Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na
Chapter 1 – Catch-22
Executive appointed panels determine the fate of detainees – be tried, get released, or face indefinite detainment.
Fox ‘13
BEN FOX , Associated Press Updated: August 18, 2013 US to review cases of Guantanamo prisoners previously deemed too dangerous to release http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/220112901.html

An administration task force divided the prisoners into three, somewhat fluid, categories in
AND
quite cruel, it really leaves someone psychologically at sea," she said.

Indefinite detainees occupy a paradoxical legal space per the Authorization for Use of Military Force Act as “too complicated to try” but “too dangerous to release” – they are instead tortured, pushed to suicide, and force fed because the Congress can’t reconcile the need to address the legal dilemmas
Rosenberg ‘13
CAROL ROSENBERG 6/17/13 FOIA suit reveals Guantánamo’s ‘indefinite detainees’http:www.miamiherald.com/2013/06/17/v-fullstory/3456267/foia-suit-reveals-guantanamos.html#storylink=cpy

GUANTANAMO BAY NAVY BASE, Cuba -- The Obama administration Monday lifted a veil of
AND
gave the list to Brown, who in turn gave it to Rosenberg.
?
The failure of the law to effectively check executive authority has produced a metonymic displacement of the actions of individuals like Rahim and Guleed with totalizing identities like “high value detainees” – markers that they are too uncivilized and dangerous to be considered subjects or even human beings
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (115-16)

At the moment of the utterance, the representative of the Department of Defense brings
AND
to understand on what grounds and conditions some lives are deemed bare life.

?
The war on terror demonstrates how the “force of law” can morph into a nightmare of legal justifications for executive abuse and authoritarianism – the ability to create legal categories like indefinite detention should be examined for the political motivations and power structures that have manifested over the livability of particular lives like al Kandari and al Waheed on hunger strikes
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (87-89)

‘I am not interested in the rule of law per se, however,
AND
the position of law in this situation and the meaning of this position.

?
As scholars and debaters we must undertake the messy work of trying to untangle “legal illegalities” like indefinite detention and render visible the conditions of political possibility of mass violence – the 1AC functions as a site from which to question the abuses of sovereign power which renders coherent actions like genocide, enslavement, and secret killing of whole populations
Giroux ‘13
Henry A. Giroux | The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy
Tuesday, 12 February 2013 10:27

The culture of violence, fear and sometimes manufactured terror takes a toll politically and
AND
of past actions as well as the possibility of a more just future. 

?
The status quo mentality of “keep calm and carry on” obeying sovereign authority justifies overtly masculinist protectionism of America through “righteous” warfare
Young ‘3 (Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young's books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM

The security state is what every state would have to be if Hobbes were right
AND
. Bush speech, September 14, 2001 quoted in Roth 2001).

?
And masculinist protectionism is used to justify arbitrary violence by a unified sovereign against the “enemy outside” while suppressing critical dissent
Young ‘3 (Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young's books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM

The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes 1668 1994, chap. 20, li, 135).
Ending indefinite detention doesn’t dismantle the entire patriarchal system but the plan’s discursive shift in political justifications is necessary to interrupt the worst versions of patriarchal violence that drives us towards extinction
Clark 04 (Mary E., PhD and professor of biological studies @ Berkeley, "RHETORIC, PATRIARCHY and WAR: EXPLAINING THE DANGERS OF "LEADERSHIP" IN MASS CULTURE", http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4005307/Rhetoric-patriarchy-war-explaining-the.html)ERM

I begin by questioning the notion that patriarchy is a "natural" or "
AND
to the annihilation of our species-is a constant, real possibility.
Plan
The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring that people detained indefinitely receive either civilian trials or be released.
Chapter 2 – The Body in Pain
Indefinite detention is the denial of the viability and subjectivity of the prisons under the law and in the public sphere which becomes entrenched in the war system and extends the worst violence of governmentality
Butler 4 – PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” p. 63-8

We might, and should, object that rights are being suspended indefinitely, and
AND
, even as one's situation is highly, if not fatally, politicized.
The government and even the public have sought to keep detainees out of sight and out of mind – abandoning the debate about indefinite detention has caused tangible problems in the prisons
Klaidman ‘13
Daniel Klaidman is the national political correspondent for Newsweek and The Daily Beast and the author of Kill or Capture: The War on Terror and the Soul of the Obama Presidency. How Gitmo Imprisoned Obama http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2013/05/15/how-gitmo-imprisoned-obama.html

For anyone who has followed the saga of Guantánamo Bay over the past few years
AND
perception—of closing the facility,” he testified.Structural violence impact:
?

While Guantanamo hunger strikes make the news because it makes the detainees and their precariousness visible, Bagram detainees are mere traces of missed loved ones. An abducted 14 year old now 19 – Pakistani nationals promised release still languishing in detention – a man who disappeared in 2003 spent 6 years in solitary – Bagram detainees and their families are always already ungrievable and valueless
Knefel 13 (9/11, John, Political Reporter for the Rolling Stone,
The Rolling Stone: Politics, 'The Other Guantanamo': Report Shows Impact of Indefinite Detention, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-other-guantanamo-report-shows-impact-of-indefinite-detention-20130911)ERM

A new report by a Pakistani legal organization that represents detainees at Bagram Air Force
AND
the former guard's knowledge of the reasons for detention is second-hand. 

?
Interrogating the violence continuum including the “little” violences of the war on terror is necessary to understand how the blurring of justifications and normalization of genocidal tendencies creates a constant state of emergency that primes us for catastrophic violence
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ‘4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22) 

This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).

The violence against detainees calls us to move beyond singular conceptions of humanity defined against enemy populations – our radically open conception of human rights short-circuits the extra-legal operation of governmentality
Butler 4 – PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” p. 88-94

The fact that these prisoners are seen as pure vessels of violence, as Rumsfeld
AND
guilt or innocence, and whether the death penalty ought to be applied.
Pre-emptive state violence and static notions of subjectivity are two sides of the same coin – Avowing injurability without considering our shared precariousness perpetuates an epistemology that necessitates violence.
Butler ‘9 (Judith, Prof of Rhetoric @ Cal, Frames of War, p 178-181shree)

State violence often articulates itself through the positing of the sovereign subject.  The sovereign
AND
effect of such modes of sovereignty is precisely to “lose the you.”

The aff functions as a counter narrative to the current discussion of war powers which provides a totalizing narrative as to who should be deemed a threat
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (92)

But with an impotent law, a decaying law, what we see taking place
AND
I would explain, becomes necessary when even survival is not a choice.

?
The status quo has already ceded the political—our examination of the relationship between power, the law, and authoritarianism is necessary to keep open a civic imagination to move beyond a state of emergency
Giroux ‘13
Henry A. Giroux | The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy
Tuesday, 12 February 2013 10:27

Frank Rich has suggested that the American public's indifference to national security issues is partly
AND
are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.

Congress is the best actor in restraining executive authority to indefinitely detain
Hammond 12 (Fall, Kate, J.D. Candidate 2013, University of Southern California Gould School of Law; B.S. Environmental Economics and Policy 2009, University of California, Berkeley., Note: The National Defense Authorization Act And The Unbound Authority To Detain: A Call To Congress, Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 22 S. Cal. Interdis. L.J. 193, Lexis, accessed 8/18/2013)ERM

Congress Can Constrain the Executive's Authority. As demonstrated above, Congress is in the
AND
to the legislation and reframe it to adequately address any unresolved issues. n171

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Love
Plan
The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring that persons detained indefinitely receive either civilian trials or be released.
Contention 1 – Catch-22
The 2014 NDAA is making moves towards the end of Guantanamo but measures are incomplete – a requirement that every detainee be tried or be released is needed
Lennard 12/27
NATASHA LENNARD is an assistant news editor at Salon, DEC 27, 2013 Obama signs NDAA 2014, indefinite detention remains
http://www.salon.com/2013/12/27/obama_signs_ndaa_2014_indefinite_detention_remains/

On Thursday President Obama signed into law the 2014 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA
AND
indefinite detention already established by Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF).

?
Indefinite detainees occupy a paradoxical legal space as “too complicated to try” but “too dangerous to release” – they are instead tortured, force fed, and pushed to suicide because Congress can’t reconcile legal dilemmas
Rosenberg ‘13
CAROL ROSENBERG 6/17/13 FOIA suit reveals Guantánamo’s ‘indefinite detainees’http:www.miamiherald.com/2013/06/17/v-fullstory/3456267/foia-suit-reveals-guantanamos.html#storylink=cpy

GUANTANAMO BAY NAVY BASE, Cuba -- The Obama administration Monday lifted a veil of
AND
gave the list to Brown, who in turn gave it to Rosenberg.

The failure of the law to effective check the executive produces a metonymic displacement of the actions of individuals like Rahim and Guleed with totalizing markers like “high value detainees” signifying they are too uncivilized and dangerous to be considered subjects
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (115-16)

At the moment of the utterance, the representative of the Department of Defense brings
AND
to understand on what grounds and conditions some lives are deemed bare life.

?
This counter-terror scholarship is inaccurate and tautological ensuring self-fulfilling prophecies of intervention
Jackson 12 (Richard, Deputy Director of the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, the U. of Otago, Dunedin, “Does Counter-terrorism work? Or, counter-terrorism as divination…” http://richardjacksonterrorismblog.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/does-counter-terrorism-work-or-counter-terrorism-as-divination/)

Imagine that one day Counter-terrorism officers appear on television and announce that to
AND
, noo noo’ while the sun sets on our civil liberties and freedoms…
?
The war on terror demonstrates how the “force of law” can morph into a nightmare of legal justifications for authoritarian violence – we must examine the relation between the political structures of indefinite detention and the control they have over the livability of particular lives like al Kandari and al Wahab on hunger strikes
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (87-89)

‘I am not interested in the rule of law per se, however,
AND
the position of law in this situation and the meaning of this position.
?
As scholars and debaters should undertake the work of untangling “legal illegalities” like indefinite detention as a process of deconstructing and addressing the conditions of political possibility of mass violence including genocide, enslavement, and secret killings of whole populations
Giroux ‘13
Henry A. Giroux | The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy
Tuesday, 12 February 2013 10:27

The culture of violence, fear and sometimes manufactured terror takes a toll politically and
AND
of past actions as well as the possibility of a more just future. 

?
The status quo mentality of “keep calm and carry on” obeying sovereign authority justifies overtly masculinist protectionism of America through “righteous” warfare is used to justify arbitrary violence by a unified sovereign against the “enemy outside” while suppressing critical dissent
Young ‘3
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young's books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM

The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes 1668 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

?
This preservation of “peace” defined as the absence of geopolitical conflict ignores daily warfare against feminized bodies which creates a culture of masculine domination
Ray ‘97
A. E. Ray “The Shame of it: gender-based terrorism in the former Yugoslavia and the failureof international human rights law to comprehend the injuries.” The American University Law Review. Vol 46.  

In order to reach all of the violence perpetrated against the women of the former
AND
 political struggle over female subordination is women's bodies." 7 2

Contention 2 – The Body in Pain
Indefinite detention is the denial of the viability and subjectivity of the prisoners under the law and in the public sphere which becomes entrenched in the war system and extends the worst violence of governmentality
Butler ‘4
PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” p. 63-8

We might, and should, object that rights are being suspended indefinitely, and
AND
, even as one's situation is highly, if not fatally, politicized.
Governmentality exists in academic spaces as long as our scholarship is directed towards national security on behalf of the sovereign
Morrissey 2013 (John, PhD in postcolonial theory, Governing the academic subject:¶ Foucault, governmentality and the¶ performing university, Oxford Review of Education, 39:6¶ Date accessed: 1/5/2014, pgs 798-799)ERM

Foucault and the academic subject: governmentality in the contemporary academy¶ In seeking to
AND
that seeks to enable, regulate and ultimately govern the contemporary academic subject.¶
?
Interrogating the violence continuum including “little” forms of structural violence in the “war on terror” is necessary to address the normalization of genocidal tendencies that allow for a constant state of emergency which primes us for catastrophic violence
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois ‘4
(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22) 

This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
AND
a society, i.e., over 33 percent of young African American
SCHEPER-HUGES AND BOURGOIS ‘4 CONTINUED
men (Prison Watch 2002).  In the end it is essential that we recognize
AND
including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).
?
The violence against detainees calls us to move beyond a singular conception of “humanity” defined against enemy populations – our radically open conception of human rights short-circuits the extra-legal operation of governmentality
Butler ‘4
PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” p. 88-94

The fact that these prisoners are seen as pure vessels of violence, as Rumsfeld
AND
guilt or innocence, and whether the death penalty ought to be applied.
?
The aff functions as a counter narrative to the current discussion of war powers which provides a totalizing narrative as to who should be deemed a threat
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (92)

But with an impotent law, a decaying law, what we see taking place
AND
I would explain, becomes necessary when even survival is not a choice.
?
The status quo has already ceded the political—our examination of the relationship between power, the law, and authoritarianism is necessary to keep open a civic imagination to move beyond a state of emergency
Giroux ‘13
Henry A. Giroux | The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy
Tuesday, 12 February 2013 10:27

Frank Rich has suggested that the American public's indifference to national security issues is partly
AND
are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.

