Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Adventurism Advantage

Contention One – Adventurism

Lack of accountability and oversight on drones sets the precedent for unchecked adventurism

Peter W. Singer 12, Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institution and author of and#34;Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century.and#34; http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/opinion/sunday/do-drones-undermine-democracy.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

IN democracies like ours, there have always been deep bonds between the public and
AND
. In a democracy, it is an issue for all of us.

Only accountability prevents future intervention and escalation

Judah A. Druck 12, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, CORNELL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

The Introduction of Technology-Driven Warfare and Shifting Wartime Doctrines The recent actions in
AND
sort of harm fails to and#34;rally the troopsand#34; for public attentiveness.

Conflict escalation is the most likely scenario for war

Bosco, ’6 (Senior Editor — Foreign Policy, LA Times, 7-23)

The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the
AND
-long Cold War, what has the world learned about managing conflict? 

Goes nuclear

Gholz, Press, 26 Sapolsky ’97 (PhD candidates – Dept. Poli. Sci. @ MIT, Prof. Public Policy and Organization @ MIT, International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4)

The larger long-term cost of selective engagement is the risk of involvement in
AND
, but not nearly as costly as the solution that selective engagers propose.

This and#34;preventative warand#34; doctrine is turned into an international norm by our drone policy

Fisk and Ramos 13. (Kerstin, PhD, in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University and an MA in Political Science from Miami University AND Jennifer M., PhD in Political Science from UC Davis. and#34;Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm.and#34; International Studies Perspectives. 04/15/13. Wiley.)

Norms and Their Importance Since the end of the Cold War, scholars have devoted
AND
preventive war?and#34; 14 We address these questions in the sections that follow.

Modeled preemption causes multiple nuclear wars.

Ivan Eland 2, director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa459.pdf

That approach is consistent with the strategy of empire. But supporting preventative or preemptive
AND
unintended consequence of interventionism, in other words, could be more interventionism  

Indo-Pak war causes global cooling and extinction

Robock and Xia 13. (Alan, PhD from MIT in Meteorology and Professor of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University AND Lili, Research Assistant. and#34;Impacts of Nuclear War in South Asia on rice production in Mainland China.and#34; Climate Change Vol 116, January. Springer.)

Although the global nuclear arsenal has fallen by more than a factor of three since
AND
nuclear war could significantly influence agricultural productivity in regions far from the conflict.

Terrorism Advantage

Contention Two – Al Qaeda

We are losing the war on terror – Al Qaeda renaissance threatens homeland attacks

Con Coughlin 8/4/13, Expert on international terrorism and the Middle East, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/10222159/This-war-isnt-over-yet.html

For an organisation that is said to be in terminal decline, al-Qaeda
AND
have rather more to worry about than the security of their diplomatic missions.

Expansion of drone strikes undermines engagement with Muslim populations.

George Friedman 13 is the Chairman of Stratfor http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/hellfire-morality-and-strategy

There are two points I have been driving toward. The first is that the
AND
to geographical limitlessness. That is their charm; that is their danger.

That engagement solves best

Melissa Jane Kronfeld 12 Ph.D. Candidate Global Affairs Rutgers University Division of Global Affairs. http://www.firstamendmentstudies.org/wp/pdf/1st_pl_kronfeld.pdf

The U.S. must also focus on, and encourage the use of
AND
defeated many great enemies throughout its history – terrorism will be no different.

Specially, Yemen strikes are driving AQAP recruitment.

Spencer Ackerman 8/12/13, National security editor for Guardian,  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/yemen-drone-strikes-us-policy

If the barrage of US drone strikes over the last week weakened al-Qaida’s
AND
is doing in Yemen – those are things the US wants to avoid.and#34;

Aff slows those strikes

Judson Berger 8/12/13, FoxNews, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/08/12/yemen-drone-strikes-could-revive-war-powers-battle-between-administration/

The escalation of drone strikes in Yemen, presumably in response to the ongoing Al
AND
about Vietnam. They weren’t thinking about drones or cyber,and#34; Koh said.   

Reducing drones improves civil society—key to economic development and stopping AQAP

Allyson L. Mitchell 12, School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution (S-CAR), George Mason University, http://www.beyondintractability.org/reflection/mitchell-neighbor

The assassination of Anwar al-Awlaki is just one example of a great number
AND
people is perhaps the answer to kicking the terrorists out of the neighborhood.

An AQAP strike would cause extinction.

