Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Nick Donlan
Syria deal saved Obama’s capital- foreign policy issues trade off with Obama’s negotiating clout and push the debt ceiling out of priority position- undermines market confidence
Bohan 9-11 Caren, Writer for Reuters, “Delay in Syria vote frees Obama to shift to hefty domestic agenda” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/11/us-usa-obama-agenda-idUSBRE98A0Z920130911

Putting off a decision on military strikes on Syria allows President Barack Obama to shift
AND
Obama has said he has no intention of negotiating over the borrowing limit.
Reducing Obama’s war powers causes a crippling loss of credibility- causes republicans to put up a more concerted fight on the debt ceiling which would wreck the markets
Seeking Alpha 9-10
“Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight” http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight

Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public's perception of another Middle-Eastern
AND
U.S. obligations unless another last minute deal can be struck.
Destroys the global economy.
Milstead 9-12 David, Writer for the Globe and Mail, “The under-the-radar threat to U.S. stocks” Factiva

Conventional wisdom holds that the chief risk to the high-flying U.S
AND
double-digit losses in the coming weeks if that faith is misplaced.
Nuclear war.
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard HR | Judge: Rob Mulholland
Deal will happen now – Republicans are starting to cave because they’ve perceived to have lost
Weber 10/4/13, Peter, The Week, “Multiple reports suggest that the House Speaker won't let the U.S. default on its debt, even if he has to rely on Democrats”, http://theweek.com/article/index/250643/has-john-boehner-already-caved-on-the-debt-ceiling

On Thursday, several House Republicans told The New York Times and The Washington Post
AND
not negotiating before the debt ceiling is raised. Republicans are a mystery.

Obama staying strong through non negotiation and looking credible is  key
Milbank 9-27
Dana is a Washington Post Columnist, “Obama Should Pivot to Dubya’s Playbook,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-obama-should-try-pivoting-to-george-bushs-playbook/2013/09/27/c72469f0-278a-11e3-ad0d-b7c8d2a594b9_story.html

If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff
AND
If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters.

Reducing Obama’s war powers causes a crippling loss of credibility- causes republicans to put up a more concerted fight on the debt ceiling which would wreck the markets
Seeking Alpha 9-10
“Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight” http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight

Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public's perception of another Middle-Eastern
AND
U.S. obligations unless another last minute deal can be struck.

Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy, U.S. economic leadership, and free trade
Davidson 9/10
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” a podcast and blog, “Our Debt to Society”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, CMR

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Nuclear war
Khalilzad ’11 Zalmay was the United States ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United Nations during the presidency of George W. Bush and the director of policy planning at the Defense Department from 1990 to 1992, “ The Economy and National Security”, 2-8-11, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/print/259024, CMR

Today, economic and fiscal trends pose the most severe long-term threat to
AND
, hostile states would be emboldened to make aggressive moves in their regions.

Downturn makes Aff solvency impossible --  aggravates environmental problems, disease epidemics, and ethnic conflicts.
Silk, Chair of Business Week Board, ‘96 Making Capitalism Work, pp. 27-8
Like the Great Depression, the economic slump of the early 1990’s fanned the fires
AND
drugs, crime, sickness, famine, AIDS, and other plagues.

extinction
Stienbruer 98 – Senior fellow at the Brookings institute
(John D. Steinbruner, “Biological Weapons: A Plague Upon All Houses,” FOREIGN POLICY n. 109, Winter 1997/1998, pp. 85-96, ASP.)

It is a considerable comfort and undoubtedly a key to our survival that, so
AND
health, but a fundamental security problem for the species as a whole.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Heather Walters
TPA will pass.
James Politi 2/2/14, Financial Times, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/efcd8564-8c23-11e3-9b1d-00144feab7de.html#axzz2shAMXwo7

Michael Froman, US trade representative, told the Financial Times that the administration was
AND
the US. That will form the foundation for support,” he added.
Having to defend authority derails the current agenda
Kriner 10 Douglas L. Kriner (assistant professor of political science at Boston University) “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69. 

While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
PC is key to passage – that’s critical to cred, economy, and the Asian and European trade deals.
Mack McLarty and Cunningham 2/2/14,Chairman, McLarty Associates Nelson W., Specialist on international trade and foreign policy, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thomas-f-mclarty/a-critical-test-of-leader_b_4705623.html

In his State of the Union address last week, President Obama took a good
AND
and Congress, including leaders of his own party, can work together?
Economic collapse causes extinction.
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Kyle Demming
Obama’s top priority is the Farm Bill and it will pass now.
Larry Dreiling 11/15/13, High Plains Journal, http://www.hpj.com/archives/2013/nov13/nov18/1112FarmBillLDsr.cfm?t=Branches-jockey-for-farm-bill-positions

While the House-Senate farm bill discussions continue, the White House staked out
AND
together and get this done this year. Get it done this year.”
Having to defend authority derails the current agenda
Kriner 10 Douglas L. Kriner (assistant professor of political science at Boston University) “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010, page 68-69. 

While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional criticism saps
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
Presidential leadership crucial for Farm Bill passage and US food security.
Eva M. Clayton 11/5/13, Former Congresswoman and former Assistant Director General of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-m-clayton/congressional-and-presidential_b_4221884.html

Will Congress and the president demonstrate the leadership necessary to enact a strong, but
AND
presidential leadership. The fate of our nation's food security depends on it.
Extinction.
Lugar 2k—Chairman of the Senator Foreign Relations Committee and Member/Former Chair of the Senate Agriculture Committee Richard, a US Senator from Indiana, is Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and a member and former chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. “calls for a new green revolution to combat global warming and reduce world instability,” http://www.unep.org/OurPlanet/imgversn/143/lugar.html

In a world confronted by global terrorism, turmoil in the Middle East, burgeoning
AND
in the survival of billions of people and the health of our planet.
Extinction.
Nirmal Ghosh 7, Thailand Correspondent, November 16, 2007, Straits Times
They concluded that more than 16,000 are in danger of becoming extinct -
AND
are often not seen or fully recognized until it is too late.'

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Nick Donlan
A) The Aff doesn’t specify the branch that implements the plan – USFG means 3 branches, by itself the USFG isn’t an agent and the plan can’t be implemented
Chicago Manual of Style, ‘3
(http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/CapitalizationTitles/CapitalizationTitles32.html, accessed 10/16/07)

The government of the United States is not a single official entity. Nor is
AND

the Congress, the Senate, the Department of State, etc.
(B) This is a voter --

1. CP Ground – Specifying in the plan is key to Agent CP competition and agent comparison is crucial to policy education.
   2. Aff conditionality – Not specifying in the plan allows the Aff to shift the entire meaning of the plan and undermines 1NC decision-making.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Katie Fredricks
FAS Proposal is unconstitutional- must require whole congress vote or no vote at all. Chadha ruling proves.
Turner 1987
Robert F., Deputy General Counsel to Clerk of the US House of Representatives, and formerly Assistant Senate Legal Council. “Congressional Limits on the Commander in Chief: The FAS Proposal” in First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution Who Decides? Edited by Peter Raven-Hansen, pg. 46-

Another fundamental problem with the FAS proposal is that it would place the veto over
AND
well, totally destroying in the process the principle of separation of powers.

FAS veto committee is unconstitutional- and the president could simply go around it.  Can’t restrict day to day operation and unconstitutionally delegates congressional authority (basis for definitional restriction CP)
Carter 1987 Stephen L., Associate Professor of Law, Yale University, and authority of articles on presidential immunity, the War Powers Resolution, and constitutional interpretation. “War Making Under the Constitution and First Use of Nuclear Weapons” in First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution Who Decides? Edited by Peter Raven-Hansen, pg. 120-123

C. What the Congress Can't Do The congressional war power is broad, but
AND
our options are so limited, then we are already far too late.

D-Rule
Daryl Levinson, Professor of law at University of Virginia, 2000 University of Chicago Law Review, Spring, Lexis

Extending a majority rule analysis of optimal deterrence to constitutional torts requires some explanation,
AND
better off, by whatever measure, if constitutional rights were never violated.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory MoKa | Judge: S Gannon
The 1ac restriction is meaningless — without placing classes of targets off-limits there is no functional check

McCullaugh ’10 Dean, chief political correspondent for CNET, July 29 http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20012121-281.html

The United States’ current cyberwar policy remains vague. Earlier this year, a congressional committee asked Lt. Gen. Keith Alexander, now the head of the NSA and Cyber Command, when he would "fire back" without consulting the host government first, whether the use of offensive force would be "pre-authorized" below the level of the president, and whether there should be "classes" of networks operated by allies that should be off-limits to infusion. In his written response (PDF), Alexander refused to answer any of those questions publicly, saying the information was classified. Power grids are another example of where traditional military doctrine may need to shift, Hayden said. "A power grid is, according to traditional military thought, a legitimate target under some circumstances," he said. "Mark 82s are kind of definitive and it’s a one-way switch—that thing’s kind of gone." (An MK-82 is a general-purpose, 500-pound unguided bomb used by the U.S. military since the 1950s.) 

Requiring "consultation" would mean cyber czar

Kelly ’13 Access Date — before the debate, John, writer for HowStuffWorks.com, http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cybersecurity-czar.htm

In 2009, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates declared that the U.S. "is under cyber-attack virtually all the time, every day" ~source: Farrell~. He wasn’t joking. That year, computer spies gained access to files about the Pentagon’s 24300 billion Joint Strike Fighter project, intruders breached the Air Force’s air-traffic-control system, Chinese hackers penetrated computers at Google, and Russian cyber-thieves stole tens of millions of dollars from Citibank. To address such threats, President Barack Obama decided soon after taking office to create a new White House position to oversee the safety of the nation’s computers and networks. In February 2009, he selected Melissa Hathaway, the acting senior director for cyberspace for the National Security and Homeland Security Councils, to conduct a 60-day review of the government’s computer security policies. Her report recommended a permanent position in charge of cybersecurity, and she served as the acting cybersecurity czar until she resigned in August of that year. The hunt for a permanent czar took until December, when Obama appointed Howard A. Schmidt, who had more than 40 years of experience in both private and government computer security. "Czar" is not Schmidt’s official title. He’s actually known as the cybersecurity coordinator with the rank of special assistant to the president. The term "czar" has been used informally at least as far back as the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration in the 1930s to indicate that an official has authority in an area of government ~source: Zimmer~. It usually means the president considers the issue to be of national importance. In fact, because computer security has been a national priority for years, Schmidt actually isn’t the first to be known as "cybersecurity czar." The term was applied to Richard A. Clarke beginning in 2001 ~source: Anderson~. He was officially the special adviser to the president on computer security. The term wasn’t used after Clarke left in 2003, but it was revived a few years later to refer to Rod Beckstrom, who became the director of the National Cyber Security Center, which was formed in 2008 within the Department of Homeland Security ~source: Stokes~. As Obama’s cybersecurity czar, Schmidt is part of the White House staff and reports to the deputy national security adviser. Though he’s part of the White House national security team, Schmidt also consults with the president’s top economic advisers and has direct access to the president ~source: Nakashima~. His appointment wasn’t mandated by Congress and didn’t require Senate confirmation. The president may dismiss or replace him at any time. As the person charged with safeguarding the nation’s computers, the cybersecurity czar is responsible for working with numerous federal agencies and private companies. But some critics have questioned how much responsibility he really has. Find out why in the next section.

