.edu/yjil/files_PDFs/vol34/Sloane This case reflects, in microcosm, a pressing issue in the contemporary law of AND assertion in the framework of this Article as a suggestion that ad bellum considerations
Obama will circumvent the plan —- empirics prove
Levine 12 - Law Clerk; J.D., May 2012, University of Michigan Law School (David Levine, 2013 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW: BOOK NOTICE: A TIME FOR PRESIDENTIAL POWER? WAR TIME AND THE CONSTRAINED EXECUTIVE, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 1195) Both the Declare War Clause n49 and the War Powers Resolution n50 give Congress some AND case study with implications for the use of force over the coming decades. Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution grants to Congress AND . forces abroad in a limited manner based on this inherent authority. n55 The Obama Administration has adopted this position - that a president has inherent constitutional authority AND .S. military personnel to significant risk over a substantial period." n60 The Obama Administration’s position was not out of sync with previous presidential practice - the AND define whether a conflict is a "war" for constitutional purposes. n78 The result of this reasoning is a substantially relaxed restraint on presidential authority to use AND action will increase as the makeup of our arsenal continues to modernize. n82 Dudziak worries about the invocation of "wartime" as an argument for the perpetual AND And looking at the substance of that position leaves much to be desired. Both Koh’s testimony and the OLC memo pay lip service to the idea that the AND without the input of another coequal branch of government is potentially dangerous. n85 As Dudziak’s framework highlights the limits of the Obama Administration’s argument for expansive power, AND catalog of manipulations remains incomplete because of the inherent limits of her framework. This realization does not detract from Dudziak’s warnings about the perils of endless wartime, AND presence as an ongoing feature of American democracy" (p. 136). Conclusion Dudziak presents a compelling argument and supports it well. War Time is potent AND to claim wartime powers - to render the extraordinary ordinary - is significant. This Notice has argued that, contrary to Dudziak’s concerns, the temptation is not absolute. Indeed, in some instances - notably, detention operations in Iraq and Afghanistan - we are still able to differentiate between "war" and "peace" in ways that have hard legal meaning for the actors involved. And, importantly, the executive still feels compelled to abide by these distinctions and act in accordance with the law rather than claim wartime exceptionalism. That the temptation is not absolute, however, does not mean that it is AND the American people, but instead their inattention" (p. 132).
U.S. government pronouncements about the danger of a major cyberattack can be AND week accused computer hackers from China of stealing confidential business information and technology.
Other actors won’t follow aff precedent
Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
China won’t use drones—international pressure against it
Erickson and Strange, 13 (Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", May 29, www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html-http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html NL) Those worried about exactly that tend to point their fingers at China. In March AND military assignments without first having been granted a credible mandate to do so.
The gold standard of such an authorisation is a resolution passed by the UN Security AND caution - something Washington must bear in mind with its own drone programme.
No South China Sea war
Carlson 13 – Associate Professor of Government at Cornell (Allen, "China Keeps the Peace at Sea," 2/21/13, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139024/allen-carlson/china-keeps-the-peace-at-sea?page=show)
The nuclear test, though, is a red herring in terms of the conflict AND Today, China’s economy is second only to that of the United States.
Drone prolif is slow and there’s no impact
Zenko, 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65, online) Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within AND undertake the significant¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.
Solvency
Congressional restrictions do nothing—the president will continue to fight wars
Turner, 13 (Robert, co-founded the Center for National Security Law at the University of Virginia School of Law in 1981 and has written two books specifically on the War Powers Resolution. He is a former three-term chairman of the ABA Standing Committee on Law and National Security, "Why the War Powers Resolution isn’t a key factor in the Syria situation", 8/31, blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/08/why-the-war-powers-resolution-isnt-a-key-factor-in-the-syria-situation/ NL) THE PRECEDENTS FOR PRESIDENTIAL MILITARY POWERS¶ Congress has formally "declared war" 11 AND war by private merchant vessels, Congress would still retain its constitutional negative.