Alexander ’10 (Yonah, Director of the International Center for Terrorism Studies at the Potomac Institute for Policy Sciences, and#34;Maghreb 26 Sahel Terrorism: Addressing the Rising Threat from al-Qaeda 26 other Terrorists in North 26 West/Central Africa,and#34; January, http://www.potomacinstitute.org/attachments/524_Maghreb20Terrorism20report.pdf)

Current and future perpetrators include the following: and#34;freelanceand#34; and sub-state
AND
groups to the degree in which they could forever alter our planet’s existence.

Reducing drone strikes key to Yemeni stability.

Greenfield et al 2013 (March 26, Danya Greenfield , Deputy Director, Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council Ambassador, Barbara Bodine , Former US Ambassador to Yemen, Daniel Brumberg, Professor, Georgetown University, Robert D. Burrowes , Adjunct Professor , Emeritus , University of Washington, Sheila Carapico , Professor, University of Richmond, Juan Cole, Professor, University of Michigan, Isobel Coleman , Senior Fellow, The Council on Foreign Relations, Megan Corrado, Legal Counsel and Director of Yemen program , Public International Law 26 Policy Group, Stephen Day , Professor, Stetson University Charles Dunne , Director of Middle East and North Africa Programs, Freedom House Joshua Foust , National Security Columnist, PBS Need to Know, Stephen Grand , Nonresident Fellow , The Brookings Institution Steven Heydemann , Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University, James Hooper , Managing Director, Public International Law 26 Policy Group Michael Hudson , Director, Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore Brian Katulis , Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress, Stephen McInerney , Executive Director, Project on Middle East Democracy, David Kramer , President, Freedom House Peter Mandaville, Professor, George Mason University Ambassador, Richard W. Murphy, Former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of State Emile Nakhleh, Professor, University of New Mexico Shuja Nawaz , Director of South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council Stacey Philbrick Yadav, Professor, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Sarah Phillips , Senior Lecturer, the University of Sydney Charles Schmitz , Professor, Towson University Jillian Schwedler , Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts Daniel Serwer , Professor, Johns Hopkins University Anne - Marie Slaughter , Former Director of Policy Planning, Department of State Christopher Swift , Professor, Georgetown University Ambassador Edward Walker , Former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs , Department of State Wayne White, Former Deputy Director, Office of Analysis for the Near East and South Asia, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, and#34;Yemen Policy Initiativeand#34;, Coordinated by the Hairi Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council and the Project on Middle East Democracy, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/YPI-Letter-March-2013.pdf) 

The United States is right to invest in enhancing the capacity and operational effectiveness of
AND
. We lend our names in our personal, not institutional, capacity.

Impact is terror, Iran-Israel war, and Iran-Saudi war.

Berger et al 2012 (May, Lars Berger, Lecturer in politics and contemporary history of the middle east at the university of salford/Manchester, Maurice Doring, MA in political science, international law and philosophy from the University of Bonn, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, research fellow at Geothe University, Ahmed Salf, Exeutive Director of the Sheba Center for Strategic Studies, Ahmed Al-Wahishi, Executive Secretary of the Yemeni International Affairs Center, and#34;Yemen and the Middle East Conference The Challenge of Failing States and Transnational Terrorismand#34;, http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)

While in a geographical and political sense Yemen is far from being a central actor
AND
which the region’s state actors might contemplate as part of the envisioned MEC.

Iran-Israel war causes WWIII.

Reuveny ’10 (Rafael, PhD, Professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, and#34;Unilateral Strike on Iran could trigger world Depression,and#34; op-ed distributed through McClatchy Newspaper Co, http://www.indiana.edu/~~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
U.S. forces on nuclear alert, replaying Nixon’s nightmarish scenario.

Iran-Saudi war goes nuclear.

Jain, visiting fellow at The Washington Institute, 11 ~Ash, served as a member of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff from 2004 to 2010, Nuclear Weapons and Iran’s Global Ambitions, Washington Institute, Policy Focus 114, August, 2011, ~

As it looks for plausibly deniable ways to intimidate and subvert Gulf monarchies, an
AND
point—though this could be complicated in the face of a nuclear Iran

Prolif Advantage

Contention Three – Drone Prolif

Drone prolif escalates and destroys deterrence without strong norms—multiple scenarios for conflict

Michael J. Boyle 13, Assistant Professor, Political Science – La Salle, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29

An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
the coercive instruments of power and against those who dare to challenge them.

These go nuclear

Jürgen Altmann 10, Researcher and lecturer at the University of Dortmund, is one of the founding members of the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, http://www.irf.ac.at/index.php?option=com_content26task=view26id=31426Itemid=1

Where do you see the main challenges for the international community regarding the use of
AND
A human decision in each single weapon use should be the minimum requirement.