The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff
Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, “Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.”, Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
AND
appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.

?
Totalizing the law normalizes the kinship relations that underwrite the very conditions for the laws’ appearance.  Vote Aff to preserve agency.
Butler 2K (Judith, Prof of Comp Lit, “Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death”)

With this task in mind, we return to the scene of the incest
AND
Oedipus and the interdiction for which he stands? What has Oedipus engendered? 

Our deconstruction of the law by tying criticisms of underlying political authority to specific policy demands avoids the pitfalls of reformism while allowing for radical change
Alex Thomson, lecturer in English at the University of Glasgow, 2005, Deconstruction and Democracy, p. 171-73
What Derrida proposes is not the end of revolution, however, but an extension
AND
an intensive engagement with the law, both within and beyond the state.

Appeals to timeframe are a conservative strategy designed to maintain the present, short circuiting any political, economic, or social change
Brown 05 (Wendy, professor of political science at UC-Berkeley, “Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics”, http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8079.html)

Despite the variation in their political significance, these three political episodes feature a common
AND
age. If our times are dark, what could be more important?

Tournament: USNA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Liberty CE | Judge: Taylor, Kurr, Warne
Plan
The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring that persons detained indefinitely receive either civilian trials or be released.
Contention 1 – Catch-22
The 2014 NDAA is making moves towards the end of Guantanamo but measures are incomplete – a requirement that every detainee be tried or be released is needed
Lennard 12/27
NATASHA LENNARD is an assistant news editor at Salon, DEC 27, 2013 Obama signs NDAA 2014, indefinite detention remains
http://www.salon.com/2013/12/27/obama_signs_ndaa_2014_indefinite_detention_remains/

On Thursday President Obama signed into law the 2014 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA
AND
indefinite detention already established by Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF).

?
Indefinite detainees occupy a paradoxical legal space as “too complicated to try” but “too dangerous to release” – they are instead tortured, force fed, and pushed to suicide because Congress can’t reconcile legal dilemmas
Rosenberg ‘13
CAROL ROSENBERG 6/17/13 FOIA suit reveals Guantánamo’s ‘indefinite detainees’http:www.miamiherald.com/2013/06/17/v-fullstory/3456267/foia-suit-reveals-guantanamos.html#storylink=cpy

GUANTANAMO BAY NAVY BASE, Cuba -- The Obama administration Monday lifted a veil of
AND
gave the list to Brown, who in turn gave it to Rosenberg.

The failure of the law to effective check the executive produces a metonymic displacement of the actions of individuals like Rahim and Guleed with totalizing markers like “high value detainees” signifying they are too uncivilized and dangerous to be considered subjects
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (115-16)

At the moment of the utterance, the representative of the Department of Defense brings
AND
to understand on what grounds and conditions some lives are deemed bare life.
This counter-terror scholarship is inaccurate and tautological ensuring self-fulfilling prophecies of intervention
Jackson 12 (Richard, Deputy Director of the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, the U. of Otago, Dunedin, “Does Counter-terrorism work? Or, counter-terrorism as divination…” http://richardjacksonterrorismblog.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/does-counter-terrorism-work-or-counter-terrorism-as-divination/)

Imagine that one day Counter-terrorism officers appear on television and announce that to
AND
, noo noo’ while the sun sets on our civil liberties and freedoms…
The war on terror demonstrates how the “force of law” can morph into a nightmare of legal justifications for authoritarian violence – we must examine the relation between the political structures of indefinite detention and the control they have over the livability of particular lives like al Kandari and al Wahab on hunger strikes
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (87-89)

‘I am not interested in the rule of law per se, however,
AND
the position of law in this situation and the meaning of this position.
?
As scholars and debaters should undertake the work of untangling “legal illegalities” like indefinite detention as a process of deconstructing and addressing the conditions of political possibility of mass violence including genocide, enslavement, and secret killings of whole populations
Giroux ‘13
Henry A. Giroux | The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy
Tuesday, 12 February 2013 10:27

The culture of violence, fear and sometimes manufactured terror takes a toll politically and
AND
of past actions as well as the possibility of a more just future. 

?
The status quo mentality of “keep calm and carry on” obeying sovereign authority justifies overtly masculinist protectionism of America through “righteous” warfare is used to justify arbitrary violence by a unified sovereign against the “enemy outside” while suppressing critical dissent
Young ‘3
(Iris Marion, Ph.D. in philosophy from the Pennsylvania State University, Before coming to the University of Chicago she taught political theory for nine years in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, Young's books include Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton University Press, 1990; Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton University Press, 1997; Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2000 ; and forthcoming, On Female Body Experience, Oxford University Press, 2004.The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Re?ections on the Current Security State Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2003, vol. 29, no. 1, http://www.signs.rutgers.edu/content/Young,20Logic20of20Masculinist20Protection.pdf)ERM

The gendered logic of masculinist protection has some relevance to individual family life even in
AND
Hobbes 1668 1994, chap. 20, li, 135). 

?
This preservation of “peace” defined as the absence of geopolitical conflict ignores daily warfare against feminized bodies which creates a culture of masculine domination
Ray ‘97
A. E. Ray “The Shame of it: gender-based terrorism in the former Yugoslavia and the failureof international human rights law to comprehend the injuries.” The American University Law Review. Vol 46.  

In order to reach all of the violence perpetrated against the women of the former
AND
 political struggle over female subordination is women's bodies." 7 2
Contention 2 – The Body in Pain
Indefinite detention is the denial of the viability and subjectivity of the prisoners under the law and in the public sphere which becomes entrenched in the war system and extends the worst violence of governmentality
Butler ‘4
PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” p. 63-8

We might, and should, object that rights are being suspended indefinitely, and
AND
, even as one's situation is highly, if not fatally, politicized.
?
?
?
The violence against detainees calls us to move beyond a singular conception of “humanity” defined against enemy populations – our radically open conception of human rights short-circuits the extra-legal operation of governmentality
Butler ‘4
PhD, Hannah Arendt Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School
Judith, 2004, “Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence” p. 88-94

The fact that these prisoners are seen as pure vessels of violence, as Rumsfeld
AND
guilt or innocence, and whether the death penalty ought to be applied.
?
Current US detention policy is an act of Islamophobia informed by a culture of collective suspicion and prejudice
Koenigsknecht 12, Public History MA Candidate
October 04, 2012, Theresa Koenigsknecht is Public History MA Candidate at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, “Perspectives on Post 9/11 Prejudices: Islamophobia”, http://blog.gitmomemory.org/2012/10/04/perspectives-on-post-911-prejudices-islamophobia/
Have the September 11th terrorist attacks changed how you view or treat others? For
AND
or treat those around them and in time provide an antidote for Islamophobia.
These constructions create a broader state of violence against Islamic bodies and bodies that are racially marked to look like them—this manifests itself in xenophobic profiling and immigration policies
Wing 3, Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law
Spring 2003, Adrien Katherine Wing is a Bessie Dutton Murray Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Iowa College of Law. A.B. Princeton, 1978; M.A. UCLA, 1979; J.D. Stanford, 1982. This paper was presented at the Civil Rights symposium of the Louisiana State“Civil Rights in the Post 911 World: Critical Race Praxis, Coalition Building, and the War on Terrorism”, http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5987andcontext=lalrevandsei-redir=1andreferer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fq3Dguantanamo2B2522critical2Brace2Btheory252226btnG3D26hl3Den26as_sdt3D0252C526as_vis3D1#search=22guantanamo20critical20race20theory22, 63 La. L. Rev. (2003)
To illustrate how race can be socially constructed, I will use myself as an
AND
a form of punishment for giving material support to terrorist groups.15 2
The aff functions as a counter narrative to the current discussion of war powers which provides a totalizing narrative as to who should be deemed a threat
Loizdou ‘7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director and Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (92)

But with an impotent law, a decaying law, what we see taking place
AND
I would explain, becomes necessary when even survival is not a choice.
?
The status quo has already ceded the political—our examination of the relationship between power, the law, and authoritarianism is necessary to keep open a civic imagination to move beyond a state of emergency
Giroux ‘13
Henry A. Giroux | The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy
Tuesday, 12 February 2013 10:27

Frank Rich has suggested that the American public's indifference to national security issues is partly
AND
are now in the shooting gallery and we are all potentially the targets.

?
The symbolic act of the plan is key – the legislative debate itself is solvency for the aff
Stoltz 7 (Barbara, political scientist / criminologist, July, “Interpreting the U.S. Human Trafficking Debate Through the Lens of Symbolic Politics.”, Law and Policy, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue , p311-338, acc 1/4/2014)ERM
Laws, including criminal law, are not divine commandments, but products of the
AND
appropriation be enacted later, a tangible reward is provided to the audience.
?
Totalizing the law normalizes the kinship relations that underwrite the very conditions for the laws’ appearance.  Vote Aff to preserve agency.
Butler 2K (Judith, Prof of Comp Lit, “Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death”)

With this task in mind, we return to the scene of the incest
AND
Oedipus and the interdiction for which he stands? What has Oedipus engendered?

Tournament: CEDA | Round: 1 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
The current narrative of indefinite detention is premised on the pathologization of detainees.
Originally the U.S. military only reported 23 detainees ‘‘demonstrated self-injurious behavior,’’ including ‘‘simultaneous attempts at hanging or strangulation gestures’. Only 34 suicide attempts were made public.
When pressed on this issue, Lt. Col. Leon Sumpter, a spokesperson for the detention mission, eventually admitted that in 2003, there were ‘‘350 ‘self-harm’ incidents, including 120 so-called ‘hanging gestures’,’’ in addition to another 110 ‘‘self-harm’’ incidents in 2004.
Military and humanitarian narratives began to put forth explanations for these attempts. Detainees were either deemed “uncivilized,” “crazed” killers or traumatized “victims” whose treatment lead to suicide.
Both discourses focus on constructing the psyche of detainees and detract from questioning how indefinite detention was made possible by coercive measures of sovereign control.
Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women's and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ‘‘Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

For the past several years, reports of suicide attempts among suspected ‘‘terrorists’’ imprisoned
AND
in understanding the ways in which the authoritarian practice of detention becomes possible.
?
Tracing the pathologization of detainees exposes the paradox of securitized violence that allows authoritarian practices of indefinite detention, racialized management, and torture of the “mentally unstable” to exist
Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women's and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ‘‘Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

The detainees are not only represented as ‘‘mentally ill’’ by the U.S
AND
marginalized when the experiences and actions of the detainees are medicalized and pathologized.

?
The US positions itself as savior of detainees through mental institutions which replicates a larger approach to international relations that pathologizes entire populations as irrational and “unstable” and deserving of intervention
Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women's and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ‘‘Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

Yet, work on the political effects of processes of pathologization is only beginning to
AND
the political consequences therein (see Corker and Shakespeare 2002; Tremain 2005).
?

Disability is not an identity but rather a condition in which current liberal governance is structured. The lack of disability studies in politics and debate has forced debaters to become complacent in the genocide of those deemed outside of the norm.
Truchan-Tataryn 7
(Maria, PhD in English at University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, (In)visible Images:  Seeing Disability in Canadian Literature, 1823-1974; December, P 23-38shree)

The final category, Transgressive Reappropriation, encompasses a radical approach to the history of
AND
body, rather than as a threat to a constructed fiction of sameness. 