Congress won’t enforce the plan Druck, 12 (Judah A., , J.D. Candidate at Cornell "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review 98:209-237, accessed 6-12-13 Bosley) Of course, despite these various suits, Congress has received much of the blame AND Congress itself has taken a role in the continued disregard for WPR enforcement.
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include AND , or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb. Vote neg for limits–every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
Causes Israeli strikes Perr, 12/24 (Jon, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered AND these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to restrict targets of targeted killing operations using remotely piloted vehicles to individuals identified as leaders of transnational organizations with direct involvement in past or ongoing violent operations against the United States Self-restraint solves the case Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
CP avoids politics Fine, 12 Jeffrey A. Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, and Political Behavior. Adam L. Warber is an associate professor of political science at Clemson University. He is the author of Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, " Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government", Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive AND have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.
1NC K The 1AC makes the same mistake as those liberals before them—couching their action within the government only allows it to maintain power and ensure the continuation of capitalist domination Herod, 01 (James Herod. In A Stake, Not a Mistake. October, 2001. http://www.jamesherod.info/index.php?sec=paper26id=9) I spent several years in the early sixties studying Underdevelopment. It was frustrating, AND will wake up, take notice, apologize, and stop doing it.
Capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
then we can see more clearly how we can cease being slaves.
1NC Solvency Obama will circumvent the plan Levine 12 (David Levine, Law Clerk; J.D., May 2012, University of Michigan Law School 2013 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW: BOOK NOTICE: A TIME FOR PRESIDENTIAL POWER? WAR TIME AND THE CONSTRAINED EXECUTIVE, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 1195) Both the Declare War Clause n49 and the War Powers Resolution n50 give Congress some AND the American people, but instead their inattention" (p. 132).¶
Signing statements take out the aff Crouch et al. 13 (Jeffrey – Assistant Professor of American Politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell – Acting Dean and Professor of Public Policy at GMU, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, "The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power," December 2013, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43(4):883-899, accessed 12-15-13 Bosley)
Signing statements become objectionable when a president attempts to transform statutory authority and circumvent the AND , it is doubtful that a layperson can clearly discern the president’s intentions.
1NC Modeling Adv Their impact evidence is in the context of the Asia Pivot – obviously the plan doesn’t solve this
Others won’t model Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
Drone prolif is slow and there’s no impact Zenko, 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65, online) Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within AND undertake the significant¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.
Other weapons make miscalc inevitable and drone prolif is inevitable Clarke, 12 (Richard, security consultant and author, is a former White House counterterrorism adviser to Presidents George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. He was deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence under President Ronald Reagan, "Give drones a medal", Dec 2, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249-http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249 NL) The concern about other nations employing drones is legitimate, but not a good argument AND are very unlikely to give up drones, no matter what we do.
No Russia miscalc impact Bailey and Barish 99 (Kathleen C., Franklin D., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Comparative Strategy Jan-Mar1998, Vol18 Iss1, "De-alerting of U.S. Nuclear Forces: A Critical Appraisal" Academic Search Complete, *I can email you the article if you don’t have this database)
The Adequacy of Early Warning The United States and Russia have satellite- and ground AND , in event of breach, to prevent the weapons from being usable.
Despite tensions that flare up, the United States and Russia are no longer enemies; the chance of nuclear war or surprise attack is nearly zero. We trade in each other’s equity markets. Russia has the largest audience of Facebook users in Europe, and is open to the world in a way the Soviet Union never was.