Perceived US accountability sets a model for checks and balances

Peter J Fusco 12, McGill University, http://archive.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/America~’s_Drone_Strikes_Setting_Dangerous_Precedent_

The Obama administration is setting a very dangerous global precedence for sending drones over borders
AND
whole idea of taking costly measures to avoid war and protect international diplomacy.

Now’s key—window is closing for model of established norms on drones

Kristin Roberts 13, News Editor – National Journal, March 22, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321

and#34;The history of technology development like this is, you never maintain your lead
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Specifically, American drone precedent is used by China to militarize the Senkaku Islands

Bodeen 13, Christopher, Huffington Post, and#34;China’s Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdriveand#34;, 5/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html**

Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
AND
surveillance over the islands, called Diaoyu by China and Senkaku by Japan.

Drones uniquely escalate it – high risk of accidental war.

Kaiman and McCurry 13, Jonathan and Justin, and#34;Japan and China step up drone race as tension builds over disputed islandsand#34;, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/china-japan-drone-race**

Drones have taken centre stage in an escalating arms race between China and Japan as
AND
of the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami on Japan’s north-east coast.

US would be drawn in – causes global nuclear war.

Eland 7/29/13, Ivan, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace 26 Liberty, The Independent Institute, and#34;Why U.S. Policy in East Asia is Dangerousand#34;, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ivan-eland/why-us-policy-in-east-asi_b_3671931.html

Even in the more advanced regions during the Cold War, was it rational for
AND
alliances could do the same to the United States now in East Asia.

Plan

Text: The United States federal government should determine that the offensive use of uninhabited aerial vehicles constitutes an introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities.

Solvency

Contention Four – Solvency

WPR oversight solves and ensures flexibility

Brock Laney 13 Graduates with a BA in International Relations in April 2013 and will begin law school in fall 2013 BYU Prelaw review, vol. 27, 2013

Observed individually, single drone strikes might more closely resemble assassinations than warfare. A
AND
address the lack of institutional oversight for drone warfare through modifying the WPR.

Plan is the only mechanism that causes judicial enforcement and deters covert projects.

Benjamin R. Farley 12, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007. Winter. 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385

Effective accountability mechanisms constrain policymakers’ freedom to choose to use force by increasing the costs
AND
enhance accountability for policymakers charged with deciding when and how force is used.

This restriction on authority improves transparency—accounts for public opinion on drones

John Patera 12 J.D., May 2012, Hamline University School of Law. Spring. 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. 26 Pol’y 387

To focus on the Resolution’s shortcomings, however, is to only tell part of
AND
include the offensive use of armed drones within the definition of and#34;hostilities.and#34;

That public scrutiny key – can’t solve without it.

Judah A. Druck 12, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, CORNELL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

B. Why Existing Theories of Presidential Constraint Are No Longer Sufficient Naturally, some
AND
into potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives to enforce the WPR.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chicago BP | Judge: Eric Robinson

Adventurism Advantage

Contention One – Adventurism

Lack of accountability and oversight on drones sets the precedent for unchecked adventurism

Peter W. Singer 12, Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at the Brookings Institution and author of "Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century." http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/opinion/sunday/do-drones-undermine-democracy.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0

IN democracies like ours, there have always been deep bonds between the public and
AND
. In a democracy, it is an issue for all of us.
?

Only accountability prevents future intervention and escalation

Judah A. Druck 12, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, CORNELL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

The Introduction of Technology-Driven Warfare and Shifting Wartime Doctrines The recent actions in
AND
sort of harm fails to "rally the troops" for public attentiveness.
?

Executive war power structurally ensures groupthink and escalatory interventions

Fleischman 10 – Matthew Fleischman, J.D. Candidate at New York University School of Law, "A Functional Distribution of War Powers", New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, 13 N.Y.U. J. Legis. 26 Pub. Pol’y 137, Lexis

While Nzelibe and Yoo’s model is clearly plausible, it misses certain critical institutional constructs
AND
it is the institutional design that would better accommodate functionalists’ concerns and desires.
?

Conflict escalation is the most likely scenario for war

Bosco, ’6 (Senior Editor — Foreign Policy, LA Times, 7-23)

The understanding that small but violent acts can spark global conflagration is etched into the
AND
-long Cold War, what has the world learned about managing conflict? 