And the court would strike it down- court precedent proves.  You can vote neg on presumption

Horton 2012
~Brent J., Assistant Professor of Law 26 Ethics, Fordham University Gabelli School of Business. Corporate L.L.M., New York University School of Law; J.D., Syracuse University College of Law. "ARTICLE: When Does a Non-Bank Financial Company Pose a "Systemic Risk"? A Proposal for Clarifying Dodd-Frank" 37 Iowa J. Corp. L. 815, Nexis~

n210. Id. at 461. Similarly, in Carter v. Welles-Bowen Realty, Inc., decided in 2010, the District Court for the Northern District of Ohio found a regulatory clarification of the Real Estate Settlement Practices Act (RESPA) based on factors such as "significant" and "substantial" void-for-vagueness. Carter v. Welles-Bowen Realty, Inc., 719 F. Supp. 2d 846, 849-50 (N.D. Ohio 2010). The court was called upon to interpret HUD Policy Statement N1996-2, which attempted to clarify when a real estate company and a title insurance company are engaged in an affiliated business arrangement, allowing the real estate company to refer business to the title insurance company and the latter to receive payment for bona fide services furnished. Id. Statement N1996-2 provided that the above allowance only applied where the title insurance company was bona fide, and it provided that a bona fide insurance company is sufficiently capitalized, provides substantial services, and is actively competing in the market. Id. The court found that the definition was void-for-vagueness, concluding: "This is not a circumstance in which a ~finder of fact~ could simply apply the ordinary, common sense definition of a broad term. Determining what "sufficient,’ "reasonable,’ or "substantial’ mean in the context of the title insurance business is a highly technical enterprise, for which courts and juries require precise guidance." Id. at 854.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: J Schultz

The 1AC ought to adopt a "should" statement about how to change the world outside of this debate round through macro-political institutions. The opportunity cost of their narrative localism is a debate over global issues which effect many geographically disparate cultures simultaneously. The normative ethical debate over resolving geographically disconnected problems is a vital form of oppositional education that it should be the goal of policy debate to foster. Their attempt to shirk this obligation through a localist model of education that focuses on this debate renders us as passive spectators to global oppression – this prevents us from honoring our ethical obligation to others. This is a trade-off DA. Vote negative

Ruiz and Minguez ’1 Prof. Dr Pedro Ortega Ruiz, Facultad de Educacio´ n, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, "Global Inequality and the Need for Compassion: issues in moral and political education"  Journal of Moral Education, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
In addition to the reality of the dominant presence of instrumental reason in modern society
AND
to help them grow in responsibility, to honour our obligations toward others.

By positing students as the agents of change our framework reduces traditional classroom norms of students as passive receivers of knowledge and allows us to conceive of global political agency through consideration of non-local perspectives

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
allies and adversaries, would behave in response to US policy initiatives.7
By university age, students often have a pre-defined view of international affairs
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14
This has to be a reason

You should decide framework based on the quality and volume research each sides’ vision of debate fosters. Student time is limited – research choices are zero-sum. Traditional policy debate research empirically inspires students to self-empowerment and political action

Dybvig and Iverson ’0 (Kristin and Joel, Graduate Students at Arizona State, "Can Cutting Cards Carve into Our Personal Lives: An Analysis of Debate Research on Personal Advocacy", http://debate.uvm.edu/dybvigiverson1000.html)

The level of research involved in debate creates an in-depth understanding of issues
AND
who are further empowered to make informed opinions and energized to take action.
Research helps to educate students (and coaches) about the state of the world
AND
our own communities drives people to become involved in the community at large.
Research has also focused on how debate prepares us for life in the public sphere
AND
public debate has on students as they prepare to enter the public sphere.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HS | Judge: Charles Olney
A. The affirmative must specify the grounds of their decision: specification is as important as the decision itself—it determines the outcome of the decision and affects our understanding of the law

Wu ‘2 Frank Wu, Profess of Law at Howard University, Criminal Justice Magazine, “Profiling in the Wake of September 11th”, Summer 2002 www.abanet.org/crimjust/cjmag/17-2/japanese.html
In that context, the conclusion that the internment was wrong is not enough.
AND
not predict the conduct of Arab Americans or Muslim Americans on the whole.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: McBride, Koehle, Harris, Cram-Helwich, Mulholland
The idea that performative contradictions are linked to whiteness is a logical fallacy -- just because some white supremacists use contradictions doesn't mean that contradictions are white supremacist -- HOWEVER this argument is uniquely debilitating for politics and debate --- peoples are unable to change their minds, form "even... if" statements or test arguments from multiple positions represents complicity with exactly the sort of stereotyping they criticize -- voter for education

Exploring an argument from multiple viewpoints is vital to true performative pedagogy -- the fact that they fail to do so is a reason that their pedagogy is problematic since only multiple tests of argument can create knowledge that complicates the relationship between embodiment and intellect  -- vote neg on presumption

Medina and Perry '11 Mia, University of British Columbia, Carmen, Indiana University "Embodiment and Performance in Pedagogy Research: Investigating the Possibility of the Body in Curriculum Experience" Journal of Curriculum Theorizing Volume 27, Number 3, 2 http://www.academia.edu/470170/Embodiment_and_performance_in_pedagogy_The_possibility_of_the_body_in_curriculum

The body in pedagogy and research is a site of learning, of experiencing,
AND
, a continuation of the inquiry put forwardhere, becomes ever more relevant.

Only our distancing of identity from advocacy allows for us to occupy multiple perspectives from our diverse intersection of identites and histories -- this is not a view from nowhere but rather involves engagin with a plurality of historically situated positions. Their insistence on proximity to oppression as a yardstick for authenticy only reifies power relations -- it also relies on Whiteness and Blackness as stable ontological categories, vote negative to subvert the oppressed/oppressor binary

DISCH ‘93 (Lisa J.; Professor of Political Theory – University of Minnesota, “More Truth Than Fact: Storytelling as Critical Understanding in the Writings of Hannah Arendt,” Political Theory 21:4, November)
What Hannah Arendt called “my old fashioned storytelling”7 is at once the
AND
facts but to tell provocative stories that invite contestation form rival perspectives.15

Refuse any affirmative claim embodiment as a starting point -- those notions erect a hierarchy that makes performative pedagogy impossible 

Medina and Perry '11 Mia, University of British Columbia, Carmen, Indiana University "Embodiment and Performance in Pedagogy Research: Investigating the Possibility of the Body in Curriculum Experience" Journal of Curriculum Theorizing Volume 27, Number 3, 2 http://www.academia.edu/470170/Embodiment_and_performance_in_pedagogy_The_possibility_of_the_body_in_curriculum

The notion of assemblage with Deleuze and Guattari’s nomadic thought can be understood as the
AND
but as emerging, evolving, and unfinished within the experience under analysis.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Nick Donlan
Our interpretation is that the affirmative must restrict the introduction of armed forces into hostilities as currently defined by U.S. law- this excludes drones, cyber operations, and weapon systems
Chen 2012
Julia L., JD Candidate Boston College Law, “NOTE: RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE: ACCOMMODATING THE EVOLUTION OF WAR” Boston College Law Review, 53 B.C. L. Rev 1767, Nexis

On March 19, 2011, American forces began a campaign of air strikes against
AND
powers legislation is needed to encompass the realities of modern warfare.  n20.

Violation- the affirmative restricts all offensive military force

Standards
 A. Limits- the aff justifies the restriction of an endless number of weapon systems, potential.
 B. Topic Education- Smaller focus on troops is critical to understanding the modern application of the WPR which is at the heart of the topic.  
 C. Effects- The aff does not restrict the use of armed forces but only changes a definition that then results in a restriction. This uniquely expands the topic and skews negative ground by making anything that in some way effects the definition or ability to introduce forces into hostilities topical. 

Voting issue for competitive equity and education

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Kyle Deming
A. Interpretation- Introduction of forces refers only to troops and personal- not tech and weapons systems
Lorber 2013?Eric, * J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. "COMMENT: Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, Nexis
C. The War Powers Resolution as Applied to Offensive Cyber Operations   As discussed above?AND?is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.

B. Violation-

1. "Introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities" specifically excludes nuclear weapons.
   Forrester 1989?Ray, Professor, Hastings College of the Law, University of California. Former dean of the law schools at Vanderbilt, Tulane, and Cornell. "ESSAY: Presidential Wars in the Nuclear Age: An Unresolved Problem." The George Washington Law Review, 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 1636, Nexis
   It is difficult to defend the Court’s refusal to assume the responsibility of decisionmaking on ?AND?ratified by the legislatures or conventions of three-fourths of the states.
   2. The ability to use nuclear weapons are governed by CIC powers not war power authority
   Hemesath 00?Paul A., J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996. "NOTE: Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era" Georgetown Law Journal, 88 Geo. L.J. 2473, Nexis
   Regardless, proponents of the Executive position insist that nuclear weapons  *2484  are ?AND?of magnitude and technology, are basically designed to do the same thing.

C. Reasons to prefer:

1. Predictable limits—expanding beyond troops includes small engagements that don’t rise to to introducing forces, small combing campaigns, surveillance, no fly zones and covert ops. Only we create a stable focus for research around actual deployments
   2. Ground—we’re key to debates about the most controversial part of force deployment—that’s key link ground—they enable "ban a different weapon in a new area" every tournament

Voting issues for fairness and education

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Eric Morris
Plan restricts signature strikes that’s not topical
Barela 13 Steven J., Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Faculty of Law, University of Geneva, “Book Reviews: Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World” Journal of International Criminal Justice, J Int Criminal Justice (2013) 11 (1): 277, Nexis

The concluding point here is not a critique of this book specifically, but rather to draw attention to the fact that the legal and moral contours of targeted killing continue to shift in important ways. Since this book went to press, the administration has indicated a legal focus upon the question of ?imminence?, n18 put forward the outlines of its own definition, n19 and formally admitted to drone strikes in countries where the United States is not at war. n20 Additionally, there have been significant revelations about the programme in the media. Most pointedly, there have been reports that the drone strikes in Pakistan are of two different types: (1) personality strikes where the target is a known terrorist leader; and (2) ?signature? strikes which target groups of men believed to be militants associated with terrorist groups. n21 Since the latter action is said to constitute the bulk of the strikes carried out in that country, this suggests that much of the drone programme might be more accurately termed targeting on suspicion, rather than applying the more conventional term of ?targeted killing?.

Kills solvency, its most of strikes
Limits—maintaining a distinction between targeted killing and signature strikes prevents conflating the topic with conventional bombing and military campaigns—kills the lit base

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia BF | Judge: Eric Morris
War powers authority to indefinitely detain comes from Article II
Hains 11. (William M. J.D. from Bringham Young University. "Challenging the Executive: The Constitutionality of Congressional Regulation of the President's Wartime Detention Policies." BYU L. Rev. (2011) Lexis.
The authority to detain enemies in a time of war has long been viewed as
AND
the power of the purse, and the Law of Nations Clause. n121

Nofil 12. (Brianna, Department of History at Duke University. “Detained Immigrants, Excludable Rights:
The Strange Devolution of
U.S. Immigration Authority, 1882-2012” April 13, 2012. http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/5878/Brianna_Nofil_ThesisFinal.pdf?sequence=1)

President Reagan’s decision seemed to represent a radical departure from existing immigration law, which
AND
much larger network of mid-level bureaucrats who administered the executive order.

B. Violation—the plan text as written restricts ALL authorities the president has to indefinitely detain 

C Standards:
A. Limits—allows restrictions on any aspect of presidential authority—immigration affs, refugee affs all become possible
B. Ground—can’t get solvency deficits based off of alternate sources of authority

Voting issue for fairness, education and jurisdiction

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Kyle Deming
The United States should amend its national Constitution to restrict the war powers authority of the President of the United States to introduce nuclear armed forces into hostilities against a government for inadvertently releasing nuclear material used in an attack against the United States or its allies without Congressional approval.  The US Congress should initiate the process.
Counterplan solves best- creates effective controls that limit the use and application of nuclear weapons better than the aff and create a civil-military dialogue over nuclear weapons that makes defense and operationalization more effective
Goldstein 88?Yonkel, J.D., 1988, Stanford Law School. "NOTE: The Failure of Constitutional Controls Over War Powers in the Nuclear Age: The Argument for a Constitutional Amendment." Stanford Law Review 40 Stan. L. Rev. 1543, Nexis
IV. THE PROPOSED AMENDMENT None of the proposals to control nuclear weapons discussed above ?AND?solid framework in which answers to those questions can begin to take shape.
Avoids the Court disads.
Vermeule 4 (Law Prof – Chicago, Sept, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/resources/73-av-amendments.pdf)
There is another side to the ledger, however. Premise   holds ?AND?(nonjudicial) amendments is the best of all possible worlds to inhabit.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory MoKa | Judge: S Gannon
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order making the covert action regime the presumptive framework for cyberattacks.