No Pakistan collapse Dasgupta 13 – Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities of Shady Grove (Sunil, also non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", 2-25-13, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/)
As it is, India and Pakistan have gone down to the nuclear edge four AND out a Pakistani civil war while covertly coordinating policy with the United States. No US-Russia war Cartwright et al 12 (Gen (Ret) James Cartwright, former Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Amb. Richard Burt, former ambassador to Germany and chief negotiator of START; Sen. Chuck Hagel; Amb. Thomas Pickering, former ambassador to the UN; Gen. (Ret.) Jack Sheehan, former Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic for NATO and Commander-in-Chief for the U.S. Atlantic Command; GLOBAL ZERO U.S. NUCLEAR POLICY COMMISSION REPORT, http://orepa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/cartwright-report.pdf-http://orepa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/cartwright-report.pdf~~
These illustrative next steps are possible and desirable for five basic reasons. First, AND vis-à-vis third countries whose nuclear arsenals pale in comparison quantitatively
No nuclear terrorism - Logistical Hurdles – technical - No rogue stockpiles - Failure deters attempts - Not in AQ strategy Gavin, Professor of International Affairs at UTA, 10 (Francis J., also Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin, "Same As It Ever Was: Nuclear Alarmism, Proliferation, and the Cold War," International Security 34:3, Winter 09/10, pp.7-37, accessed 5-24-12Bosley)
Coherent policies to reduce the risk of a nonstate actor using nuclear weapons clearly need AND overstated, and that popular wisdom on the topic is significantly flawed."59
Trade doesn’t solve war — they conflate correlation and causation van de Haar, Lecturer in IR at Ateneo de Manila University, 10 (Edwin, PhD in Political Science, "The Liberal Divide over Trade, Peace, and War," June 2010, International Relations 24(2), accessed 9-11-12 Bosley)
A second point for further elaboration is that Hume and Smith note that international trade AND are to be found in combined research into risk factors and context.143
Comprehensive studies prove Miller, Economist and Adjunct Professor at Ottawa, 2K (Morris Miller, economist, adjunct professor in the University of Ottawa’s Faculty of Administration, consultant on international development issues, former Executive Director and Senior Economist at the World Bank, Winter 2000, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Vol. 25, Iss. 4, "Poverty as a cause of wars?")
The question may be reformulated. Do wars spring from a popular reaction to a AND by increasing repression (thereby using one form of violence to abort another).
The overarching question guiding this study is: how can we explain the lacking onshore AND to make a safe return due to the shortage of aerial refuelling aircrafts.
No escalation Africa News 04 ("Speaking Out:- Africa And the Future of Terrorism," 4-9-4, l/n, accessed 5-26-12Bosley)
Defining our role may not have to be as difficult as it might first seem AND hunger, and pretty much everything else that has ceased to be of any
Alt causes trump Bouchat, Senior Researcher with the U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, 2010 (Clarence J., retired U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel and adjunct professor at the Harrisburg Area Community College and U.S. Army War College, "Security and Stabikity in Africa: A Development Approach," January 2010, published under the Strategic Studies Institute, http://www.army.mil/article/35035/Security_and_Stability_in_Africa__A_Development_Approach/, accessed 6/27/11Bosley)
Workers who engage in agriculture for the primary purpose of feeding their families are considered AND part in underdevelopment in Sub-Saharan Africa, and in its instability.
Squo solves Pakistan impacts Reuters, 8/1 (Lesley Wroughton and Maria Golovnina, "U.S., Pakistan agree to start new chapter in long-strained relations," 8-1-13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/01/us-usa-pakistan-kerry-idUSBRE96U0Y920130801-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/01/us-usa-pakistan-kerry-idUSBRE96U0Y920130801, accessed 9-14-13 Bosley) (Reuters) - The United States and Pakistan agreed on Thursday to re- AND Afghanistan next year, both sides will see positives in repairing the relationship. Too many warring factions make collapse inevitably Javaid, 11 (Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies 26 Chairperson Department of political science University of Punjab, "Thriving Fundamentalism and Militancy in Pakistan: An Analytical Overview of their Impact on the Society", South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies Vol. 26, No. 1, January-June 2011, pp. 9-18, pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/1-Dr.20Umbreen20Javaid.pdf NL) The overriding militant characteristic of the extremist religious movements ¶ ultimately created unbridgeable gulf between AND States settling the historic scores amongst inter and intra a regional ¶ populace.