Interventions goes nuclear

Gholz, Press, 26 Sapolsky ’97 (PhD candidates – Dept. Poli. Sci. @ MIT, Prof. Public Policy and Organization @ MIT, International Security, Vol. 21, No. 4)

The larger long-term cost of selective engagement is the risk of involvement in
AND
, but not nearly as costly as the solution that selective engagers propose.

This "preventative war" doctrine is turned into an international norm by our drone policy

Fisk and Ramos 13. (Kerstin, PhD, in Political Science from Claremont Graduate University and an MA in Political Science from Miami University AND Jennifer M., PhD in Political Science from UC Davis. "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Preventive Self-Defense as a Cascading Norm." International Studies Perspectives. 04/15/13. Wiley.)

Norms and Their Importance Since the end of the Cold War, scholars have devoted
AND
preventive war?" 14 We address these questions in the sections that follow.

Modeled preemption causes multiple nuclear wars.

Ivan Eland 2, director of defense policy studies at the Cato Institute, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa459.pdf

That approach is consistent with the strategy of empire. But supporting preventative or preemptive
AND
unintended consequence of interventionism, in other words, could be more interventionism  

Indo-Pak war causes global cooling and extinction

Robock and Xia 13. (Alan, PhD from MIT in Meteorology and Professor of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University AND Lili, Research Assistant. "Impacts of Nuclear War in South Asia on rice production in Mainland China." Climate Change Vol 116, January. Springer.)

Although the global nuclear arsenal has fallen by more than a factor of three since
AND
nuclear war could significantly influence agricultural productivity in regions far from the conflict.

Terrorism Advantage

Contention Two – Al Qaeda

We are losing the war on terror – Al Qaeda renaissance threatens homeland attacks

Con Coughlin 8/4/13, Expert on international terrorism and the Middle East, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/10222159/This-war-isnt-over-yet.html

For an organisation that is said to be in terminal decline, al-Qaeda
AND
have rather more to worry about than the security of their diplomatic missions.

Expansion of drone strikes undermines engagement with Muslim populations.

George Friedman 13 is the Chairman of Stratfor http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/hellfire-morality-and-strategy

There are two points I have been driving toward. The first is that the
AND
to geographical limitlessness. That is their charm; that is their danger.
?

That engagement solves best

Melissa Jane Kronfeld 12 Ph.D. Candidate Global Affairs Rutgers University Division of Global Affairs. http://www.firstamendmentstudies.org/wp/pdf/1st_pl_kronfeld.pdf

The U.S. must also focus on, and encourage the use of
AND
defeated many great enemies throughout its history – terrorism will be no different.
?

Specially, Yemen strikes are driving AQAP recruitment.

Spencer Ackerman 8/12/13, National security editor for Guardian,  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/yemen-drone-strikes-us-policy

If the barrage of US drone strikes over the last week weakened al-Qaida’s
AND
is doing in Yemen – those are things the US wants to avoid."

Aff slows those strikes

Judson Berger 8/12/13, FoxNews, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/08/12/yemen-drone-strikes-could-revive-war-powers-battle-between-administration/

The escalation of drone strikes in Yemen, presumably in response to the ongoing Al
AND
about Vietnam. They weren’t thinking about drones or cyber," Koh said.   

Reducing drones improves civil society—key to economic development and stopping AQAP

Allyson L. Mitchell 12, School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution (S-CAR), George Mason University, http://www.beyondintractability.org/reflection/mitchell-neighbor

The assassination of Anwar al-Awlaki is just one example of a great number
AND
people is perhaps the answer to kicking the terrorists out of the neighborhood.
?

An AQAP strike would cause extinction.

Alexander ’10 (Yonah, Director of the International Center for Terrorism Studies at the Potomac Institute for Policy Sciences, "Maghreb 26 Sahel Terrorism: Addressing the Rising Threat from al-Qaeda 26 other Terrorists in North 26 West/Central Africa," January, http://www.potomacinstitute.org/attachments/524_Maghreb20Terrorism20report.pdf)

Current and future perpetrators include the following: "freelance" and sub-state
AND
groups to the degree in which they could forever alter our planet’s existence.

Reducing drone strikes key to Yemeni stability.