?
Disability is an oppressive and interlocking power structure that must be deconstructed
Siebers 09 – University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism
(Tobin, “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, Oct 28, Lecture, http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCoQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.docandei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQandusg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQandsig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA)

Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
AND
represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Thus the plan:
The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring that persons detained indefinitely receive either civilian trials or be released. ?
Discussing the ways the state has pathologized detainees functions as a counter-narrative that deconstructives the dominant narratives of the state that seek to erase difference. Totalizing politics reifies exclusion.
Truchan-Tataryn 7
(Maria, PhD in English at University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, (In)visible Images:  Seeing Disability in Canadian Literature, 1823-1974; December, P 11-17shree)

Despite Davis’s critique, postmodernism legitimates Disability Studies’ current academic and political urgency. Disability
AND
” if we are to progress in understanding of difference (Why 14). 

?
The 1AC is an affirmation that the current politics of disability and the law are deconstructable because they are socially constructed. While no single action will end all oppression we must make demands that orient the force of law towards the impossibility of justice.
Caputo 07
(John D., PhD Bryn Mawr College, Thomas J. Watson Professor of
AND
Good News Of Post-Modernism for the Church, pg 63)ERM

I am identifying deconstruction as a kind of passion or prayer for the impossible,
AND
in the next set of circumstances, which may be different. 2. 

?
Vote aff to take a leap of faith through the undecidability of the response to indefinite detention
Caputo 07
(John D., PhD Bryn Mawr College, Thomas J. Watson Professor of
AND
Good News Of Post-Modernism for the Church, pg 63)ERM

The ghost of the undecidable. A just decision becomes a real decision only when
AND
mother, which means a mother who expects and prays for an event.

?
Discussing proximity to disability in academia is key to emancipatory pedagogies – the alternative is a parasitic view from nowhere
Campbell 09
(Fiona Kumari, Griffith University, Australia, “Countours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness” http://www.freelists.org/archives/sig-dsu/08-2013/pdfyWdtytodrO.pdf pg 122-124 retrieved 2/13/14)

Whilst many disabled people enfold disability into our shifting selves (to say nothing about
AND
order to work out unresolved issues. (1996, p. 71)

Academic discussion is a first step to decentering positions of privilege – the alternative is silence that entrenches the system
Campbell 09
(Fiona Kumari, Griffith University, Australia, “Countours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness” http://www.freelists.org/archives/sig-dsu/08-2013/pdfyWdtytodrO.pdf pg 126-127 retrieved 2/13/14)

The forces of marginalisation has meant that academics, as public intellectuals are often called
AND
this chapter, I extend this discussion by focusing on power and exclusion.

The aff is key to legal topic education about indefinite detention – the effects of legal restrictions cannot be divorced from the narratives that make detention possible
Ahmad ‘9
Muneer I. Ahmad Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School RESISTING GUANTÁNAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION 2009 by Northwestern University School of Law Vol. 103, No. 4.

It is, however, not only the historical specificity of rights that compels such
AND
is not merely a convenient device, but an indispensable and constitutive methodology.

The 1AC is a prior question to policymaking – we must investigate the structures of disability that foreclose democratic decisionmaking
Bérubé 3
(Michael, Paterno Family Professor in Literature at Pennsylvania State University, “Citizenship and Disability”, Spring, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=506 shree)

Could anything make this clearer than the politics of disability? Imagine a building in
AND
kneeling buses, and buildings employing what is now known as universal design.  

Strict process focus reduces Guantanamo to a mere symbol of the War on terror while erasing the context of the lives, stories, and violence that gives indefinite detention meaning
Ahmad ‘9
Muneer I. Ahmad Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School RESISTING GUANTÁNAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION 2009 by Northwestern University School of Law Vol. 103, No. 4.

Throughout the Article, I insist upon an understanding of Guantánamo in both material and
AND
erasure, itself enacted upon and through the humanity of the Guantánamo prisoners.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
We don’t solve on the basis of implementation alone but rather the framing of policy legislation of the 1ac- that’s stoltz- The 1AC’s rhetorical criticism is an in-round performance from our social location as debate, and it cannot be separated from the substantive arguments presented. Reading a plantext alone cant solve.
McKerrow 89. Raymie, is Professor of Speech Communication at the University of Maine, Orono. Previous
versions of the theory section of this essay were presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association in 1981, Anaheim and 1984, Chicago; an earlier version of the praxis section was presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Communication Association, Syracuse, 1987. “Critical rhetoric: theory and praxis” Communication Monographs, Volume 55, June. /sal

Principle #8. Criticism is a performance.
This is the thrust of McGee's (1987) analysis of the critique of culture
AND
rhetor advocating a critique as a sensible reading of the discourse of power.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: Foley
Even if language comes from a particular historical context—attaching a definitive meaning to a word merely crystallizes its sacred qualities and maintains its power—risks unconditional violence 

Shapiro 98 (Michael J., Prof of Poli Sci, U of Hawaii, December, Peace Review, 10:4shree)

Of late, critical and polemical commentaries aimed at politicizing language have been focused on
AND
universalizing cognitive enlargement at the levels of both the individual and global society.
Perm—endorse the 1AC and denounce the connotations associated with the use of—it can have positive potential for redeployment 

Stychin 94 (Carl F. is a lecturer at Department of Law, University of Keele, Staffordshire (UK); B.A. 1985, University of Alberta, Canada, 1988, Identities, Sexualities, and the Postmodern Subject: An Analysis of Artistic Funding by the National Endowment for the Arts) 

The capacity for resistance can be linked to a political agenda that focuses on the
AND
of discursive meaning – that amounts to the cultural practice of postmodern theory.
Quibbling—linguistic discussions are liabilities—they divide material politics and sap solvency

Churchill 96 (Ward Churchill, Keetoowah Cherokee, 25+ year member of the American Indian Movement and prof of Indigenous Studies at University of Colorado Boulder. From a Native Son, 1996 p 460)

There can be little doubt that matters of linguistic appropriateness and precision are of serious
AND
nonsense, and on with the real work of effecting positive social change.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan State | Judge: Gordon
CP will get rolled back by future presidents
Friedersdorf 13
(CONOR FRIEDERSDORF, staff writer, “Does Obama Really Believe He Can Limit the Next President's Power?” MAY 28 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/does-obama-really-believe-he-can-limit-the-next-presidents-power/276279/, KB)
Obama doesn't seem to realize that his legacy won't be shaped by any perspicacious limits
AND
he or she can do it, in secret, per his precedent.

CP links to politics more
Billy Hallowell 13, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/
“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Baker
No circumvention---DC court decision
Ed Morrissey 13, Hot Air, "DC circuit slaps Obama administration for refusing to follow statutory law", August 14, hotair.com/archives/2013/08/14/dc-circuit-slaps-obama-administration-for-refusing-to-follow-statutory-law/
Could the Yucca Mountain case put the White House in a vise on the ObamaCare
AND
filing suit under this precedent to force Obama to come back to Congress.

Congress solves circumvention---raises political costs
Ilya Somin 11, Professor of Law at George Mason University School of Law, June 21 2011, “Obama, the OLC, and the Libya Intervention,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/06/21/obama-the-olc-and-the-libya-intervention/
But I am more skeptical than Balkin that illegal presidential action can be constrained through
AND
to be seen whether President Obama will suffer any political damage over Libya.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
No circumvention
GERSTEIN 1/28
JOSH GERSTEIN is a White House reporter for POLITICO, specializing in legal and national security issues. 1/28/14 Obama renews push to close Guantanamo Bay prison www.politico.com/story/2014/01/state-of-the-union-guantanamo-bay-prison-102765.html
President Barack Obama used …something the president has pledged to bring to an end this year.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
Overreliance on util principles to justify executive detention power turns the lesser evil into the greater by obliterating restraints on the conduct of war – balancing legal checks and balances with security is necessary
Wilson 05 – Gladstein Distinguished Chair of Human Rights and Director of the Human Rights Institute at the University of Connecticut
(Richard Ashby, Human Rights in the War on Terror, p. 19-21)

Michael Ignatieff’s ‘lesser evil’ ethics and overreliance on a consequentialist ethics place him much
AND
laws and international rule of law are defensible, and which are not.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Herndon
Empirical evidence that the preferencing of the risk of major violence over the systemic minor violence eventually justifies major violence itself, turns your ethical framework
Bassiouni ‘3
M. Cherif Bassiouni, Distinguished Professor, Law and President, International Human Rights Law Institute, Depaul University, “”The Role of Justice in Building Peace”: Justice and Peace: The Importance of Choosing Accountability Over Realpolitik,” CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW v. 35, Spring 2003, p, 194-195.
Another important and tragic development in international criminal accountability involved the world's response to the
AND
the serious risks associated with failing to demand accountability for severe political violence.  

The affirmative demand for massive impacts and specific scenarios reveals a tabloibic, sensationalist form of debate rely on terrible, disconnected, unqualified, evidence from authors who would probably object to the way you use their material.  Your method debate crushes our ability to think of values and justifications.  Our method is not the same. you should prefer our arguments from principle to their arguments from circumstance and consequence
Duffy ‘83
Bernard K. Duffy, “The Ethics of Argumentation in Intercollegiate Debate,” The National Forensic Journal, 1 (Spring 1983), pp. 65-71.
If debaters tend not to argue from principle, what types of arguments do they
AND
arguments endures only as long as do the circumstances which gave them rise.
Arguments from circumstance appeal to a fact oriented culture in the way that sensationalistic journalism
AND
deplore. In debate, though, sensationalism is accepted as common course.

And, your contrived worst-case scenario impacts don’t outweigh.  they are too stupid to be taken seriously and serve to obscure the danger of every day violence.
Rescher ‘83
Nicholas, Risk Analysis BadassRisk: A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management, Pg 50
The "worst possible case fixation" is one of the most damaging modes of
AND
satisfactory index of the overall seriousness or gravity of a situation of hazard.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Baker
Drones shift terminally non-unique and inevitable
Holmes ‘13
What’s in it for Obama? Stephen Holmes teaches at New York University School of Law.
July 18, 2013 http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama
This is the crux of the problem. We stand at the beginning of the
AND
against which antiwar forces are apparently unable to rally even modest public support.

We solve the legal rationale behind the drones shift – both drones and indefinite detention are premised on the idea that enemy combatants don’t deserve hearings to prove innocence. Loizidou provides solvency by saying deconstruction by academics of this PARTICULAR use of governmentality by Obama is the only way to disrupt the notion that some people deserve trials or livable lives.
Holmes ‘13
What’s in it for Obama? Stephen Holmes teaches at New York University School of Law.
 July 18, 2013 http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama
But has Obama’s switch from a policy of detain and interrogate to a policy of
AND
, was ‘co-ordinated in the basement office of John Brennan’.
There’s a clue here to the origins of Obama’s drone policy. Under Bush,
AND
suggestion that Obama’s kill-list presidency developed in pursuit of CIA impunity.
That Obama’s inoffensively named ‘overseas contingency operations’ are a lineal descendant of Bush’s Global
AND
a liberal Democratic one who became enamoured of what he had inherited.’

No link
Robert Chesney 11, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the UT School of Law as well as a non-resident Senior Fellow at Brookings, "Examining the Evidence of a Detention-Drone Strike Tradeoff", October 17, www.lawfareblog.com/2011/10/examining-the-evidence-of-a-detention-drone-strike-tradeoff/
Yesterday Jack linked to this piece by Noah Feldman, which among other things advances
AND
detention versus targeting, but something much more complex and difficult to measure.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
Flexibility is irrelevant
COHEN 13 - fellow of the Century Foundation, foreign policy columnist for the Guardian (Michael Cohen, “Contrary to popular belief, President Obama doesn't have a magic wand”, May 8, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/08/obama-not-lame-duck-gop-obstructs-everything)

Yet, the belief that the president carries a leadership magic wand to convince recalcitrant
AND
what you believe he should, blame them. Obama just works here.

Restrictions inevitable---only a question of whether they are deliberate or haphazard
Benjamin Wittes 9, senior fellow and research director in public law at the Brookings Institution, is the author of Law and the Long War: The Future of Justice in the Age of Terror and is also a member of the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law, “Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform”, November 3, Book, p. 17
A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor
AND
past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.
Unrestrained exec authority poses a far greater risk than flexibility
Knowles 09 (Robert, Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law, Spring 2009, "American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution" Arizona State Law Journal, Lexis)

The hegemonic model also reduces the need for executive branch flexibility, and the institutional
AND
the U.S. breaks its own rules, it loses legitimacy.