CP solve oversight and accountability while maintaining presidential flexibility—ensures better future statutory controls
Brecher 2012 (Aaron, JD University of Michigan Law School, “Cyber-attacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyber-operations”, Lexis)

An executive order making the covert action regime presumptive for cyberattacks gives the executive branch
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covert action regime may both preserve accountability to Congress and enable legislative reform.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Minnesota | Judge: Justin Gree
Text: The United States Congress should create legislation which supersedes sections 1021 and 1022 of the National Defense Authorization Act year.
This legislation will not use the Authorization for Military Force as a justification, will provide specific definitions of the key terms “part of” and “substantial support”, explicitly exclude protected First Amendment activities, and include a clear statement about the inability for the United States to indefinitely detain its own citizens. 

Congress key for detention policy—1021 is a key abdication
Horowitz 2013 (Colby, JD 2014 from the Fordham University School of Law, Captain US Army, Fordham Law Review, "The Goals of Antitrust: Note: Creating a More Meaningful Detention Statute: Lessons Learned from Hedges v. Obama", Lexis)

In addition to expanding the role of the judiciary, vague statutes create uncertainty for
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4) include a clear statement about the indefinite detention of American citizens.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Kyle Deming
The US President should declare that the United States will not introduce nuclear armed forces into hostilities against a government for inadvertently releasing nuclear material used in an attack against the United States or its allies without Congressional approval.
CP is credible and solves international perception.
Michael S. Gerson 9, Research Analyst – CNA, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/0929_transcript_nuclear_posture1.pdf?Finally, would anyone believe it? Simply declaratory policy, the U.S?AND?to believe that it can be made believable. And I’ll stop there.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Heather Walters
The President of the United States should declare that the United States will:
-Hold operators of remotely piloted aerial vehicles responsible for the actions of the remotely piloted aerial vehicle
-Retain the right to retaliate against the operator or base controlling a remotely piloted aerial vehicle
-Consider the targeting of United States’ remotely piloted aerial vehicles as tantamount to the targeting of United States’ piloted aerial vehicles.
The President should indicate that the United States will assume that it is held to these standards for the operation of remotely piloted aerial vehicles. 

The counterplan solves drone proliferation and risk of escalation- directly introduces the potential for loss of life as the result of drone operations limiting the chances for adventurism and escalation.  CP creates international norms that limit the spread of drone technology while locking in the ability for the United States to continue the use of drones where it already has fly-over agreements.
Stein 12-19
Aaron, Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute. “Drone Decrees Setting Rules For Unmanned Aerial Vehicles” Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140584/aaron-stein/drone-decrees

The United States has never had a monopoly on drones. It was the Israeli
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respond to provocations. Doing so would help establish new norms for everyone.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Heather Walters
The United States Federal Government should limit the war power authority of the president for self-defense targeted killings
The counterplan competes textually and functionally- to set the contexts in which targeted killing is legitimate establishes legal norms for the acceptability of violence
Krasmann 12, Susanne, prof Dr, Institute for Criminological Research, University of Hamburg, "Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship," Leiden Journal of International Law (2012)

The legal debate on targeted killing, particularly that referring to the US practice,
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, comprehend, and assess a procedure and couch it in legal terms.
Your concept of just war theory is meaningless- has been taken over by war practitioners in the name of justifying wars instead of finding moral limits to wars possibility.  The age of the drone and jus ad bellum creates the conditions for endless war in the name of endless peace.
Provost-Smith 13 (Patrick, former Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, Ph.D. in history from Johns Hopkins; “A Drone’s Eye View: Global Anti-Terrorism and the Existential Crisis of Just War Theory,” in Journal for Cultural and Religious Theory vol. 12 no. 3, Spring  2013)

Swirling in the circularity of the iustificans bellum, increasingly aided by developments in   artificial
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archaic” theory of just and unjust wars are merely proclaiming the obvious.
The papering over of violence inherent to their plan is an independent reason to vote neg.  If you couldn’t look the mothers of children killed by drone programs in the face in justifying the aff you shouldn’t vote for it.
Taibbi '13 Matt, prize winning investigative reporter for The Rolling Stone, "At Least We're Not Measles: Rationalizing Drone Attacks Hits New Low" 2/14
http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/taibblog/at-least-were-not-measles-rationalizing-drone-attacks-hits-new-low-20130214

As if to right this wrong, the paper today ran an editorial, "
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it shouldn’t be easy, that was all I was trying to say.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: GSU | Judge: Kyle Demming
Text – The United States Federal Government should initiate a binding impact assessment regarding the consequences of amending the Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act of 1998 such that inherently governmental functions include high risk activities and adopt such measure only if it can be made consistent with human rights ratified by the United States. We’ll clarify.

Competes –
Tests “resolved” which means “to make a firm decision”, and “should” which is “used to imply obligation or duty” – counterplans that test the resolution are key to predictable ground
American Heritage Dictionary – dictionary.com

Solves –
HRIAs should be used to determine whether or not restrictions on private military companies will be effective

IFC '14 -- Access Date, prior to this debate. "Guide to Human Rights Impact Assessment and Management" http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/Guide+to+Human+Rights+Impact+Assessment+and+Management/Guide+to+HRIAM/PREPARATION/Where+should+an+HRIA+take+place/

Where should an HRIA take place? Where the company conducts its impact assessment will
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aware of the human rights footprint associated with the geographical area in question.

Respect for HR solves war globally-US cred k
Burke-White 4 – Lecturer in Public and International Affairs and Senior Special Assistant to the Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University (William W., Spring, “U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: Human Rights and National Security: The Strategic Correlation”, 17 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 249, Lexis Law)

Soon after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Michael Ignatieff asked: "
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human rights movement, but will also make the United States more secure.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 8 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Stephen Weil
Text: The United States Congress should appoint a nonpartisan independent reviewer with the authority to review classified information on the United States targeted killing program and the use of drones in counterterrorism more broadly. The reviewer should be required to have a strong background in international humanitarian law, have leadership experience in a non-US-based human rights organization, limited to a two-year term and granted the authority to reveal classified information to members of Congress and the public should the reviewer deem it in the best interest of the United States. 

The CP is sufficient—strikes the perfect balance—avoids turf wars, circumvention and terror
Omar S. Bashir -- their 1ac advantage author -- 12, is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, September 24th, 2012, "Who Watches the Drones?" Foreign Affairs,www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones

First, imagine that the government opted for full transparency in its drone programs.
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these claims ex ante would be a better course of action to consider.

Restricting targeted killing as a first-resort outside hostilities collapses counter-terror—un-willing-unable framework is distinct and better
Geoffrey Corn 13, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 5/16/13, Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, lexis)

3. What is the geographic scope of the AUMF and under what circumstances may
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sovereignty concerns through diplomacy, focused on the strategic interests of the nation.

Retaining legal first resort killing is key to military training and operational effectiveness
Geoffrey Corn 10, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 2010, “Mixing Apples and Hand Grenades: The Logical Limit of Applying Human Rights Norms to Armed Con?ict,” International Humanitarian Legal Studies 1 (2010) 52–94

Furthermore, while it might be tempting to assume that shifting from one use of
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of lawful targeting of military objectives that is the focus or proportionality analysis. 

Specifically true of special forces
Sascha-Dominik Bachmann 13, Reader in International Law (University of Lincoln), 2013, “Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities,” Journal of Conflict and Security Law, doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krt007
Targeted killing has also been used by the USA in theatres of actual combat operations
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the respective governments have created areas which are outside effective state control.33

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory MoKa | Judge: S Gannon

Text:  The United States Executive Branch should reveal the extent of US offensive cyber capabilities to relevant nations and news outlets. This should not include the technical details of the algorithms or specific capabilities the United States may use.

Overt, OCO’s are crucial to cyber deterrence—prevents arms race, encourages norms and solves the aff

Crosston 2012 (Dr. Matthew, Miller Endowed Chair for Industrial and International Security and founder and director of the International Security and Intelligence Studies (ISIS) program at Bellevue University, http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2012/winter/crosston.pdf) 

Most analyses on cyber deterrence draw a sharp ... not disable, American options and abilities.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Gonzaga HS | Judge: Charles Olney
Supreme Court should repudiate United States v. Korematsu on the basis of international law.

Appeal to constitutional interpretation fails – furthers policies of colonial assimilation

SAITO ’02 (Natsu Taylor; Professor of Law – Georgia State University, “Asserting Plenary Power Over the “Other”: Indians, Immigrants, Colonial Subjects, and Why U.S. Jurisprudence Needs to Incorporate International Law,” 20 Yale L. and Pol’y rev. 427, l/n)

In a powerful critique of the plenary power doctrine in immigration law, Hiroshi Motomura
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S. as well as those formally subjected to the plenary power doctrine. 

Coloniality normalizes a hellish existence and defines life through slavery or domination, inaugurating a permanent state of existential condemnation and massive bloodshed

Nelson Maldonado-Torres, associate professor of comparative literature at Rutgers, ‘8 Against War: Views from the Underside of Modernity, p. 217-21 DDI13

Dussel, Quijano, and Wynter lead us to the understanding that what happened in
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such a world, ontology collapses into a Manicheanism, as Fanon suggested."

Tournament: Indiana | Round: Finals | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Kelly Young, John Koch, Brad Meloche
Text
The United States Federal Government should repeal the War Powers Resolution and enact the War Powers Consultation Act of 2009 with the following amendments:
Before ordering the introducing U.S. armed forces into combat, the President shall consult with the Joint Congressional Consultation Committee.
To "consult," for purposes of this Act, the President shall provide an opportunity for the timely exchange of views regarding whether to engage in the significant armed conflict, and not merely notify the Joint Congressional Consultation Committee that the significant armed conflict is about to be initiated.
In order to ensure this constitutionally meaningful consultation, the President should engage in such consultation no later than that point in time when the President or the Secretary of Defense authorizes mission accomplishment supplement Rules of Engagement for the purpose of providing U.S. armed forces with the use of force authority necessary to accomplish the anticipated military mission.  
Enforcement and resources for the statute should be provided.
CP competes – CP changes when Congressional authorization occurs – doesn’t require prior Congressional authorization, only prior consultation with Congress.  CP only requires Congressional authorization 30 days after the conflict has started.

First, Interbranch conflict—

Authorization requirements cause interbranch fights– CP is the middle ground – removing prior authorization and substituting it with a consultation requirement ensures interbranch cooperation.
Baker and Hamilton 11. James A. Baker III was secretary of state from 1989 to 1992. Lee H. Hamilton is a former Democratic representative from Indiana who chaired the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/breaking-the-war-powers-stalemate/2011/06/08/AGX0CrNH_story.html

With our country engaged in three critical military conflicts, the last thing that Congress
AND
people want when their leaders confront the serious questions of war and peace.
Plan and perm’s authorization requirement ensures future Interbranch conflicts that gut heg and turn the Aff.
Lobel 8—Professor of Law @ University of Pittsburgh Jules Lobel, “Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War,” Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 69, 2008, pg. 391

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity
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over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409
Extinction.
Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189 

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international implications, and likewise there are numerous transnational issues in which all nations have a stake.  Environmental degradation, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, population control, migration, international narcotics trafficking, the spread of AIDS, and the deterioration of the human condition in the less developed world are circumstances affecting all corners of the globe.  Neither political isolation nor policy bifurcation is an option for the United States.  Global circumstances have drastically changed with the end of the Cold War and the political and policy conditions that sustained bipartisan consensus are not applicable to the post-war era.  The formulation of a new foreign policy must be grounded in broad-based principles that reflect domestic economic, political and social concerns while providing practical solutions to new situations.  Toward a cooperative US Foreign Policy for the 1990s: If the federal government is to meet the new international policy challenges of the post-cold war era, institutional dissension caused by partisan competition and executive-legislative friction must give way to a new way of business.  Policy flexibility must be the watchword of the 1990s in the foreign policy domain if the United States is to have any hope of securing its interests in the uncertain years ahead.  One former policymaker, noting the historical tendency of the United States to make fixed “attachments,” has argued that a changing world dictates policy flexibility, where practical solutions can be developed on principles of broad-based policy objectives (Fulbright 1979).  Flexibility, however, will not be possible without interbranch cooperation.  The end of the Cold War and the new single-party control of the White House and Congress provide a unique opportunity to reestablish foreign policy cooperation.  Reconfiguring post cold war objectives requires comprehension of the remarkable transformations in world affairs and demands an intense political dialogue that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

Second, Moral Hazard

Prior Congressional authorization encourages risky wars by allowing the President to spread the political costs to Congress.
Jide Nzelibe 7, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School. Feb, 59 Stan. L. Rev. 907

Contrary to the received wisdom, this experimental Article advances the empirically plausible assumption that
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might crystallize into a blunter instrument to counter the executive branch's military adventurism.
CP solves – institutionalizing consultation creates a culture of restraint in Congress and actually checks the president.
Kerry, Baker, and Hamilton 9, Secretary of State, Former Secretary of State, Former Congressman, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg54641/html/CHRG-111shrg54641.htm

Mr. Hamilton. And the important thing there is that the President must consult
AND
in terms of the larger constitutional authority, one way or the other.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Nick Donlan
Text: The President of the United States should declare that it will require Congressional authorization prior to initiating offensive use of military force.