Won’t cause nuclear terror Mueller, Professor of Political Science at Ohio State, 2010 (John, "Calming Our Nuclear Jitters," Issues in Science and Technology 26:2, Winter 2010, accessed 6/23/11Bosley)
The terrorist group might also seek to steal or illicitly purchase a "loose nuke AND world have the knowledge to cause an unauthorized detonation of a nuclear weapon."
There could be dangers in the chaos that would emerge if a nuclear state were to utterly collapse; Pakistan is frequently cited in this context and sometimes North Korea as well. However, even under such conditions, nuclear weapons would probably remain under heavy guard by people who know that a purloined bomb might be used in their own territory. They would still have locks and, in the case of Pakistan, the weapons would be disassembled.
KABUL — Pakistan on Tuesday described its nuclear policy as one of "restraint and AND of nuclear warheads and the emergence of a militant Islamist government in Pakistan.
2/13/14
Texas R6
Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Rob Mulholand 1NC T
Our interpretation is that restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions Conner, 78 William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379-http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379 Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
Must directly prohibit- changing powers of the purse don’t qualify- exta-T planks generate unique aff offense to neg generics that are unpredictable Caiaccio 94 Student note Copyright (c) 1994 Georgia Law Review Association Georgia Law Review Spring, 1994 28 Ga. L. Rev. 807 In essence, the court held that the word "restrict" referred only to outright prohibitions, and that a mere "economic consequence" does not equal a prohibition. n143
Vote neg for limits—they allow affs that don’t limit war powers but just creates a condition or a requirement on it—that’s an unlimited amount of affs we couldn’t prepare for
The plan resparks Congressional fights over war powers that steals focus and drains PC Cohen, 11 (Tom, CNN Wire News editor. "Debate over war powers re-emerges in Congress, courts" 7-16-11 http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/06/17/war.powers.libya/index.html//wyoccd) Washington (CNN) — An endless Washington debate over the president’s power to go AND .S. forces and Congress battling to exert influence on the process.
Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
Causes Israeli strikes Perr, 12/24 (Jon, B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton’s call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore’s and John Kerry’s presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran~~23-http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered AND these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
1NC K The 1AC makes the same mistake as those liberals before them—couching their action within the government only allows it to maintain power and ensure the continuation of capitalist domination Herod, 01 (James Herod. In A Stake, Not a Mistake. October, 2001. http://www.jamesherod.info/index.php?sec=paper26id=9) I spent several years in the early sixties studying Underdevelopment. It was frustrating, AND will wake up, take notice, apologize, and stop doing it.
Capitalism commodifies all existence—it’s the logic of genocide and the ultimate devaluation of life Kovel, 02 (Joel Kovel, Alger Hiss Professor, Social Studies, Bard College, THE ENEMY OF NATURE: THE END OF CAPITALISM OR THE END OF THE WORLD, 2002, p. 141.) Capital produces egoic relations, which reproduce capital. The isolated selves of the capitalist AND a racist drumbeat; for global capital, the losses are regrettable necessities.
then we can see more clearly how we can cease being slaves.
1NC CP
Counterplan text: President Obama should pass an executive order to establish a permanent war powers consultation committee, requiring the President to engage in binding consultation with the committee over introduction of United States Armed Forces into significant armed conflict, and require a Congressional authorization vote following consultation. The statute should define ’significant armed conflict’ as any conflict expressly authorized by Congress, or any mission conducted by United States Armed Forces pursuant to Rules of Engagement authorizing use of force. The statute should include an explicit point-of order mechanism.
Self-restraint solves the case – only action Posner and Vermeule 7 (Eric Posner, The University of Chicago Law School Professor, and Adrian Vermeule, Harvard Law School Professor of Law, 2007, The Credible Executive, 74 U. Chi. L. Rev. 865)
The Madisonian system of oversight has not totally failed. Sometimes legislators overcome the temptation AND as a breach of faith even if no other institution ever enforces it.