Their prolif bad impacts are based on racist assumptions about Third World nukes that apply equally to the Western bomb- you should be suspicious of all their impact claims

Gusterson 99, (Hugh, Anthropologist @ MIT, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology Vol. 14, No. 1 Feb. 1999 pp. 111-143, JSTOR)

Following Anthony Giddens (1979), I define ideology as a way of constructing political
AND
a piece of ideological machinery that transforms anxiety-provoking ambiguities into secure dichotomies

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Herndon
Framing peace as the absence of geopolitical conflict ignores daily warfare against women and their bodies – turns the impact
Ray ‘97
A. E. Ray “The Shame of it: gender-based terrorism in the former Yugoslavia and the failureof international human rights law to comprehend the injuries.” The American University Law Review. Vol 46.  

In order to reach all of the violence perpetrated against the women of the former
AND
 political struggle over female subordination is women's bodies." 7 2

And, your contrived worst-case scenario impacts don’t outweigh.  they are too stupid to be taken seriously and serve to obscure the danger of every day violence.
Rescher ‘83
Nicholas, Risk Analysis BadassRisk: A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management, Pg 50
The "worst possible case fixation" is one of the most damaging modes of
AND
satisfactory index of the overall seriousness or gravity of a situation of hazard.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan State | Judge: Gordon
Ending indefinite detention is popular
Westwood, 13
(Sarah, writer for Viral Read, "President Obama Renews Push to Close Guantanamo Bay Prison", May 1, www.viralread.com/2013/05/01/president-obama-renews-push-to-close-guantanamo-bay-prison/ NL)
During a press conference marking the first 100 days of his second term, President
AND
American Medical Association has called a violation of ‘core ethical values.’

Link turn – winner’s win
Marshall, Associate Professor of Political Science at Miami University, and Prins, Professor of Political Science at the University of Tennessee, 2011
(Bryan W., Ph.D. from Michigan State, and Brandon C., Ph.D. from Michigan State and Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, “Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 41:3 (September) 2011Bosley)

Presidents rely heavily on Congress in converting their political capital into real policy success.
AND
made with an eye toward managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002). 

Issues are compartmentalized – political capital has no effect on legislation
Dickinson, 09 – professor of political science at Middlebury College and taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt (5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
As for Sotomayor, from here the path toward almost certain confirmation goes as follows
AND
(I talk briefly about the likely politics of the nomination process below).
What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals
AND
I am ignoring the importance of a president’s veto power for the moment.)
Despite the much publicized and celebrated instances of presidential arm-twisting during the legislative
AND
has already occurred, in the decision to present Sotomayor as his nominee.
If we want to measure Obama’s “power”, then, we need to know
AND
an important aspect of presidential power that cannot be measured through legislative boxscores.

No link --- loss won't spill over
Bacon Jr 9-9 (Perry,- political editor of NBC's thegrio.com and an MSNBC contributor. He is a former national political correspondent at Time magazine and White House reporter at The Washington Post http://thegrio.com/2013/09/09/no-losing-the-syria-vote-does-not-turn-obama-into-a-lame-duck)
And it wasn’t as if Obama’s agenda had been moving quickly through Congress before he
AND
than 1200 days to make an impact on American public policy and culture.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
Refuse the logic of the politics DA – it destroys ethical decision-making by subordinating it to political expediency
Hedges 11
(05/23/11, Chris Hedges is an American journalist specializing in American politics and society. Hedges is also known as the best-selling author of several books including War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (2002)—a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction—Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle (2009), Death of the Liberal Class (2010) and his most recent New York Times best seller, written with the cartoonist Joe Sacco, Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt (2012), “Why Liberal Sellouts Attack Prophets Like Cornel West”, http://empirestrikesblack.com/2011/05/why-liberal-sellouts-attack-prophets-like-cornel-west/)

The liberal class, which attempted last week to discredit the words my friend Cornel
AND
they willingly sacrifice others in the name of the politically expedient and practical.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
No nuclear terrorism
Mearsheimer 14 – R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago
(John J., “America Unhinged,” 1-2-14, http://nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show, accessed 1-5-13 Bosley)

Am I overlooking the obvious threat that strikes fear into the hearts of so many
AND
encourage and help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.
Their terror calculations are not objective – there’s no measurement mechanism – reject their securitized calculations which destroy policymaking
Kessler Sociology at Beilefeld and Daase Poli  Sci at U of Munich 2008 Oliver and Christopher Alternatives p EBSCOhost, accessed 10-13-13 Bosley

The objective is to develop means and methods to deal with¶ uncertainty and reduce
AND
than in situations where¶ security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.
 

Don’t need “flexibility” to combat terrorism
Holmes 9 (Stephen- Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, “The Brennan Center Jorde Symposium on Constitutional Law: In Case of Emergency: Misunderstanding Tradeoffs in the War on Terror”, April, California Law Review, 97 Calif. L. Rev. 301, Lexis
 *310  Emergency-room emergencies are urgent even when they are perfectly
AND
the war on terror seems that much more tenuous and open to question.

The problem-solution framework that informs terrorism studies is academically problematic and precludes contesting state violence
Jarvis Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Relations at Swansea University 2009 Lee “The Spaces and Faces of Critical Terrorism Studies” Security Dialogue 40.5 sage publishing 

Given the above preference for a specific and narrow essentialist framework,¶ it is perhaps
AND
for discussing the (il)legitimacy of particular violences. Normatively,¶ the

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Herndon
Indefinite detention is ineffective- only risks more attacks.
Roberts 2007 (Rodney C., Ph.D. in philosophy from the University
AND
pp. 405-419, accessed 9/7/2013)ERM

In effect, the President's rationale allows for an unlimited number of arrests and imprisonments
AND
terrorist attacks, indefinite detention may be facilitating the likelihood of future attacks.

The rhetoric of terrorism lies on a hegemonic language of misogyny and homophobia.
Ahmad ‘2
Muneer Ahmad is an assistant professor of law at American University Washington College of Law. Homeland Insecurities: Racial Violence the Day after September 11 in 911—A Public Emergency? Special Issue Editors Brent Edwards, Stefano Harney, Randy Martin, Timothy Mitchell, Fred Moten, and Ella Shohat Social Text 72, Vol. 20, No. 3, Fall 2002
The reliance on misogyny and homophobia in public depictions of the enemy highlights how gendered
AND
the American context is reduced to a symbol of foreignness and clandestine terror.
Their threats of terrorism are paranoid and made up by the military industrial complex—their rhetoric fuels more conflict that breeds more terrorists and leads to extinction
Valenzuela 3
(Manuel, social critic, commentator, Internet essayist and author of Echoes in the Wind, “perpetual war; perpetual terror”)

Without war, violence and weapons there is no Pentagon. And so to survive
AND
This can be seen in the world’s perception and treatment of us today.

Their disadvantage may have a quick timeframe but those claims in a debate are a conservative strategy designed to maintain the present short circuiting any political, economic, or social change they hope to achieve with plan.
Brown 05 (Wendy, professor of political science at UC-Berkeley, “Edgework: Critical Essays on Knowledge and Politics”, http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8079.html)
Despite the variation in their political significance, these three political episodes feature a common
AND
age. If our times are dark, what could be more important? 

Focusing on terrorism leads to serial policy failure
Ahmad ‘2
Muneer Ahmad is an assistant professor of law at American University Washington College of Law. Homeland Insecurities: Racial Violence the Day after September 11 in 911—A Public Emergency? Special Issue Editors Brent Edwards, Stefano Harney, Randy Martin, Timothy Mitchell, Fred Moten, and Ella Shohat Social Text 72, Vol. 20, No. 3, Fall 2002
It would be naive to ignore how severely the systematic attacks of the Right since
AND
only in our critique of prevailing politics, but in the imagined alternatives.
 Decentering of September 11, as Judith Butler suggests,2 is important to understand the meaning and import of the terrorist attacks. But decentering requires not only that we expand our frame of reference to include the world before September 11, we must envision a desired world after September 11 as well.

No nuke terror- can’t use, steal, or transfer bombs
Clarke 4-17-13 Michael, PhD, Senior Research Fellow at Griffith Asia Institute with a special focus in terrorism, Griffith University, Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Asian and International Studies, “Pakistan and Nuclear Terrorism: How Real is the Threat?” Comparative Strategy, 32:2, 98-114, online

Although the acquisition of an intact
AND
fuel Russian icebreakers.23

Terrorists aren’t pursuing nuclear attacks
Wolfe, Professor of Political Science at Boston College, 12
(Alan, also Senior Fellow with the World Policy Institute at the New School University in New York, “Fixated by “Nuclear Terror” or Just Paranoia?” 3-27-12,
 March 27, 2012, "Fixated by "Nuclear Terror" or Just Paranoia?" http://www.hlswatch.com/2012/03/27/fixated-by-E2809Cnuclear-terrorE2809D-or-just-paranoia-2/, accessed 9-15-12 Bosley)

If one were to
AND
caused by CBRN hazards.

Counterterrorism is a myth based on tautological assertions – causes serial policy failure – every claim to “insider information” proves our argument
Jackson 12 (Richard, Deputy Director of the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, the U. of Otago, Dunedin, “Does Counter-terrorism work? Or, counter-terrorism as divination…” http://richardjacksonterrorismblog.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/does-counter-terrorism-work-or-counter-terrorism-as-divination/)

Imagine that one day Counter-terrorism officers
AND
our civil liberties and freedoms…

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard BN | Judge: Baker
We’ll impact turn their link – indefinite detention isn’t exceptional but focus on Guantanamo and Bagram is necessary to combat the expansion of anti-democratic penal structures and avoid silence that supports the violence of civil society
Brown 5
Michelle Brown, “"Setting the Conditions" for Abu Ghraib: The Prison Nation Abroad”, American Quarterly 57.3 (2005) 973-997, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_quarterly/v057/57.3brown.html

Abu Ghraib, like Guantánamo and other U.S. military prisons, marks
AND
asking, and with considerable trepidation, what will our futures be?67 

Davis votes aff – focus on destruction of prisons absent specific political demands doom the aff
Davis 2k
Angela Davis, prof in the History of Consciousness program @ UC, prison-related activist since 1970; interviewed by Dylan Rodriguez, Assistant Prof @ UC; “The Challenge of Prison Abolition: A Conversation”; Social Justice, 27:3=81 (2000:Fall) p.212

Angela: The seemingly unbreakable link between prison reform and prison development -- referred to
AND
help to educate and organize people inside and outside the prison for abolition?

Deconstructive criticism isn’t traditional reformism but refusal of specific policy demands denies detainees immediate benefits and coalitions that produce larger transformation and abolitin
Mananzala 10
Rickke Mananzala (Executive Dir. of FIERCE (LGBTQ activist group); in panel @ CUNY Law); “REMARK: LAW REFORM AND TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE: A PANEL AT CUNY LAW”; New York City Law Review; Winter, 2010

Number one, reform builds the capacity of people to fight in general, meaning
AND
to address the underlying reasons as to why our communities are in crisis.

We don’t access policy through classic role making  and defense of the state- you can affirm the aff as a criticism of the way the state functions- loisdou and butler-Deconstruction isn’t traditional reformism which accepts the foundation of the law as sound – it is a radical way to criticize the concrete manifestations of the law is a revolutionary reinvention which refuses to provide blanket acceptance to the State.
Alex Thomson, lecturer in English at the University of Glasgow, 2005, Deconstruction and Democracy, p. 171-73
What Derrida proposes is not the end of revolution, however, but an extension
AND
an intensive engagement with the law, both within and beyond the state.

“Root Cause” claims are fabricated and re-entrench Western modernity
Bleiker 3 (Roland, Professor of International Relations, University of Queensland “Discourse and Human Agency” Contemporary Political Theory. Avenel: Mar 2003.Vol. 2, Iss. 1;  pg. 25shree)

A conceptualization of human agency cannot be based on a parsimonious proposition, a one
AND
voice -- to the benefit of a polyphonic array of whispers and shouts.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: McVey
Policitics is already ceded- Giroux Focus on policy formation is especially key to challenge anti-blackness—they cede politics to the right.
Themba-Nixon 2K (Makani, July 31, Colorlines, Changing the Rules:  What Public Policy Means for Organizing, Vol 3.2)

“This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent
AND
should be. And then we must be committed to making it so.