Self-restraint solves—signals credibility and curbs abuses of power
Posner and Vermeule 2007 (Eric and Adrian, Professor of Law and the University of Chicago, and Professor of Law at Harvard, University of Chicago Law Review, "The Credible Executive", Lexis)

We suggest that the executive's credibility problem can be solved by second-order mechanisms
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ones, it does not matter whether the constraint is formal or informal.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: McBride, Koehle, Harris, Cram-Helwich, Mulholland
We are the Adorables—you cannot defeat us—we have come for the ballot. Glistening with sugary void, we are just totally fucking adorable! 

Ours is the name given to The Image of the only nameless Desire Object of the Ballot. We displace the Sentimental Object of West Georgia's Politics with a Psychotic Cuteness Beyond the Distinction between Weapons and Toys

Wark and Law '13 McKenzie, Professor, Culture and Media and Professor, Liberal Studies at New School, and Rachel, artist and collaborator at redmilk, W.A.N.T. (Weaponized Adorable Negotiation Tactics) self-published via Kickstarter, 2013 

Sooooo cute! Adorbs! Perf! omg WANT! Cute has exploded out of
AND
slick and strangely seductive with babyspeak chatter like unicorns on amphetamines vomiting rainbows.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Eric Morris
1AC treats “war powers” as a legal limit, but legislative or judicial check on militarism will be ineffective without an engaged public. Only this anti-imperialist mass movement can create political pressure necessary to push back against the executive.
Stone '73 I.F. American investigative journalist and author, New York Review of Books, May 17
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1973/apr/19/can-congress-stop-the-president/?pagination=false  

As the means, the secret commitments, and the occasions for intervention have grown
AND
very early in the Sixties but swallowed his doubts once combat operations began. 

Resisting executive power through the formal legislative process is a strategy for cooption and endless trivial battles. This trades-off with the radical opposition necessary to stop the system of global ecological destruction—only effective social action strategies solve
Ford '13 Matt, history teacher "The Left Had No Choice But To Die" 5/31
http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/05/31/the-left-had-no-choice-but-to-die/

Mussolini himself gained his political stripes by roughing up striking workers. Later, a
AND
but to die. It grew from a world that no longer exists.

The alternative is civil disobedience, which enacts a utopian seizing of collective agency against the logic, which grants executive war powers in the first place—opening space for broader opposition. This is empirically successful.
Vrasti '12 Wanda, Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the Humboldt University in Berlin "This Courage Called Utopia" The Disorder of Things http://thedisorderofthings.com/2012/11/09/this-courage-called-utopia-2/

The concrete utopia enacted in the Occupy camps was, of course, never as
AND
the present and over who we are today (Haiven 2011:84).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Kansas BC | Judge: Chris Crowe
Guantanamo is Hell on earth -- the only ethical position is solidarity with the hunger striking prisoners, and in doing so contest the State's right to presume the prisoners' guilt

Stefanicki '13 Robert, Alternet "The Hell Known as Guantanamo Bay Has No Right to Exist" May 21, 2013
http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/hell-known-guantanamo-bay-has-no-right-exist?page=02C0
The Hell Known as Guantanamo Bay Has No Right to Exist For more than 100
AND
change: closing Guantanamo, a place that has no right to exist.
The Charming Betsy canon is an interpretive guideline that not only provides no restriction on statutory authorization but defers to any executive authority even under the most liberal interpretations. It also fails to set precedential value affecting the interpretation of unrelated legislation, and is totally applicable without a non-US plaintiff. Here's the ultra-liberal Ninth Circuit decision on why it can't use even Charming Betsy to prevent prison workers from receiving bad wages:
(2010) http://www.volokh.com/2010/04/19/an-eminently-sound-approach-to-supposed-international-human-rights-norms-from-the-ninth-circuit/

The Charming Betsy canon is not an inviolable rule of general application, but a
AND
for this court to decide whether they accord with the law of nations….

Using the legal reasoning of the 1ac, the Court would interpret Charming Betsy to authorize Al-Bihani's imprisonment under the AUMF, since they cannot use the doctrine to challenge legislation

Walsh -- 1ac author's conclusion -- 10
Cara Maureen Walsh J.D. Candidate 2010, Vanderbilt University Law School. Al-Bihani, Not So Charming October, 2010 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 43 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 1151

This simple analysis, while not exhaustive, demonstrates that the D.C.
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reasons discussed above, it cannot perform that duty without examining international law.

The 1ac is literally a rhetorical implement of violence erasing the narrative of detention in the language of legal doctrines. It is a normative legal game in which detention policy is used as an instrument to achieve some policy end, glossing the way in which this move re-inscribes the State authority to make the Guantanamo prisoner lives unliveable.  Treat any claim of legal formalism with the skepticism of someone who has had their rights denied for over a decade -- their impacts and claims of solvency are as much a legal fiction as the freedom which has failed to materialize.

Ahmad '10 Muneer I. Ahmad, Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School. Earlier versions of this Article were presented at faculty workshops at American University Washington College of Law, Temple Law School, Washington University School of Law, and Georgetown University Law Center, and I have benefited enormously from the insight and critique I received in each. Fall, 2009 Northwestern University Law Review 103 Nw. U.L. Rev. 1683 LENGTH: 37629 words ARTICLE: RESISTING GUANTANAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION

The purpose of Guantanamo is to destroy people. - Jumah al Dossari n25 A
AND

and international humanitarian law (IHL) authorizes wartime detention of combatants.

Resisting executive power through the formal legislative process is a strategy for cooption and endless trivial battles. This trades-off with the radical opposition necessary to stop the system of global ecological destruction—only effective social action strategies solve
Ford '13 Matt, history teacher "The Left Had No Choice But To Die" 5/31
http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/05/31/the-left-had-no-choice-but-to-die/

Mussolini himself gained his political stripes by roughing up striking workers. Later, a
AND
but to die. It grew from a world that no longer exists.

Our performance of civil disobedience as a tactic against the legitimacy of state authority over detention policy is a superior approach to enforcing international legal norms
Mégret '8 Frédéric, Assistant-Professor, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Canada Research Chair in the Law of Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, " Civil Disobedience in Defense of International Law: Sketch for a Theoretical Argument" http://www.law.uga.edu/intl/megret.pdf

It is trite to say that international law suffers from deficiencies in compliance and enforcement
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potential of being a key arbiter of normative disputes between state and citizen. 

And, a true gesture solidarity with hunger strikers in Guantanamo -- a place beyond the meaningful distinction of life and death -- means we must risk the death of debate itself for protest against injustice
Zeese '13 Adam, Witness Against Torture, "Resisting Hell on Earth: More Than 100 on Hunger Strike at Guantánamo" 3/13 http://october2011.org/blogs/kevin-zeese/esisting-hell-earth-more-100-hunger-strike-guant-namo

With no concrete hope of a return to their families and home countries, they
AND
support our work. Please stand up for hope, life and justice.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Katie Fredricks
1AC treats “war powers” as a legal limit, but legislative or judicial check on militarism will be ineffective without an engaged public. Only this anti-imperialist mass movement can create political pressure necessary to push back against the executive.
Stone '73 I.F. American investigative journalist and author, New York Review of Books, May 17
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1973/apr/19/can-congress-stop-the-president/?pagination=false  

As the means, the secret commitments, and the occasions for intervention have grown
AND
very early in the Sixties but swallowed his doubts once combat operations began. 

Resisting executive power through the formal legislative process is a strategy for cooption and endless trivial battles. This trades-off with the radical opposition necessary to stop the system of global ecological destruction—only effective social action strategies solve
Ford '13 Matt, history teacher "The Left Had No Choice But To Die" 5/31
http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/05/31/the-left-had-no-choice-but-to-die/

Mussolini himself gained his political stripes by roughing up striking workers. Later, a
AND
but to die. It grew from a world that no longer exists.

Our alternative to refuse the plan in the name of human liberation. Only the power of the people can create space of resistance against numbing conformity and vigilate against nuclear catastrophe
Garfinkle ’84 Adam, National Security Study Group of the U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century, Foreign Policy Research Institute, “Politics of the Nuclear Freeze” p. 15-19
Not all groups or individuals commonly supposed to be on the Left see merit in
AND
more to capture an undercurrent at work below the surface of public life.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Emory CS | Judge: Ron Stevenson
Rhetoric of cyber-war is imprecise—must shift colloquial conversation away from violent metaphors
Lapointe 2011 (Adriane, Technology and Public Policy Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "When good metaphors go bad: the metaphoric 'branding' of cyberspace" csis.org/publication/when-good-metaphors-go-bad-metaphoric-branding-cyberspace)

The reference to the market is not really so much an analogy as a description
AND
myriad useful, profitable, and enjoyable aspects of life on the internet.

Individual speech matters—must engage in resiliency rhetoric to challenge the inevitable war mindset
Lawson 2013 (Sean, Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Utah, "Beyond Cyber-Doom: Assessing the limits of hypothetical scenarios in the framing of cyber-threats" www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19331681.2012.759059)

In the last three years, cybersecurity has received perhaps more attention than at any
AND
and we can instead provide alternative guiding principles for cybersecurity policy-making.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 8 | Opponent: Georgetown AM | Judge: Eric Morris
Policy discussion of drones is uniquely wedded to a pedagogy of competitive debate which is uniquely designed to supply the state with justifications for violence
Roth '13 Marco, founding editor of n+1 and Associate Professor of Literature at New School "Drone Philosopher" Issue 17, August 7 http://nplusonemag.com/the-drone-philosopher

From the thumbnail headshot accompanying his essay in the Times, “the drone philosopher
AND
be called upon to help his country think in its hours of need.

Learning how to advise the state makes this debate space a training ground for militarized intellectuals, and assuming war can be made ‘just’ provides justifications for an endless cycle of war and extinction. Our starting point of scholarship is key.
Dalby 2008 (Simon Dalby, Carleton University  September 2008 – GEOPOLITICS, GRAND STRATEGY AND CRITIQUE:  TWENTY YEARS AND COUNTING- online- http://www.carleton.ca/~sdalby/papers/DalbyDurham0 ) 

Recently Nick Megoran (2008) has raised the explicit issue of the relationships of
AND
contemporary thinking while simultaneously looking to the alternatives for a more peaceful world. 

Discussing “limiting” drones presumes our right to define necessary violence to inflict on those outside our social community. The 1AC is complicit with scholarship of extermination and is a priori unethical.
Roth '13 Marco, founding editor of n+1 and Associate Professor of Literature at New School "Drone Philosopher" Issue 17, August 7 http://nplusonemag.com/the-drone-philosopher

The asymmetry of the conflict—our safety, their vulnerability—debases even the
AND
manageable only by skilled doctors committed to the care of our vulnerable bodies.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: J Schultz
The 1AC is a one-dimensional epistemology of oppression — an insistence on the self-evident perspectivism of oppressed peoples by focusing attention on the uniqueness and irrefutability of their personal experience participates in a mythos of implicit solidarity where all oppressed peoples are thought to assume the same interests — this orientation romanticizes complicity with totalitarian violence

Gur-ze-ev, 98 - Senior Lecturer Philosophy of Education at Haifa, (Ilan, "Toward a nonrepressive critical pedagogy," Educational Theory, Fall 48, http://haifa.academia.edu/IlanGurZeev/Papers/117665/Toward_a_Nonreperssive_Critical_Pedagogy)

The postmodern and the multicultural discourses that influenced Giroux took a one-dimensional attitude
AND
new "love" relations which allow to speak the silenced"voice".

