Tournament: CEDA | Round: 2 | Opponent: FloridaWayne | Judge: Brett Bricker

Contention One is Masculine Protection

US drone violence perfects the rhetorical war of the media, military, and the state where political leaders can explain away deaths by categorizing individuals as truly "innocent civilians" or "abusive civilians." This rhetorical war creates the perfect weapon, the drone, that allows us to wage an endless war against bodies we place in the grey-zones of violence

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
And yet Beard’s (2009) point about the visibility of military actions is well
AND
and Reid (2009) call ’the liberal way of war’.29

This rhetorical war prefects the drone as the masculine protector of some gendered, ethnicized body that is always able to be erased by the imperialist state. This view justifies the current standards that says all men are guilty and all women need our protection

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

The RGMA ushers in a high-tech patriarchal imperialism, and citizens of the
AND
them about themselves: you are a hero; you are a murderer.

Drones are the new embodiment of masculine protectionism – drones represented as a masculine protector allows the US to distracts away from the bloodied targets of drone strikes and claim that the strikes are helping rescues the feminized middle eastern other

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

The masculine protection of the drone creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level

Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Drones create zones of invisibility that privilege the viewpoint of the US drone and exacerbate the issues by combining technology with the American culture of exceptionalism whereby the bomber is always the privileged hunter-killer

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear
AND
of life’ analysis this makes possible, but it cannot be erased.24

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Our ability to simply say that some bodies are accidents and the rhetorical war we wage with drones allows us to perfect our role as the arbitrator of the only truth – American power. The mutual apocalyptic drive between the US and its enemies will culminate in the US destroying the world in order to remake it.

Lifton ’3
Robert J. Lifton, Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Graduate School and Director of The Center on Violence and Human Survival at John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, 2003, Superpower Syndrome, pgs 1-5
The apocalyptic imagination has spawned a new kind of violence at the beginning the twenty
AND
those reverberations became all too cruellyevident. My past work suddenly became current. 

Plan Text

The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s authority to use drones for targeted killing.

Contention Three is Solvency

Prohibiting the use of drones is necessary to challenging the violence of the war on terror and produces a necessary starting point to challenging violence at home

Heathcote, 10
(Gina Heathcote, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - School of Law, "Feminist Reflections on the ’End’ of the War on Terror," Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol 11
2010, http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf, EGM)
Beyond the global war against terrorism, the Charter-based norms on the law
AND
its consequences, remain a fundamental part of the international security landscape.  

Utilitarian calculus fails to empower the body or produce an understanding of those who are destroyed in targeted strikes. Only by understanding bodies as socially produced are we able to produce a better understanding about the value of human lives

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
One of the most important feminist contributions in theorizing the body is work that highlights
AND
intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology.

There are so many reasons nuclear and great power wars are impossible

Robb, 12
(Doug, U.S. Navy Lieutenant, "Why the Age of Great-Power War is Over", May 2012, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over, May 16, 13, EH)
Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of
AND
a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

Util is not objective—it is a marked form of knowledge that only subjugates alternative ways of knowing and results in worse violent dehumanization

Wall and Monahan, 11
(Tyler Wall, Eastern Kentucky University, Torin Monahan, Vanderbilt University, "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes," 2011, Theoretical Criminology, http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf, EGM)
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
AND
to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Obama won’t circumvent—-empirics prove

Michael A. Cohen 12, is a fellow at the Century Foundation, "The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight," July 24, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight
Ironically, however, the administration stands on firmer legal ground here than it did
AND
likely to get worse before it gets better, if it ever does.

Images of hyper-violence numbs us to real deaths that are happening—these images must be rejected always

Giroux, 12
(Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence)
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

Law is constructed the aff is an example of necessary deconstruction because the only way to stop drones in Afghanistan and the literal erasing of bodies from having meaning much less political significance is to prohibit the use of drones.

Caputo, 97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
AND
a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff

Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.", Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
AND
appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.

Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Tournament: Georgia | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia State NS | Judge: Dan Bagwell

Contention One is the Cyborg

Drone warfare creates people into cyborgs—the drone becomes an extension of the body and it becomes impossible to separate the two. This forces a desensitization to warfare that creates the conditions for violence

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The soldier as a site of technological transformation of the body is not a new
AND
and this myth is put into practice in the apparatus of precision bombing. 

These cyborg soldiers are the epitomy of masculine domination, creating a protectionist stance over even the bodies of the soldiers

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
While many are concerned about the loss of soldiers lives in conflicts, especially in
AND
who are law-abiding and chivalrous in their attempts to spare civilians.

The hypermasculinization of drone warfare genders the world, painting the US as the strong, masculine protector of the weak, feminine Middle East. This hyper-masculine mindset glosses over the lives of the civilians who are destroyed by strikes daily
Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

That creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level
Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

This action is not a temporary shortcoming, but an actively produced ignorance—civilian deaths are painted as un-knowable in order to deny these individuals political significance

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
In the discourse of precision warfare, the difficulty of distinguishing between civilians and combatants
AND
of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

The plan is necessary to stopping the distancing between soldiers and wars that produce our impacts
Shaw, 13
(Ian, Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, "Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare" http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13 R.C.)
By introducing the term Predator Empire I do not want to suggest that US extrajudicial
AND
way – not for those that involve waging war by other means". 125-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241

Plan Text
The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s authority to use drones for targeted killing. 

Contention Three is Framing

Utilitarian calculus fails to empower the body or produce an understanding of those who are destroyed in targeted strikes. Only by understanding bodies as socially produced are we able to produce a better understanding about the value of human lives

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
One of the most important feminist contributions in theorizing the body is work that highlights
AND
intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology.

Calculations of risk assessment rely on the same logic of precision warfare that results in our impacts in the first place. We must reject utilitarian risk assessments and understand that risk is inevitable

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
Precision warfare is also characterized by risk-aversion in both the means of fighting
AND
and danger on one hand, and technologies of control on the other.

There are so many reasons nuclear and great power wars are impossible
Robb, 12
(Doug, U.S. Navy Lieutenant, "Why the Age of Great-Power War is Over", May 2012, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over-http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over, May 16, 13, EH)
Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of
AND
a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

Util is not objective—it is a marked form of knowledge that only subjugates alternative ways of knowing and results in worse violent dehumanization

Wall and Monahan, 11
(Tyler Wall, Eastern Kentucky University, Torin Monahan, Vanderbilt University, "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes," 2011, Theoretical Criminology, http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf-http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf, EGM)
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
AND
to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Obama won’t circumvent—-empirics prove
Michael A. Cohen 12, is a fellow at the Century Foundation, "The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight," July 24, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight
Ironically, however, the administration stands on firmer legal ground here than it did
AND
likely to get worse before it gets better, if it ever does.

Quantitative assessments of body counts masks over the true violence of warfare
Gregory, 10
(Derek Gregory , Prof. of Geography @ U. of British Columbia, "War and peace," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 35.2)
Ferguson is not alone in his silence. Many of those who regarded those continuing
AND
fin de siècle (Chojnacki and Reisch 2008; Harbom and Wallensteen 2009).

Law can be good when it is recognized as constructed and deconstructed so that changes can be made to most violent most exclusionary versions of laws. Laws can be invented and reinvented to address the ignorance and exclusion inherent in all laws.
Caputo ’97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
AND
a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff
Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.", Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
AND
appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.
Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Images of hyper-violence numbs us to real deaths that are happening—these images must be rejected always
Giroux, 12
(Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence)
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Scullio, Cooper, Bender

Contention One is Masculine Protection

US drone violence perfects the rhetorical war of the media, military, and the state where political leaders can explain away deaths by categorizing individuals as truly "innocent civilians" or "abusive civilians." This rhetorical war creates the drone into the perfect weapon that allows us to wage an endless war against bodies we place in the grey-zones of violence

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
And yet Beard’s (2009) point about the visibility of military actions is well
AND
and Reid (2009) call ’the liberal way of war’.29

This rhetorical war prefects the drone as the masculine protector of some gendered, ethnicized body that is always able to be erased by the imperialist state. This view justifies the current standards that says all men are guilty and all women need our protection

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

The RGMA ushers in a high-tech patriarchal imperialism, and citizens of the
AND
them about themselves: you are a hero; you are a murderer.

Drones are the new embodiment of masculine protectionism – drones represented as a masculine protector allows the US to distracts away from the bloodied targets of drone strikes and claim that the strikes are helping rescues the feminized middle eastern other

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)
At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

The masculine protection of the drone creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level

Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Drones create zones of invisibility that privilege the viewpoint of the US drone and exacerbate the issues by combining technology with the American culture of exceptionalism whereby the bomber is always the privileged hunter-killer

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear
AND
of life’ analysis this makes possible, but it cannot be erased.24

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Our ability to simply say that some bodies are accidents and the rhetorical war we wage with drones allows us to perfect our role as the arbitrator of the only truth – American power. The mutual apocalyptic drive between the US and its enemies will culminate in the US destroying the world in order to remake it.

Lifton, 03
Robert J. Lifton, Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Graduate School and Director of The Center on Violence and Human Survival at John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, 2003, Superpower Syndrome, pgs 1-5
The apocalyptic imagination has spawned a new kind of violence at the beginning the twenty
AND
those reverberations became all too cruellyevident. My past work suddenly became current. 

Plan Text

The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s war powers authority to use drones for targeted killing.

Contention Three is Solvency

Prohibiting the use of drones is necessary to challenging the violence of the war on terror and produces the best starting point to challenging violence at home

Heathcote, 10
(Gina Heathcote, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - School of Law, "Feminist Reflections on the ’End’ of the War on Terror," Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol 11
2010, http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf, EGM)
Beyond the global war against terrorism, the Charter-based norms on the law
AND
its consequences, remain a fundamental part of the international security landscape.  

Law is constructed the aff is an example of necessary deconstruction because the only way to stop drones in Afghanistan and the literal erasing of bodies from having meaning much less political significance is to prohibit the use of drones

Caputo, 97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
AND
a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

The state is inevitable—that means we need to act within it to create any change

Holcombe, 04
(Randall, DeVoe Moore Professor of Economics at Florida State University, "Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable", NL)
In the foregoing arguments, I have maintained that although government may not be¶
AND
government, but inevitably they will find themselves¶ under government’s jurisdiction.20

The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff

Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.", Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
AND
appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.

The feminist curiosity of the 1AC solves

Enloe, 2007
(Cynthia, Research Professor, Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Department of International Development, Community, and Environment and Women’s Studies, Clark University, p. 1)MKD

Developing a "curiosity" involves exploring, questioning—refusing to take something for
AND
links between two of the world’s most potent trends: globalization and militarization.

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.

Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Performing the speech act of the 1AC allows us to understand the ways in which we can use instances of the law against itself.

Judith Butler, knows her fucking shit. 2K. "Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death"
Interestingly enough, both Antigone’s act of burial and her verbal defiance become the occasions
AND
within it traces of a simultaneous refusal and assimilation of that very authority. 

Obama won’t circumvent—-empirics prove

Michael A. Cohen 12, is a fellow at the Century Foundation, "The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight," July 24, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight
Ironically, however, the administration stands on firmer legal ground here than it did
AND
likely to get worse before it gets better, if it ever does.

Reformism can be productive even if the law is morally bankrupt – focus on strategic effects of policies while abandoning the fantasy of ethical neutrality allows for effective material change

Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Given the logics of settler colonialism, it may seem to be a hopeless contradiction
AND
we might need to creatively rethink what legal reforms would actually increase safety.

We should advocate for legal reform disinvested from morality – acts of disobedience meant to shame the system ultimately fail – emphasis on the strategic effects of policies best allows for material change

Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Legal reformists who often focus on shaping the law to reflect their moral values and those who focus on extra-legal revolutionary strategies often share the same goal. Often the presumed ’radical’ strategy adopted by social justice groups is to engage in civil disobedience. While these groups ostensibly break the law, they often do so in rather ceremonial fashion; they essentially want to shame the system. People are supposed to get arrested, and those in power are supposed to be so shamed by the fact that an unjust system required people to break the law. The expectation is that they will then change the laws. Acts of civil disobedience often are not targeted toward changing a policy directly or building alternative systems to the current one. Many Native groups in the southwest US, however, have developed an alternative framework for extra-legal social change. Rather than breaking the law to change the system, they propose to make Native communities ungovernable. For instance, during the passage of SB1070, Native groups with the Taala Hooghan Infoshop, O’odham Solidarity Across Borders, and others occupied the Border Patrol Office.32 However, rather than engaging in the occupation with the expectation of getting arrested, they chained themselves to the building so that the office could not perform its work. This approach has continued with their efforts to stop the US government’s desecration of the San Francisco Peaks through the construction of a ski resort. While they have not eschewed legal strategies for stopping this desecration, they have focused on preventing tourists from visiting the area so that the ski resort will no longer be economically viable. According to their promotional material on TrueSnow.org: 84 For the last decade defenders of the peaks have used every legitimate way they could think of to try to stop the US Forest Service from allowing treated sewage effluent to be sprayed on the Peaks to make snow. More than 20,000 people took part in the Forest Service Environmental Impact Statement process with letters and appeals asking them not to spray treated sewage effluent on the peaks to make snow. Thousands of us went to Flagstaff City Council meetings to voice our opposition to the sale of treated sewer water for the project. Yet still they approved it – before even an environmental impact statement was done. They were the most clueless of all. Currently the Hopi tribe is seeking lawsuit against the city because of this treated sewage effluent sale. A group of tribes and environmental and social justice organizations took a lawsuit all the way to the steps of the Supreme Court. The lawsuits have only called into question the legitimacy of what is loosely termed the ’justice’ system. For it seems there is no justice in this system. It is just us, IN this system. There is also yet another lawsuit in play which I have termed ’Save the Peaks Coalition vs The Snowbowl Movement’ which may have the possibility of stopping this project in the long term. But if we wait for a verdict, all the trees will be cut and the pipeline installed. This has not stopped the politically connected ski area from going ahead with their project right now and they have already clear-cut 100,000 trees (or more) and have already buried a few miles of pipeline along Snowbowl road. If they lose in court they would be expected to repair the damages. How do you get back 400 year old trees? Greed and hatred seems to be Snowbowl’s only motivation ~…~. But isn’t there some way to stop it? Well we could hit them where it hurts21 In the pocketbook. If you live in the Fort Valley area of Flagstaff you must see by now how little Arizona Snowbowl really cares about the ’economic benefits’ it brings our fair town. I know some of us had a good deal of trouble even going to work when the snow was good and Snowbowl was busy. The traffic jam was incredible. Stretching more than 15 miles. They took our livelihood away and hope to make that 85 a daily occurrence by having a ’predictable’ ski season using sewer water to make snow. This jam up gave us an idea21 Why don’t we do the same thing? Arizona Snowbowl does not own the mountain, and it is perfectly legal to drive up to the area for any permitted public lands use. This means hiking, camping, praying, skiing, sitting, loving, mushroom hunting, etc. So what do I do? It is time to stop waiting for a government entity, an environmental group, or any of the people you have come to expect to save the peaks for us. The time has come to show them how much power the people have21 And believe me, you are the most powerful people in all of the world21 You21 Yep you21 You can do it21 All summer the Arizona Snowbowl is open Friday, Saturday, and Sunday for scenic skyrides, food, and alcohol. They do get a pretty good business up there and it would have an impact if the mountain was just ’too busy’ with people doing all the other things our Public Forests are for. There is nothing illegal about it and it would send a clear message to the forest service that we don’t need Snowbowl to ’recreate on the mountain’. Heck, we don’t even need a ski area up there to ski21 In essence, take a vacation. Just do it up on the peaks and don’t use Snowbowl. Our government officials are forgetting what ’all power to the people’ really means. You cannot wait any longer for someone else to save the peaks for you. It will take of all us together to do this. So what are you waiting for? Pack a lunch this Saturday morning and Converge on the Peaks2133 What these activists suggest is to divest our moral investment in the law. This will affect not only what legal reforms we may pursue, but what revolutionary strategies we might engage in. Rather than engaging in civil disobedience to force legislators to change laws to conform to our moral principles, we might be free to engage creatively in strategies that build political and economic power directly. 86 CONCLUSION In the debates prevalent within Native sovereignty and racial justice movements, we are often presented with two seemingly orthogonal positions – long-term revolutionary extra-legal movements or shortterm reformist legalist strategies. Short-term legal strategies are accused of investing activists within a white supremacist and settler colonial system that is incapable of significant change. Meanwhile, revolutionaries are accused of sacrificing the immediate needs of vulnerable populations for the sake of an endlessly deferred revolution. The reality of gender violence in Native communities highlights the untenability of these positions. Native women’s lives are at stake now – they cannot wait for the revolution to achieve some sort of safety. At the same time, the short-term strategies often adopted to address gender violence have often increased violence in Native women’s lives by buttressing the prison industrial complex and its violent logics. While this reformist versus revolutionary dichotomy suggests two radically different positions, in reality they share a common assumption: that the only way to pursue legal reform is to fight for laws that that reinforce the appropriate moral statement (for instance, that the only way to address violence against Native women is through the law and to make this violence a ’crime’). Because the US legal system is inherently immoral and colonial, however, attempts to moralise the law generally fail. It is not surprising that the response to these failures is to simply give up on pursuing legal strategies. However, the works of Derrick Bell, Christopher Leslie, and Sarah Deer, while working in completely different areas of the law, point to a different approach. We can challenge the assumption that the law will reflect our morals and instead seek to use the law for its strategic effects. In doing so, we might advocate for laws that might in fact contradict some of our morals because we recognize that the law cannot mirror our morals anyway. We might then be free to engage in a relationship with the law which would free us to change our strategies as we assess its strategic effects. At the same time, by divesting from the morality of the law, we then will also simultaneously be free to invest in building our own forms of community accountability and justice outside the legal 87 system. Our extra-legal strategies would go beyond ceremonial civil disobedience tactics designed to shame a system that is not capable of shame. Rather, we might focus on actually building the political power to create an alternative system to the heteropatriarchal, white supremacist, settler colonial state.

It is intellectual duty to change the law

Alex Thomson, lecturer in English at the University of Glasgow, 2005, Deconstruction and Democracy, p. 99-100
Beyond the question of language, Derrida argues, his intervention functions as an affirmation
AND
very possibility of politics itself as nothing other than this economy of violence.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Scullio, Cooper, Bender

Contention One is Masculine Protection

US drone violence perfects the rhetorical war of the media, military, and the state where political leaders can explain away deaths by categorizing individuals as truly "innocent civilians" or "abusive civilians." This rhetorical war creates the drone into the perfect weapon that allows us to wage an endless war against bodies we place in the grey-zones of violence

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
And yet Beard’s (2009) point about the visibility of military actions is well
AND
and Reid (2009) call ’the liberal way of war’.29

This rhetorical war prefects the drone as the masculine protector of some gendered, ethnicized body that is always able to be erased by the imperialist state. This view justifies the current standards that says all men are guilty and all women need our protection

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

The RGMA ushers in a high-tech patriarchal imperialism, and citizens of the
AND
them about themselves: you are a hero; you are a murderer.

Drones are the new embodiment of masculine protectionism – drones represented as a masculine protector allows the US to distracts away from the bloodied targets of drone strikes and claim that the strikes are helping rescues the feminized middle eastern other

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)
At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

The masculine protection of the drone creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level

Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Drones create zones of invisibility that privilege the viewpoint of the US drone and exacerbate the issues by combining technology with the American culture of exceptionalism whereby the bomber is always the privileged hunter-killer

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear
AND
of life’ analysis this makes possible, but it cannot be erased.24

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Our ability to simply say that some bodies are accidents and the rhetorical war we wage with drones allows us to perfect our role as the arbitrator of the only truth – American power. The mutual apocalyptic drive between the US and its enemies will culminate in the US destroying the world in order to remake it.

Lifton, 03
Robert J. Lifton, Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Graduate School and Director of The Center on Violence and Human Survival at John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, 2003, Superpower Syndrome, pgs 1-5
The apocalyptic imagination has spawned a new kind of violence at the beginning the twenty
AND
those reverberations became all too cruellyevident. My past work suddenly became current. 

Plan Text

The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s war powers authority to use drones for targeted killing.

Contention Three is Solvency

Prohibiting the use of drones is necessary to challenging the violence of the war on terror and produces the best starting point to challenging violence at home

Heathcote, 10
(Gina Heathcote, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - School of Law, "Feminist Reflections on the ’End’ of the War on Terror," Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol 11
2010, http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf, EGM)
Beyond the global war against terrorism, the Charter-based norms on the law
AND
its consequences, remain a fundamental part of the international security landscape.  

Law is constructed the aff is an example of necessary deconstruction because the only way to stop drones in Afghanistan and the literal erasing of bodies from having meaning much less political significance is to prohibit the use of drones

Caputo, 97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
AND
a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

The state is inevitable—that means we need to act within it to create any change

Holcombe, 04
(Randall, DeVoe Moore Professor of Economics at Florida State University, "Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable", NL)
In the foregoing arguments, I have maintained that although government may not be¶
AND
government, but inevitably they will find themselves¶ under government’s jurisdiction.20

The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff

Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.", Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
AND
appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.

The feminist curiosity of the 1AC solves

Enloe, 2007
(Cynthia, Research Professor, Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Department of International Development, Community, and Environment and Women’s Studies, Clark University, p. 1)MKD

Developing a "curiosity" involves exploring, questioning—refusing to take something for
AND
links between two of the world’s most potent trends: globalization and militarization.

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.

Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Performing the speech act of the 1AC allows us to understand the ways in which we can use instances of the law against itself.

Judith Butler, knows her fucking shit. 2K. "Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death"
Interestingly enough, both Antigone’s act of burial and her verbal defiance become the occasions
AND
within it traces of a simultaneous refusal and assimilation of that very authority. 

Obama won’t circumvent—-empirics prove

Michael A. Cohen 12, is a fellow at the Century Foundation, "The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight," July 24, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight
Ironically, however, the administration stands on firmer legal ground here than it did
AND
likely to get worse before it gets better, if it ever does.

Reformism can be productive even if the law is morally bankrupt – focus on strategic effects of policies while abandoning the fantasy of ethical neutrality allows for effective material change

Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Given the logics of settler colonialism, it may seem to be a hopeless contradiction
AND
we might need to creatively rethink what legal reforms would actually increase safety.

We should advocate for legal reform disinvested from morality – acts of disobedience meant to shame the system ultimately fail – emphasis on the strategic effects of policies best allows for material change

Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Legal reformists who often focus on shaping the law to reflect their moral values and those who focus on extra-legal revolutionary strategies often share the same goal. Often the presumed ’radical’ strategy adopted by social justice groups is to engage in civil disobedience. While these groups ostensibly break the law, they often do so in rather ceremonial fashion; they essentially want to shame the system. People are supposed to get arrested, and those in power are supposed to be so shamed by the fact that an unjust system required people to break the law. The expectation is that they will then change the laws. Acts of civil disobedience often are not targeted toward changing a policy directly or building alternative systems to the current one. Many Native groups in the southwest US, however, have developed an alternative framework for extra-legal social change. Rather than breaking the law to change the system, they propose to make Native communities ungovernable. For instance, during the passage of SB1070, Native groups with the Taala Hooghan Infoshop, O’odham Solidarity Across Borders, and others occupied the Border Patrol Office.32 However, rather than engaging in the occupation with the expectation of getting arrested, they chained themselves to the building so that the office could not perform its work. This approach has continued with their efforts to stop the US government’s desecration of the San Francisco Peaks through the construction of a ski resort. While they have not eschewed legal strategies for stopping this desecration, they have focused on preventing tourists from visiting the area so that the ski resort will no longer be economically viable. According to their promotional material on TrueSnow.org: 84 For the last decade defenders of the peaks have used every legitimate way they could think of to try to stop the US Forest Service from allowing treated sewage effluent to be sprayed on the Peaks to make snow. More than 20,000 people took part in the Forest Service Environmental Impact Statement process with letters and appeals asking them not to spray treated sewage effluent on the peaks to make snow. Thousands of us went to Flagstaff City Council meetings to voice our opposition to the sale of treated sewer water for the project. Yet still they approved it – before even an environmental impact statement was done. They were the most clueless of all. Currently the Hopi tribe is seeking lawsuit against the city because of this treated sewage effluent sale. A group of tribes and environmental and social justice organizations took a lawsuit all the way to the steps of the Supreme Court. The lawsuits have only called into question the legitimacy of what is loosely termed the ’justice’ system. For it seems there is no justice in this system. It is just us, IN this system. There is also yet another lawsuit in play which I have termed ’Save the Peaks Coalition vs The Snowbowl Movement’ which may have the possibility of stopping this project in the long term. But if we wait for a verdict, all the trees will be cut and the pipeline installed. This has not stopped the politically connected ski area from going ahead with their project right now and they have already clear-cut 100,000 trees (or more) and have already buried a few miles of pipeline along Snowbowl road. If they lose in court they would be expected to repair the damages. How do you get back 400 year old trees? Greed and hatred seems to be Snowbowl’s only motivation ~…~. But isn’t there some way to stop it? Well we could hit them where it hurts21 In the pocketbook. If you live in the Fort Valley area of Flagstaff you must see by now how little Arizona Snowbowl really cares about the ’economic benefits’ it brings our fair town. I know some of us had a good deal of trouble even going to work when the snow was good and Snowbowl was busy. The traffic jam was incredible. Stretching more than 15 miles. They took our livelihood away and hope to make that 85 a daily occurrence by having a ’predictable’ ski season using sewer water to make snow. This jam up gave us an idea21 Why don’t we do the same thing? Arizona Snowbowl does not own the mountain, and it is perfectly legal to drive up to the area for any permitted public lands use. This means hiking, camping, praying, skiing, sitting, loving, mushroom hunting, etc. So what do I do? It is time to stop waiting for a government entity, an environmental group, or any of the people you have come to expect to save the peaks for us. The time has come to show them how much power the people have21 And believe me, you are the most powerful people in all of the world21 You21 Yep you21 You can do it21 All summer the Arizona Snowbowl is open Friday, Saturday, and Sunday for scenic skyrides, food, and alcohol. They do get a pretty good business up there and it would have an impact if the mountain was just ’too busy’ with people doing all the other things our Public Forests are for. There is nothing illegal about it and it would send a clear message to the forest service that we don’t need Snowbowl to ’recreate on the mountain’. Heck, we don’t even need a ski area up there to ski21 In essence, take a vacation. Just do it up on the peaks and don’t use Snowbowl. Our government officials are forgetting what ’all power to the people’ really means. You cannot wait any longer for someone else to save the peaks for you. It will take of all us together to do this. So what are you waiting for? Pack a lunch this Saturday morning and Converge on the Peaks2133 What these activists suggest is to divest our moral investment in the law. This will affect not only what legal reforms we may pursue, but what revolutionary strategies we might engage in. Rather than engaging in civil disobedience to force legislators to change laws to conform to our moral principles, we might be free to engage creatively in strategies that build political and economic power directly. 86 CONCLUSION In the debates prevalent within Native sovereignty and racial justice movements, we are often presented with two seemingly orthogonal positions – long-term revolutionary extra-legal movements or shortterm reformist legalist strategies. Short-term legal strategies are accused of investing activists within a white supremacist and settler colonial system that is incapable of significant change. Meanwhile, revolutionaries are accused of sacrificing the immediate needs of vulnerable populations for the sake of an endlessly deferred revolution. The reality of gender violence in Native communities highlights the untenability of these positions. Native women’s lives are at stake now – they cannot wait for the revolution to achieve some sort of safety. At the same time, the short-term strategies often adopted to address gender violence have often increased violence in Native women’s lives by buttressing the prison industrial complex and its violent logics. While this reformist versus revolutionary dichotomy suggests two radically different positions, in reality they share a common assumption: that the only way to pursue legal reform is to fight for laws that that reinforce the appropriate moral statement (for instance, that the only way to address violence against Native women is through the law and to make this violence a ’crime’). Because the US legal system is inherently immoral and colonial, however, attempts to moralise the law generally fail. It is not surprising that the response to these failures is to simply give up on pursuing legal strategies. However, the works of Derrick Bell, Christopher Leslie, and Sarah Deer, while working in completely different areas of the law, point to a different approach. We can challenge the assumption that the law will reflect our morals and instead seek to use the law for its strategic effects. In doing so, we might advocate for laws that might in fact contradict some of our morals because we recognize that the law cannot mirror our morals anyway. We might then be free to engage in a relationship with the law which would free us to change our strategies as we assess its strategic effects. At the same time, by divesting from the morality of the law, we then will also simultaneously be free to invest in building our own forms of community accountability and justice outside the legal 87 system. Our extra-legal strategies would go beyond ceremonial civil disobedience tactics designed to shame a system that is not capable of shame. Rather, we might focus on actually building the political power to create an alternative system to the heteropatriarchal, white supremacist, settler colonial state.