CP avoids politics Fine, 12 Jeffrey A. Fine, assistant professor of political science at Clemson University. He has published articles in the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, and Political Behavior. Adam L. Warber is an associate professor of political science at Clemson University. He is the author of Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly, June 2012, " Circumventing Adversity: Executive Orders and Divided Government", Vol. 42, No. 2, Ebsco We also should expect presidents to prioritize and be strategic in the types of executive AND have a greater incentive to issue major policy orders to overcome legislative hurdles.
Solvency
Obama will circumvent the plan Levine 12 (David Levine, Law Clerk; J.D., May 2012, University of Michigan Law School 2013 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW: BOOK NOTICE: A TIME FOR PRESIDENTIAL POWER? WAR TIME AND THE CONSTRAINED EXECUTIVE, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 1195) Both the Declare War Clause n49 and the War Powers Resolution n50 give Congress some AND the American people, but instead their inattention" (p. 132).¶
Signing statements take out the aff Crouch et al. 13 (Jeffrey – Assistant Professor of American Politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell – Acting Dean and Professor of Public Policy at GMU, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, "The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power," December 2013, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43(4):883-899, accessed 12-15-13 Bosley)
Signing statements become objectionable when a president attempts to transform statutory authority and circumvent the AND , it is doubtful that a layperson can clearly discern the president’s intentions.
Pre-emption
Others don’t model us Weisbroke, 13 (Kenneth, writer, editor and historian, "Recipe for a Post-Hegemonic USA", Jan 2, yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/recipe-post-hegemonic-usa) NL ANKARA: Governance in the United States is at a standoff. The crisis over AND is hard to say where it will lead, or what it signifies.
Their ev is all describing the "Bush Doctrine" in the 02 NSS Rehman 12 – 1AC Author – Fehzan Rehman, International Relations at the University of Westminster, "Analyzing America’s National Security Strategy", e-International Relations, 9-13, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/13/analyzing-americas-national-security-strategy/ The 11th September 2001 attacks on America catalysed the foreign policy objectives and decisions made AND and have a similar fate as its predecessor, the League of Nations? Obama already repudiated that in the 2010 NSS —- either the squo solves or the aff can’t AP 10 Associated Press writers Anne Gearan and Robert Burns, " Obama’s National Security Strategy Turns Away From Bush Administration Goals," http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/26/obamas-national-security_n_590109.html WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama is breaking with the go-it-alone Bush AND intended.¶ Obama’s new strategy is expected to move away from that doctrine.
No modeling Zenko ’13 ~Micah, Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, "The Signal and the Noise," Foreign Policy, 2-2-13, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/20/the_signal_and_the_noise, accessed 6-12-13~
Later, Gen. Austin observed of cutting forces from the Middle East: " AND pronouncements seriously, and instead assume they are made to appease domestic audiences.
Mission Failure
Their studies are flawed in ignoring wars between major and minor states which cause draw-in
Monteiro, Assistant Professor of Political Science at NYU, 12 (Nuno P. Monteiro, Assistant Professor of Political Science at NYU, 2012, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is not Peaceful", pdf)
I agree with Wohlforth on these two points, but they are only part of AND higher.47 These figures provide no evidence that unipolarity is peaceful.48
There’s no mythical hotspot scenario—prefer our specific impact
Goldstein, Professor Emeritus of International Relations at American, 11 (Joshua, Nonresident Sadat Senior Fellow, CIDCM at the University of Maryland and Research Scholar at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, "Think Again: War," Foreign Policy, Sept 2011, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war?page=full, accessed 5-24-12Bosley)
Nor do shifts in the global balance of power doom us to a future of AND , China’s military hasn’t fired a single shot in battle in 25 years.
More than two decades after the Cold War dramatically ended, the U.S AND populous allies are capable of promoting peace and stability in their own regions.
Indeed, Kagan frames a good part of his argument around America’s "relative power AND them are generally considered elements of national security, perhaps they should be.
3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include AND , or by interposing obstacle, to repress or suppress, to curb. Vote neg for limits–every single condition or regulation acts as a functional restriction on some single process of war powers authority – dozens of tiny mechanisms and small subsets of areas create an infinite number of affs that core lit doesn’t check
1NC T
Our interpretation is that authority is the legal permission granted to the president Taylor 96 Attorney at Gambrell 26 Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online) The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency AND is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.