Greenfield et al 2013 (March 26, Danya Greenfield , Deputy Director, Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council Ambassador, Barbara Bodine , Former US Ambassador to Yemen, Daniel Brumberg, Professor, Georgetown University, Robert D. Burrowes , Adjunct Professor , Emeritus , University of Washington, Sheila Carapico , Professor, University of Richmond, Juan Cole, Professor, University of Michigan, Isobel Coleman , Senior Fellow, The Council on Foreign Relations, Megan Corrado, Legal Counsel and Director of Yemen program , Public International Law 26 Policy Group, Stephen Day , Professor, Stetson University Charles Dunne , Director of Middle East and North Africa Programs, Freedom House Joshua Foust , National Security Columnist, PBS Need to Know, Stephen Grand , Nonresident Fellow , The Brookings Institution Steven Heydemann , Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University, James Hooper , Managing Director, Public International Law 26 Policy Group Michael Hudson , Director, Middle East Institute, National University of Singapore Brian Katulis , Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress, Stephen McInerney , Executive Director, Project on Middle East Democracy, David Kramer , President, Freedom House Peter Mandaville, Professor, George Mason University Ambassador, Richard W. Murphy, Former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of State Emile Nakhleh, Professor, University of New Mexico Shuja Nawaz , Director of South Asia Center at the Atlantic Council Stacey Philbrick Yadav, Professor, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Sarah Phillips , Senior Lecturer, the University of Sydney Charles Schmitz , Professor, Towson University Jillian Schwedler , Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts Daniel Serwer , Professor, Johns Hopkins University Anne - Marie Slaughter , Former Director of Policy Planning, Department of State Christopher Swift , Professor, Georgetown University Ambassador Edward Walker , Former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs , Department of State Wayne White, Former Deputy Director, Office of Analysis for the Near East and South Asia, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, "Yemen Policy Initiative", Coordinated by the Hairi Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council and the Project on Middle East Democracy, http://pomed.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/YPI-Letter-March-2013.pdf) 

The United States is right to invest in enhancing the capacity and operational effectiveness of
AND
. We lend our names in our personal, not institutional, capacity.
?

Impact is terror, Iran-Israel war, and Iran-Saudi war.

Berger et al 2012 (May, Lars Berger, Lecturer in politics and contemporary history of the middle east at the university of salford/Manchester, Maurice Doring, MA in political science, international law and philosophy from the University of Bonn, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, research fellow at Geothe University, Ahmed Salf, Exeutive Director of the Sheba Center for Strategic Studies, Ahmed Al-Wahishi, Executive Secretary of the Yemeni International Affairs Center, "Yemen and the Middle East Conference The Challenge of Failing States and Transnational Terrorism", http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)

While in a geographical and political sense Yemen is far from being a central actor
AND
which the region’s state actors might contemplate as part of the envisioned MEC.
?

Iran-Israel war causes WWIII.

Reuveny ’10 (Rafael, PhD, Professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, "Unilateral Strike on Iran could trigger world Depression," op-ed distributed through McClatchy Newspaper Co, http://www.indiana.edu/~~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
U.S. forces on nuclear alert, replaying Nixon’s nightmarish scenario.

Iran-Saudi war goes nuclear.

Jain, visiting fellow at The Washington Institute, 11 ~Ash, served as a member of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff from 2004 to 2010, Nuclear Weapons and Iran’s Global Ambitions, Washington Institute, Policy Focus 114, August, 2011, ~

As it looks for plausibly deniable ways to intimidate and subvert Gulf monarchies, an
AND
point—though this could be complicated in the face of a nuclear Iran

Prolif Advantage

Contention Three – Drone Prolif

Drone prolif escalates and destroys deterrence without strong norms—multiple scenarios for conflict

Michael J. Boyle 13, Assistant Professor, Political Science – La Salle, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29

An important, but overlooked, strategic consequence of the Obama administration’s embrace of drones
AND
the coercive instruments of power and against those who dare to challenge them.
?

These go nuclear

Jürgen Altmann 10, Researcher and lecturer at the University of Dortmund, is one of the founding members of the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, http://www.irf.ac.at/index.php?option=com_content26task=view26id=31426Itemid=1

Where do you see the main challenges for the international community regarding the use of
AND
A human decision in each single weapon use should be the minimum requirement.

?

Perceived US accountability sets a model for checks and balances

Peter J Fusco 12, McGill University, http://archive.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/America~’s_Drone_Strikes_Setting_Dangerous_Precedent_

The Obama administration is setting a very dangerous global precedence for sending drones over borders
AND
whole idea of taking costly measures to avoid war and protect international diplomacy.
?

Now’s key—window is closing for model of established norms on drones

Kristin Roberts 13, News Editor – National Journal, March 22, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321

"The history of technology development like this is, you never maintain your lead
AND
operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.
?