Reformism is empirically more successful than “revolutionary” refusal of the system

Kazin 11 (Michael, History @ Georgetown, Has the US Left Made a Difference, Dissent Spring p. 52-54)

But when political radicals made a big difference, they generally did so as decidedly
AND
…are too much to live up to and too much to escape.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: Foley
Prior question—the sacred language of exception necessitates the division between relevant and irrelevant lives at the foundation of specieism

Benston 9 (Kimberly W., Francis B. Gummere Professor of English at Haverford College,  “Experimenting at the Threshold: Sacrifice, Anthropomorphism, and the Aims of (Critical) Animal Studies,” theories and methodologies 124:2, http://www.mlajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.2.548)

This consistent thread of exception working itself through the IACUC discourse of welfare should compel
AND
research as stable or prefabricated beings, must be continuously reimagined and reconstituted.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
Prior question—the language of exception  with in indefinite detention necessitates the division between relevant and irrelevant lives at the foundation of specieism

Benston 9 (Kimberly W., Francis B. Gummere Professor of English at Haverford College,  “Experimenting at the Threshold: Sacrifice, Anthropomorphism, and the Aims of (Critical) Animal Studies,” theories and methodologies 124:2, http://www.mlajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1632/pmla.2009.124.2.548)

This consistent thread of exception working itself through the IACUC discourse of welfare should compel
AND
research as stable or prefabricated beings, must be continuously reimagined and reconstituted.
Their root cause claims misrepresents the intersectionality of oppression—even if they’re right, it causes ideological backlash that precludes solvency—only the perm’s successful.  

Hayward 97 – Dept of Politics, University of Edinburgh (Tim, Feb., “Anthropocentrism: A Misunderstood Problem,” Environmental Values, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 49-63, JSTOR)

Taking this line of argument a step further it becomes evident that anti-anthropocentric
AND
case that challenging such practices is in the interests of humans more generally.
Anthro is inevitable—their use of human perception as the adjudicator of ethics makes the K a double turn

Hayward 97 – Dept of Politics, University of Edinburgh (Tim, Feb., “Anthropocentrism: A Misunderstood Problem,” Environmental Values, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 49-63, JSTOR)

But if the project of overcoming speciesism can be pursued with some expectation of success
AND
unavoidable, I also want to argue that it is no bad thing.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
Perm—do the plan and noncompetitive parts of the alt—even if they win the historical root cause, avowing human rights contains a radical particular demand that overcomes every link—it’s a prior question to political efficacy and the alt alone fails

Douzinas 2K (Costas Douzinas, Professor of Law and Head of the School of Law at Birkbeck College, University of London, 2000, The End of Human Rights: Critical Legal Thought at the Turn of the Century, p. 171-73)

It was Marx’s “refusal to think in political terms that prevented him” from
AND
the right to vote or of free expression in the pub¬lic domain.6’
Viewing cap as monolithic naturalizes its function—human rights can carve spaces of resistance within it even if it’s an overarching structure—universal strategies are imagined and short timeframe solutions like the aff are key.

Cheah 2K (Pheng Cheah, associate professor of English at Northwestern University and private attorney, 2000, Transnational Asia-Pacific: Gender, Culture, and the Public Sphere, p. 36-37)

It follows that human rights are not just part of an ideological structure that needs
AND
force field of global capitalism as it induces chang¬ing forms of human dignity.
Their uniqueness arg will be wrong—historically their alt will fail despite crises in the system

Rose 12 (Gideon, Editor of Foreign Affairs, “Making Modernity Work”, Foreign Affairs, January/February)

The central question of modernity has been how to reconcile capitalism and mass democracy,
AND
in the past, optimism would seem the better long-term bet.
“Ethical D-Rule” isn’t enough—their alt provides no direction, can’t organize resistance

Grossberg 92 – Communication Studies Professor, UNC (Lawrence, We Gotta Get Out of This Place, p 388-90)

If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it has
AND
context to effectively organize people, and too vague to provide any direction.

“Root Cause” claims are fabricated and re-entrench Western modernity 

Bleiker 3 (Roland, Professor of International Relations, University of Queensland “Discourse and Human Agency” Contemporary Political Theory. Avenel: Mar 2003.Vol. 2, Iss. 1;  pg. 25shree)

A conceptualization of human agency cannot be based on a parsimonious proposition, a one
AND
voice -- to the benefit of a polyphonic array of whispers and shouts.

Visibility is good even if there’s some commodification—1 risk means you vote aff.

Kleinman et al 96 (Arthur and Joan Kleinman. “The appeal of experience; the dismay of images: Cultural appropriations of suffering in our times,” Daedalus. Winter 1996. Vol.125, Iss. 1;  pg. 1-24shree)

It is necessary to balance the account of the globalization of commercial and professional images
AND
human suffering in order to identify human needs and to craft humane responses.
?

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
We’ll impact turn their link – indefinite detention isn’t exceptional but focus on Guantanamo and Bagram is necessary to combat the expansion of anti-democratic penal structures and avoid silence that supports the violence of civil society
Brown 5
Michelle Brown, “"Setting the Conditions" for Abu Ghraib: The Prison Nation Abroad”, American Quarterly 57.3 (2005) 973-997, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_quarterly/v057/57.3brown.html

Abu Ghraib, like Guantánamo and other U.S. military prisons, marks the kind of penal expansion that takes place in the context of wars with no end: wars on drugs, crime, and terror. In the U.S., we imprison more than anyone in the world and more than any other society has ever imprisoned for the purposes of crime control, and we do so in a manner that is defined by race.57 This unprecedented use of imprisonment has largely taken place outside of democratic checks or public interest, in disregard of decades of work by penal scholars and activists who have introduced a vocabulary of warning through terms such as "penological crisis," "incarceration binge," "prison-industrial complex," and the "warehousing" of offenders. Such massive expansion has direct effects upon the private lives of prisoners, prison workers, their families, End Page 990 and their communities. I have tried, at least, to point to the ways in which these effects may extend far beyond their immediate contexts into a potential reconfiguration of public life. Such unprecedented penal expenditures mark the global emergence of a new discourse of punishment, one whose racial divisions and abusive practices are revised into a technical, legal language of acceptability, one in which Americans are conveniently further distanced from the social realities of punishment through strategies of isolation and exclusion, all conducted in a manner and on a scale that exacerbates the fundamental class, race, and gender contradictions and divisions of democracy. In this respect, the "new war prison" is constituted by both material practices and a discursive language whose expansion and intensification need recognize no limits, no borders, no bounds. I have used punishment and torture interchangeably across this piece, not because I believe they are without distinction or difference, but because I believe, as history and social theory teach us, that they are grounded in the same fundamental practice: the infliction of pain. Because punishment carries pain, rupture, and trauma with it, its implementation will always be fundamentally tragic. Torture, then, is not incidental to punishment. It is at its core. Instead of accepting this reality, the history of the practice and study of punishment is marred by an assumption that intention matters, that explanations and justifications define punishment and its appropriate use, and that the law can control its violence. However, these kinds of assumptions conceal the presence of the law itself. When punishment is invoked, it is always intended to remind the people of the power and presence of the state. However, this is an invocation that is precisely meant to be avoided in democratic contexts, as strong governments have no need to rely upon force. According to both Nietzsche and Durkheim, it is a weak state that will resort to a display of force and violence. Any regime that decides to inflict pain and harm will inevitably find itself caught up in a unique social institution whose essence is violence and whose justifications are inherently problematic. Punishment is, thus, always most usefully understood at its most elemental level: as a bloodlust for revenge, one whose essence is passion, unreason, anger, and emotion, whose invocation is highly individualized, subjective, and personal, an insatiable urge that knows no limits. In such a setting, as sociolegal scholar Austin Sarat argues, a "wildness" is introduced into the "house of law," wherein "private becomes public and public becomes private; passion is introduced into the temple of reason, and yet passion itself is subject to the discipline of reason. Every effort to distinguish revenge and retribution nevertheless reveals that 'vengeance arrives among us in a judicious disguise.'"58 The vengeance that underlies End Page 991 the implied calm reason of systematic, procedural, proportional retribution cannot be repressed and is evidenced in contemporary patterns of punishment in the United States that often defy a rational logic of any kind. Any solidarity or sociality gained at the price of such punishment, then, speaks not only to the end of democracy but of humanity as well. And so we went from September 11 to a war on terror, from Abu Ghraib to the summer of beheadings in an endless repetition whose limits are defined currently only in the possibility of sheer exhaustion. For American studies, this means that Abu Ghraib operates at a series of intersections and borders that have rendered the fundamental contradictions of imprisonment in a democratic context acutely visible, if only temporarily. As the impossible case for democracy, the "scandal" at Abu Ghraib reveals how an unmarked proliferation of penal discourses, technologies, and institutions not only "set the conditions" for the grossest violations of democratic values but revealed the normalcy and acceptability of these kinds of practices in spaces beyond and between the law. Consequently, Abu Ghraib falls within a distinct category of legal and territorial borders, those spaces that sociolegal scholar Susan Bibler Coutin observes "defy categories and paradigms, that 'don't fit,' and that therefore reveal the criteria that determine fittedness, spaces whose very existence is simultaneously denied and demanded by the socially powerful." Capturing the sense of doubleness that characterizes Abu Ghraib, she describes these "targets of repression and zones of militarization" as contradictory spaces that "are marginalized yet strategic, inviolate yet continually violated, forgotten yet significant."59 Many peoples exist at these borders, and all stories may be told there. But, and this is of crucial significance, there is no guarantee that these stories will be told. So much of the writing and thought surrounding the borderlands has been directed at the development of a new social vision, derived from the pain of history and experience, but grounded in the celebratory justice of the inevitable, vindicating arrival of the hybrid. As Gloria Anzaldúa insists, "En unas pocas centurias, the future will belong to the mestiza."60 Yet Abu Ghraib falls squarely into the kind of border zone that cannot be celebrated, a subaltern site where many stories and voices will never be told or heard, no matter how we reconstruct its history and its events. Judith Butler observes that the subject outside of the law "is neither alive nor dead, neither fully constituted as a subject nor fully deconstituted in death."61 Under Saddam Hussein's rule, numberless thousands were lost in the prison. Under American occupation, "ghost detainees" were a prevalent problem, unidentified, vanished inside the institution's own lost accountability. As Žižek points out, these individuals constitute the "living dead," those missed End Page 992 by bombs in the battlefield, "their right to life forfeited by their having been the legitimate targets of murderous bombings." This positioning has direct impact upon the legal privilege of their captors: "And just as the Guantánamo prisoners are located, like homo sacer, in the space 'between two deaths,' but biologically are still alive, the U.S. authorities that treat them in this way also have an indeterminate legal status. They set themselves up as a legal power, but their acts are no longer covered and constrained by the law: they operate in an empty space which is, nevertheless, within the domain of the law."62 The spectacle of abuse at Abu Ghraib makes plain the consequences of putting prisoners and custodians in this space "between two deaths," a legal borderland filled with spectral violence, a space packed with people and yet profoundly empty of its humanity. Bibler Coutin writes, "I cannot celebrate the space of nonexistence. Even if this space is in some ways subversive, even if its boundaries are permeable, and even if it is sometimes irrelevant to individuals' everyday lives, nonexistence can be deadly."63 When writing of Abu Ghraib, I find myself in a similar space, peering in at a border whose history, purpose, and foundations prevent it from being redeemed or reclaimed, its terrorized inhabitants the essence of Anzaldúa's "zero, nothing, no one."64 Abu Ghraib reminds us then of the pains we had hoped to transcend, of the "intimate terrorism" we had hoped to end, of the bloody sovereignty we had hoped to eclipse in a postnational context.65 As Anzaldúa observed of "life in the borderlands" nearly two decades ago: The world is not a safe place to live in. We shiver in separate cells in enclosed cities, shoulders hunched, barely keeping the panic below the surface of the skin, daily drinking shock along with our morning coffee, fearing the torches being set to our buildings, the attacks in the street. Shutting down . . . The ability to respond is what is meant by responsibility, yet our cultures take away our ability to act—shackle us in the name of protection. Blocked, immobilized, we can't move forward, we can't move backwards. That writhing serpent movement, the very movement of life, swifter than lightning. Frozen.66 In the working vocabulary and memory of a penal culture, Abu Ghraib remains a border lost to us, accessible only through the fixed and frozen images that remind us of its irrevocableness. We find ourselves, in a sense, at a new border that is very old, caught at the crossroads, left alone with America, asking, and with considerable trepidation, what will our futures be?67 

Conforming to the language of the state is good – refusal just solidifies the modes of communication in place which ensure material depravation and attempts to create new spaces of deliberation and political engagement just breeds disengagement that solidifies the hegemony of civil society
Chandler, Professor of IR at Westminster, 04
(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster, Millennium, “Building Global Civil Society ‘From Below’?” http://www.davidchandler.org/pdf/journal_articles/Millennium20-20Building20Global20Civil20Society.pdf Bosley)

The struggle for individual ethical and political … powers that be can sleep peacefully in their beds.