It is intellectual duty to change the law

Alex Thomson, lecturer in English at the University of Glasgow, 2005, Deconstruction and Democracy, p. 99-100
Beyond the question of language, Derrida argues, his intervention functions as an affirmation
AND
very possibility of politics itself as nothing other than this economy of violence.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Sean Kennedy

Contention One is Distancing

In drone warfare, the drone becomes an extension of the body and it becomes impossible to separate the two. This forces a desensitization to warfare that creates the conditions for violence

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The soldier as a site of technological transformation of the body is not a new
AND
and this myth is put into practice in the apparatus of precision bombing. 

These soldiers are the epitomy of masculine domination, creating a protectionist stance over even the bodies of the soldiers

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
While many are concerned about the loss of soldiers lives in conflicts, especially in
AND
who are law-abiding and chivalrous in their attempts to spare civilians.

The hypermasculinization of drone warfare genders the world, painting the US as the strong, masculine protector of the weak, feminine Middle East. This hyper-masculine mindset glosses over the lives of the civilians who are destroyed by strikes daily
Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

That creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level
Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

This action is not a temporary shortcoming, but an actively produced ignorance—civilian deaths are painted as un-knowable in order to deny these individuals political significance

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
In the discourse of precision warfare, the difficulty of distinguishing between civilians and combatants
AND
of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Targeted killing is the same as torture – removing a sacrifice desentizes nations to the true impact of the strikes

Wilcox 2009
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The precision bomber, like the torturer, accepts virtually no risk, especially when
AND
contemporary warfare has been described as ’post-heroic’ (Luttwak 1995)

The plan is necessary to stopping the distancing between soldiers and wars that produce our impacts
Shaw, 13
(Ian, Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, "Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare" http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13 R.C.)
By introducing the term Predator Empire I do not want to suggest that US extrajudicial
AND
way – not for those that involve waging war by other means". 125-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241

Plan Text
The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s authority to use drones for targeted killing. 

Contention Three is Framing

Utilitarian calculus fails to empower the body or produce an understanding of those who are destroyed in targeted strikes. Only by understanding bodies as socially produced are we able to produce a better understanding about the value of human lives

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
One of the most important feminist contributions in theorizing the body is work that highlights
AND
intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology.

There’s no such thing as objective knowledge production—claims of such are just marked knowledge that destroy the binary between targets and civilians

Wall and Monahan, 11
(Tyler Wall, Eastern Kentucky University, Torin Monahan, Vanderbilt University, "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes," 2011, Theoretical Criminology, http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf-http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf, EGM)
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
AND
to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Law can be good when it is recognized as constructed and deconstructed so that changes can be made to most violent most exclusionary versions of laws. Laws can be invented and reinvented to address the ignorance and exclusion inherent in all laws.
Caputo ’97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
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a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff
Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.", Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
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appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.
Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Accidental civilian deaths are only a result of discourse used to remove risk allow warfare

Wilcox 2009
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
Feminist and other critical scholars have argued that discourses of dehumanization have enabled killings to
AND
remove risk, contingency from the battle space and to have total control.

Drones are awful – increases violence, unjust murders, huge casualties numbers, essentializes sex and defines people as "killable"

Volo 2013
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

Multiple objections are raised against drone warfare, and much of the literature and debate
AND
Kreps (2012) caution that this replaces moral justification with practical efficiency. 

Furthermore, whereas the post-9/11 large-scale invasions of Afghanistan
AND
). Drones, then, are an indication of weakness in the superpower.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cornell DK | Judge: Ralph Paone

Contention One is the Cyborg

Drone warfare creates people into cyborgs—the drone becomes an extension of the body and it becomes impossible to separate the two. This forces a desensitization to warfare that creates the conditions for violence

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The soldier as a site of technological transformation of the body is not a new
AND
and this myth is put into practice in the apparatus of precision bombing. 

These cyborg soldiers are the epitomy of masculine domination, creating a protectionist stance over even the bodies of the soldiers

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
While many are concerned about the loss of soldiers lives in conflicts, especially in
AND
who are law-abiding and chivalrous in their attempts to spare civilians.

The hypermasculinization of drone warfare genders the world, painting the US as the strong, masculine protector of the weak, feminine Middle East. This hyper-masculine mindset glosses over the lives of the civilians who are destroyed by strikes daily
Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

That creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level
Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

This action is not a temporary shortcoming, but an actively produced ignorance—civilian deaths are painted as un-knowable in order to deny these individuals political significance

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
In the discourse of precision warfare, the difficulty of distinguishing between civilians and combatants
AND
of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

The plan is necessary to stopping the distancing between soldiers and wars that produce our impacts
Shaw, 13
(Ian, Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, "Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare" http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13 R.C.)
By introducing the term Predator Empire I do not want to suggest that US extrajudicial
AND
way – not for those that involve waging war by other means". 125-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241

Plan Text
The United States federal government should prohibit the use of drones for targeted killing. 

Contention Three is Framing

Utilitarian calculus fails to empower the body or produce an understanding of those who are destroyed in targeted strikes. Only by understanding bodies as socially produced are we able to produce a better understanding about the value of human lives

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
One of the most important feminist contributions in theorizing the body is work that highlights
AND
intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology.

Calculations of risk assessment rely on the same logic of precision warfare that results in our impacts in the first place. We must reject utilitarian risk assessments and understand that risk is inevitable

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
Precision warfare is also characterized by risk-aversion in both the means of fighting
AND
and danger on one hand, and technologies of control on the other.

There are so many reasons nuclear and great power wars are impossible
Robb, 12
(Doug, U.S. Navy Lieutenant, "Why the Age of Great-Power War is Over", May 2012, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over-http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over, May 16, 13, EH)
Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of
AND
a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

Util is not objective—it is a marked form of knowledge that only subjugates alternative ways of knowing and results in worse violent dehumanization

Wall and Monahan, 11
(Tyler Wall, Eastern Kentucky University, Torin Monahan, Vanderbilt University, "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes," 2011, Theoretical Criminology, http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf-http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf, EGM)
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
AND
to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Quantitative assessments of body counts masks over the true violence of warfare
Gregory, 10
(Derek Gregory , Prof. of Geography @ U. of British Columbia, "War and peace," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 35.2)
Ferguson is not alone in his silence. Many of those who regarded those continuing
AND
fin de siècle (Chojnacki and Reisch 2008; Harbom and Wallensteen 2009).

Tournament: Navy | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Harper, Sommers, Woodruff

Cyborg

Framing drones around the idea of precision justifies the civilian violence we criticize

Stanford Law School, 12
(Stanford International Human Rights 26 Conflict Resolution Clinic, Living Under Drones Project, "Executive Summary and Recommendations," 2012, http://www.livingunderdrones.org/-http://www.livingunderdrones.org/, EGM)
Much of the public debate about drone strikes in Pakistan has focused narrowly on whether
AND
, makes both community members and humanitarian workers afraid to assist injured victims.

====Drones are only increasing "terrorism"====
The Canberra Times 6/19
(The Canberra Times, "New way to fight terrorism," 6/19/13, EGM, 8/5/13)

Meanwhile, CIA drone strikes, while effective at taking out terrorist leaders, have
AND
for Military and Security Law. He is currently working in the UK.

Autonomous weapons make detachment complete

Dzizea 13
(Josh Dzieza, May 30, 2013, "The Pros and Cons of Killer Robots", The Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/30/the-pros-and-cons-of-killer-robots.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/05/30/the-pros-and-cons-of-killer-robots.html, August 18, 2013, eh)
In Geneva, the U.N.’s special rapporteur on extrajudicial executions,
AND
the matter will, quite literally, be taken out of human hands."

Civilian

Critiquing commonly accepted metaphors in international relations is critical to solving- these metaphors shape our understanding of the situation

Mutimer 94. David, Centre for International and Strategic Studies @ York University. "Reimagining Security: The Metaphors of Proliferation" YCISS Occasional Paper Number 25. /sal

The problem can be stated in general terms: rational choice theory assumes: a
AND
problem, only in terms of which can interests and policies be located.

Drones are the worst

Boyle ’13 ~Michael J. Boyle, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in Philadelphia. He was previously a Lecturer in International Relations and Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews. He is also an alumnus of the Political Science Department at La Salle, research interests are on terrorism and political violence, with particular reference to the strategic use of violence in insurgencies and civil wars, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare," International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, 2013~

On this point, the distinction between drone strikes inside and outside a theatre   of
AND
alternatives, not against extreme examples from wartime like the firebombing of   Dresden.

In the context of war power of the purse solves – no money means no drones

Fisher ’7
(Louis Fisher specialist in constitutional law with the Law Library of the Library of Congress, "Exercising Congress’s Constitutional Power to End a War", 1/30/7, loc.gov/law/help/usconlaw/pdf/Feingold2007rev.pdf, EGM)

The U.S. Constitution attempted to avoid the British history of civil war
AND
, from those who are to spend to those who are to pay."

A2 OLC CP

OLC enables president to do what he wants

Posner 11
(Eric A. Posner, Kirkland and Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, "DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THEUNITED STATES AFTER9/11:
CONGRESS, THECOURTS AND THEOFFICE OFLEGALCOUNSEL," September 2011, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/363-eap-deference.pdf-http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/363-eap-deference.pdf, 10/10/13, EGM))

In the early years of the Bush administration, the Office of Legal Counsel,
AND
accomplish. It is more accurate to say that OLC enables than constrains.

Pres powers relies on masculine protection that destroys democracy and equality

Young 2003 (Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM

The logic of masculinist protection positions leaders, along with some other of?cials such as
AND
. Trading them for protection puts us at the mercy of the protectors.

A2 CIR

Fails- Immigration reform is the next obamacare

Bauer, National Review, 1-20-14
~Fred, Jan. 20^th, 2014, "Pitfalls of Immigration Reform; The GOP must steer clear of guest-worker programs and legalization without citizenship," http://www.nationalreview.com/article/368883/pitfalls-immigration-reform-fred-bauer-http://www.nationalreview.com/article/368883/pitfalls-immigration-reform-fred-bauer, accessed: 1-20-14~

Legalization without citizenship would split the base and offer few political dividends with the center
AND
difference, but it misses the real point of concern for many Americans.

The Obama administration’s cavalier use of executive authority gives many on the right good reason
AND
below Obamacare on the president’s list of priorities, will be smoothly applied?

Plan won’t cause GOP backlash, because they are too worried about future elections and public perception

Bauer, National Review, 1-20-14
~Fred, Jan. 20^th, 2014, "Pitfalls of Immigration Reform; The GOP must steer clear of guest-worker programs and legalization without citizenship," http://www.nationalreview.com/article/368883/pitfalls-immigration-reform-fred-bauer-http://www.nationalreview.com/article/368883/pitfalls-immigration-reform-fred-bauer, accessed: 1-20-14~

The political effects of an immigration bill in 2014 go far beyond the House.
AND
the GOP’s standing with its base while also closing off future electoral roads.

XO solves

Kumar, 1/18
(Anita, "Obama is using executive power to affect immigration law’, 118/14, www.naplesnews.com/news/2014/jan/18/obama-using-executive-power-affect-immigration-law/-http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2014/jan/18/obama-using-executive-power-affect-immigration-law/ NL)
President Barack Obama-http://www.naplesnews.com/news/topic/barack-obama/ didn’t wait for Congress to rewrite the nation’s immigration laws to help
AND
the executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, a research center.

Immigration reform’s focus on Latino immigrants denies identity to black immigrants that recreates racist violence
Ellison, 1/6
(Charles Ellison, veteran political strategist and frequent contributor to The Root. He is also Washington correspondent for the Philadelphia Tribune and chief political correspondent for Uptown magazine, "Immigration Debate Ignores Highly Skilled Black Workers", 1/6/14, www.theroot.com/articles/politics/2014/01/africans_caribbeans_ignored_in_immigration_fight.2.html-http://www.theroot.com/articles/politics/2014/01/africans_caribbeans_ignored_in_immigration_fight.2.html NL)
As a two-year budget conjures up illusions of congressional comity and President Obama
AND
up—once again—on the short end of the political stick.
Farm bill thumps
Rodgers 1/16
(Alex Rodgers, Swampland Time, "Time Don’t Be Fooled, It’s Gridlock Time in Washington," 1/16/13, http://swampland.time.com/2014/01/16/dont-be-fooled-its-gridlock-time-in-washington/-http://swampland.time.com/2014/01/16/dont-be-fooled-its-gridlock-time-in-washington/, EGM)

Despite the passage Thursday of a massive budget bill-http://swampland.time.com/2014/01/16/senate-easily-passes-1-1-trillion-spending-bill/ to fund the government, Congress-http://topics.time.com/congress/
AND
ceiling: "It’s hard to see a whole lot else being done."

No CIR till 2015
O’Neal 12/20
(Adam O’Neal, Cal Watch Dog.com, "Immigration reform in 2014? Not so fast," 10/20/13, http://calwatchdog.com/2013/12/20/immigration-reform-in-2014-not-so-fast/-http://calwatchdog.com/2013/12/20/immigration-reform-in-2014-not-so-fast/, EGM)
But he cautioned that, while activists are optimistic, they’re not blindly so.
AND
his tune. But that doesn’t mean he’ll change his strategy just yet.

Journalists cannot predict political events
Marx, 10
(Greg Marx, Political Scientist, editor of the Columbia Journalism Review. "Embrace the Wonk" http://www.cjr.org/feature/embrace_the_wonk_1.php?page=2-http://www.cjr.org/feature/embrace_the_wonk_1.php?page=2 June 10th, 2010)
While Bai’s tone verged on the scornful, most journalists aren’t looking to start a
AND
field produces what are, "from a journalistic perspective, unhelpful answers."

Economic apocalypticism justifies centralized government solutions which is a fatal conceit—results in error replication by foreclosing the ability of markets to solve the impacts they invoke

Robinson 8—(Colin Robinson, Institute of Economic Affairs "Climate Change Policy: Challenging the Activists," http://www.iea.org.uk/files/upld-book440pdf?.pdf-http://www.iea.org.uk/files/upld-book440pdf?.pdf shree)

There is, however, more to the apocalyptic forecast than that because it always
AND
suggests that market systems act effectively to deal even with predicted global disasters.

2AC Prez Powers DA

Other actors thump the DA

Rozell 12
(Mark Rozell, Professor of Public Policy, George Mason University, "From Idealism to Power: The Presidency in the Age of Obama" 2012, http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/-http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/, KB)
A substantial portion of Goldsmith’s book presents in detail his case that various forces outside
AND
little understanding of the broader implications of tying down the president with legalisms.