The best academic studies validate the effective of norms – declaration of war key

Whibley 13 (James Whibley received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand in 2012. His research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security., 2/6/2013, "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent", journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/)

In a recent article, David Wood expresses concern over the start of a drone
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Specifically, American drone precedent is used by China to militarize the Senkaku Islands

Bodeen 13, Christopher, Huffington Post, "China’s Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive", 5/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html**

Chinese aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones, known also as unmanned aerial vehicles
AND
surveillance over the islands, called Diaoyu by China and Senkaku by Japan.
?

Drones uniquely escalate it – high risk of accidental war.

Kaiman and McCurry 13, Jonathan and Justin, "Japan and China step up drone race as tension builds over disputed islands", http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/china-japan-drone-race**

Drones have taken centre stage in an escalating arms race between China and Japan as
AND
of the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami on Japan’s north-east coast.
?

US would be drawn in – causes global nuclear war.

Eland 7/29/13, Ivan, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center on Peace 26 Liberty, The Independent Institute, "Why U.S. Policy in East Asia is Dangerous", http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ivan-eland/why-us-policy-in-east-asi_b_3671931.html

Even in the more advanced regions during the Cold War, was it rational for
AND
alliances could do the same to the United States now in East Asia.

Plan

Text: The United States federal government should determine that the offensive use of uninhabited aerial vehicles constitutes an introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities.

Solvency

Contention Four – Solvency

WPR oversight solves and ensures flexibility

Brock Laney 13 Graduates with a BA in International Relations in April 2013 and will begin law school in fall 2013 BYU Prelaw review, vol. 27, 2013

Observed individually, single drone strikes might more closely resemble assassinations than warfare. A
AND
address the lack of institutional oversight for drone warfare through modifying the WPR.

Plan is the only mechanism that causes judicial enforcement and deters covert projects.

Benjamin R. Farley 12, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011. Editor-in-Chief, Emory International Law Review, 2010-2011. M.A., The George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs, 2007. Winter. 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385

Effective accountability mechanisms constrain policymakers’ freedom to choose to use force by increasing the costs
AND
enhance accountability for policymakers charged with deciding when and how force is used.

This restriction on authority improves transparency—accounts for public opinion on drones

John Patera 12 J.D., May 2012, Hamline University School of Law. Spring. 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. 26 Pol’y 387

To focus on the Resolution’s shortcomings, however, is to only tell part of
AND
include the offensive use of armed drones within the definition of "hostilities."
?

That public scrutiny key – can’t solve without it.

Judah A. Druck 12, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, CORNELL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

B. Why Existing Theories of Presidential Constraint Are No Longer Sufficient Naturally, some
AND
into potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives to enforce the WPR.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fullerton | Judge: Jim Schultz

Self-interest and normative pressure

Pildes 12 – Richard H. Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law at the NYU School of Law and Co-Director of the NYU Center on Law and Security, "Book Review: Law and the President", Harvard Law Review, April, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 1381, Lexis 

III. The Incomplete Consequentialist Theory for the Role of Law
For these reasons, I want to move beyond empirical issues and engage Posner and
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distinction that seems of limited pragmatic significance, as the next Part shows.

Effectiveness aside, the President perceives constraints

Saikrishna Prakash 12, professor of law at the University of Virginia and Michael Ramsey, professor of law at San Diego, "The Goldilocks Executive" Feb, SSRN
We accept that the President’s lawyers search for legal arguments to justify presidential action,
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of law would trigger censure from Congress, courts, and the public.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Russia models too—causes Chechnya War

Business Week 2 (Bruce Nussbaum, "Bush is Half Right on Foreign Policy. 2002 9—27 http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2002-09-26/bush-is-half-right-on-foreign-policy)

Nations are already rushing to create their own. Russia is reformulating its war rationale against Chechnya in terms of preempting terrorists. China is adopting the language of preemption in battling Muslim separatists. Will India follow in Kashmir or against Pakistan? And what of Israel? An American strategic policy of preemption without internationally agreed-upon rules could increase global violence and instability.

Nuclear War

Simes 94, CEIP Senior Associate, Jan 94 Foreign Affairs

For the United States, neither Yeltsin’s political future nor even the future of Russian
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line and to prevent centrifugal, separatist trends from going out of control.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Plan key to solve EU relations

Anthony Dworkin 13, Senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/17/actually-drones-worry-europe-more-than-spying/

Relations between the United States and Europe hit a low point following revelations that Washington was spying on European Union buildings and harvesting foreign email messages.
Behind the scenes, though, it is not data protection and surveillance that produces
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of weapon, before the regular use of drones spreads across the globe.