Performing the speech act of the 1AC allows us to understand the ways in which we can use instances of the law against itself.
Judith Butler, knows her fucking shit. 2K. “Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death”
Interestingly enough, both Antigone’s … assimilation of that very authority. 

Davis votes aff – focus on destruction of prisons absent specific political demands doom the aff
Davis 2k
Angela Davis, prof in the History of Consciousness program @ UC, prison-related activist since 1970; interviewed by Dylan Rodriguez, Assistant Prof @ UC; “The Challenge of Prison Abolition: A Conversation”; Social Justice, 27:3=81 (2000:Fall) p.212

Angela: The seemingly unbreakable link … and outside the prison for abolition?

Deconstructive criticism isn’t traditional reformism but refusal of specific policy demands denies detainees immediate benefits and coalitions that produce larger transformation and abolitin
Mananzala 10
Rickke Mananzala (Executive Dir. of FIERCE (LGBTQ activist group); in panel @ CUNY Law); “REMARK: LAW REFORM AND TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE: A PANEL AT CUNY LAW”; New York City Law Review; Winter, 2010

Number one, reform builds the capacity of … reasons as to why our communities are in crisis.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: ASU MW | Judge: Paone
Fast, technical debate is good—the alternative is getting spread out by real-world fine print and replacing detailed knowledge with “accessible” sound-bites
Lerner 2012 – poet, novelist, essayist, and critic, winner of the Hayden Carruth prize (October, Ben, Harpers, “Contest of Words: High school debate and the demise of public speech”, http://harpers.org/archive/2012/10/contest-of-words/?single=1andsrc=longreadsandutm_source=bufferandbuffer_share=b1dd3)

I’m not interested here in attempting to present these various activities in their considerable internal
AND
debate can be separated from that separation in the political culture at large.
One of the most common criticisms I’ve heard of the spread was that it detached
AND
politicians speak very, very slowly about values utterly disconnected from their policies.
Fast debate is beautiful—it pushes the limits of what language can do and teaches you to link values and policy—if you think affirming their style is important enough to vote on, then they have to answer this
Lerner 2012 – poet, novelist, essayist, and critic, winner of the Hayden Carruth prize (October, Ben, Harpers, “Contest of Words: High school debate and the demise of public speech”, http://harpers.org/archive/2012/10/contest-of-words/?single=1andsrc=longreadsandutm_source=bufferandbuffer_share=b1dd3)

If I have recognized the spread in drug warnings and financial doublespeak, where the
AND
, amid a general sense of doom, that other worlds were possible.

Tournament: Pre-Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Anyone | Judge: Anyone
Every time they use the term “women” to denote a common identity they have turned the case. “Women” is not a stable signifier-their reading of “women’s material bodies” slaps an identity onto bodies and overdetermines the experience of individual bodies with labels, eliminating subjective experience.
Butler ’90
 (Gender Trouble, pg. 3)
Apart from the foundationalist fictions that support the notion of the subject, however,
AND
the political and cultural intersections in which it is invariably produced and maintained.

“Root Cause” claims and the state is always bad are fabricated and re-entrench Western modernity 

Bleiker 3 (Roland, Professor of International Relations, University of Queensland “Discourse and Human Agency” Contemporary Political Theory. Avenel: Mar 2003.Vol. 2, Iss. 1;  pg. 25shree)

A conceptualization of human agency cannot be based on a parsimonious proposition, a one
AND
voice -- to the benefit of a polyphonic array of whispers and shouts.

Their treatment of males as equivalent to men, the oppressor, is an act of division that forecloses all other options besides dialectical reversal. This is a “with us or against us” approach to biological sex that eviscerates those whose identity is caught somewhere in between.
Azaldua in ’99 Borderlands/La Frontera, pg 80
Lumping the males who deviate from the general norm with man, the oppressor,
AND
intricately woven together, and that we are spawned out of similar souls. 

The neg normalizes gender- the neg utilizes the construction of gender that allows people to leverage biology to oppress others. They might mean well, but they are actually doing more harm than good. Voting for them will decrease meaningful female participation in the debate community.
Gosine, ‘2
Kevin Gosine, Brock University Sociologist, Essentialism Versus Complexity: Conceptions of Racial Identity Construction in Educational Scholarship, CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 27, 1 (2002): 81–100, http://www.csse.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE27-1/CJE27-1-06Gosine.pdf.
Researchers might consider employing postmodern perspectives to highlight the various ways individuals negotiate, engage
AND
, ambivalence, and rupture exposes the unstable and fluid nature of collective identities
We must reject imposition of hegemonic identity categories- we cannot ask anyone to sacrifice one part of their identity to maintain another- anything else is an act of psychic violence.
Bartel, ‘8
Johannes Bartel, “Hybridity as a “Narrative of Liberation” in Trevor D. Rhone’s Old Story Time,” as peers, issue 1, 2008, http://www.aspeers.com/2008/barthel?fulltext
Zapf takes the deconstructive element as the particular strength of Bhabha’s concept, which becomes
AND
the simple one-way power structure in the colonial situation (118).

Essentialism ethics which kills movement for change
Felski 2k
(The Doxa of Difference, Provoking Feminisms, eds. Allen and Howard, pg. 80)
Furthermore, while theorists of sexual difference insist on the fissures and contradictions within femininity
AND
gender except in terms of some notion of false consciousness or its equivalent. 

Sexual dimorphism is essentialist—she espouses that there are two (and only two) naturally occurring sexes
Stone, ‘3
Alison, Stone, Lecturer in Philosophy at Lancaster University, Hypatia 18.3 (2003) 60-84
I have argued that Irigaray espouses a novel and complex form of realist essentialism that
AND
truth would induce in us a condition of self-estrangement and unhappiness.

Irigaray’s philosophy privileges heterosexuality as the fundamental human relationship—this not only dooms their alt to failure, but also increases heteronormativity
Stone, ‘3
Alison, Stone, Lecturer in Philosophy at Lancaster University, Hypatia 18.3 (2003) 60-84
A more serious problem with Irigaray's philosophy is its assignation of metaphysical, ethical,
AND
these other conflicts and relationships of oppression (2000a, 11-12).
Such privileging of sexual over other forms of difference is unacceptably simplistic and politically ineffectual
AND
heterosexuality confers greater merit on its practitioners than forms of sexuality can. 21

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: McVey
Visibility is good even if there’s some commodification—1 risk means you vote aff.

Kleinman et al 96 (Arthur and Joan Kleinman. “The appeal of experience; the dismay of images: Cultural appropriations of suffering in our times,” Daedalus. Winter 1996. Vol.125, Iss. 1;  pg. 1-24shree)

It is necessary to balance the account of the globalization of commercial and professional images
AND
human suffering in order to identify human needs and to craft humane responses.
?
 (   )  The intensification of the exchange of images does not preclude us from developing a sense of reality that contests domination.  Even if they win that the distinction between virtuality and reality has been blurred, this doesn’t demand nihilism but magnifies the potential of dissident politics—proven by East Timor and the recent riots in the Arab Spring.  Their charity cannibalism arguments are disproven by the existence of successful contemporary movements.

Bleiker 2K (Roland, “The Changing Space and Speed of Dissident Politics”, Social Alternatives 19:1, JanShree)

What can an activist learn from the insights that Virilio and Baudrillard have provided?
AND
resulting means to search for a more just world in the new millennium.
(   )  Turn—there is no such thing as psychological nourishment.  Diagnosing our kritik as psychological nourishment merely natualizes the psychic drives that allow it to happen.  Their flawed psycho-babble is a form of psychic nourishment that finds enjoyment in attempting to master the subject’s psyche—means they make their impacts inevitable.

Dean 2 (Tim – dept of English and the Center for the Study of Psychoanalysis and Culture at SUNY-Buffalo, "Art as Symptom: Žižek and the Ethics of Psychoanalytic Criticism," Diacritics, v. 32, pp. 22-23shree)

If, according to Lacan at the end of his career, the symptom has
AND
since symptoms are no longer localized and self-evident but lurking everywhere.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: Foley
(   )  Psychoanalysis is non-verifiable – the studies that warrant their theory are vacuous

Mahrer 99 (Alvin R., professor emeritus at the University of Ottawa School of Psychology, “Embarrassing Problems for the Field of Psychotherapy” John Wileyand Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 55: 1147–1156, 1999. p. 1151, via Wiley Inter Scienceshree)

Most scientists believe that if something is real, it can be measured. Psychotherapists
AND
measured with rigorous precision. Our field is a public relations success story.
(   )  With the analyst in a position of authority, those being analyzed are treated as raw material. The aff replaces material exploitation with psychic exploitation, replicating colonialist violence.

Brickman 3 Celia, Aboriginal Populations in the Mind: Race and Primitivity in Psychoanalysis, p. 201-2shree

The authority of early anthropologists and psychoanalysts alike had been bolstered by the attempts of
AND
material, rather than part of the final product, of the investigation.
(   )  Lacanian drives and desire naturalize and crystallize more as we believe in their sacred essence, which means they make their impact inevitable.

Butler 2K (Judith, Prof of Comp Lit, “Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death”)

With this task in mind, we return to the scene of the incest
AND
Oedipus and the interdiction for which he stands? What has Oedipus engendered?

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: Foley
Performing the speech act of the 1AC allows us to understand the ways in which we can use instances of the law against itself.
Judith Butler, knows her fucking shit. 2K. “Antigone’s Claim: Kinship between Life and Death”
Interestingly enough, both Antigone’s act of burial and her verbal defiance become the occasions
AND
within it traces of a simultaneous refusal and assimilation of that very authority. 

Decontruction allows us to criticize and transform the state
Caputo 97
John Caputo Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jaques Derrida (5-6)
What is called and#34;deconstructionand#34; - and I will be very sketchy here,
AND
, which is never guaranteed, is the alliance of these to newness.

A public speech act is necessary to fight the law
Alex Thomson, lecturer in English at the University of Glasgow, 2005, Deconstruction and Democracy, p. 99-100
Beyond the question of language, Derrida argues, his intervention functions as an affirmation
AND
very possibility of politics itself as nothing other than this economy of violence.

Deconstruction of the law is necessary
Alex Thomson, lecturer in English at the University of Glasgow, 2005, Deconstruction and Democracy, p. 171-73
What Derrida proposes is not the end of revolution, however, but an extension
AND
an intensive engagement with the law, both within and beyond the state.

“Root Cause” claims are fabricated and re-entrench Western modernity
Bleiker 3 (Roland, Professor of International Relations, University of Queensland “Discourse and Human Agency” Contemporary Political Theory. Avenel: Mar 2003.Vol. 2, Iss. 1;  pg. 25shree)

A conceptualization of human agency cannot be based on a parsimonious proposition, a one
AND
voice -- to the benefit of a polyphonic array of whispers and shouts.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: Foley
Trials are not merely a legal process they act as a way of recording pieces of stories as a way of providing counter narratives to the status quo—regardless of the outcome they will record multiple versions of events and testimony and allow the detainees, the families, Americans to go through a process of remembering what to remember and remembering what to forget.
Minow ’99 Martha Minow is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law and the Dean of Harvard Law School Between Vengence and Forgiveness Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence 1999 (118-120)
After mass atrocity, what can and should be faced about the past? World
AND
, and for separating what cannot be severed from both present and future.