The 1AC attempt to situate suffering within language is a re-enactment of traumatic violence — predetermined rhetorical symbols come to first obscure and then mask the potential within an ever-changing reality — the power to narrate the order of the world, even from a position of vulnerability or sacrifice is ultimately a complicity with violent authority that must be resisted

Blake ’13 Terence, PhD linguistics, student of Gilles Deleuze "FEYERABEND ON ACADEMIC PHILOSOPHY (1): Language" 3/10
http://terenceblake.wordpress.com/2013/03/10/feyerabend-on-academic-philosophy-1-language/

1) Language: Feyerabend argues that academic language often acts as a transparent medium
AND
and that Feyerabend calls the full development of individuals and of their traditions. 

Our counter-pedagogy is an insurrectionary praxis against the 1AC descriptions of status quo power relations as the self-evident conditions for struggle. Only by reflexively questioning our understanding of reality of misery itself can we de-mystify the narrative operations of ideology which grounds our aquiescence to violence. If the Truth is impossible, that negativity is precisely what makes it worth conspiring against

Gur-ze-ev, 98 - Senior Lecturer Philosophy of Education at Haifa, (Ilan, "Toward a nonrepressive critical pedagogy," Educational Theory, Fall 48, http://haifa.academia.edu/IlanGurZeev/Papers/117665/Toward_a_Nonreperssive_Critical_Pedagogy)

This is where the Utopia presents itself, on which Western reason was traditionally dependent
AND
such conceptual possibilities, andsuch socio-cultural conditions are still a Utopia.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: McBride, Koehle, Harris, Cram-Helwich, Mulholland
The 1ac investment in self-reliant, hyper-local and horizontally affiliated political subjectivity seeks to make institutions redundant rather than hold them accountable . Their political methodology is suspiciously similar to a Don't Tread On Me Libertarianism of the Oppressed and draws resistance politics into the spaces where success matters the least. Turns the case and authorizes worse forms of non-institutional exclusion

David Marcus 2012 (Associate book editor at Dissent "The Horizontalists" Fall, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-horizontalists)

There is a much-recycled and certainly apocryphal tale told of an ethnographer traveling
AND
that, in our age of ever more stratification, we must resist.

The notion that ideological clarity in black radicalism must precede the political work of combatting all forms of stratification is a form of intellectual elistism that commodifies their speech act within the political economy of scholarship

Johnson '10 Cedric, Associate Professor of African American Studies and Political Science, "From popular anti-imperialism to sectarianism: the african liberation support committee and black power radicals" Cedric Johnson a a Hobart and William Smith Colleges Published online: 03 Jun 2010.

To a considerable extent, Madhubuti’s characterization of the masses is indicative of what Daryl
AND
needs and demands precipitated by the lived political struggles of ordinary people.77
 The 1AC’s articulation of subjectivity through lifestyle choices transforms politics into consumerist conformity. There is no outside to this process of socialization, they are the politics that was born to shop, exchanging their polical demand within the debate for the ballot

Burch 1995 (Mark, Anarchives Volume 2 Issue 20 Language Is A Virus “The Biosemiotics of Consumer Fascism” http://www.hackcanada.com/canadian/zines/anarchives/anarchives_2_20.txt) 

The last two decades have seen dramatic changes in the world.   There has been
AND
do much with it,  because there is no reflection that validates it.   

Commodification means try or die -- the question of how we orient our political subjectivity to commodity relations prefigures the social relation of value both within and outside of the debate round. The efficacy of resistance must be measured against its disruptive potential against a global limbic system that only values money

Dyer-Witheford ‘1 Nick, Associate Professor in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies at the University of Western Ontario, “The New Combinations: Revolt of the Global Value-Subjects” The New Centennial Review, Volume 1, Number 3, Winter
2001, pp. 155-200 (Article) muse

Negri, Paolo Virno, Michael Hardt, and Maurizio Lazaratto and others suggest that
AND
, the noosphere generating and generated by the revolt of global value subjects.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: J Schultz

What force lurks behind appearances of the social world? The aff answers with: desire21 Networked in fluid diagrams at the local level, even within this round. Both this and the search for a basic underlying force of everyday micro and macro politics and the resulting suspicion of transcendent values is profoundly disempowering in the struggle to secure collective guarantees of equality

Their articulation of agency rests on an anti-institutional conception of "the individual" which is suspiciously similar to conservative Libertarianism. This retains complicity with the ideological structures of capital that re-entrench domination and control at the mirco-level, turning the aff.

David Marcus 2012 (Associate book editor at Dissent "The Horizontalists" Fall, http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-horizontalists)

There is a much-recycled and certainly apocryphal tale told of an ethnographer traveling in India. Journeying up and down the Ganges Delta, he encounters a fisherman who claims to know the source of all truth. "The world," the fisherman explains, "rests upon the back of an elephant."
"But what does the elephant stand on?" the ethnographer asks.
"A turtle."
"And the turtle?"
"Another turtle."
"And it?"
"Ah, friend," smiles the fisherman, "it is turtles all the
AND
that, in our age of ever more stratification, we must resist.

The 1AC’s articulation of subjectivity through lifestyle choices like recycling or bike riding ultimately transforms politics into tawdry consumerism. In a world "without limits" anxiety about socially expectations colonizes self-hood with the need to conform to recent fashion trends. There is no outside to socialization — they are the psychosis politics of the free-thinking subject that was born to shop

Burch 1995 (Mark, Anarchives Volume 2 Issue 20 Language Is A Virus "The Biosemiotics of Consumer Fascism" http://www.hackcanada.com/canadian/zines/anarchives/anarchives_2_20.txt) 

The last two decades have seen dramatic changes in the world.   There has been
AND
do much with it,  because there is no reflection that validates it.   

Radical Islamic practice is a catastrophe for queer folk, women, and religious non-Muslims — its promotion represents part of the divide and conquer strategy of global capitalism

Hedges ’13 Chris, TruthDig, "Murdering the Wretched of the Earth" 8/13 http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/murdering_the_wretched_of_the_earth_20130814/

Radical Islam is the last refuge of the Muslim poor. The mandated five prayers
AND
know what they will look like, visit any city morgue in Cairo.

Their attempt to mark slavery, "anti blackness" and "social death" as organizing political principles sanitizes neoliberalism- it evacuates the political and economic order that produced contemporary capitalist institutions
Adolph Reed, Jr., University of Pennsylvania http://nonsite.org/editorial/django-unchained-or-the-help-how-cultural-politics-is-worse-than-no-politics-at-all-and-why 2-25-13
Defenses of Django Unchained pivot on claims about the social significance of the narrative of
AND
action, which their common reflex is to disparage as inauthentic or corrupt. 

you should prefer our disadvantage to the 1ac politics because it explains why the Occupy movement was a massive failure. like Occupy, the 1AC’s refusal to identify a concrete demand on the US government folds their speech act into dissent-for-its-own sake, a meaningless exercise in self-indulgent liberation rhetoric that only re-entrenches status quo power relations.

Frank 2012 (Thomas, Author of What’s the Matter with Kansas? and editor of The Baffler "To the Precinct Station: How theory met practice …and drove it absolutely crazy" http://www.thebaffler.com/past/to_the_precinct_station)

A while later I happened to watch an online video of an Occupy panel discussion
AND
," in which the experience of protesting is what protesting is all about.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Nick Donlan
The notion of war as exceptional legitimates violence—the aff’s solution to presidential aggression is to legalize it through a temporal codes to render dissent powerless
Dudziak 2013 (Mary, Professor of Law at Emory University, Director of the Project on War and Security in Law, Culture and Society, "Law and the Concept of 'Wartime'" www.americanbar.org/publications/insights_on_law_andsociety/13/spring-2013/law-and-the-concept-of-wartime.html)

“Peace” is believed to be something real and attainable – a place we
AND
beginning of the twentieth century, and not confined to identifiable “wartimes.” 

1AC performs an act of marking time, which makes war inevitable
Jarvis 2008 (Lee, Department of International Relations, Politics and Sociology, Oxford Brookes University, "Times of terror: writing temporality into the War on Terror" academia.edu/1430214/Times_of_terror_writing_temporality_into_the_War_on_Terror)

Approached collectively, the above three accounts coherently position ‘9/11’ as a
AND
temporal discontinuity offered the Bush administration a particularly powerful and productive discursive resource.

Vote negative to problematize the notion that war powers can be limited by legislative or judicial checks
Dudziak 2013 (Mary, Professor of Law at Emory University, Director of the Project on War and Security in Law, Culture and Society, “War Time” P. 135-136)

Meanwhile, threats of terrorism still serve as a justification for enhanced surveillance at home
AND
to look instead for war's enduring mark on American 'politics and American law.

Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: West Georgia AM | Judge: McBride, Koehle, Harris, Cram-Helwich, Mulholland
Our first argument is a counter-performance -- we ask all the judges for just a moment to close your eyes.

(Ten seconds of silence).

Please open your eyes. Ours is an aesthetic intervention in the debate space, trace artist Hiltrud Aliber explains in 2013:
http://ivc.lib.rochester.edu/portfolio/hiltrud-aliber-earthing-unearthing-with-closed-eyes-i-see-draft/
I draw with closed eyes. My closed eyes allow me to take a break
AND
. I felt drawn to intuitive processes that my intellect could not grasp.
Our demand to interrupts the space of visuality by placing the judge momentarily in a zone of visual indeterminacy which occludes the temporal racial coding of the participants in the debate. Our challenge to the certainty of visual politics deconstructs Blackness as an ontological monolith and attunes a more nuanced approach to the genealogies of epidural ordering.

Glowacka '3, D.. Anarchic Vision: Ocular Constructions of Race and the Challenge of Ethics MAY 2003. Culture Machine, North America, 028 04 2008 http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/237/218
hooks insists on the urgent task of critically intervening into the cultural production of the
AND
metaphors and to relocate it to the region of both sensibility and ethics.
The 1ac absolutist description of Whiteness forms a problematic racial binarism -- their politics situates the category of Blackness as a knowable entity reinscribes Whitness as a stable category which re-inscribes the logic of white supremacy. Reject purity politics which relies upon a prior understanding of black authenticity
Michael J. Monahan, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Marquette University, Racial Justice and the Politics of Purity, '8, http://www.temple.edu/isrst/Events/documents/MichaelMonahanUpdated.doc
The abolitionist/elimitavist position demands that any legitimately anti-racist endeavor stand simultaneously
AND
it is that insistence on purity that links racial categories to oppressive norms.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgetown KU | Judge: David Glass
The affirmative relies on a notion of war which is purely material -- this actively renders linguistic violence invisible and sanctions the use of legitimate violence
Gay '99 William C. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, “The Language of War and Peace,” Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, ed. Lester Kurtz (San Diego: Academic Press, 1999): Volume 2, 303-312. THE LANGUAGE OF WAR AND PEACE http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/publangwp.htm
Language plays an important role in relation to war and peace. Language, which
AND
was given classical articulation by St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas.

Reject the affirmative's attempt to establish a legitimate discourse of war as a condition for governmental violence. This shifts policy debates to challenge the legitimacy of state violence
Gay '99 William C. University of North Carolina at Charlotte, “The Language of War and Peace,” Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, ed. Lester Kurtz (San Diego: Academic Press, 1999): Volume 2, 303-312. THE LANGUAGE OF WAR AND PEACE http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/publangwp.htm
Finally, governmental and military officials are able to impose their form of discourse as
AND
of which constitute a special and vital interest for our peace and safety."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory MoKa | Judge: S Gannon

OCO’s key to counter-terror

Brennan 2012 (John, Lieutenant Colonel, "United States Counter Terrorism Cyber Law and Policy, Enabling or Disabling?", http://nsfp.web.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Brennan_UNITED-STATES-COUNTER-TERRORISM-CYBER-LAW-AND-POLICY.pdf)

Although indentifying international terrorists in cyberspace ...computer  network attack against his online magazine, Inspire. 39

Extinction

Alexander 2010 (Yonah, Director of the International Center for Terrorism Studies at the Potomac Institute for Policy Sciences, "Maghreb 26 Sahel Terrorism: Addressing the Rising Threat from al-Qaeda 26 other Terrorists in North 26 West/Central Africa," http://www.potomacinstitute.org/attachments/524_Maghreb20Terrorism20report.pdf ) 

Current and future perpetrators include the following: ...to the degree in which they could forever alter our planet’s existence.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Katie Fredricks
Nuclear primacy is key to sustain hegemony – makes unipolarity durable and prevents great power wars
Craig, 09 – Professor of International Relations at the University of Southampton (Campbell, Review of International Studies, “American power preponderance and the nuclear revolution,” 35, 27–44, Cambridge Database)

As Keir Lieber and Daryl Press have suggested, the US may be on the
AND
factor, and show how the nuclear revolution specifically reinforces each of them. 