DA is non-unique
Nather and Palmer, 9/1
(David Nather, masters degree in Poly Sci from George Washington University and senior policy reporter at POLITICO Pro, Anna Palmer, senior Washington correspondent for POLITICO, "Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency", 9/1/13, www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3 NL)
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
ability that gives presidents much of their power in dealing with military threats.

Pres powers relies on masculine protection that destroys democracy and equality
Young 2003 (Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM

The logic of masculinist protection positions leaders, along with some other of?cials such as
AND
. Trading them for protection puts us at the mercy of the protectors.

Executive flexibility is bad—leads to arbitrary decisions and mismanagement
Pearlstein 09 (Deborah, Visiting Scholar and Lecturer in Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public 26 International Affairs, Princeton University, "Form and Function in the National Security Constitution" Connecticut Law Review) uconn.lawreviewnetwork.com/files/archive/v41n5/formandfunction.pdf

The new functionalists’ instinctive attraction to flexibility in decisionmaking rules or structures—and its
AND
something more than arbitrary attention has been paid before transcendent priorities are overridden.

Tournament: CEDA | Round: Triples | Opponent: Oklahoma MM | Judge: Panel

Contention One is Masculine Protection

US drone violence perfects the rhetorical war of the media, military, and the state where political leaders can explain away deaths by categorizing individuals as truly "innocent civilians" or "abusive civilians." This rhetorical war creates the drone into the perfect weapon that allows us to wage an endless war against bodies we place in the grey-zones of violence

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
And yet Beard’s (2009) point about the visibility of military actions is well
AND
and Reid (2009) call ’the liberal way of war’.29

This rhetorical war prefects the drone as the masculine protector of some gendered, ethnicized body that is always able to be erased by the imperialist state. This view justifies the current standards that says all men are guilty and all women need our protection

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

The RGMA ushers in a high-tech patriarchal imperialism, and citizens of the
AND
them about themselves: you are a hero; you are a murderer.

Drones are the new embodiment of masculine protectionism – drones represented as a masculine protector allows the US to distracts away from the bloodied targets of drone strikes and claim that the strikes are helping rescues the feminized middle eastern other

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)
At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

The masculine protection of the drone creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level
Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Drones create zones of invisibility that privilege the viewpoint of the US drone and exacerbate the issues by combining technology with the American culture of exceptionalism whereby the bomber is always the privileged hunter-killer

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear
AND
of life’ analysis this makes possible, but it cannot be erased.24

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Our ability to simply say that some bodies are accidents and the rhetorical war we wage with drones allows us to perfect our role as the arbitrator of the only truth – American power. The mutual apocalyptic drive between the US and its enemies will culminate in the US destroying the world in order to remake it.

Lifton, 03
Robert J. Lifton, Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Graduate School and Director of The Center on Violence and Human Survival at John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, 2003, Superpower Syndrome, pgs 1-5
The apocalyptic imagination has spawned a new kind of violence at the beginning the twenty
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those reverberations became all too cruellyevident. My past work suddenly became current.
Plan Text
The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s war powers authority to use drones for targeted killing. 

Contention Three is Solvency

Prohibiting the use of drones is necessary to challenging the violence of the war on terror and produces the best starting point to challenging violence at home

Heathcote, 10
(Gina Heathcote, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - School of Law, "Feminist Reflections on the ’End’ of the War on Terror," Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol 11
2010, http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf-http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf, EGM)
Beyond the global war against terrorism, the Charter-based norms on the law
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its consequences, remain a fundamental part of the international security landscape.  
Law is constructed the aff is an example of necessary deconstruction because the only way to stop drones in Afghanistan and the literal erasing of bodies from having meaning much less political significance is to prohibit the use of drones
Caputo, 97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
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a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

The state is inevitable—that means we need to act within it to create any change

Holcombe, 04
(Randall, DeVoe Moore Professor of Economics at Florida State University, "Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable", NL)
In the foregoing arguments, I have maintained that although government may not be¶
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government, but inevitably they will find themselves¶ under government’s jurisdiction.20
The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff
Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.", Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
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appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.

The feminist curiosity of the 1AC solves

Enloe, 2007
(Cynthia, Research Professor, Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link, Department of International Development, Community, and Environment-http://clarku.edu/departments/idce/ and Women’s Studies-http://clarku.edu/departments/womensstudies/, Clark University, p. 1)MKD

Developing a "curiosity" involves exploring, questioning—refusing to take something for
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) also don’t spend much time wondering about the melting arctic ice caps.
A major theme we will chart here is "feminist curiosity": How to develop it? What’s distinctive about it? We will discover what it is that a feminist curiosity can reveal about the workings of globaliza¬tion and militarization—and track the links between them—that we would otherwise miss. In other words, this is a very practical, down-to-earth enterprise.
Developing a new kind of curiosity is not just academic. It takes energy. It is political. It is cultural. It is personal. To insist upon posing questions about things that other people take for granted can be a political act. A feminist curiosity is a crucial tool to use today in making sense of the links between two of the world’s most potent trends: globalization and militarization.

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.
Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
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knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Performing the speech act of the 1AC allows us to understand the ways in which we can use instances of the law against itself.

Judith Butler, knows her fucking shit. 2K. "Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death"
Interestingly enough, both Antigone’s act of burial and her verbal defiance become the occasions
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within it traces of a simultaneous refusal and assimilation of that very authority.
Obama won’t circumvent—-empirics prove
Michael A. Cohen 12, is a fellow at the Century Foundation, "The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight," July 24, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight
Ironically, however, the administration stands on firmer legal ground here than it did
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likely to get worse before it gets better, if it ever does.

Reformism can be productive even if the law is morally bankrupt – focus on strategic effects of policies while abandoning the fantasy of ethical neutrality allows for effective material change

Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Given the logics of settler colonialism, it may seem to be a hopeless contradiction
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we might need to creatively rethink what legal reforms would actually increase safety.

We should advocate for legal reform disinvested from morality – acts of disobedience meant to shame the system ultimately fail – emphasis on the strategic effects of policies best allows for material change

Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Legal reformists who often focus on shaping the law to reflect their moral values and those who focus on extra-legal revolutionary strategies often share the same goal. Often the presumed ’radical’ strategy adopted by social justice groups is to engage in civil disobedience. While these groups ostensibly break the law, they often do so in rather ceremonial fashion; they essentially want to shame the system. People are supposed to get arrested, and those in power are supposed to be so shamed by the fact that an unjust system required people to break the law. The expectation is that they will then change the laws. Acts of civil disobedience often are not targeted toward changing a policy directly or building alternative systems to the current one. Many Native groups in the southwest US, however, have developed an alternative framework for extra-legal social change. Rather than breaking the law to change the system, they propose to make Native communities ungovernable. For instance, during the passage of SB1070, Native groups with the Taala Hooghan Infoshop, O’odham Solidarity Across Borders, and others occupied the Border Patrol Office.32 However, rather than engaging in the occupation with the expectation of getting arrested, they chained themselves to the building so that the office could not perform its work. This approach has continued with their efforts to stop the US government’s desecration of the San Francisco Peaks through the construction of a ski resort. While they have not eschewed legal strategies for stopping this desecration, they have focused on preventing tourists from visiting the area so that the ski resort will no longer be economically viable. According to their promotional material on TrueSnow.org: 84 For the last decade defenders of the peaks have used every legitimate way they could think of to try to stop the US Forest Service from allowing treated sewage effluent to be sprayed on the Peaks to make snow. More than 20,000 people took part in the Forest Service Environmental Impact Statement process with letters and appeals asking them not to spray treated sewage effluent on the peaks to make snow. Thousands of us went to Flagstaff City Council meetings to voice our opposition to the sale of treated sewer water for the project. Yet still they approved it – before even an environmental impact statement was done. They were the most clueless of all. Currently the Hopi tribe is seeking lawsuit against the city because of this treated sewage effluent sale. A group of tribes and environmental and social justice organizations took a lawsuit all the way to the steps of the Supreme Court. The lawsuits have only called into question the legitimacy of what is loosely termed the ’justice’ system. For it seems there is no justice in this system. It is just us, IN this system. There is also yet another lawsuit in play which I have termed ’Save the Peaks Coalition vs The Snowbowl Movement’ which may have the possibility of stopping this project in the long term. But if we wait for a verdict, all the trees will be cut and the pipeline installed. This has not stopped the politically connected ski area from going ahead with their project right now and they have already clear-cut 100,000 trees (or more) and have already buried a few miles of pipeline along Snowbowl road. If they lose in court they would be expected to repair the damages. How do you get back 400 year old trees? Greed and hatred seems to be Snowbowl’s only motivation ~…~. But isn’t there some way to stop it? Well we could hit them where it hurts21 In the pocketbook. If you live in the Fort Valley area of Flagstaff you must see by now how little Arizona Snowbowl really cares about the ’economic benefits’ it brings our fair town. I know some of us had a good deal of trouble even going to work when the snow was good and Snowbowl was busy. The traffic jam was incredible. Stretching more than 15 miles. They took our livelihood away and hope to make that 85 a daily occurrence by having a ’predictable’ ski season using sewer water to make snow. This jam up gave us an idea21 Why don’t we do the same thing? Arizona Snowbowl does not own the mountain, and it is perfectly legal to drive up to the area for any permitted public lands use. This means hiking, camping, praying, skiing, sitting, loving, mushroom hunting, etc. So what do I do? It is time to stop waiting for a government entity, an environmental group, or any of the people you have come to expect to save the peaks for us. The time has come to show them how much power the people have21 And believe me, you are the most powerful people in all of the world21 You21 Yep you21 You can do it21 All summer the Arizona Snowbowl is open Friday, Saturday, and Sunday for scenic skyrides, food, and alcohol. They do get a pretty good business up there and it would have an impact if the mountain was just ’too busy’ with people doing all the other things our Public Forests are for. There is nothing illegal about it and it would send a clear message to the forest service that we don’t need Snowbowl to ’recreate on the mountain’. Heck, we don’t even need a ski area up there to ski21 In essence, take a vacation. Just do it up on the peaks and don’t use Snowbowl. Our government officials are forgetting what ’all power to the people’ really means. You cannot wait any longer for someone else to save the peaks for you. It will take of all us together to do this. So what are you waiting for? Pack a lunch this Saturday morning and Converge on the Peaks2133 What these activists suggest is to divest our moral investment in the law. This will affect not only what legal reforms we may pursue, but what revolutionary strategies we might engage in. Rather than engaging in civil disobedience to force legislators to change laws to conform to our moral principles, we might be free to engage creatively in strategies that build political and economic power directly. 86 CONCLUSION In the debates prevalent within Native sovereignty and racial justice movements, we are often presented with two seemingly orthogonal positions – long-term revolutionary extra-legal movements or shortterm reformist legalist strategies. Short-term legal strategies are accused of investing activists within a white supremacist and settler colonial system that is incapable of significant change. Meanwhile, revolutionaries are accused of sacrificing the immediate needs of vulnerable populations for the sake of an endlessly deferred revolution. The reality of gender violence in Native communities highlights the untenability of these positions. Native women’s lives are at stake now – they cannot wait for the revolution to achieve some sort of safety. At the same time, the short-term strategies often adopted to address gender violence have often increased violence in Native women’s lives by buttressing the prison industrial complex and its violent logics. While this reformist versus revolutionary dichotomy suggests two radically different positions, in reality they share a common assumption: that the only way to pursue legal reform is to fight for laws that that reinforce the appropriate moral statement (for instance, that the only way to address violence against Native women is through the law and to make this violence a ’crime’). Because the US legal system is inherently immoral and colonial, however, attempts to moralise the law generally fail. It is not surprising that the response to these failures is to simply give up on pursuing legal strategies. However, the works of Derrick Bell, Christopher Leslie, and Sarah Deer, while working in completely different areas of the law, point to a different approach. We can challenge the assumption that the law will reflect our morals and instead seek to use the law for its strategic effects. In doing so, we might advocate for laws that might in fact contradict some of our morals because we recognize that the law cannot mirror our morals anyway. We might then be free to engage in a relationship with the law which would free us to change our strategies as we assess its strategic effects. At the same time, by divesting from the morality of the law, we then will also simultaneously be free to invest in building our own forms of community accountability and justice outside the legal 87 system. Our extra-legal strategies would go beyond ceremonial civil disobedience tactics designed to shame a system that is not capable of shame. Rather, we might focus on actually building the political power to create an alternative system to the heteropatriarchal, white supremacist, settler colonial state.

It is intellectual duty to change the law
Alex Thomson, lecturer in English at the University of Glasgow, 2005, Deconstruction and Democracy, p. 99-100
Beyond the question of language, Derrida argues, his intervention functions as an affirmation
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very possibility of politics itself as nothing other than this economy of violence.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fullerton RS | Judge: Will Baker

Contention One is the Cyborg

Drone warfare creates people into cyborgs—the drone becomes an extension of the body and it becomes impossible to separate the two. This forces a desensitization to warfare that creates the conditions for violence

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The soldier as a site of technological transformation of the body is not a new
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and this myth is put into practice in the apparatus of precision bombing. 

These cyborg soldiers are the epitomy of masculine domination, creating a protectionist stance over even the bodies of the soldiers

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
While many are concerned about the loss of soldiers lives in conflicts, especially in
AND
who are law-abiding and chivalrous in their attempts to spare civilians.

The hypermasculinization of drone warfare genders the world, painting the US as the strong, masculine protector of the weak, feminine Middle East. This hyper-masculine mindset glosses over the lives of the civilians who are destroyed by strikes daily
Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
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On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

That creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level
Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
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it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

This action is not a temporary shortcoming, but an actively produced ignorance—civilian deaths are painted as un-knowable in order to deny these individuals political significance

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
In the discourse of precision warfare, the difficulty of distinguishing between civilians and combatants
AND
of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
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including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Targeted killing is the same as torture – removing a sacrifice desentizes nations to the true impact of the strikes

Wilcox 2009
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The precision bomber, like the torturer, accepts virtually no risk, especially when
AND
contemporary warfare has been described as ’post-heroic’ (Luttwak 1995)

The plan is necessary to stopping the distancing between soldiers and wars that produce our impacts
Shaw, 13
(Ian, Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, "Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare" http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13 R.C.)
By introducing the term Predator Empire I do not want to suggest that US extrajudicial
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way – not for those that involve waging war by other means". 125-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241

Plan Text
The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s authority to use drones for targeted killing. 