There are no easy solutions post wars and atrocities like terrorist attacks – but we should seek to limit the cycles of vegence and hatred that reinscribe violence. The status quo attempts to create a national amnesia about the specific acts of violence committed by the “terrorists” and the US military in Afghanistan – this is a failing strategy
Minow ’99 Martha Minow is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law and the Dean of Harvard Law School Between Vengence and Forgiveness Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence 1999 (ix-xi)
It should be recognized that in a perfect society victims are entitled to full justice
AND
genocide, crimes against humanity, and other gross violations of human rights.
In other countries wiser leaders recognized that in order to lay a foundation for an
AND
in no way should it preclude the international community from condemning that policy.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 2 | Opponent: GMU KM | Judge: Hayes
The current narrative of indefinite detention is premised on the pathologization of detainees.
Originally the U.S. military only reported 23 detainees ‘‘demonstrated self-injurious behavior,’’ including ‘‘simultaneous attempts at hanging or strangulation gestures’. Only 34 suicide attempts were made public.
When pressed on this issue, Lt. Col. Leon Sumpter, a spokesperson for the detention mission, eventually admitted that in 2003, there were ‘‘350 ‘self-harm’ incidents, including 120 so-called ‘hanging gestures’,’’ in addition to another 110 ‘‘self-harm’’ incidents in 2004.
Military and humanitarian narratives began to put forth explanations for these attempts. Detainees were either deemed “uncivilized,” “crazed” killers or traumatized “victims” whose treatment lead to suicide.
Both discourses focus on constructing the psyche of detainees and detract from questioning how indefinite detention was made possible by coercive measures of sovereign control.
Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women's and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ‘‘Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

For the past several years, reports of suicide attempts among suspected ‘‘terrorists’’ imprisoned
AND
in understanding the ways in which the authoritarian practice of detention becomes possible.
?
Tracing the pathologization of detainees exposes the paradox of securitized violence that allows authoritarian practices of indefinite detention, racialized management, and torture of the “mentally unstable” to exist
Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women's and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ‘‘Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

The detainees are not only represented as ‘‘mentally ill’’ by the U.S
AND
marginalized when the experiences and actions of the detainees are medicalized and pathologized.

?
The US positions itself as savior of detainees through mental institutions which replicates a larger approach to international relations that pathologizes entire populations as irrational and “unstable” and deserving of intervention
Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women's and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ‘‘Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

Yet, work on the political effects of processes of pathologization is only beginning to
AND
the political consequences therein (see Corker and Shakespeare 2002; Tremain 2005).
?

Disability is not an identity but rather a condition in which current liberal governance is structured. The lack of disability studies in politics and debate has forced debaters to become complacent in the genocide of those deemed outside of the norm.
Truchan-Tataryn 7
(Maria, PhD in English at University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, (In)visible Images:  Seeing Disability in Canadian Literature, 1823-1974; December, P 23-38shree)

The final category, Transgressive Reappropriation, encompasses a radical approach to the history of
AND
body, rather than as a threat to a constructed fiction of sameness. 

?
Disability is an oppressive and interlocking power structure that must be deconstructed
Siebers 09 – University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism
(Tobin, “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, Oct 28, Lecture, http://www.google.com/url?sa=tandrct=jandq=andesrc=sandsource=webandcd=1andved=0CCoQFjAAandurl=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.docandei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQandusg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQandsig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA)

Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
AND
represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention.  
?
Discussing the ways the state has pathologized detainees functions as a counter-narrative that deconstructives the dominant narratives of the state that seek to erase difference. Totalizing politics reifies exclusion.
Truchan-Tataryn 7
(Maria, PhD in English at University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, (In)visible Images:  Seeing Disability in Canadian Literature, 1823-1974; December, P 11-17shree)

Despite Davis’s critique, postmodernism legitimates Disability Studies’ current academic and political urgency. Disability
AND
” if we are to progress in understanding of difference (Why 14). 

?
The 1AC is an affirmation that the current politics of disability and the law are deconstructable because they are socially constructed. While no single action will end all oppression we must make demands that orient the force of law towards the impossibility of justice.
Caputo 07
(John D., PhD Bryn Mawr College, Thomas J. Watson Professor of
AND
Good News Of Post-Modernism for the Church, pg 63)ERM

I am identifying deconstruction as a kind of passion or prayer for the impossible,
AND
in the next set of circumstances, which may be different. 2. 

?
Vote aff to take a leap of faith through the undecidability of the response to indefinite detention
Caputo 07
(John D., PhD Bryn Mawr College, Thomas J. Watson Professor of
AND
Good News Of Post-Modernism for the Church, pg 63)ERM

The ghost of the undecidable. A just decision becomes a real decision only when
AND
mother, which means a mother who expects and prays for an event.

?
Discussing proximity to disability in academia is key to emancipatory pedagogies – the alternative is a parasitic view from nowhere
Campbell 09
(Fiona Kumari, Griffith University, Australia, “Countours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness” http://www.freelists.org/archives/sig-dsu/08-2013/pdfyWdtytodrO.pdf pg 122-124 retrieved 2/13/14)

Whilst many disabled people enfold disability into our shifting selves (to say nothing about
AND
order to work out unresolved issues. (1996, p. 71)

Academic discussion is a first step to decentering positions of privilege – the alternative is silence that entrenches the system
Campbell 09
(Fiona Kumari, Griffith University, Australia, “Countours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness” http://www.freelists.org/archives/sig-dsu/08-2013/pdfyWdtytodrO.pdf pg 126-127 retrieved 2/13/14)

The forces of marginalisation has meant that academics, as public intellectuals are often called
AND
this chapter, I extend this discussion by focusing on power and exclusion.

The 1AC is a prior question to policymaking – we must investigate the structures of disability that foreclose democratic decisionmaking
Bérubé 3
(Michael, Paterno Family Professor in Literature at Pennsylvania State University, “Citizenship and Disability”, Spring, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=506 shree)

Could anything make this clearer than the politics of disability? Imagine a building in
AND
kneeling buses, and buildings employing what is now known as universal design.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 2 | Opponent: GMU KM | Judge: Hayes
Case
Util begs the question of impact prioritization – Caputo evidence indicates infinite justice demands we go beyond calculation which just lock in the violence of the status quo – “lesser evil” framing results in unethical policymaking that comparatively outweighs
Weizman 11
(Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10)

The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present
AND
so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17

Should: referring to a possible event or situation- oxford dictionary
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/should
T
A. Indefinite detention is a legal quagmire- Obsessive focus over implementation over product causes interpassivity, allows indefinite detention to continue to exist.

Van Oenen 6 (Gijs, Theory and Event 9:2, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Political Life, ProjectMUSE) 

But more importantly, the official view or 'ideology' underwriting interactivity denies that a shift
AND
real effects. Or again, the process has itself become the product.

Overly narrow technocratic deliberation fail to confront injustice
Norval 12
(Alleta, University of Essex—Government, ''Don't Talk Back!''??The Subjective Conditions of Critical Public Debate”, Political Theory December 2012 vol. 40 no. 6 802-810)

While Habermas’s sentiments clearly mirror the disdain for mass culture found generally in the writings
AND
but work on the possibilities opened up by the world coming into being.

5. Isolating policy from politics re-entrenches hegemonic ideology construction—leads to bad policy-making because technocracy relies on fabricated narratives of control
Carpentier 11
(Nico, asst prof comm @  Vrije Universiteit Brussel “Policy’s Hubris: Power, Fantasy, and the Limits of (Global) Media Policy Interventions” The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy, First Edition.shree)

This discussion on the nature of policy brings us to an encounter with a set
AND
of a deeper objectivity exterior to the practices that bring it into being.”
6. Not extra T—detaching questions of agency and ethics from the plan is impossible and atomizes individuals— that kills political education
Arnault 3 (Lynne, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Le Moyne College, Hypatia 18. 2, p. 175-76 shree)

As social analysts have pointed out, the dominant philosophical and political discourses in the
AND
and connectedness have been generated in any given situation will ultimately be counterfeit.

Undecidabiltity da- there are no one size fits all solutions to every debate we engage in – acknowledgement of the heterogeneity of debate practices is key to accessing decisionmaking and problematizes fairness impacts –normalization is ableist and staticizes debate into the PRL by making every round into a mimickry of Georgtown v Northwestern—results in stale repetition of politics DA debates—that’s Campbell.   
Secomb 2K (Linnell, a lecturer in Gender Studies at the University of Sydney, “Fractured Community,” Hypatia – volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2000, pp. 138-9shree)

This reformulated universalist model of community would be founded on "a moral conversation in
AND
the dominant modes of authoritative and rational conversation that assume homogeneity and transparency.

13. Limits are impossible- nothing structures limits- theres an unlimited number of policy advantages as well.
De Cock 1 (Christian De Cock, Professor of Organizational behaviour, change management, creative problem solving, 2001, “Of Philip K. Dick, reflexivity and shifting realities Organizing (writing) in our post-industrial society” in the book “Science Fiction and Organization”)

'As Marx might have said more generally, 'all that is built or all that
AND
some hell to break loose' (McCloskey, 1994, p. 166). 

Terror DA

3. No nuclear terrorism
Mearsheimer 14 – R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Pr

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Herndon, Thompson, Harper

1AC

The current narrative of indefinite detention is premised on the pathologization of detainees.

Originally the U.S. military only reported 23 detainees ’’demonstrated self-injurious behavior,’’ including ’’simultaneous attempts at hanging or strangulation gestures’. Only 34 suicide attempts were made public.

When pressed on this issue, Lt. Col. Leon Sumpter, a spokesperson for the detention mission, eventually admitted that in 2003, there were ’’350 ’self-harm’ incidents, including 120 so-called ’hanging gestures’,’’ in addition to another 110 ’’self-harm’’ incidents in 2004.

Military and humanitarian narratives began to put forth explanations for these attempts. Detainees were either deemed "uncivilized," "crazed" killers or traumatized "victims" whose treatment lead to suicide.

Both discourses focus on constructing the psyche of detainees and detract from questioning how indefinite detention was made possible by coercive measures of sovereign control.

Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ’’Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

For the past several years, reports of suicide attempts among suspected ’’terrorists’’ imprisoned
AND
in understanding the ways in which the authoritarian practice of detention becomes possible.
?

Tracing the pathologization of detainees exposes the paradox of securitized violence that allows authoritarian practices of indefinite detention, racialized management, and torture of the "mentally unstable" to exist

Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ’’Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

The detainees are not only represented as ’’mentally ill’’ by the U.S
AND
marginalized when the experiences and actions of the detainees are medicalized and pathologized.

?

The US positions itself as savior of detainees through mental institutions which replicates a larger approach to international relations that pathologizes entire populations as irrational and "unstable" and deserving of intervention

Howell 07
(Alison, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University, Newark, York University, PhD where she is also an affiliate member of the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies.  She recently held a Fulbright Chair at Brown University and SUNY, and is an editorial board member of the journal Critical Studies on Security, International Political Sociology (2007) 1, 29–47, Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over ’’Terrorist’’ Detainees at Guantanamo Bay, York University)ERM

Yet, work on the political effects of processes of pathologization is only beginning to
AND
the political consequences therein (see Corker and Shakespeare 2002; Tremain 2005).
?

Disability is not an identity but rather a condition in which current liberal governance is structured. The lack of disability studies in politics and debate has forced debaters to become complacent in the genocide of those deemed outside of the norm.

Truchan-Tataryn 7
(Maria, PhD in English at University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, (In)visible Images:  Seeing Disability in Canadian Literature, 1823-1974; December, P 23-38shree)

The final category, Transgressive Reappropriation, encompasses a radical approach to the history of
AND
body, rather than as a threat to a constructed fiction of sameness. 

?

Disability is an oppressive and interlocking power structure that must be deconstructed

Siebers 09 – University of Michigan, Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism
(Tobin, "The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification", Oct 28, Lecture, http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=126ved=0CCoQFjAA26url=http3A2F2Fdisabilities.temple.edu2Fmedia2Fds2Flecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.doc26ei=LWz4T6jyN8bHqAHLkY2LCQ26usg=AFQjCNGdkDuSJkRXMHgbXqvuyyeDpldVcQ26sig2=UCGDC4tHbeh2j7-Yce9lsA)

Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form
AND
represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.

Thus the plan:

The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by requiring that persons detained indefinitely receive either civilian trials or be released.  

Discussing the ways the state has pathologized detainees functions as a counter-narrative that deconstructives the dominant narratives of the state that seek to erase difference. Totalizing politics reifies exclusion.

Truchan-Tataryn 7
(Maria, PhD in English at University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, (In)visible Images:  Seeing Disability in Canadian Literature, 1823-1974; December, P 11-17shree)

Despite Davis’s critique, postmodernism legitimates Disability Studies’ current academic and political urgency. Disability
AND
" if we are to progress in understanding of difference (Why 14). 

?