Multiple scenarios for extinction.

-Environment -Overpop -Terror  -Economy
Ramet 2 (Poli Sci Prof – Norwegian University of Science 26 Technology, Coming in from the Cold War, ed. Ramet 26 Ingebritsen, pp. 11-2)
Thus, while I recognize that there will always be differences in perspective, interest
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and Europe find ways to deepen their cooperative ties and meet those challenges.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia | Judge: Scott Harris

Drone strikes eviscerate basic norms in the Laws of Armed Conflict – requiring a declaration of war key.

Milena Sterio 12, Associate Professor of Law, Cleveland-Marshall College of Law. Fall, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 197

Under the Bush Administration approach, the United States post 9/11 was engaged
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Under this paradigm, one must conclude that the drone program is illegal.

LOAC prevents the worst forms of space war.

Maogoto 26 Freeland, ’7 (Senior Lecturer in International Law, University of Newcastle 26 Associate Professor in International Law, University of Western Sydney, Winter, 23 Conn. J. Int’l L. 165)

Whether space warfare is inevitable and cannot be avoided will depend upon a number of
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action would, one could argue, be regarded at least as reckless.

Extinction.

Gordon Mitchell 01, Associate Professor and Dir Debate – U Pittsburgh, Et al., ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defense, July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6.html

A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of ’peace through strength’ deterrence
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space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Military draw down already ensures shift

Tilghman 7/12/2013 (Andrew, Staff Writer for the Navy Times, "JCS Chief: Time to rethink civil-military relations" www.navytimes.com/article/20130712/NEWS05/307120023/JCS-chief-Time-rethink-civil-military-relations)

The nation’s top military officer is urging troops to brace for a postwar era in
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discussion about what the military community needs and how we achieve those objectives."

No spillover—CMR conflicts don’t cause collapse

Hansen ’9 – Victor Hansen, Associate Professor of Law, New England Law School, Summer 2009, "Symposium: Law, Ethics, And The War On Terror: Article: Understanding The Role Of Military Lawyers In The War On Terror: A Response To The Perceived Crisis In Civil-Military Relations," South Texas Law Review, 50 S. Tex. L. Rev. 617, p. lexis 

According to Sulmasy and Yoo, these conflicts between the military and the Bush Administration
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military relations exists. It is to this question that we now turn.

Congressional control of war decisions asserts civilian control over the military – that  prevents group think and escalatory interventions.

Fleischman 10 – Matthew Fleischman, J.D. Candidate at New York University School of Law, "A Functional Distribution of War Powers", New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy, 13 N.Y.U. J. Legis. 26 Pub. Pol’y 137, Lexis

While Nzelibe and Yoo’s model is clearly plausible, it misses certain critical institutional constructs
AND
that justifies abandoning the traditional and effective means of coming to a decision.
The first argument offered by Nzelibe and Yoo reasons that presidents tend to be held
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lead to short-term political gain and an unwillingness to concede defeat.
Furthermore, ex post congressional constraints on presidential actions are insufficient. The fact is
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it is the institutional design that would better accommodate functionalists’ concerns and desires.

Civilian control key to military effectiveness—solves array of existential threats

Dr. Mackubin Thomas Owens, Professor, National Security Affairs, "What Military Officers Need to Know About Civil-Military Relations," NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW v. 65 n. 2, Spring 2012, p. 81-82.

The combination of civil-military relations patterns and service doctrines affect military effectiveness.
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... are likely to persist for a very long time." (56)

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Won’t pass and rhetoric makes the impact inevitable

Damian Paletta 9/18, WSJ reporter, "White House Shifts Debt-Ceiling Tone, Warning of Fiasco," http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/09/18/white-house-shifts-debt-ceiling-tone-warning-of-fiasco/
In 2011, then-Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner repeatedly brushed off questions about whether
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White House has thrown out the 2011 playbook and are trying something new.

PC not key – Obama has no leverage.

Klein 9/18/13, Ezra, Washington Post, "The White House doesn’t think it can prevent a government shutdown",
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/18/the-white-house-doesnt-think-it-can-prevent-a-government-shutdown/, 

This is a good catch by the Wall Street Journal’s Damian Paletta. Back in
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Wall Street and other outside actors who could put pressure on the GOP.

Debt ceiling not key to the economy

Michael Tanner 11, National Review, "No Surrender on Debt Ceiling", Jan 19, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/257433/no-surrender-debt-ceiling-michael-tanner
Of course the Obama administration is already warning of Armageddon if Congress doesn’t raise the
AND
country. Our economy will not long survive government spending at those levels.