Judicial review doesn’t remove authority Gilbert, 98 GILBERT 98 Lieutenant Colonel USAF Academy; MSBA, Boston University; J.D., McGeorge School of Law; LL.M., Harvard Law School ~Michael H. Gilbert, The Military and the Federal Judiciary: an Unexplored Part of the Civil-Military Relations Triangle, USAFA Journal of Legal Studies, 8 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 197~ Conclusion¶ The judiciary can perform the critical function of judicial review of cases involving AND the cost of removing civilian control which should be exercised by the courts.
Vote neg for limits—allowing restrictions that don’t remove authority massively explodes the research burden, making it impossible to be neg
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a AND sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.
That produces a culture of structural violence that makes infinite destruction appear desirable Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04 (Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22) This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this AND including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).
1NC ASPEC
The aff fails to specify their agent of action— vote negative
Brovero, 94 (Adrienne, Immigration Policies Expert, "Immigration Regulation : Borderline Policies" Wake Forest Debate Site www.wfu.edu/Student¬organizations/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Brovero1994I mmig ration. htm) The problem is not that there is not a plan; this time there is AND plan of action, the affirmative team should specify an agent of action.
Using the President’s budget request and CBO’s reports, both the House Budget Committee and AND be located in the source: Congressional Full Text Bills - Current Congress. It solves and avoids politics Ackerman and Hathaway 11 (Bruce – Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale, and Oona – Professor of International Law at Yale, "Limiting War and the Constitution, Michigan Law Review, vol 109, Lexis)
We have begun by discussing the classic ways in which the House and Senate " AND power to rein in presidential bait-and switches in waging limited war.
1NC DA
Immigration gets passed now with Boehner’s support but his PC and focus is key—need to get conservative Republicans on board Jacoby, 12/26 (Tamar, writer for CNN, "Big surprise ahead in 2014", December 26, www.cnn.com/2013/12/26/opinion/jacoby-immigration-2014/index.html?hpt=po_c1-http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/26/opinion/jacoby-immigration-2014/index.html?hpt=po_c1 NL) So what’s blocking reform? The obstacles have little to do with immigration. The AND House to deliver a path to legal status that stops short of citizenship.
Massive Republican opposition to drone courts Muñoz, 13 (Carlo, Writer for The Hill, "No court for drone oversight, says GOP", February 13, thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/282687-no-court-for-drones-says-gop NL) Senate Republicans on Tuesday ruled out placing armed drone strikes under the authority of a AND armed drone program during his time at CIA and in the Obama administration. Obama will also fight the plan Silverstein, 9 Gordon Silverstein, UC Berkeley Assistant Professor, December 2009, Bush, Cheney, and the Separation of Powers: A Lasting Legal Legacy?, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116126context=schmooze_papers Less than six months into the new administration, many of Obama’s staunch supporters have AND , where needed, seeking fresh and expansive legislative support for his claims.
Immigration is key to the economy Miller, 13 (Jonathan, JD from Harvard Law School and former two-term elected Kentucky State Treasurer, "Why Our Economy Demands Immigration Reform", 2/7, www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathanmiller/immigration-reform-economy_b_2639092.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathanmiller/immigration-reform-economy_b_2639092.html NL) When it comes to restoring strong, long-term growth in our nation’s economy AND are distributed for employment based reasons, which is clearly far too low.
Decline causes nuclear war Merlini, 11 (Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2) Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of AND theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.
Adv 1
Other actors won’t follow aff precedent Jacobson, 13 (Mark, senior advisor to the Truman Project, "Five Myths About Obama’s Drone War", 2/11, trumanproject.org/doctrine-blog/five-myths-about-obamas-drone-war/ NL) Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high- AND United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake AND air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
Drone prolif is slow and there’s no impact Zenko, 13 (Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," January, Council Special Report No. 65, online) Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within AND undertake the significant¶ investment required for armed drones in the near term.