The 1AC is an affirmation that the current politics of disability and the law are deconstructable because they are socially constructed. While no single action will end all oppression we must make demands that orient the force of law towards the impossibility of justice.

Caputo 07
(John D., PhD Bryn Mawr College, Thomas J. Watson Professor of
AND
Good News Of Post-Modernism for the Church, pg 63)ERM

I am identifying deconstruction as a kind of passion or prayer for the impossible,
AND
in the next set of circumstances, which may be different. 2. 

?

Vote aff to take a leap of faith through the undecidability of the response to indefinite detention

Caputo 07
(John D., PhD Bryn Mawr College, Thomas J. Watson Professor of
AND
Good News Of Post-Modernism for the Church, pg 63)ERM

The ghost of the undecidable. A just decision becomes a real decision only when
AND
mother, which means a mother who expects and prays for an event.

Refuse "lesser evil" framing arguments – we must go beyond calculation which locks in a necro-economy of status quo violence

Weizman 11
(Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, "The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza," pp 8-10)

The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present
AND
so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17

?

Discussing proximity to disability in academia is key to emancipatory pedagogies – the alternative is a parasitic view from nowhere

Campbell 09
(Fiona Kumari, Griffith University, Australia, "Countours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness" http://www.freelists.org/archives/sig-dsu/08-2013/pdfyWdtytodrO.pdf pg 122-124 retrieved 2/13/14)

Whilst many disabled people enfold disability into our shifting selves (to say nothing about
AND
order to work out unresolved issues. (1996, p. 71)

Academic discussion is a first step to decentering positions of privilege – the alternative is silence that entrenches the system

Campbell 09
(Fiona Kumari, Griffith University, Australia, "Countours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness" http://www.freelists.org/archives/sig-dsu/08-2013/pdfyWdtytodrO.pdf pg 126-127 retrieved 2/13/14)

The forces of marginalisation has meant that academics, as public intellectuals are often called
AND
this chapter, I extend this discussion by focusing on power and exclusion.

The aff is key to legal topic education about indefinite detention – the effects of legal restrictions cannot be divorced from the narratives that make detention possible

Ahmad ’9
Muneer I. Ahmad Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School RESISTING GUANTÁNAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION 2009 by Northwestern University School of Law Vol. 103, No. 4.

It is, however, not only the historical specificity of rights that compels such
AND
is not merely a convenient device, but an indispensable and constitutive methodology.

The 1AC is a prior question to policymaking – we must investigate the structures of disability that foreclose democratic decisionmaking

Bérubé 3
(Michael, Paterno Family Professor in Literature at Pennsylvania State University, "Citizenship and Disability", Spring, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=506 shree)

Could anything make this clearer than the politics of disability? Imagine a building in
AND
kneeling buses, and buildings employing what is now known as universal design.  

Strict process focus reduces Guantanamo to a mere symbol of the War on terror while erasing the context of the lives, stories, and violence that gives indefinite detention meaning

Ahmad ’9
Muneer I. Ahmad Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School RESISTING GUANTÁNAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION 2009 by Northwestern University School of Law Vol. 103, No. 4.

Throughout the Article, I insist upon an understanding of Guantánamo in both material and
AND
erasure, itself enacted upon and through the humanity of the Guantánamo prisoners.

Case

Obama is pushing to end indefinite detention now- Uruguay proves

Rueters 3/21 (Uruguay asks U.S. to free Cubans in return for Guantanamo transfer, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/21/us-uruguay-guantanamo-idUSBREA2K1I120140321, accessed 3/21)ERM

(Reuters) - Uruguay has asked the United States to free Cuban prisoners as
AND
that Washington had discussed the closure of Guantanamo with Uruguay and other governments.

T

We meet trials

Indefinite detention falls under the AUMF

Eppinger 2013 (Monica Assistant Professor, Saint Louis University School of Law and Department of Sociology and Anthropology; J.D., Yale Law School; Ph.D. Anthropology, University of California Berkeley., ARTICLE: REALITY CHECK: DETENTION IN THE WAR ON TERROR,  Catholic University Law Review 62 Cath. U.L. Rev. 325, Lexis, acc. )ERM

The executive branch normally conducts criminal detention within the parameters of the Fifth and Fourteenth
AND
, subject to pending challenge in the courts, is as yet unknown.

2. Counter-Interpretation: A restriction on war powers authority limits Presidential discretion

Jules Lobel 8, Professor of Law at the University of Pittsburgh  Law School, President of the Center for Constitutional Rights, represented members of Congress challenging assertions of Executive power to unilaterally initiate warfare, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power  over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol 69, p 391, 2008, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.3.lobel_.pdf
So too, the congressional power to declare or authorize war has been long held
AND
decisively ejected from Kuwait, a limitation recognized by President Bush himself.64 

OLC CP

(B)  Sufficiency DA- policies are tied to their justifications. The justification for doing the cp is to avoid extinction and invocate a fear of an existential threat. Focus on process and (future threats/magnitude) over probability erases difference and marginalizes those who are disabled.

Arrigo 2013 (Bruce A., is a Professor of Criminology, Law, 26 Society in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Heather Y. Bersot, The Society-of-Captives Thesis and the Harm of Social Dis-Ease, The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies acc google books 3/27/2014)ERM

¶ The society-of-captives thesis and its reified harm of social dis
AND
this article is but one exemplar of how captivity’s release signifies character’s promise.

C) Governementality da- jurisdictional issues allow us to ignore the ways in which governementality is used as a tool to decide whos lives are viable. This allows the executive to genocide those who are disabled because we are too focused on who does the plan rather than whether or not the plan is a good idea

Loizdou ’7
Elena Loizidou, Senior Lecturer in Law Programme Director 26 Admissions Tutor at the Berbeck University of London. Judith Butler: Ethics, Law, and Politics. 2007 (87-89)

’I am not interested in the rule of law per se, however,
AND
the position of law in this situation and the meaning of this position.

OLC enables president to do what he wants

Posner 11
(Eric A. Posner, Kirkland and Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, "DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THEUNITED STATES AFTER9/11:
CONGRESS, THECOURTS AND THEOFFICE OFLEGALCOUNSEL," September 2011, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/363-eap-deference.pdf, 10/10/13, EGM))

In the early years of the Bush administration, the Office of Legal Counsel,
AND
accomplish. It is more accurate to say that OLC enables than constrains.

Perm do both – Solves OLC cannot move without congress and the CP link to politics its just as much politicking

Borrelli et al 2000 (MaryAnne Borrelli is Professor of Government, and the Chair of the Government and International Relations Department at Connecticut College. Karen Hult is a political science professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Nancy Kassop is a Professor at the State University of New York at New Paltz, and former chair of the Political Science Department at the school.  "THEWHITEHOUSE 2001 PROJECT:  THEWHITEHOUSE INTERVIEW PROGRAM:  REPORT NO. 29." Date made November 1, 2000. Date retrieved October 3, 2013. http://whitehousetransitionproject.org/files/counsel/Counsel-OD.PDF)
In recent presidential administrations, tasks in this category have included reviewing legislative¶ proposals
AND
Counsel’s Office became deeply involved in the associated political and¶ policy debates.

The president can reject the OLC at any time, and so far has done so in terms of war powers- Libya proves

Savage 2011 (John Savage is a writer for the New York Times. "2 Top Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate." Date made June 17, 2011. Date retrieved October 3, 2013.  http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/18/world/africa/18powers.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)
WASHINGTON — President Obama rejected the views of top lawyers at the Pentagon and the
AND
Ohio, demanded to know whether the Office of Legal Counsel had agreed.¶ 

ICJ CP

Possibilistic thinking makes effective decision making impossible—don’t assume every part of their DA is true – instead you should have inherent skepticism

Schneier 10
~05/12/10, Bruce Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet 26 Society at Harvard Law School and a program fellow at the New America Foundation’s Open Technology Institute, He is an an internationally renowned security technologist, called a "security guru" by The Economist. He is the author of 12 books — including Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust Society Needs to Thrive — as well as hundreds of articles, essays, and academic papers. His influential newsletter "Crypto-Gram" and his blog "Schneier on Security" are read by over 250,000 people. He has testified before Congress, is a frequent guest on television and radio, has served on several government committees, and is regularly quoted in the press. Schneier is a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, a program fellow at the New America Foundation’s Open Technology Institute, a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an Advisory Board Member of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and the Chief Technology Officer at Co3 Systems, Inc. He has a Ph. D. from the University of Westminster by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science, "Worst-case thinking makes us nuts, not safe", http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/05/12/schneier.worst.case.thinking/~~ 

(CNN) — At a security conference recently, the moderator asked the panel
AND
don’t need to refute counterarguments, there’s no point in listening to them.

Turn—obsessive focus over implementation over product causes interpassivity

Van Oenen 6 (Gijs, Theory and Event 9:2, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Political Life, ProjectMUSE) 

But more importantly, the official view or ’ideology’ underwriting interactivity denies that a shift
AND
real effects. Or again, the process has itself become the product.

2AC Patent Reform

Refuse the logic of the politics DA – it destroys ethical decision-making by subordinating it to political expediency

Hedges 11
(05/23/11, Chris Hedges is an American journalist specializing in American politics and society. Hedges is also known as the best-selling author of several books including War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (2002)—a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction—Empire of Illusion: The End of Literacy and the Triumph of Spectacle (2009), Death of the Liberal Class (2010) and his most recent New York Times best seller, written with the cartoonist Joe Sacco, Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt (2012), "Why Liberal Sellouts Attack Prophets Like Cornel West", http://empirestrikesblack.com/2011/05/why-liberal-sellouts-attack-prophets-like-cornel-west/)

The liberal class, which attempted last week to discredit the words my friend Cornel
AND
they willingly sacrifice others in the name of the politically expedient and practical.

Coal Waste Regulating Bill Thumps

Carroll 3/25
(James is a reporter at the Courier-Journal. "House attempts to block Obama coal-mine rules." The Courier Journal. Gannett Satellite Information Network, Inc., 25 Mar 2014. Web. 26 Mar 2014. http://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/2014/03/25/house-attempts-block-obama-coal-mine-rules/6879857/. SLP)

The Republican-controlled House on Tuesday passed legislation blocking the Obama administration from issuing
AND
., chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee, during the House debate.

Obama PC not key to patent reform—senators are

Tummarello, 3/14
(Kate Tummarello, The Hill, OVERNIGHT TECH: Senate takes next steps on patents, March 13, 2014, http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/200789-overnight-tech-senate-takes-next-steps-on-patents)
The Senate is moving forward with its effort to reform the patent litigation system,
AND
Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.), which also targeted frivolous lawsuits 

Effects of Patent reform won’t be felt for years and Senate is passing in piecemeal—doesn’t solve the impact

Kravets 3/20
(David. "History Will Remember Obama as the Great Slayer of Patent Trolls." Wired. WIRED.com, 20 Mar 2014. Web. 20 Mar 2014. http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2014/03/obama-legacy-patent-trolls/. SLP)
Even now, a perfect storm of patent reform is brewing in all three branches
AND
back to the House for final approval before landing on the president’s desk.

Prisoners previously released should have triggered the link—aff is still inherent because there are still a significant amount of detainees now. Threat of these detainees is overblown

Wilner and Sullivan 2/24
(Thomas is the former counsel of record for Guantanamo detainees. Thomas P. was the former US Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois from 1977-1981. "The President Should Exercise His Authority to Close Guantanamo Now." Huffington Post: Politics. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 24 Feb 2014. Web. 19 Mar 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-wilner/the-president-should-close-guantanamo_b_4847457.html. SLP)

The Guantanamo Bay prison camp just "celebrated" its twelfth anniversary. Since it
AND
pose any real threat to the U.S. or it allies.

No link- Obama has been pushing to end indefinite detention- that means the aff isn’t perceived as a loss for him- if anything it’s a win, which builds capital

Marshall and Prins 11 (BRYAN W, Miami University and BRANDON C, University of Tennessee 26 Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for Public Policy, "Power or Posturing? Policy Availability and Congressional Influence on U.S. Presidential Decisions to Use Force", Sept, Presidential Studies Quarterly 41, no. 3)
Presidents rely heavily on Congress in converting their political capital into real policy success.
AND
made with an eye toward managing political capital at home (Fordham 2002).

Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion—-results in unconditional violence

Neocleous 8, Prof of Gov ~Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95-~

In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection
AND
liberty’, and the bene?ts to liberty of the security strategy proposed.111