The plan effectively undermines two types of strikes -- each are key to deterrence posture and nuclear primacy
1 -- Damage limitation -- these are strikes made to prevent an imminent strike in the event of sudden deterrence failure
Payne, et. al, Oct 09 – President and Co-Founder of the National Institute for Public Policy and Head of Missouri State University's Graduate Department of Defense and Strategic Studies
(Keith, Planning the Future U.S. Nuclear Force, Volume I: Executive Report, October 2009, http://www.nipp.org/National20Institute20Press/Current20Publications/PDF/Planning20the20Future20US20Nuclear20Force20I_txt.pdf, JMP)

Damage from an attack could be limited through defensive measures (missile, air,
AND
existing defensive systems to intercept North Korean long-range ballistic missiles.26
And, as previously explained, damage-limiting capabilities not only may provide a measure of protection for the United States, but also may help protect allies by lending credibility to the deterrent threats made in their defense.
2 -- Launch on Warning
Christopher FORD 2008 (Senior Fellow and Director – Center for Technology and Global Security – Hudson Institute, former U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Principle Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, “Dilemmas of Nuclear Force ‘De-Alerting’” October 7, http://www.hudson.org/files/documents/De-Alerting20FINAL220(2).pdf)

This argument seems somewhat less compelling, however, when one realizes that it is
AND
on the part of the enemy that have been overlooked or underestimated.”14

And, regardless of if we win these links, more ambiguity over the process of US response is vital to deterrence -- either the plan maintains this and doesn't solve anything or eliminates it and links
McDonough, '6 – PhD candidate in political science and a Doctoral Fellow at the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (October 2006, David S. McDonough, Adelphi Series 46.383, Informaworld, JMP)

However, it would be a mistake to assume that this trend towards counter-
AND
but senior American leaders would even retrospectively dismiss the Bush Snr’s nuclear threat. 

The link is linear -- more ambiguity is better -- especially in the cases of unconventional attacks
Martin C. LIBICKI 2009 (Senior Policy Analyst – RAND Corporation, “Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG877.pdf)

So should the United States (or any state for that matter) have a
AND
must be a policy that leaves more than just a little to chance. 

Perception of hamstrung deterrent causes Russian first strike -- they'll exploit the perception of the plan as a unilateral concession -- posture parity is key, and takes out thumpers
Cohen, 9 – Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies at The Heritage Foundation (11/9/09, Ariel, Heritage Backgrounder #2338, “Dangerous Trajectories: Obama's Approach to Arms Control Misreads Russian Nuclear Strategy,” http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg2338.cfm)

As the Obama Administration negotiates a range of arms control initiatives with Russia, U
AND
worry because Russia views the U.S. as its principal adversary.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Kyle Deming
Supreme Court will hear EPA vs. EME now and rule against the EPA.
Bill Blum 9/5/13, Former judge and death penalty defense attorney, http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/supreme_court_preview_a_storm_is_on_the_horizon_20130905/?ln
Environmental Protection (Environmental Protection Agency v. EME Homer City Generation) At the ?AND?of the same going forward, this time on behalf of coal companies.
Ruling on war powers authority reduces judicial capital.
Robert J. Pushaw 4, Jr. Professor, Pepperdine University School of Law., http://law.missouri.edu/lawreview/files/2012/11/Pushaw.pdf
Civil libertarians have urged the Court to exercise the same sort of judicial review over ?AND?as an institution, as Chief Justice Taney learned the hard way.59?Footnote Continues?59. See supra notes 40-42 (discussing Lincoln’s successful refusal to obey Taney’s command to release a military prisoner). Professor Wells acknowledges that judges sometimes might choose not to exercise meaningful judicial review, especially for political reasons such as preserving their institutional capital. Wells, supra note 2, at 941-42
Judicial capital is finite – plan spills-over.
Grosskopf 26 Mondak, ’98 (Poli Sci Profs — Pitt 26 FSU, Political Research Quarterly, Sept, Vol. 51, No. 3)
The existence of a strong link between basic values and diffuse support does not necessarily ?AND?to Supreme Court decisions affects institutional support may shape what answer we find.
Transport rule causes energy price shocks – studies conclusively prove.
Matt Cover 11, June 10, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/economic-study-shows-epa-regulations-increase-prices-kill-jobs
A study of two proposed EPA regulations seeking to curb power plant emissions shows that ?AND?000 jobs created and 1.8 million destroyed from 2013 to 2020.
Key to the economy and competitiveness.
Schoenberger 12 (Robert, Plain Dealer, 5/13, "Shale gas boom could bring manufacturing jobs back to U.S., economists say," http://www.cleveland.com/shalegas/index.ssf/2012/05/shale_gas_boom_could_bring_man.html)
"By 2025, the manufacturing sector alone could save 2411.5 billion ?AND?figuring in energy and the cost to ship goods across the Pacific Ocean.
US key to global economy.
Caploe 09 (David Caploe is CEO of the Singapore-incorporated American Centre for Applied Liberal Arts and Humanities in Asia., "Focus still on America to lead global recovery", April 7, The Strait Times, lexis)?IN THE aftermath of the G-20 summit, most observers seem to have ?AND?their increasingly inexplicable credit freeze, thus ravaging the American and global economies.
Extinction.
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow ?AND?-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of ?AND?theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: UNLV | Judge: Scott Harris
Guiora’s strict scrutiny approach is unnecessary and eviscerates international norms for conflicts- you result in preemptive attacks in the most conflict likely regions in the world. Our evidence is comparative to the legal effects of your plan.
Kinacioglu 08
Muge, Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, Turkey, “A Response to Amos Guiora: Reassessing the Parameters of Use of Force in the Age of Terrorism” Journal of Conflict and Security Law (2008), Vol. 13 No. 1 

Lastly, there is an inconsistency of ideas and a methodological error in the four
AND
of the application of strict scrutiny test are not addressed in Guiora's analysis.

You unravel all international norms deterring conflict, destroy American Cred, and undermine our ability to win over hearts and minds in the war on terror
Kinacioglu 08
Muge, Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, Turkey, “A Response to Amos Guiora: Reassessing the Parameters of Use of Force in the Age of Terrorism” Journal of Conflict and Security Law (2008), Vol. 13 No. 1 

4. Concluding Remarks Ultimately, with its applicability limited to the USA, Guiora's
AND
, and thus would be another defeat in the 'battle of hearts and minds'
Self-defense regime collapse causes global war
Beau Barnes, J.D., Boston University School of Law, Spring 2012, REAUTHORIZING THE “WAR ON TERROR”: THE LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE AUMF’S COMING OBSOLESCENCE, https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/DOCLIBS/MILITARYLAWREVIEW.NSF/20a66345129fe3d885256e5b00571830/b7396120928e9d5e85257a700042abb5/$FILE/By20Beau20D.20Barnes.pdf

Overly malleable concepts are not the proper bases for the consistent use of military force
AND
, but facilitating that rationale’s destabilizing adoption by nations around the world.158
Effective LOAC regime key to prevent destabilizing nanoweapon use
Nasu and Faunce 10
Hitoshi Nasu, Lecturer, The Australian National University College of Law, Australia, Thomas Faunce, Associate Professor, The Australian National University College of Law and Medical School, Australia. Australian Research Council Future Fellow, Journal of Law, Information and Science, 2010, Vol. 20, "Nanotechnology and the International Law of Weaponry: Towards International Regulation of NanoWeapons", http://www.isodarco.it/courses/andalo13/doc/Nano-and-IL-2010-Article.pdf

2 Military Applications of Nanotechnology
The military use of nanotechnology is already a reality, as is illustrated by the
AND
provide no firm legal basis to prohibit the use of particular weapons.83

Extinction
Altmann 10
Jurgen Altmann, professor of experimental physics at the University of Dortmund, Germany, International Handbook on Regulation Nanotechnologies, Ch. 17, Military Applications: Special Conditions for Regulation, 2010, pg. 380-382

There are also military uses of nanotechnology which are mostly specific and which would not
AND
possibly for years, ready to suddenly disrupt the electronics at any time.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia BF | Judge: Eric Morris
Judicial deference is high – there’s strict adherence to the political question doctrine
Bradley 9-2 (Curtis A., William Van Alstyne Professor of Law – Duke Law School, “War Powers, Syria, and Non-Judicial Precedent,” Lawfare Blog, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/war-powers-syria-and-non-judicial-precedent/)

As an initial matter, we need to bracket the issue of whether Obama’s action
AND
that might have motivated Obama to go to Congress with respect to Syria.
Aff makes war powers a justiciable issue – this case-specific exception causes a slippery slope that breaks the entire doctrine
Miller 10 (Mathew Edwin, JD – University of Michigan Law School, Associate – Latham and Watkins LLP, “The Right Issue, the Wrong Branch: Arguments against Adjudicating Climate Change Nuisance Claims,” Michigan Law Review, November, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 257, Lexis)

However, to say that cases like American Electric Power are justiciable just because plaintiffs
AND
the basis of complexity - is beyond the scope of the present discussion.
This causes a flood of suits on PMC use.
Carter 2009 (Chad, Judge Advocate, U.S. Air Force. Presently assigned as program counsel in the Contract Law Division of the Air Force Materiel Command Law Office, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. LL.M, 2009, “HALLIBURTON HEARS A WHO? POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR AND THEIR IMPACT ON GOVERNMENT CONTINGENCY CONTRACTING”, 201 Mil. L. Rev. 86)

Judges and scholars openly speculate about the possible consequences of defense contractor tort liability on
AND
fear of being sued, refuse to follow the military's instructions altogether. n255
Undermines the effectiveness of PMC’s – kills heg.
Del Prado 10/12 (Jose Gomez, 2013, Former Chairperson of the UN Working Group on the use of mercenaries, “The Privatization of War: Mercenaries, Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC)”, http://blacklistednews.com/?news_id=29533andprint=1)

Despite the fact of their involvement in grave human rights violations, not a single
AND
than actual members of the military serving in the worsening war in Afghanistan.
PMC’s contain Afghan instability
Schwartz 9 (Moshe, Specialist in Defense Acquisition – Congressional Research Service, “Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis,” Congressional Research Service, 8-23, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/128824.pdf)

The Department of Defense (DOD) increasingly relies upon contractors to support operations in
AND
still in progress and could take three years or more to effectively implement.
Extinction
Morgan 7 (Stephen J., Political Writer and Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, “Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?”, 9-23, http://www.freearticlesarchive.com/article/_Better_another_Taliban_Afghanistan__than_a_Taliban_NUCLEAR_Pakistan___/99961/0/)

As the war intensifies, he has no guarantees that the current autonomy may yet
AND
in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Kyle Deming
Judicial deference is high – there’s strict adherence to the political question doctrine
Bradley 9-2 (Curtis A., William Van Alstyne Professor of Law – Duke Law School, "War Powers, Syria, and Non-Judicial Precedent," Lawfare Blog, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/war-powers-syria-and-non-judicial-precedent/)
As an initial matter, we need to bracket the issue of whether Obama’s action ?AND?that might have motivated Obama to go to Congress with respect to Syria.
The plan would destroy the political question doctrine
Berney 1987?Arthur L., Professor of Law, Boston College Law School, and a member of the Board of Directors of Lawyers Alliance for Nuclear Arms Control. "The Justiciability of the FAS Proposal" in First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution Who Decides? Edited by Peter Raven-Hansen, pg. 203-205
III. Justiciability of Nuclear War Policy and the FAS Proposal The profound questions of ?AND?set down, we may be talking about the greatest moot case ever.