Contention Three is Framing

Utilitarian calculus fails to empower the body or produce an understanding of those who are destroyed in targeted strikes. Only by understanding bodies as socially produced are we able to produce a better understanding about the value of human lives

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
One of the most important feminist contributions in theorizing the body is work that highlights
AND
intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology.

There’s no such thing as objective knowledge production—claims of such are just marked knowledge that destroy the binary between targets and civilians

Wall and Monahan, 11
(Tyler Wall, Eastern Kentucky University, Torin Monahan, Vanderbilt University, "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes," 2011, Theoretical Criminology, http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf-http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf, EGM)
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
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to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Law can be good when it is recognized as constructed and deconstructed so that changes can be made to most violent most exclusionary versions of laws. Laws can be invented and reinvented to address the ignorance and exclusion inherent in all laws.
Caputo ’97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
AND
a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.
Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Accidental civilian deaths are only a result of discourse used to remove risk allow warfare

Wilcox 2009
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
Feminist and other critical scholars have argued that discourses of dehumanization have enabled killings to
AND
remove risk, contingency from the battle space and to have total control.

Drones are awful – increases violence, unjust murders, huge casualties numbers, essentializes sex and defines people as "killable"

Volo 2013
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

Multiple objections are raised against drone warfare, and much of the literature and debate
AND
). Drones, then, are an indication of weakness in the superpower.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 1 | Opponent: Army LS | Judge: Ben Hagwood

Advantage One: Terrorism

CIA supervision of drone strikes make it at an all-time high

The Canberra Times 6/19
(The Canberra Times, "New way to fight terrorism," 6/19/13, EGM, 8/5/13)
New way to fight terrorism B ritish Prime Minister David Cameron said before the G8
AND
for Military and Security Law. He is currently working in the UK.

Drones destroy confidence in the Pakistani government—causes people to run to terrorist organizations
Awan, 6/2
(Imran Awan, The Guardian UK, "US drone attacks are further radicalising Pakistan," http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/02/us-drone-strikes-pakistan-terrorists-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/02/us-drone-strikes-pakistan-terrorists, 6/24/13, EGM)
The US airstrike last week, which killed the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan
AND
extremism and are willing to die to avenge the death of their leaders. 

Lack of transparency causes attacks

CNN, 12
(Wire Staff, Cable News Network. "Drone strikes kill, maim and traumatize too many civilians, U.S. study says." Date made September 25, 2012. Date retrieved August 14, 2013.  http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes-http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes)
The report concedes that "real threats to U.S. security and to
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experts, and review of thousands of pages of documentation and media reporting."

It’s incredibly likely—9/11 changed the game—causes extinction
Bellany, 12
(Ian, Late Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster,  also former Director of the Centre for the Study of Arms Control and International Security and on the CTBT Commission, "Outflanking missile defences: the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, nuclear weapons, and terrorism" Defense 26 Security Analysis 28:1, March 2012 , 81-96, accessed 6-21-12 Bosley)
Prior to the attacks on the USA on 11 September 2001, it was assumed
AND
a few containers of medical caesium are required to create a worthwhile bomb.

Drones create a different more radical form of terrorism – their defense doesn’t apply

Gerges, 13
(Fawaz Gerges, a professor of international relations at the London School of Economics where he directs the Middle East Centre, "Why drone strikes are real enemy in ’war on terror’." 6/21/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/21/opinion/terrorism-gerges/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/21/opinion/terrorism-gerges/, 10/31/13, EGM)

In case after case over the past few years, attackers and would-be
AND
matters into their own hands — in short, a license to kill.

Specifically, drone strikes in Yemen cause blowback that destabilize the government

Hudson et al, 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

Yemeni instability causes oil shocks

Anam, 11
(Fares writer for yobserver.com Instability in Yemen effects oil prices Apr 9, http://www.yobserver.com/local-news/10021048.html)
Foreign concerns that the current political situation in Yemen will affect the prices of oil
AND
the road, oil production tends to go straight down," said Markman.

That decimates the economy

Li, 12
(Mingqi, associate professor of economics at the University of Utah, "Has the Global Economy Become Less Vulnerable to Oil Price Shocks?", March 14, www.theoildrum.com/node/9008-http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9008 NL)
Rasmussen and Roitman conducted the study using a cross-national approach, which gave
AND
and possibly an insurmountable speed limit on the pace of global economic expansion.

That causes nuclear war
Merlini, 11
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Advantage Two: Modeling

Current drone usage guarantees rapid drone prolif that escalates—the plan is the only way to prevent miscalc—we’re on the brink now

Roberts, 13
(Kristin, News Editor for National Journal and masters in security studies from Georgetown and masters in journalism from Columbia, "When the Whole World Has Drones", March 22, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321 NL)
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

There are numerous ways nuclear miscalc will ensue

Boyle, 13
(Michael, PhD from Cambridge and assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare", 2013, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf NL)
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
coercive instruments of power ¶ and against those who dare to challenge them.

Drones create adventurism – triggers war

Singer, 09
(Peter Warren Singer is an American Political Scientist and international relations scholar, he is currently a senior fellow at the Brookings institution, where he is the director of the 21st century Defense Initiative; "Robots at War: The New Battlefield’; Winter 2009; http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1313-http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1313; 6/29/2010 THIS EVIDENCE IS GENDER MODIFIED)
Such changed connections don’t just make a public less likely to wield its veto power
AND
the human costs of war, they may seduce us into more wars. 

China is starting to use drones now—that causes a Senkaku conflict
CBS News, 5/3
(CBS News, "China emerges as new force in drone warfare,"5/3/13, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/-http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, 6/19/13, EGM)
Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China’s security forces
AND
Wezeman said. "Another few years and they will have caught up."

Senkaku conflict escalates
Klare, 13
(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College "The Next War", Jan 23, www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html-http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html, we reject the ableist language in this evidence) NL
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

The plan creates the necessary framework to stop drone prolif
Bloomberg, 2/5
(Bloomberg, "Building a Better Drone War"2/5/13
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
In fact, the Pentagon’s Joint Special Operations Command should take control of the entire
AND
allow the U.S. to stake out the high moral ground.

Plan

The United States Congress should change authority of targeted killing with drone strikes from Title 50 of the United States Code to Title 10 of the United States Code. 

Solvency

The plan adds an extra layer of accountability
Klaidman, 13
(Daniel Klaidman, national political correspondent for Newsweek and The Daily Beast, "Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA," 3/19/13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
How does the CIA’s targeted killing program differ from the military’s—and what are
AND
CIA’s program moving to the Pentagon, the DOD’s vetting procedures will prevail.

Shifting to Title 10 clarifies legal perceptions and legitimizes US drone policy

Waxman, 13  
(Matthew Waxman, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," 3/20/13, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0, 10/9/13, EGM)

So, moving operations to the Pentagon may modestly improve transparency and compliance with the
AND
perhaps more restrained and formalized, long-term policy of targeted killing.

Law is key to modeling and credibility

Maxwell, 12
(Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, Winter 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html-http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, 10/10/13, EGM)

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.  
Title 10 creates new limitations which make drones more legitimate
Kaplan, 13
(Fred Kaplan, The Slate, "The Drones Are in the Details," 3/21/13,
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
To put it in legal terms, drone strikes in Afghanistan fall under Title 10
AND
to conduct secret operations against al-Qaida and affiliated terrorist networks worldwide.¶ 

Transparency solves modeling

Bergen and Rowland, 10/25
(Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland, Peter Bergen is CNN’s national security analyst, a director at the New America Foundation, Jennifer Rowland is a graduate student at Harvard University’s Kennedy School. "Did Obama keep his drone promises?" 10/25/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/, 10/31/13, EGM)

However, the fact is that the U.S. government needs to do
AND
creating some kind of international consensus about the future use of armed drones.

====Getting the CIA out is a pre-req to any effective drone policy====
Weber, 13
(Peter Weber, The Week, "Will Congress curb Obama’s drone strikes?" 2/6/13
http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes-http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes, 8/18/13, EGM)
Since at least the 9/11 attacks, Congress has been less than confrontational
AND
the public is to leak information about supposedly covert operations. ~Bloomberg~

No disads—Obama just decimated war powers
Nather and Palmer, 9/1
(David Nather, masters degree in Poly Sci from George Washington University and senior policy reporter at POLITICO Pro, Anna Palmer, senior Washington correspondent for POLITICO, "Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency", 9/1/13, www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3 NL)
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
ability that gives presidents much of their power in dealing with military threats.

Switching solves

Reuters, 13
(Tabassum Zakaria, Reuters, "As drone monopoly frays, Obama seeks global rules," 3/17/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317, 6/3/13, EGM)
INTERNAL DEBATES One focus of U.S. officials’ internal debate is whether to
AND
are managed, decided upon, and executed, the second official said.

Obama’s speech changed nothing – strikes may be down but causality is high and transparency doesn’t exist

Bergen and Rowland, 10/25
(Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland, Peter Bergen is CNN’s national security analyst, a director at the New America Foundation, Jennifer Rowland is a graduate student at Harvard University’s Kennedy School. "Did Obama keep his drone promises?" 10/25/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/, 10/31/13, EGM)

 (CNN) — On May 23, President Barack Obama gave a major
AND
restricting the sizes of those groups of suspected militants that are being targeted.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pitt BW | Judge: Paul Hayes

Contention One is Masculine Protection

US drone violence perfects the rhetorical war of the media, military, and the state where political leaders can explain away deaths by categorizing individuals as truly "innocent civilians" or "abusive civilians." This rhetorical war creates the perfect weapon, the drone, that allows us to wage an endless war against bodies we place in the grey-zones of violence

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
And yet Beard’s (2009) point about the visibility of military actions is well
AND
and Reid (2009) call ’the liberal way of war’.29

This rhetorical war prefects the drone as the masculine protector of some gendered, ethnicized body that is always able to be erased by the imperialist state. This view justifies the current standards that says all men are guilty and all women need our protection

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

The RGMA ushers in a high-tech patriarchal imperialism, and citizens of the
AND
them about themselves: you are a hero; you are a murderer.

Drones are the new embodiment of masculine protectionism – drones represented as a masculine protector allows the US to distracts away from the bloodied targets of drone strikes and claim that the strikes are helping rescues the feminized middle eastern other

Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

The masculine protection of the drone creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level
Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Drones create zones of invisibility that privilege the viewpoint of the US drone and exacerbate the issues by combining technology with the American culture of exceptionalism whereby the bomber is always the privileged hunter-killer

Gregory, 11
(Derek Gregory, From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War, Theory Culture Society 2011, Sage Publications, pg 189, EGM)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear
AND
of life’ analysis this makes possible, but it cannot be erased.24

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

Our ability to simply say that some bodies are accidents and the rhetorical war we wage with drones allows us to perfect our role as the arbitrator of the only truth – American power. The mutual apocalyptic drive between the US and its enemies will culminate in the US destroying the world in order to remake it.

Lifton ’3
Robert J. Lifton, Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Graduate School and Director of The Center on Violence and Human Survival at John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, 2003, Superpower Syndrome, pgs 1-5
The apocalyptic imagination has spawned a new kind of violence at the beginning the twenty
AND
those reverberations became all too cruellyevident. My past work suddenly became current. 

Plan Text

The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s authority to use drones for targeted killing. 

Contention Three is Solvency

Prohibiting the use of drones is necessary to challenging the violence of the war on terror and produces a necessary starting point to challenging violence at home

Heathcote, 10
(Gina Heathcote, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - School of Law, "Feminist Reflections on the ’End’ of the War on Terror," Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol 11
2010, http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf-http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf, EGM)
Beyond the global war against terrorism, the Charter-based norms on the law
AND
its consequences, remain a fundamental part of the international security landscape.  

Utilitarian calculus fails to empower the body or produce an understanding of those who are destroyed in targeted strikes. Only by understanding bodies as socially produced are we able to produce a better understanding about the value of human lives

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
One of the most important feminist contributions in theorizing the body is work that highlights
AND
intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology.

There are so many reasons nuclear and great power wars are impossible
Robb, 12
(Doug, U.S. Navy Lieutenant, "Why the Age of Great-Power War is Over", May 2012, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over-http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over, May 16, 13, EH)
Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of
AND
a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

Obama won’t circumvent—-empirics prove
Michael A. Cohen 12, is a fellow at the Century Foundation, "The Imperial Presidency: Drone Power and Congressional Oversight," July 24, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12194/the-imperial-presidency-drone-power-and-congressional-oversight
Ironically, however, the administration stands on firmer legal ground here than it did
AND
likely to get worse before it gets better, if it ever does.

Working within the law is the only way to create justice because there is no institutional approach that allows for just changes without laws to back them up. Drones prove this because Obama’s request to have his power limited was never realized it was just politicking only changing laws stops drones

Caputo 07
(John D., PhD Bryn Mawr College, Thomas J. Watson Professor of
AND
Good News Of Post-Modernism for the Church, pg 63)ERM

I am identifying deconstruction as a kind of passion or prayer for the impossible,
AND
in the next set of circumstances, which may be different. 2.
The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff
Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, "Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.", Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
AND
appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.
Law is constructed the aff is an example of necessary deconstruction because the only way to stop drones in Afghanistan and the literal erasing of bodies from having meaning much less political significance is to prohibit the use of drones in Afghanistan.
Caputo, 97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
AND
who a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. 

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.
Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Images of hyper-violence numbs us to real deaths that are happening—these images must be rejected always
Giroux, 12
(Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence-http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence)

One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a ’wearing off’ impact ~and~ to stave off the ’viewing fatigue,’ they must be increasingly gory, shocking and otherwise ’inventive’ to arouse any sentiments at all or indeed draw attention. The level of ’familiar’ violence, below which the cruelty of cruel acts escapes attention, is constantly rising."(23)-http://truth-out.org/index.php Hyper-violence and spectacular representations of cruelty disrupt and block our ability to respond politically and ethically to the violence as it is actually happening on the ground. In this instance, unfamiliar violence such as extreme images of torture and death become banally familiar, while familiar violence that occurs daily is barely recognized relegated to the realm of the unnoticed and unnoticeable. How else to explain the public indifference to the violence waged by the state against nonviolent youthful protesters, who are rebelling against a society in which they have been excluded from any claim on hope, prosperity and democracy. As an increasing volume of violence is pumped into the culture, yesterday’s spine-chilling and nerve-wrenching violence loses its shock value. As the need for more intense images of violence accumulates, the moral indifference and desensitization to violence grows while matters of cruelty and suffering are offered up as fodder for sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia DG | Judge: Whit Whitmore
Advantage One: Terrorism 

CIA supervision of drone strikes make it at an all-time high
The Canberra Times 6/19
(The Canberra Times, "New way to fight terrorism," 6/19/13, EGM, 8/5/13)
New way to fight terrorism B ritish Prime Minister David Cameron said before the G8
AND
for Military and Security Law. He is currently working in the UK.