Other weapons make miscalc inevitable and drone prolif is inevitable Clarke, 12 (Richard, security consultant and author, is a former White House counterterrorism adviser to Presidents George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. He was deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence under President Ronald Reagan, "Give drones a medal", Dec 2, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249-http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/give-drones-medal-article-1.1211249 NL) The concern about other nations employing drones is legitimate, but not a good argument AND are very unlikely to give up drones, no matter what we do.
No groupthink – internal processes check Kennedy 12 (Brandon, Class of 2012, University of Southern California Gould School of Law; M.A. Regional Studies: Middle East 2009, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; B.A. Government 2009, Harvard University, "NOTE: THE HIJACKING OF FOREIGN POLICY DECISION MAKING: GROUPTHINK AND PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE POST-9/11 WORLD," Spring 2012, 21 S. Cal. Interdis. L.J. 633)
Neither the president nor the decision-making group members implement "hybrid" checks AND the threat to ""go public’ by leaking embarrassing information or publicly resigning."
US-Saudi relations are resilient – multiple existential crises prove Lippman, Senior Adjunct Scholar at the Council on Foreign Relations, 12 (Thomas W., "Saudi Arabia on the Edge: The Uncertain Future of an American Ally" Potomac Books, p252-253, 1-31-12, accessed via Google Books on 6-26-12 Bosley)
The strength and durability of the alliance can be seen in the fact that it AND -Palestinian question could not be allowed to interfere with those strategic realities.
No impact to oil shocks – market mechanisms soften the blow
Rasmussen, IMF Senior Economist – Middle East and Central Asia Department, and Roitman, IMF Economist, 11 (Tobias, and Agustin, both PhDs in economics, "Oil shocks around the world: are they really that bad?" 8-25-11, http://voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/6905, accessed 5-28-12Bosley)
To put these numbers in perspective, it is useful to think of an economy AND that the adverse consequences are mostly relatively mild and occur with a lag. Naval primacy inevitable – US will adapt and is too far ahead Harris 8 (Stuart, BEc (Sydney) and PhD (The Australian National University), is Professor in the Department of International Relations at the Australian National University, "China’s "new" diplomacy: tactical or fundamental change?", Google Books, pg 20)
The United States also keeps a close eye on Chinas military modernization. It believes AND overwhelming U.S. naval superiority will remain for a long time.
No impact to naval power Rhodes, PhD dean for the Social and Behavioral Sciences at Rutgers University, 05 (Edward, and a former International Affairs Fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations, he has served in the Strategy and Concepts Branch of the Navy Staff, "". . . From the Sea" and Back Again: Naval Power in the Second American Century," Naval War College Review 52:2, Spring, http://www.usnwc.edu/Publications/Naval-War-College-Press/Newport-Papers/Documents/24-pdf.aspx, p. 172-6, accessed 1-11-12Bosley)
The lack of evidence in support of a proposition is, of course, not AND long run to serve the interests of either the nation or the Navy.
Solvency
Drone courts destroy SOP, ILaw, and are just a rubber stamp Rona, 13 (Gabor, international legal director at Human Rights First, "The pro-rule of law argument against a ’drone court’", 2/27, thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court NL) The instinct to regulate the government’s claimed unilateral killing power is understandable. But a AND a "drone court" would do little, if any, good.
Supporters like the idea because it appears to provide some check on the President’s secretive exercise of this lethal unilateral power. But what judge would risk preventing the interception of a terrorist? What’s more likely is that the drone court would be a rubber stamp, creating only the appearance, not the reality, of justice.
Drone courts destroy SOP, ILaw, and are just a rubber stamp Rona, 13 (Gabor, international legal director at Human Rights First, "The pro-rule of law argument against a ’drone court’", 2/27, thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/judicial/285041-the-pro-rule-of-law-argument-against-a-drone-court NL) The instinct to regulate the government’s claimed unilateral killing power is understandable. But a AND stamp, creating only the appearance, not the reality, of justice.