Independently—violating PQD on war powers causes a wave of litigation—the impact is DOD contracting
Isenberg 10 (David, Research Fellow – Independent Institute, "Contractor Legal Immunity and the ’Political Questions’ Doctrine," CATO Institute, 1-19, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/contractor-legal-immunity-political-questions-doctrine)
One can easily see why most defense contractors, including private military and security firms ?AND?would want to preventing such suits from being filed in the first place.?As I am not a lawyer the following is derived from Maj. Carter’s article.?Traditionally, the reason given for this is that such cases may involve "political questions" that the Judicial Branch is ill-equipped to decide. Thus defense contractor advocates claim these actions must be dismissed, else there be grim consequences for Government contingency contracting.?But according to Maj. Carter, "the recent developments in political question doctrine ?AND?on the battlefield. Such predictions are nothing more than "bellowing bungle."?Carter wrote:?What is the political question doctrine? According to Chief Justice John Marshall, "?AND?said to be ’nonjusticiable,’ or ’political questions.’"?What this means is that traditionally courts have deferred to the political branches in matters ?AND?" are "subject always" to the control of the political branches.?Tort suits that challenge the internal operations of these areas of the military are likely ?AND?prohibits judicial action merely because an issue involves the military in some fashion.?Where plaintiffs seek only damages and not injunctive relief, such cases are "particularly judicially manageable." When such a damages-only lawsuit concerns only a defense contractor (as opposed to the Federal Government), courts have held that such actions do not involve "overseeing the conduct of foreign policy or the use and disposition of military power." Thus, those actions are less likely to raise political questions than suits against the Government, suits seeking injunctive relief, or both.?Given the enormous amount of money involved in Government contingency contracting and the correspondingly large ?AND?case centered around the tragic events at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.?In Ibrahim v. Titan Corp., Iraqi plaintiffs alleged they were tortured, raped?AND?for full factual development of a case prior to an assessment of justiciability.?One particularly interesting point in Carter’s article is this:?Judges and scholars openly speculate about the possible consequences of defense contractor tort liability on the federal procurement process. In Boyle, the Supreme Court warned that "the financial burden of judgments against ~ contractors would ultimately be passed through, substantially if not totally, to the United States itself, since defense contractors will predictably raise their prices to cover, or to insure against, contingent liability … ."?Since private military contracting advocates claim that their firms are more cost effective than the government one might reasonably believe that they can be so only by preventing tort suits against them. If the cost of such suits were factored in, the presumed cost effectiveness could conceivably be significantly less, or perhaps not exist at all.?Carter asks "is the situation really this dire? Are contractors at a point where, because of increased litigation risks, they will be forced to charge the Government more for their services or elect to not provide services altogether?"?The answers may not be far away. In November 2008, Joshua Eller filed ?AND?of several suits currently pending that relate to similar KBR activities in Iraq.?The political question doctrine will be a major factor in this coming storm of litigation. With the large number of potential plaintiffs compounded by the seriousness of the conduct and injuries alleged, these suits have the potential to dwarf the damages awards previously sought in earlier GWOT cases. Undoubtedly, KBR will seek to raise the political question doctrine as an absolute bar to these and any similar suits.?Defense contractor advocates warn of "deleterious effects" to the mission and the contractor?AND?a fear of being sued, refuse to follow the military’s instructions altogether.

Key to contain Afghan instability
Schwartz 9 (Moshe, Specialist in Defense Acquisition – Congressional Research Service, "Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis," Congressional Research Service, 8-23, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/128824.pdf)
The Department of Defense (DOD) increasingly relies upon contractors to support operations in ?AND?likely has undermined U.S. counterinsurgency efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan. ?DOD officials have stated that the military’s experience in Iraq and Afghanistan, coupled with ?AND?still in progress and could take three years or more to effectively implement.
Extinction
Morgan 7 (Stephen J., Political Writer and Former Member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, "Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan21?", 9-23, http://www.freearticlesarchive.com/article/_Better_another_Taliban_Afghanistan__than_a_Taliban_NUCLEAR_Pakistan___/99961/0/)
As the war intensifies, he has no guarantees that the current autonomy may yet ?AND?in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.
And, getting rid of the PQD destroys legitimacy- causes the president to ignore court decisions
Pushaw 4—Professor of law @ Pepperdine University Robert J. Pushaw, Jr., "Defending Deference: A Response to Professors Epstein and Wells," Missouri Law Review, Vol. 69, 2004
Civil libertarians have urged the Court to exercise the same sort of judicial review over ?AND?instead would force him to shoulder full responsibility. Pg. 968-970
Kills the effectiveness of your restrictions
Hansford 06 (Thomas Hansford, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of South Carolina and James Spriggs, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of California, Davis, "The Politics of Precedent on the U.S. Supreme Court," p. 18-24)?Judges promote legitimacy because they recognize that it encourages acceptance of and compliance with their ?AND?rests on its "prestige to persuade" (Ginsburg 2004, 199).

Tournament: Wake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Michigan State CZ | Judge: Kyle Demming
Changing the legal balance undermines executive threat credibility—high risk of escalation
Waxman 2013 (Matthew, Professor at Columbia Law, Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Member of the Hoover Institution, "Syria, Threats of Force, and Constitutional War Powers" www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal-pocket-part/executive-power/syria,-threats-of-force,-and-constitutional-war-powers/)

Whereas legal scholars are usually consumed with the internal effects of war powers law on
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for which the President might also seek congressional authorization) is generally frail.

Ensures failure in Iran and Syria negotiations
Gilboa 2013 (Eytan, Director of the School of Communication and a Senior Research Associate at the BESA Center for Strategic Studies at Bar-Ilan University, "Force and Diplomacy: The US and the Syrian Chemical Weapon Crisis" www.diplomatist.com/stories/story012.html)

When commenting on the American-Russian agreement to destroy the Syrian chemical weapons,
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prepared to punish any deviation from potential agreements by both Syria and Iran.

Extinction—nuclear terror, economic collapse and global war—only credible threats solve
Rynhold 11/11/2013 (Jonathan, Senior Research Associate at the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, "The West's Hubris: Is the price of the Iraq War a Nuclear Iran?" besacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/perspectives220.pdf)

Proliferation of nuclear weapons in an already unstable region means the chances of a crisis
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that will be repeated – as and when necessary – until Iran desists.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: trinity rs | Judge: 

1AC treats "war powers" as a legal limit, but legislative or judicial check on militarism will be ineffective without an engaged public

Stone '73 I.F. American investigative journalist and author, New York Review of Books, May 17
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1973/apr/19/can-congress-stop-the-president/?pagination=false  

As the means, the secret commitments, and the occasions for intervention have grown
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very early in the Sixties but swallowed his doubts once combat operations began. 

Resisting executive power through the formal legislative process is a strategy for cooption and endless trivial battles. This trades-off with the radical opposition necessary to stop the system of global ecological destruction

Ford '13 Matt, history teacher "The Left Had No Choice But To Die" 5/31
http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/05/31/the-left-had-no-choice-but-to-die/

Mussolini himself gained his political stripes by roughing up striking workers. Later, a
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but to die. It grew from a world that no longer exists.

The alternative is civil disobedience, which enacts a utopian seizing of collective agency against the logic, which grants executive war powers in the first place—opening space for broader opposition. This is empirically successful.

Vrasti '12 Wanda, Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the Humboldt University in Berlin "This Courage Called Utopia" The Disorder of Things http://thedisorderofthings.com/2012/11/09/this-courage-called-utopia-2/

The concrete utopia enacted in the Occupy camps was, of course, never as
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the present and over who we are today (Haiven 2011:84).

Tournament: ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: trinity rs | Judge: 

Interbranch cooperation now but forcing authorization breaks the bank – Obama barely escaped interbranch confrontation on Libya.

Matthew Waxman 13, Professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. Jan 28, http://www.advancingafreesociety.org/the-briefing/executive-congressional-relations-and-national-security/

With regard to war powers, the administration barely escaped a significant congressional rebuke after
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the intervention.  But Obama might not be so lucky the next time.

Authorization ensures interbranch conflict—guts heg, turns the aff

Lobel 8—Professor of Law @ University of Pittsburgh ~Jules Lobel, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 69, 2008, pg. 391~

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity
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over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409

Impact is a laundry list of existential risks.

Lee H. Hamilton 2, President and director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, A creative tension: the foreign policy roles of the President and Congress, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, pp. 3-7

We face many dangers , however. The diversity of the security and economic threats
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such a foreign policy to advance our interests and values around the globe.

Interbranch fights from authorization requirements also crush our conventional deterrent

Michael A. Newton 12 Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School. Fall. 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 173

US Enemies' Ability to Manipulate American Political Will The corollary to this modern reality,
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asymmetric enemy can in theory erode our political will even before it solidifies.

Conventional deterrence prevents nuclear escalation and deters aggressors

Michael S. Gerson 9, Research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, Parameters

Following the Cold War, conventional deterrence earned an even greater role in US national
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regimes from believing that nuclear possession provides opportunities for conventional aggression and coercion.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: trinity rs | Judge: 

Obama's PC stops Dems from pushing Iran sanctions now – that's prevents war.

Jacob Glass 3/25/14, Truman-Albright Fellow, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-glass/as-iran-nuclear-negotiati_b_5024604.html

Last week Iran and the so-called P5+1 countries — Russia,
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policy dominated by isolation from the West and an aggressive nuclear development program.

Plan destroys Obama

Loomis 7 Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and Department of Government at Georgetown University, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy", March 2, 2007, pg 36-37, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php

Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
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affects the character of U.S. policy, foreign and domestic. 

Nuclear war.

James A. Russell 9, Senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at NPS, Spring, Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East, www.nps.edu/academbvics/sigs/ccc/people/biolinks/.../PP26_Russell_2009.pdf-http://www.nps.edu/academbvics/sigs/ccc/people/biolinks/.../PP26_Russell_2009.pdf

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
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the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: trinity rs | Judge: 

Tea party loss now saves Immigration reform after the primary.

Chris Weigant 2/10/14, Political Writer, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-weigant/the-future-of-immigration_b_4763541.html

The only shred of optimism left to cling to for those who want to see
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over), the chances of anything meaningful passing before 2017 become pretty dismal.

New war powers legislation gives the Tea Party a forum to debate foreign policy.

John Bresnahan 13, Politico, 5/7, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/05/senators-discuss-revising-911-resolution-90989_Page2.html~~23ixzz2gw9F3WIh
And the overall scope of the resolution, which would touch on sensitive constitutional issues
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come out of the calls for a new resolution in the long run.

That consolidates the Tea Party – crushes establishment GOP

Silver, '13 ~Nathaniel Read "Nate" Silver is an American statistician and writer who analyzes in-game baseball activity and elections. He is currently the editor-in-chief of ESPN's FiveThirtyEight blog and a Special Correspondent for ABC News. June 11, 2013, 538 – NYT, Domestic Surveillance Could Create a Divide in the 2016 Primaries, http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/domestic-surveillance-could-create-a-divide-in-the-2016-primaries/?_r=0-http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/domestic-surveillance-could-create-a-divide-in-the-2016-primaries/?_r=0, jj~

A poll released on Monday by the Pew Research Center and The Washington Post found
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Obama will very likely remain quite popular among Democrats three years from now.

Immigration bill key to growth and solves US aging.

Klein 13 Ezra is a columnist for The Washington Post. "To Fix the U.S. Economy, Fix Immigration," 1/29, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-29/to-fix-the-u-s-economy-fix-immigration.html
Washington tends to have a narrow view of what counts as "economic policy."
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influx of foreign-born students is the most obvious solution you'll find.

Economic collapse causes extinction.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
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-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

====US aging leadership through immigration solves global aging====
Haas, '7 (Political Science Professor — Duquesne, International Security, Summer)

The more the United States maintains its enviable demographic position (compared with the other
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the level of global influence and security that the United States enjoys today.

Multiple nuclear wars.

Jackson 26 Howe, 11 (Senior Fellow – CSIS 26 Senior Associate – CSIS, http://csis.org/files/publication/110104_gai_jackson.pdf)

A number of demographic storms are now brewing in different parts of the developing world
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already has nuclear weapons,

Tournament: ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: trinity rs | Judge:
The Executive Branch should issue an Executive order that the President cannot use credibility as a justification for introducing United States Armed Forces. 