Drones destroy confidence in the Pakistani government—causes people to run to terrorist organizations
Awan, 6/2
(Imran Awan, The Guardian UK, "US drone attacks are further radicalising Pakistan," http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/02/us-drone-strikes-pakistan-terrorists-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/02/us-drone-strikes-pakistan-terrorists, 6/24/13, EGM)
The US airstrike last week, which killed the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan
AND
extremism and are willing to die to avenge the death of their leaders. 

Lack of transparency causes attacks
CNN, 12
(Wire Staff, Cable News Network. "Drone strikes kill, maim and traumatize too many civilians, U.S. study says." Date made September 25, 2012. Date retrieved August 14, 2013.  http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes-http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes)
The report concedes that "real threats to U.S. security and to
AND
experts, and review of thousands of pages of documentation and media reporting."
Specifically, drone strikes in Yemen cause blowback that destabilize the government and result in more terrorism
Hudson et al, 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

It’s incredibly likely—9/11 changed the game—causes extinction
Bellany, 12
(Ian, Late Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster,  also former Director of the Centre for the Study of Arms Control and International Security and on the CTBT Commission, "Outflanking missile defences: the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, nuclear weapons, and terrorism" Defense 26 Security Analysis 28:1, March 2012 , 81-96, accessed 6-21-12 Bosley)
Prior to the attacks on the USA on 11 September 2001, it was assumed
AND
a few containers of medical caesium are required to create a worthwhile bomb.

It’s comparatively the biggest threat
Royal, 11
(John Paul, Institute of World Politics, "War Powers and the Age of Terrorism", http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf-http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf NL)
Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), especially nuclear weapons, into the
AND
changes, Congress possesses the intrinsic power to rescind and limit these powers.

Even if the attack fails, it’d guarantee WW3 and turns the case—societies would destroy civil liberties in the name of security
Sid-Ahmed, 04
(Mohamed, Middle East Research and Information Project, "Extinction21", Aug 26, weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm NL)
A nuclear attack by terrorists will be much more critical than Hiroshima and Nagazaki,
AND
When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Advantage Two: Modeling 

Current drone usage guarantees rapid drone prolif that escalates—the plan is the only way to prevent miscalc—we’re on the brink now
Roberts, 13
(Kristin, News Editor for National Journal and masters in security studies from Georgetown and masters in journalism from Columbia, "When the Whole World Has Drones", March 22, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321 NL)
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.
There are numerous ways nuclear miscalc will ensue
Boyle, 13
(Michael, PhD from Cambridge and assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare", 2013, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf NL)
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
coercive instruments of power ¶ and against those who dare to challenge them.

Drones create adventurism – triggers war
Singer, 09
(Peter Warren Singer is an American Political Scientist and international relations scholar, he is currently a senior fellow at the Brookings institution, where he is the director of the 21st century Defense Initiative; "Robots at War: The New Battlefield’; Winter 2009; http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1313-http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1313; 6/29/2010 THIS EVIDENCE IS GENDER MODIFIED)
Such changed connections don’t just make a public less likely to wield its veto power
AND
the human costs of war, they may seduce us into more wars. 

China is starting to use drones now—that causes a Senkaku conflict
CBS News, 5/3
(CBS News, "China emerges as new force in drone warfare,"5/3/13, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/-http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, 6/19/13, EGM)
Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China’s security forces
AND
Wezeman said. "Another few years and they will have caught up."

Senkaku conflict escalates
Klare, 13
(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College "The Next War", Jan 23, www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html-http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html) NL
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

The plan creates the necessary framework to stop drone prolif
Bloomberg, 2/5
(Bloomberg, "Building a Better Drone War"2/5/13
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
In fact, the Pentagon’s Joint Special Operations Command should take control of the entire
AND
allow the U.S. to stake out the high moral ground.

Plan
The United States Congress should change supervision of the drone program from Title 50 of the United States Code to Title 10 of the United States Code. 

Solvency

Plan makes strikes more accountable and prevents abuses
Zenko, 13
(Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He currently serves as vice chair of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Terrorism. Previously, he worked for five years at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning. "Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon." Date made April 16, 2013. Date retrieved August 14, 2013. http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434-http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
U.S. targeted killings are needlessly made complex and opaque by their division
AND
because the foreign relations committees cannot hold hearings on covert CIA drone strikes.

Shift to DOD solves
Zenko, 13
(Micah Zenko, the Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (
AND
Special Report No. 65, 6/15/13, EGM)
The president should direct that U.S. drone strikes be conducted as DOD
AND
the Obama administration claims can have a normative influence on how others use drones

The plan adds an extra layer of accountability
Klaidman, 3/19
(Daniel Klaidman, national political correspondent for Newsweek and The Daily Beast, "Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA," 3/19/13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
How does the CIA’s targeted killing program differ from the military’s—and what are
AND
CIA’s program moving to the Pentagon, the DOD’s vetting procedures will prevail.

Title 10 creates new limitations which make drones more legitimate
Kaplan, 3/21
(Fred Kaplan, The Slate, "The Drones Are in the Details," 3/21/13,
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
To put it in legal terms, drone strikes in Afghanistan fall under Title 10
AND
to conduct secret operations against al-Qaida and affiliated terrorist networks worldwide.¶ 

Getting the CIA out is a pre-req to any effective drone policy
Weber, 2/6
(Peter Weber, The Week, "Will Congress curb Obama’s drone strikes?" 2/6/13
http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes-http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes, 8/18/13, EGM)
Since at least the 9/11 attacks, Congress has been less than confrontational
AND
the public is to leak information about supposedly covert operations. ~Bloomberg~

No disads—Obama just decimated war powers

Nather and Palmer, 9/1
(David Nather, masters degree in Poly Sci from George Washington University and senior policy reporter at POLITICO Pro, Anna Palmer, senior Washington correspondent for POLITICO, "Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency", 9/1/13, www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3 NL)
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
ability that gives presidents much of their power in dealing with military threats.

Switching solves
Reuters, 13
(Tabassum Zakaria, Reuters, "As drone monopoly frays, Obama seeks global rules," 3/17/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317, 6/3/13, EGM)
INTERNAL DEBATES One focus of U.S. officials’ internal debate is whether to
AND
are managed, decided upon, and executed, the second official said.

US Key
Zenko, 13
(Micah Zenko, the Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (
AND
Special Report No. 65, 6/15/13, EGM)
The current trajectory of U.S. drone strike policies is unsustainable. Without
AND
actors and shape development of a normative framework for acceptable use of drones.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Iowa HK | Judge: Brian DeLong

Advantage One: Terrorism

CIA supervision of drone strikes make it at an all-time high

The Canberra Times 6/19
(The Canberra Times, "New way to fight terrorism," 6/19/13, EGM, 8/5/13)
New way to fight terrorism B ritish Prime Minister David Cameron said before the G8
AND
for Military and Security Law. He is currently working in the UK.

Drones destroy confidence in the Pakistani government—causes people to run to terrorist organizations
Awan, 6/2
(Imran Awan, The Guardian UK, "US drone attacks are further radicalising Pakistan," http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/02/us-drone-strikes-pakistan-terrorists-http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jun/02/us-drone-strikes-pakistan-terrorists, 6/24/13, EGM)
The US airstrike last week, which killed the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan
AND
extremism and are willing to die to avenge the death of their leaders. 

Lack of transparency causes attacks

CNN, 12
(Wire Staff, Cable News Network. "Drone strikes kill, maim and traumatize too many civilians, U.S. study says." Date made September 25, 2012. Date retrieved August 14, 2013.  http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes-http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes)
The report concedes that "real threats to U.S. security and to
AND
experts, and review of thousands of pages of documentation and media reporting."

It’s incredibly likely—9/11 changed the game—causes extinction
Bellany, 12
(Ian, Late Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster,  also former Director of the Centre for the Study of Arms Control and International Security and on the CTBT Commission, "Outflanking missile defences: the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, nuclear weapons, and terrorism" Defense 26 Security Analysis 28:1, March 2012 , 81-96, accessed 6-21-12 Bosley)
Prior to the attacks on the USA on 11 September 2001, it was assumed
AND
a few containers of medical caesium are required to create a worthwhile bomb.

Specifically, drone strikes in Yemen cause blowback that destabilize the government

Hudson et al, 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

Yemeni instability causes oil shocks

Anam, 11
(Fares writer for yobserver.com Instability in Yemen effects oil prices Apr 9, http://www.yobserver.com/local-news/10021048.html)
Foreign concerns that the current political situation in Yemen will affect the prices of oil
AND
the road, oil production tends to go straight down," said Markman.

That decimates the economy

Li, 12
(Mingqi, associate professor of economics at the University of Utah, "Has the Global Economy Become Less Vulnerable to Oil Price Shocks?", March 14, www.theoildrum.com/node/9008-http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9008 NL)
Rasmussen and Roitman conducted the study using a cross-national approach, which gave
AND
and possibly an insurmountable speed limit on the pace of global economic expansion.

That causes nuclear war
Merlini, 11
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Advantage Two: Modeling

Current drone usage guarantees rapid drone prolif that escalates—the plan is the only way to prevent miscalc—we’re on the brink now

Roberts, 13
(Kristin, News Editor for National Journal and masters in security studies from Georgetown and masters in journalism from Columbia, "When the Whole World Has Drones", March 22, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321 NL)
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

There are numerous ways nuclear miscalc will ensue

Boyle, 13
(Michael, PhD from Cambridge and assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare", 2013, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf NL)
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
coercive instruments of power ¶ and against those who dare to challenge them.

Drones create adventurism – triggers war

Singer, 09
(Peter Warren Singer is an American Political Scientist and international relations scholar, he is currently a senior fellow at the Brookings institution, where he is the director of the 21st century Defense Initiative; "Robots at War: The New Battlefield’; Winter 2009; http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1313-http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?aid=1313; 6/29/2010 THIS EVIDENCE IS GENDER MODIFIED)
Such changed connections don’t just make a public less likely to wield its veto power
AND
the human costs of war, they may seduce us into more wars. 

China is starting to use drones now—that causes a Senkaku conflict
CBS News, 5/3
(CBS News, "China emerges as new force in drone warfare,"5/3/13, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/-http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/, 6/19/13, EGM)
Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China’s security forces
AND
Wezeman said. "Another few years and they will have caught up."

Senkaku conflict escalates
Klare, 13
(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College "The Next War", Jan 23, www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html-http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html) NL
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

The plan creates the necessary framework to stop drone prolif
Bloomberg, 2/5
(Bloomberg, "Building a Better Drone War"2/5/13
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
In fact, the Pentagon’s Joint Special Operations Command should take control of the entire
AND
allow the U.S. to stake out the high moral ground.

Plan

The United States federal government should change supervision of the drone program from Title 50 of the United States Code to Title 10 of the United States Code. 

Solvency

Plan makes strikes more accountable and prevents abuses
Zenko, 13
(Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He currently serves as vice chair of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Terrorism. Previously, he worked for five years at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning. "Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon." Date made April 16, 2013. Date retrieved August 14, 2013. http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434-http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
U.S. targeted killings are needlessly made complex and opaque by their division
AND
because the foreign relations committees cannot hold hearings on covert CIA drone strikes.

Shift to DOD solves
Zenko, 13
(Micah Zenko, the Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (
AND
Special Report No. 65, 6/15/13, EGM)
The president should direct that U.S. drone strikes be conducted as DOD
AND
the Obama administration claims can have a normative influence on how others use drones

The plan adds an extra layer of accountability
Klaidman, 3/19
(Daniel Klaidman, national political correspondent for Newsweek and The Daily Beast, "Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA," 3/19/13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
How does the CIA’s targeted killing program differ from the military’s—and what are
AND
CIA’s program moving to the Pentagon, the DOD’s vetting procedures will prevail.

Title 10 creates new limitations which make drones more legitimate
Kaplan, 3/21
(Fred Kaplan, The Slate, "The Drones Are in the Details," 3/21/13,
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2013/03/john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
To put it in legal terms, drone strikes in Afghanistan fall under Title 10
AND
to conduct secret operations against al-Qaida and affiliated terrorist networks worldwide.¶ 

====Getting the CIA out is a pre-req to any effective drone policy====
Weber, 2/6
(Peter Weber, The Week, "Will Congress curb Obama’s drone strikes?" 2/6/13
http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes-http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes, 8/18/13, EGM)
Since at least the 9/11 attacks, Congress has been less than confrontational
AND
the public is to leak information about supposedly covert operations. ~Bloomberg~

No disads—Obama just decimated war powers
Nather and Palmer, 9/1
(David Nather, masters degree in Poly Sci from George Washington University and senior policy reporter at POLITICO Pro, Anna Palmer, senior Washington correspondent for POLITICO, "Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency", 9/1/13, www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3 NL)
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
ability that gives presidents much of their power in dealing with military threats.

Switching solves

Reuters, 13
(Tabassum Zakaria, Reuters, "As drone monopoly frays, Obama seeks global rules," 3/17/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317, 6/3/13, EGM)
INTERNAL DEBATES One focus of U.S. officials’ internal debate is whether to
AND
are managed, decided upon, and executed, the second official said.

US Key

Zenko, 13
(Micah Zenko, the Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (
AND
Special Report No. 65, 6/15/13, EGM)
The current trajectory of U.S. drone strike policies is unsustainable. Without
AND
actors and shape development of a normative framework for acceptable use of drones.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Norwestern MP | Judge: Herndon, Hayes, Kearney

Plan Text

The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s war powers authority to use drones for targeted killing.

Contention One is Violence

There is a disproportionate focus on the politics of drone strikes but NEVER on the impacts of them. We ignore the violence of drones in almost every other place so we can only focus on the strategic impact of drones in Pakistan. This is a convenient tool of the government that masks the bodies that are terrorized by drones. Even when there are stories discussing Pakistani drones, they always focuse on random micro questions— NEVER the bodies who are targeted. This is a rhetorical tool the White House uses to erase those who are destroyed by strikes

Gregory, 14
(Derek Gregory, Drone Geographies RP 183 (Jan/Feb 2014), http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/article/drone-geographies, EGM)

Last year Apple rejected Josh Begley’s Drones+ app three times. The app promised
AND
little to do with the concrete fact of regular, systematic death.12

The debate over the effectiveness of US targeted killings operates within this technological frame that erases structural violences. This allows drones to become only be a matter of security strategy and bureaucracy

Shaw ’13 (Ian G. R. Shaw, Professor of Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, "Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare", Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, 2013)
The debate over whether or not drone strikes are a "success" is usually
AND
Their vulnerability is inseparable from the topological spatial power of the Predator Empire.

A focus on the systemic violence of drones allows us to pause the dialogue of technological security and understand the real impacts of drone strikes.

Jan is an example of this ignored systemic violence. He lives in the forgotten drone capital of the world watching his family burn to death in strikes the US calls "accidents" but he knows are just further examples of the US technological disposition matrix that allows bodies to be erased away into blips on a radar.

Zucchino 12/13
(David Zucchino, LA Times, "Afghans describe relatives’ deaths in recent U.S. drone strike," 12/1/13,
http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-afghanistan-drones-20131201,0,1712157,full.story~23axzz2tPM2NQFE, EGM)
JALALABAD, Afghanistan — Miya Jan was filling potholes on the rutted trail that leads
AND
glancing up at the sky. "God left her alive as proof."

Individuals are not the only victims of drone strikes. Entire regions have their chances of stability destroyed by them. This creates regions of violence and power vacuums that result in more violence against the people of these areas.

Ahmed, 13
(AKBAR AHMED, NYT, "The Drone War Is Far From Over" 5/30/13,
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/31/opinion/the-drone-war-is-far-from-over.html, EGM)

WHEN people in Washington talk about shrinking the drone program, as President Obama promised
AND
who took revenge after a hundred years said, I took it quickly.

Contention Two is Framing

Prohibiting the use of drones is necessary to challenging the violence of the war on terror and produces a necessary starting point to challenging violence at home

Heathcote, 10
(Gina Heathcote, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) - School of Law, "Feminist Reflections on the ’End’ of the War on Terror," Melbourne Journal of International Law Vol 11
2010, http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13162/1/MJIL_Feminist_reflections.pdf, EGM)
Beyond the global war against terrorism, the Charter-based norms on the law
AND
its consequences, remain a fundamental part of the international security landscape.  

The rhetorical war is always focused on the precise ways that we avoids a WMD terrorist attack but never discusses the long-term systemic impacts of our drone policy. This ignores the real impact of technology and justifies using violent methods—you should prioritize a focus on the everyday slow violences

Nixon ’11
(Rob, Rachel Carson Professor of English, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor, pgs. 12-14)

Over the past two decades, this high-speed planetary modification has been accompanied
AND
how our rhetorical conventions for bracketing violence routinely ignore ongoing, belated casualties.

The precision rhetoric of drones and the overreliance on util justifies executive TK power and destroys restraints on the conduct of war – balancing legal checks and balances with security is necessary

Wilson 05 – Gladstein Distinguished Chair of Human Rights and Director of the Human Rights Institute at the University of Connecticut
(Richard Ashby, Human Rights in the War on Terror, p. 19-21)

Michael Ignatieff’s ’lesser evil’ ethics and overreliance on a consequentialist ethics place him much
AND
laws and international rule of law are defensible, and which are not. 

There are so many reasons nuclear and great power wars are impossible

Robb, 12
(Doug, U.S. Navy Lieutenant, "Why the Age of Great-Power War is Over", May 2012, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2012-05/now-hear-why-age-great-power-war-over, May 16, 13, EH)
Whereas in years past, when nations allied with their neighbors in ephemeral bonds of
AND
a war is equal parts costly, counterproductive, archaic, and improbable.

Targeted killing is the logic of the precautionary principle— at low enough probabilities, there’s a risk to every action and inaction of something going nuclear—this logic is what creates bodies as worthless—rejecting this logic is key

Friedman 08
~Winter 2008, Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies. He is an affiliate of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,  "The Terrible ’Ifs’", http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2007/12/v30n4-1.pdf~~
Students of regulatory policy know of the precautionary principle, an idea about risk favored
AND
national security dangers are not always as uncertain and dangerous as we hear.

Worst case scenarios substitutes imagination for logic—this means people only talk about the huge violence drones cause but never the small violences. Be skeptical of their disads because they are based on lazy logic.

Schneier 10
~05/12/10, Bruce Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet 26 Society at Harvard Law School and a program fellow at the New America Foundation’s Open Technology Institute, He is an an internationally renowned security technologist, called a "security guru" by The Economist. He is the author of 12 books — including Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust Society Needs to Thrive — as well as hundreds of articles, essays, and academic papers. His influential newsletter "Crypto-Gram" and his blog "Schneier on Security" are read by over 250,000 people. He has testified before Congress, is a frequent guest on television and radio, has served on several government committees, and is regularly quoted in the press. Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, a program fellow at the New America Foundation’s Open Technology Institute, a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an Advisory Board Member of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and the Chief Technology Officer at Co3 Systems, Inc. He has a Ph. D. from the University of Westminster by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science, "Worst-case thinking makes us nuts, not safe", http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/05/12/schneier.worst.case.thinking/~~ we do not endorse this author’s intent of ableist language and apologize for it, we have left it intact to preserve the article’s completeness~

(CNN) — At a security conference recently, the moderator asked the panel
AND
don’t need to refute counterarguments, there’s no point in listening to them.

Quantitative assessments of body counts masks over the true violence of warfare

Gregory, 10
(Derek Gregory , Prof. of Geography @ U. of British Columbia, "War and peace," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 35.2)
Ferguson is not alone in his silence. Many of those who regarded those continuing
AND
fin de siècle (Chojnacki and Reisch 2008; Harbom and Wallensteen 2009).

Images of hyper-violence numbs us to real deaths that are happening—these images must be rejected always

Giroux, 12
(Henry A Giroux, Frequent author on pedagogy in the public sphere, Truthout, "Youth in Revolt: The Plague of State-Sponsored Violence," March 14, 2012, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=7249:youth-in-revolt-the-plague-of-statesponsored-violence)
One consequence is that "the sheer numbers and monotony of images may have a
AND
sports, entertainment, news media, and other outlets for seeking pleasure.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: Steve Pointer

Contention One is the Cyborg

Drone warfare creates people into cyborgs—the drone becomes an extension of the body and it becomes impossible to separate the two. This forces a desensitization to warfare that creates the conditions for violence

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The soldier as a site of technological transformation of the body is not a new
AND
and this myth is put into practice in the apparatus of precision bombing. 

These cyborg soldiers are the epitomy of masculine domination, creating a protectionist stance over even the bodies of the soldiers

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
While many are concerned about the loss of soldiers lives in conflicts, especially in
AND
who are law-abiding and chivalrous in their attempts to spare civilians.

The hypermasculinization of drone warfare genders the world, painting the US as the strong, masculine protector of the weak, feminine Middle East. This hyper-masculine mindset glosses over the lives of the civilians who are destroyed by strikes daily
Volo, 13
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

At the 2010 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, Obama told a not-so-
AND
On the other hand, demasculinization creates conditions for resentment and resistance abroad.

That creates the conditions and possibilities of warfare both at the macro and micro level
Young, 03
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young’s books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM
The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes ~1668~ 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

Contention Two is the Civilian

Civilian deaths in drone warfare are always constructed as accidents, constituting these bodies as deserving meaning but ultimately denying it

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) This evidence is modified for ableist language
The legitimacy of precision bombing is based on up the just war and international humanitarian
AND
it does not use estimates but insists on recording actually, verifiable deaths.

This action is not a temporary shortcoming, but an actively produced ignorance—civilian deaths are painted as un-knowable in order to deny these individuals political significance

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
In the discourse of precision warfare, the difficulty of distinguishing between civilians and combatants
AND
of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.

Getting people back political significance and challenging small violences is the only way to stop bigger violences and prevent the genocidal impulses in our everyday lives
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, 04
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
This large and at first sight "messy" Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

Targeted killing is the same as torture – removing a sacrifice desentizes nations to the true impact of the strikes

Wilcox 2009
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM) gender modified
The precision bomber, like the torturer, accepts virtually no risk, especially when
AND
contemporary warfare has been described as ’post-heroic’ (Luttwak 1995)

The plan is necessary to stopping the distancing between soldiers and wars that produce our impacts
Shaw, 13
(Ian, Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Glasgow, "Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare" http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241 retrieved 10/21/13 R.C.)
By introducing the term Predator Empire I do not want to suggest that US extrajudicial
AND
way – not for those that involve waging war by other means". 125-http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14650045.2012.749241

Plan Text
The United States federal government should prohibit the president’s authority to use drones for targeted killing. 

Contention Three is Framing

Utilitarian calculus fails to empower the body or produce an understanding of those who are destroyed in targeted strikes. Only by understanding bodies as socially produced are we able to produce a better understanding about the value of human lives

Wilcox, 09
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
One of the most important feminist contributions in theorizing the body is work that highlights
AND
intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology.

There’s no such thing as objective knowledge production—claims of such are just marked knowledge that destroy the binary between targets and civilians

Wall and Monahan, 11
(Tyler Wall, Eastern Kentucky University, Torin Monahan, Vanderbilt University, "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes," 2011, Theoretical Criminology, http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf-http://torinmonahan.com/papers/UAVs_Wall-Monahan.pdf, EGM)
The desire for omniscience through total vision is a common motif in theoretical treatments of
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to these non-combat geographies and their populations that we next turn.

Law can be good when it is recognized as constructed and deconstructed so that changes can be made to most violent most exclusionary versions of laws. Laws can be invented and reinvented to address the ignorance and exclusion inherent in all laws.
Caputo ’97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
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a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.
Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
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knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Accidental civilian deaths are only a result of discourse used to remove risk allow warfare

Wilcox 2009
(Lauren Wilcox, University Lecturer in Gender Studies and the Deputy Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University of Cambridge, "Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare," 12/11/2009, Political Theory Colloquium, 12/17/2013, EGM)
Feminist and other critical scholars have argued that discourses of dehumanization have enabled killings to
AND
remove risk, contingency from the battle space and to have total control.

Law offers ways for women to redefine gender and subjectivity

Merry, 03
Sally Engle, Prof of Anthropology at Wellesley, "Rights Talk and the Experience of Law," Human Rights Quarterly vol 25(2)
Law is particularly important to the redefinition of subjectivity. Hirsch and Lazarus-Black
AND
a private domain secluded from legal scrutiny has changed to one more porous.

Drones are awful – increases violence, unjust murders, huge casualties numbers, essentializes sex and defines people as "killable"

Volo 2013
(Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Associate Professor, University of Colorado Boulder, Unmanned?:
Drones and the Revolution in Gender-Military Affairs, 2013, http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf-http://www.ecpg-barcelona.com/sites/default/files/Ppr-Unmanned-ECPG.pdf, EGM)

Multiple objections are raised against drone warfare, and much of the literature and debate
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). Drones, then, are an indication of weakness in the superpower.

Tournament: Navy | Round: Finals | Opponent: All | Judge: All
All of the aff debates at Navy were against teams who went for reformism bad—we said reformism is good.
Law can be good when it is recognized as constructed and deconstructed so that changes can be made to most violent most exclusionary versions of laws. Laws can be invented and reinvented to address the ignorance and exclusion inherent in all laws.
Caputo ’97
John Caputo is the Thomas J. Watson Professor of Religion Emeritus at Syracuse University and the David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University. Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida.  1997 p 130-131
By the "law" (droit, foi) Derrida means the positive structures
AND
a re being ground under by these laws of "equal treatment. "

Political changes and discursive changes should be combined to achieve emancipation.
Shaw ’8
PhD Candidate in Sociology @ Berkeley Aaron, "Re-Politicizing the Knowledge-Based Economy: Insurgent Experts, Software Livre, and the Developmental State in Brazil," http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/slptmd/Shaw.pdf
A second set of conclusions and policy implications concerns the problem of depoliticization identified in
AND
knowledge enclosures, policymakers should then formally integrate such discursive strategies and techniques.

Law offers ways for women to redefine gender and subjectivity
Merry, 03
Sally Engle, Prof of Anthropology at Wellesley, "Rights Talk and the Experience of Law," Human Rights Quarterly vol 25(2)
Law is particularly important to the redefinition of subjectivity. Hirsch and Lazarus-Black
AND
a private domain secluded from legal scrutiny has changed to one more porous.

Reformism can be productive even if the law is morally bankrupt – focus on strategic effects of policies while abandoning the fantasy of ethical neutrality allows for effective material change
Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Given the logics of settler colonialism, it may seem to be a hopeless contradiction
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we might need to creatively rethink what legal reforms would actually increase safety.

The plan is a justified use of sovereign power to prevent violence created by sovereign overreach.  
Hussain 2K (Department of History at Berkeley Nasser, 34 Law 26 Soc’y Rev. 495, lexisshree) 

Here once again we are forced to question Agamben’s teleological mode of thought. Is
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this regard, we find his concluding musings on Heidigger to be suggestive.