Self-restraint solves—signals credibility and curbs abuses of power

Posner and Vermeule 2007 (Eric and Adrian, Professor of Law and the University of Chicago, and Professor of Law at Harvard, University of Chicago Law Review, "The Credible Executive", Lexis)

We suggest that the executive's credibility problem can be solved by second-order mechanisms
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ones, it does not matter whether the constraint is formal or informal.

Tournament: ndt | Round: 4 | Opponent: trinity rs | Judge: 

Cred Advantage

Multilat fails - no mechanism for action

Richard N. Haass 7/24/13, President of the Council on Foreign Relations, previously served as Director of Policy Planning for the US State Department, Project Syndicate, July 24, 2013, "What International Community?", http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-broken-tools-of-global-cooperation-by-richard-n—haass

NEW YORK – Whenever something bad happens – Iran moving closer to acquiring nuclear weapons
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is more hope than reality, multilateralism will have to become more varied.

Conditions on UN dues by Congress will thrash multilateral cooperation now.

Patrick, 9/21/11 (Senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/obamas-big-task-save-troubled-us-un-relations/245426/)
Meanwhile, the president is fighting another fire at home: congressional critics who are
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.S. behavior and un-fund U.S. priorities.

Korean war is inevitable, but better now than later – solves future escalation and Asian economic collapse

Suri 4/12/13 (Jeremi, Professor of History and Public Affairs – University of Texas, "Bomb North Korea, Before It's Too Late", New York Times, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/13/opinion/bomb-north-korea-before-its-too-late.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/13/opinion/bomb-north-korea-before-its-too-late.html)
Earlier this week, North Korea closed the Kaesong Industrial Complex, the only facility where citizens from North and South Korea work together. And now the North is openly threatening (and visibly preparing) to fire a mobile-launcher-based Musudan missile with a range that could reach many of the places Mr. Kim has menaced in his public statements. American intelligence agencies believe that North Korea is working to prepare even longer-range delivery systems to carry the nuclear warheads already in its arsenal.¶ The Korean crisis has now become a strategic threat to America's core national interests. The best option is to destroy the North Korean missile on the ground before it is launched. The United States should use a precise airstrike to render the missile and its mobile launcher inoperable.¶ President Obama should state clearly and forthrightly that this is an act of self-defense in response to explicit threats from North Korea and clear evidence of a prepared weapon. He should give the leaders of South Korea, Japan, China and Taiwan advance notice before acting. And he should explain that this is a limited defensive strike on a military target — an operation that poses no threat to civilians — and that America does not intend to bring about regime change. The purpose is to neutralize a clear and present danger. That is all.¶ If North Korea is left to continue its threatening behavior, it will jeopardize the fragile economies of the region and it will encourage South Korea and Japan to develop their own nuclear weapons — a policy already advocated by hawks in both countries. Most of all, North Korean threats will encourage isolated states across the world to follow suit. The Iranians are certainly watching. If North Korea can use its small nuclear arsenal to blackmail the region with impunity, why shouldn't the mullahs in Tehran try to do the same?¶ The United States and its allies in East Asia have a legitimate right to self-defense and they have a deep interest in deterring future threats on this scale.¶ Thanks to precise satellite reconnaissance, striking the North Korean missile on the ground would be much easier than after it was launched. Since the United States cannot possibly know the missile's trajectory before a launch, and Mr. Kim has said he is targeting America and its allies, we have reason to believe that civilians face serious danger.¶ Since a missile on the ground is an obvious and largely undefended target, we can be reasonably sure that a strike would destroy it and preserve regional stability and the safety of our allies. An American pre-emptive strike would also re-establish necessary red lines for North Korea and other countries in similar circumstances.¶ As President Xi Jinping of China stated earlier this month, "No one should be allowed to throw a region and even the whole world into chaos for selfish gains." By eliminating the most recent North Korean missile threat, the United States will reduce the threat posed by the North's arsenal. The United States would also reassure everyone in the region, and those watching from other parts of the world, that although it is not seeking regime change, America and its allies will not be blackmailed by threatened missile launches.¶ The North Korean government would certainly view the American strike as a provocation, but it is unlikely that Mr. Kim would retaliate by attacking South Korea, as many fear. First, the Chinese government would do everything it could to prevent such a reaction. Even if they oppose an American strike, China's leaders understand that a full-scale war would be far worse. Second, Mr. Kim would see in the American strike a renewed commitment to the defense of South Korea. Any attack on Seoul would be an act of suicide for him, and he knows that.¶ A war on the Korean Peninsula is unlikely after an American strike, but it is not inconceivable. The North Koreans might continue to escalate, and Mr. Kim might feel obligated to start a war to save face. Under these unfortunate circumstances, the United States and its allies would still be better off fighting a war with North Korea today, when the conflict could still be confined largely to the Korean Peninsula. As North Korea's actions over the last two months have shown, Mr. Kim's government is willing to escalate its threats much more rapidly than his father's regime did. An unending crisis would merely postpone war to a later date, when the damage caused by North Korea would be even greater.¶ China's role in a potential war on the Korean Peninsula is hard to predict. Beijing will continue to worry about the United States extending its influence up to the Chinese border. If armed hostilities erupt, President Obama should be prepared for direct and close consultations with Chinese leaders to negotiate a postwar settlement, in a larger multinational framework, that respects Beijing's legitimate security interests in North Korea. The United States has no interest in occupying North Korea. The Chinese are unlikely to pursue an occupation of their own.¶ Destroying the North Korean missile before it is launched is the best of bad options on the Korean Peninsula. A prolonged crisis would undermine regional security and global efforts to stop nuclear proliferation. And a future war would be much worse. The most prudent move is to eliminate the most imminent military threat in self-defense, establish clear and reasonable limits on future belligerence, and maintain allied unity for stability — not forced regime change — in the region. This is the kind of pre-emptive action that would save lives and maybe even preserve the uneasy peace on the Korean Peninsula.

Asian economic decline causes extinction
Auslin 9 – resident scholar at AEI (Michael "Averting Disaster", The Daily Standard, 2/6, http://www.aei.org/article/100044
As they deal with a collapsing world economy, policymakers in Washington and around the
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same types of miscalculation and greed that have destroyed international systems in the past

no escalation
Cox and Murray 13 – Professor of Political Science at the School of Advanced Military Studies, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; Professor of political science at University of Alberta, Ph.D (Dan G. and Robert W., Crazy, Irrational, or Under Pressure? Why War with North Korea is Unlikely, e-international relations, 4-21-2013, http://www.e-ir.info/2013/04/21/crazy-irrational-or-under-pressure-why-war-with-north-korea-is-unlikely/)
There is little doubt that when discussing the ongoing tension on the Korean Peninsula,
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launch ultimately failed after a short flight, it was justifiably provocative nonetheless.

Obama doctrine solves.

Aziz 13 (Omer, graduate student at Cambridge University, is a researcher at the Center for International and Defense Policy at Queen's University, "The Obama Doctrine's Second Term," Project Syndicate, 2-5, http://www.project-syndicate.org/blog/the-obama-doctrine-s-second-term—by-omer-aziz-http://www.project-syndicate.org/blog/the-obama-doctrine-s-second-term~-~-by-omer-aziz)

The Obama Doctrine's first term has been a remarkable success. After the 243
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is the final nail in the coffin of the neoconservatives' failed imperial policies. 

Aff's not sufficient – whole rez key.

Glen Greenwald 12, 1/25, http://www.salon.com/2012/06/25/collapsing_u_s_credibility/

Two Op-Eds in The New York Times this morning both warn of the
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concern by the extent to which they work against their own government's conduct.

Signaling doesn't happen – cred theory wrong.

Zenko '13 ~Micah, Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, "The Signal and the Noise," Foreign Policy, 2-2-13, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/20/the_signal_and_the_noise, accessed 6-12-13, mss~

Later, Gen. Austin observed of cutting forces from the Middle East: "
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pronouncements seriously, and instead assume they are made to appease domestic audiences.

Solvency

Aff will be circumvented – multiple scenarios

A. Self-defense.

Sitkowski 6 (Andrzej, Independent Researcher and Consultant – United Nations, UN Peacekeeping: Myth and Reality, p. 14)

Non-use of force except in self-defense is the sole principle directly
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between the defensive and offensive use of force is blurred at the outset.

B. AUMF.

Steven Groves 13, Heritage Foundation, April, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad

Congressional Authorization. As an initial matter, it should be noted that U.
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does not somehow extinguish the right of the United States to defend itself.

C. UAV's and cyber ops.

Chen 12 ~Julia L., JD Candidate Boston College Law, "NOTE: RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE: ACCOMMODATING THE EVOLUTION OF WAR" Boston College Law Review, 53 B.C. L. Rev 1767, Nexis~

Harold Koh, a legal advisor to the U.S. Department of State
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Resolution should be amended to provide a legislative check to this power. n272

Obama would fight the plan.

Dickinson 11—Professor of political science @ Middlebury College. ~Dr. Matthew Dickinson (Expert on presidential powers with a PhD from Harvard), "Will You End Up in Guantanamo Bay Prison?," Presidential Power, December 3, 2011 pg. http://sites.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2011/12/03/will-you-end-up-in-guantanamo-bay/

Despite the overwhelming Senate support for passage (the bill passed 93-7 and
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and hope that partisan loyalties kick in to prevent a rare veto override.
The debate over the authorization bill is another reminder of a point that you have
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the current authorization language remains unchanged, Obama will stick to his guns.

Err neg – best studies conclude Congress fails.

Douglas Kriner 2010, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 6-8

The role that Congress plays in deciding whether a war is continued or concluded is
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response. Certainly, more empirical analysis is needed to answer this question.

This is offense – causes interbranch conflicts that kill war-fighting and heg.

Lobel 8—Professor of Law @ University of Pittsburgh ~Jules Lobel, "Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War," Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 69, 2008, pg. 391~

The critical difficulty with a contextual approach is its inherent ambiguity and lack of clarity
AND
over the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution. Pg. 407-409

Russia Advantage

Signals are irrelevant – capability outweighs credibility

Chapman, 13 – columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune (Steve, 9/5. "War in Syria: The Endless Quest for Credibility," http://reason.com/archives/2013/09/05/war-in-syria-the-endless-quest-for-credi-http://reason.com/archives/2013/09/05/war-in-syria-the-endless-quest-for-credi)

The United States boasts the most powerful military on Earth. We have 1.
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dangerous. But there are graveyards full of people who made that bet.

No Russia war

Weitz 11 - senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor(Richard, 9/27/2011, "Global Insights: Putin not a Game-Changer for U.S.-Russia Ties," http://www.scribd.com/doc/66579517/Global-Insights-Putin-not-a-Game-Changer-for-U-S-Russia-Ties)
Fifth, there will inevitably be areas of conflict between Russia and the United States
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of social communication, that will constrain whoever is in charge of Russia.

we are gonna do nothing and it solves.

Joshua Rovner 3/6/14, John Goodwin Tower Distinguished Chair in International Politics and National Security at Southern Methodist University. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/putins-crimea-blunder-10006?page=2

What does all this mean for U.S. strategy? First, the
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would threaten progress on these issues, while creating new and needless risks.

US would win the war—has nuclear weapons dominance and first strike
Artyukov and Trukhachev, 06 ~Oleg and Vadim—Centre for Research on Globalization"  http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va26aid=2154-http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va26aid=2154~~
For the first time in the last 50 years the USA-http://english.pravda.ru/filing/USA/ is on the verge
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potential of Russia and China with a single strike," says the article.

Russia is rapidly modernizing their military capacity—this makes a future war unwinnable
McDermott, 09 ~Roger—Radio Free Europe, "Russia's Armed Forces Undergoing 'Unparalleled' Transformation",  http://www.rferl.org/content/Russias_Armed_Forces_Undergoing_Fundamental_Transformation/1798944.html-http://www.rferl.org/content/Russias_Armed_Forces_Undergoing_Fundamental_Transformation/1798944.html~~
In the aftermath of the Russia-Georgia war of August 2008, Russia's political
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sudden, decisive intervention, with minimal damage to the country's international credibility.