We should advocate for legal reform disinvested from morality – acts of disobedience meant to shame the system ultimately fail – emphasis on the strategic effects of policies best allows for material change
Smith, Associate Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at UC Riverside, 12
(Andrea, also author of Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide, and Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliance, "The Moral Limits of the Law: Settler Colonialism and the Anti-Violence Movement," settler colonial studies 2(2): p69-88, accessed 5-14-13 Bosley)

Legal reformists who often focus on shaping the law to reflect their moral values and those who focus on extra-legal revolutionary strategies often share the same goal. Often the presumed ’radical’ strategy adopted by social justice groups is to engage in civil disobedience. While these groups ostensibly break the law, they often do so in rather ceremonial fashion; they essentially want to shame the system. People are supposed to get arrested, and those in power are supposed to be so shamed by the fact that an unjust system required people to break the law. The expectation is that they will then change the laws. Acts of civil disobedience often are not targeted toward changing a policy directly or building alternative systems to the current one. Many Native groups in the southwest US, however, have developed an alternative framework for extra-legal social change. Rather than breaking the law to change the system, they propose to make Native communities ungovernable. For instance, during the passage of SB1070, Native groups with the Taala Hooghan Infoshop, O’odham Solidarity Across Borders, and others occupied the Border Patrol Office.32 However, rather than engaging in the occupation with the expectation of getting arrested, they chained themselves to the building so that the office could not perform its work. This approach has continued with their efforts to stop the US government’s desecration of the San Francisco Peaks through the construction of a ski resort. While they have not eschewed legal strategies for stopping this desecration, they have focused on preventing tourists from visiting the area so that the ski resort will no longer be economically viable. According to their promotional material on TrueSnow.org: 84 For the last decade defenders of the peaks have used every legitimate way they could think of to try to stop the US Forest Service from allowing treated sewage effluent to be sprayed on the Peaks to make snow. More than 20,000 people took part in the Forest Service Environmental Impact Statement process with letters and appeals asking them not to spray treated sewage effluent on the peaks to make snow. Thousands of us went to Flagstaff City Council meetings to voice our opposition to the sale of treated sewer water for the project. Yet still they approved it – before even an environmental impact statement was done. They were the most clueless of all. Currently the Hopi tribe is seeking lawsuit against the city because of this treated sewage effluent sale. A group of tribes and environmental and social justice organizations took a lawsuit all the way to the steps of the Supreme Court. The lawsuits have only called into question the legitimacy of what is loosely termed the ’justice’ system. For it seems there is no justice in this system. It is just us, IN this system. There is also yet another lawsuit in play which I have termed ’Save the Peaks Coalition vs The Snowbowl Movement’ which may have the possibility of stopping this project in the long term. But if we wait for a verdict, all the trees will be cut and the pipeline installed. This has not stopped the politically connected ski area from going ahead with their project right now and they have already clear-cut 100,000 trees (or more) and have already buried a few miles of pipeline along Snowbowl road. If they lose in court they would be expected to repair the damages. How do you get back 400 year old trees? Greed and hatred seems to be Snowbowl’s only motivation ~…~. But isn’t there some way to stop it? Well we could hit them where it hurts21 In the pocketbook. If you live in the Fort Valley area of Flagstaff you must see by now how little Arizona Snowbowl really cares about the ’economic benefits’ it brings our fair town. I know some of us had a good deal of trouble even going to work when the snow was good and Snowbowl was busy. The traffic jam was incredible. Stretching more than 15 miles. They took our livelihood away and hope to make that 85 a daily occurrence by having a ’predictable’ ski season using sewer water to make snow. This jam up gave us an idea21 Why don’t we do the same thing? Arizona Snowbowl does not own the mountain, and it is perfectly legal to drive up to the area for any permitted public lands use. This means hiking, camping, praying, skiing, sitting, loving, mushroom hunting, etc. So what do I do? It is time to stop waiting for a government entity, an environmental group, or any of the people you have come to expect to save the peaks for us. The time has come to show them how much power the people have21 And believe me, you are the most powerful people in all of the world21 You21 Yep you21 You can do it21 All summer the Arizona Snowbowl is open Friday, Saturday, and Sunday for scenic skyrides, food, and alcohol. They do get a pretty good business up there and it would have an impact if the mountain was just ’too busy’ with people doing all the other things our Public Forests are for. There is nothing illegal about it and it would send a clear message to the forest service that we don’t need Snowbowl to ’recreate on the mountain’. Heck, we don’t even need a ski area up there to ski21 In essence, take a vacation. Just do it up on the peaks and don’t use Snowbowl. Our government officials are forgetting what ’all power to the people’ really means. You cannot wait any longer for someone else to save the peaks for you. It will take of all us together to do this. So what are you waiting for? Pack a lunch this Saturday morning and Converge on the Peaks2133 What these activists suggest is to divest our moral investment in the law. This will affect not only what legal reforms we may pursue, but what revolutionary strategies we might engage in. Rather than engaging in civil disobedience to force legislators to change laws to conform to our moral principles, we might be free to engage creatively in strategies that build political and economic power directly. 86 CONCLUSION In the debates prevalent within Native sovereignty and racial justice movements, we are often presented with two seemingly orthogonal positions – long-term revolutionary extra-legal movements or shortterm reformist legalist strategies. Short-term legal strategies are accused of investing activists within a white supremacist and settler colonial system that is incapable of significant change. Meanwhile, revolutionaries are accused of sacrificing the immediate needs of vulnerable populations for the sake of an endlessly deferred revolution. The reality of gender violence in Native communities highlights the untenability of these positions. Native women’s lives are at stake now – they cannot wait for the revolution to achieve some sort of safety. At the same time, the short-term strategies often adopted to address gender violence have often increased violence in Native women’s lives by buttressing the prison industrial complex and its violent logics. While this reformist versus revolutionary dichotomy suggests two radically different positions, in reality they share a common assumption: that the only way to pursue legal reform is to fight for laws that that reinforce the appropriate moral statement (for instance, that the only way to address violence against Native women is through the law and to make this violence a ’crime’). Because the US legal system is inherently immoral and colonial, however, attempts to moralise the law generally fail. It is not surprising that the response to these failures is to simply give up on pursuing legal strategies. However, the works of Derrick Bell, Christopher Leslie, and Sarah Deer, while working in completely different areas of the law, point to a different approach. We can challenge the assumption that the law will reflect our morals and instead seek to use the law for its strategic effects. In doing so, we might advocate for laws that might in fact contradict some of our morals because we recognize that the law cannot mirror our morals anyway. We might then be free to engage in a relationship with the law which would free us to change our strategies as we assess its strategic effects. At the same time, by divesting from the morality of the law, we then will also simultaneously be free to invest in building our own forms of community accountability and justice outside the legal 87 system. Our extra-legal strategies would go beyond ceremonial civil disobedience tactics designed to shame a system that is not capable of shame. Rather, we might focus on actually building the political power to create an alternative system to the heteropatriarchal, white supremacist, settler colonial state.
Performing the speech act of the 1AC allows us to understand the ways in which we can use instances of the law against itself.
Judith Butler, knows her fucking shit. 2K. "Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death"
Interestingly enough, both Antigone’s act of burial and her verbal defiance become the occasions
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within it traces of a simultaneous refusal and assimilation of that very authority.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: NYU GZ | Judge: James Herndon

Advantage One: Terrorism

CIA supervision of drone strikes make it at an all-time high

The Canberra Times 6/19
(The Canberra Times, "New way to fight terrorism," 6/19/13, EGM, 8/5/13)
New way to fight terrorism B ritish Prime Minister David Cameron said before the G8
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for Military and Security Law. He is currently working in the UK.

Drones create a different more radical form of terrorism – their defense doesn’t apply

Gerges, 13
(Fawaz Gerges, a professor of international relations at the London School of Economics where he directs the Middle East Centre, "Why drone strikes are real enemy in ’war on terror’." 6/21/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/21/opinion/terrorism-gerges/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/21/opinion/terrorism-gerges/, 10/31/13, EGM)

In case after case over the past few years, attackers and would-be
AND
matters into their own hands — in short, a license to kill.

Lack of transparency causes attacks

CNN, 12
(Wire Staff, Cable News Network. "Drone strikes kill, maim and traumatize too many civilians, U.S. study says." Date made September 25, 2012. Date retrieved August 14, 2013.  http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes-http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes)
The report concedes that "real threats to U.S. security and to
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experts, and review of thousands of pages of documentation and media reporting."

It’s incredibly likely—9/11 changed the game—causes extinction
Bellany, 12
(Ian, Late Emeritus Professor of Politics at the University of Lancaster,  also former Director of the Centre for the Study of Arms Control and International Security and on the CTBT Commission, "Outflanking missile defences: the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, nuclear weapons, and terrorism" Defense 26 Security Analysis 28:1, March 2012 , 81-96, accessed 6-21-12 Bosley)
Prior to the attacks on the USA on 11 September 2001, it was assumed
AND
a few containers of medical caesium are required to create a worthwhile bomb.

Advantage Two: Proliferation

Current drone usage destroys squo deterrent relationships and cause nuclear war

Boyle, 13
(Michael, PhD from Cambridge and assistant professor of political science at La Salle University, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare", 2013, www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf-http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf NL)
An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
coercive instruments of power ¶ and against those who dare to challenge them.

Unchecked drone usage by the US causes adventurism and global warfare- Congressional signal is key

Friedman ’12
~Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies at the Cato Institute, "Drones, Special Operations and Whimsical Wars," 6/18/13, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/drones-special-operations-whimsical-wars-7085-http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-skeptics/drones-special-operations-whimsical-wars-7085, 11/8/13, EGM~

The official rationale for using force across the world is that Al Qaeda is global
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president’s promiscuous use of force should try to identify and remove the obstruction.

We’re on the brink now—other countries will model our usage of drones—only the plan can solve

Roberts, 13
(Kristin, News Editor for National Journal and masters in security studies from Georgetown and masters in journalism from Columbia, "When the Whole World Has Drones", March 22, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321 NL)
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
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operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Senkaku conflict escalates
Klare, 13
(Michael, professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College "The Next War", Jan 23, www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html-http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/01/23/the_next_war_100500-2.html, we reject the ableist language in this evidence) NL
Don’t look now, but conditions are deteriorating in the western Pacific. Things are
AND
planet will look with sadness and horror on the failure of everyone involved.

The plan creates the necessary framework to stop drone prolif
Bloomberg, 2/5
(Bloomberg, "Building a Better Drone War"2/5/13
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-06/drone-war-needs-clear-rules-instead-of-more-leaks.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
In fact, the Pentagon’s Joint Special Operations Command should take control of the entire
AND
allow the U.S. to stake out the high moral ground.

Advantage Three: Destablization

Drone strikes are destabilizing Pakistan

Kaltenthaler et al 2013
(Karl Kaltenthaler, University of Akron, Case Western Reserve University, William Miller, Southeast Missouri State University, Christine Fair Georgetown University, "The Drone War: Pakistani Public Attitudes toward American Drone Strikes in Pakistan," April 2012, http://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/4823799c-34eb-4b4f-992e-ac4a2261e0c4.pdf-http://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/4823799c-34eb-4b4f-992e-ac4a2261e0c4.pdf, 11/10/13, EGM)

Hudson, Owens, and Flannes (2011) echo the view that the drone
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Taliban thus gain legitimacy as a force opposing the new colonization of Pakistan.

Nuclear war

Pitt, 09
(William Rivers, writer for New York Times, "Unstable Pakistan threatens the world", 5/8, www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183-http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183 NL)
The situation in brief: Pakistan for years has been a nation in turmoil,
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to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.

Drone strikes in Yemen cause blowback that destabilize the government

Hudson et al, 13
Dr. Leila Hudson, Colin Owens, and Matt Callen, is associate director of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of SISMEC, graduate of the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy, and PhD candidate at the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies. "Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?," Middle East Policy Council, 2013. http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-yemen-fostering-emirates-through-counterterrorism
Just as likely, as the case of FATA has clearly shown, increased strikes
AND
All told, these distinct forms of blowback combine to heighten Yemen’s ungovernability.

Yemen instability tanks Saudi Arabian oil production

Abosaq 2012
(Hassan Abosaq Inspection Engineer at Saudi Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu
Construction Engineer at Ministry of Education United States Army War College, Dr. W. Andrew Terrill "The Implications of Unstable Yemen on Saudi Arabia Colonel" 2012, pg 20-21, 11/8/13, EGM)
The major impact on the Saudi economy will come from the threat to its oil
AND
decreasing the Saudi oil production which would result in reduction of oil revenues.

That collapses the global economy

The Guardian, 11
(Heather Stewart, The Guardian, "Still-fragile world economy braced for effects of another oil shock," 2-27-11, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/feb/27/world-economy-braced-for-oil-shock-http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/feb/27/world-economy-braced-for-oil-shock, 11/8/13, EGM~
At the same time, some analysts are pointing out that it is important not
AND
the sanguine world-view of many investors and causing confidence to collapse.
Nuclear war
Merlini, 11
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, "A Post-Secular World?", Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Plan

The United States Congress should change authority of targeted killing with drone strikes from Title 50 of the United States Code to Title 10 of the United States Code. 

Solvency

The plan adds an extra layer of accountability
Klaidman, 13
(Daniel Klaidman, national political correspondent for Newsweek and The Daily Beast, "Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA," 3/19/13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, 8/15/13, EGM)
How does the CIA’s targeted killing program differ from the military’s—and what are
AND
CIA’s program moving to the Pentagon, the DOD’s vetting procedures will prevail.

Shifting to Title 10 clarifies legal perceptions and legitimizes US drone policy

Waxman, 13  
(Matthew Waxman, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," 3/20/13, Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0, 10/9/13, EGM)

So, moving operations to the Pentagon may modestly improve transparency and compliance with the
AND
perhaps more restrained and formalized, long-term policy of targeted killing.

Law is key to modeling and credibility

Maxwell, 12
(Mark David Maxwell, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, Winter 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html-http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html, 10/10/13, EGM)

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.  

Transparency solves modeling

Bergen and Rowland, 10/25
(Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland, Peter Bergen is CNN’s national security analyst, a director at the New America Foundation, Jennifer Rowland is a graduate student at Harvard University’s Kennedy School. "Did Obama keep his drone promises?" 10/25/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/, 10/31/13, EGM)

However, the fact is that the U.S. government needs to do
AND
creating some kind of international consensus about the future use of armed drones.

Obama’s speech changed nothing – no transparency now

Bergen and Rowland, 10/25
(Peter Bergen and Jennifer Rowland, Peter Bergen is CNN’s national security analyst, a director at the New America Foundation, Jennifer Rowland is a graduate student at Harvard University’s Kennedy School. "Did Obama keep his drone promises?" 10/25/13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/-http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/, 10/31/13, EGM)

 (CNN) — On May 23, President Barack Obama gave a major
AND
restricting the sizes of those groups of suspected militants that are being targeted.

====Getting the CIA out is a pre-req to any effective drone policy====
Weber, 13
(Peter Weber, The Week, "Will Congress curb Obama’s drone strikes?" 2/6/13
http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes-http://theweek.com/article/index/239716/will-congress-curb-obamas-drone-strikes, 8/18/13, EGM)
Since at least the 9/11 attacks, Congress has been less than confrontational
AND
the public is to leak information about supposedly covert operations. ~Bloomberg~

No disads—Obama just decimated war powers
Nather and Palmer, 9/1
(David Nather, masters degree in Poly Sci from George Washington University and senior policy reporter at POLITICO Pro, Anna Palmer, senior Washington correspondent for POLITICO, "Bushies fear Obama weakening presidency", 9/1/13, www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3-http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/bushies-fear-obama-weakening-presidency-96143.html?hp=t1_3 NL)
President Barack Obama just turned decades of debate over presidential war powers on its head
AND
ability that gives presidents much of their power in dealing with military threats.

Switching solves

Reuters, 13
(Tabassum Zakaria, Reuters, "As drone monopoly frays, Obama seeks global rules," 3/17/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/17/us-usa-security-drones-idUSBRE92G02720130317, 6/3/13, EGM)
INTERNAL DEBATES One focus of U.S. officials’ internal debate is whether to
AND
are managed, decided upon, and executed, the second official said.