No impact – Obama can raise it himself.

Dr. Paul Craig Roberts 11 was appointed by President Reagan Assistant Secretary of the
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.ca/index.php?context=va26aid=25776

We are talking about a crisis beyond anything the world has ever seen. Does anyone think that President Obama is going to just sit there while the power of the US collapses?  He doesn’t have to do so.  There are presidential directives and executive orders in place, put there by George W. Bush himself, that President Obama can invoke to declare a national emergency, suspend the debt ceiling limit, and continue to issue Treasury debt. This is exactly what would happen. The consequences would be that the power of the purse would transfer from Congress to the President. It would be the end of the power of Congress. Congress, Republicans and Democrats alike, have already given away to the President Congress’ Constitutional right to decide whether the country goes to war. Now Congress would lose its power over debt, taxes, and the budget itself. Republicans need to decide whether the advantage of delivering a blow against "leechdom" is worth such extreme risks. Some readers will say "this could never happen." But Congress is already emasculating itself as a result of the Republicans’ intransigence over the debt ceiling increase. Republican Mitch McConnell and Democrat Harry Reid have come up with a proposal for a committee of Congress, called a Super Congress, that could fast-track legislation by prohibiting amendments. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/23/super-congress-debt-ceiling_n_907887.html?icid=maing-grid77Cmain57Cdl17Csec1_lnk27C80603 In other words, the few members of the Super Congress could bypass any citizen opposition that might still be represented in the ordinary old Congress. The more likely outcomes would be an end to the mortgage interest deduction and the deductions for retirement savings. Legislation to gut the social safety net could not be amended. A Congress that is willing to destroy its remaining power over a debt ceiling increase that is less than a Federal Reserve loan to one US bank is a Congress moved to folly by Republican intransigence.

Obama has already lost big on Drones—Plan garners large congressional support

Klaidman 13 (Daniel, The Daily Beast, "Obama’s Drone Debacle" 3/10/13 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/09/obama-s-drone-debacle.html)
You know it’s not a good day for the Obama administration when a paragon of
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animals, and the John Deere equipment by the time this is done."

Econ Collapse does not cause war

Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, "Force in Our Times," Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
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times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Global economy resilient—empirics and checks

Zakaria ’9 ~Fareed Zakaria is editor of Newsweek International "The Secrets of Stability," 12/12 http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425/page/2~~
One year ago, the world seemed as if it might be coming apart.
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forces for stability, each reinforcing the other and each historical in nature.

Winners win outweighs political capital

Michael Hirsh 13, Chief correspondent for National Journal. He also contributes to 2012 Decoded. Hirsh previously served as the senior editor and national economics correspondent for Newsweek, based in its Washington bureau, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
AND
but to move. It’s your choice. The future is wide open.

Summers loss killed PC and ensures shutdown now

Carney 9/17/13, John, Senior Editor for CNBC, "Defeat of Larry Summers could lead to a government shutdown", http://www.cnbc.com/id/101037523**

The withdrawal of Larry Summers as a candidate for the Federal Reserve chairmanship is a
AND
fight. And we haven’t even begun to discuss the approaching debt ceiling.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia | Judge: Scott Harris

PMCs inevitable, dominant increasing

Lendman ’10 Stephen, Outsourcing War - Rise Of Private Military Contractors (PMCs) By Stephen Lendman 1-19-10, writer for rense.com
http://rense.com/general89/outs.htm

This article covers the modern era of their resurgence, specifically America’s use of private
AND
for example, the private security industry is one of its fastest growing. 

PMCs don’t damage credibility- no emerging norm

Gul 6 (Saad, Law clerk to North Carolina Court of Appeals, Lewis and Clark Law Review, Vol. 10 No. 2, 5/17, http://legacy.lclark.edu/org/lclr/objects/LCB10_2_Gul.pdf)

There is plenty of additional evidence to buttress the argument that there is no emerging
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their own behalf, or at the behest of non-state actors. 

Drone strikes devastate US credibility globally – best data confirms.

GJC et al 13,Global Justice Clinic (GJC) at NYU School of Law and Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (IHRCRC), http://www.livingunderdrones.org/report/

The significant global opposition to drone strikes also erodes US credibility in the international community
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more difficult for it to build multilateral alliances to tackle pressing global challenges.

Cred not key to alliances or power projection.

Stephen M. Walt 11, the Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, December 5, 2011, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?," online: http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem

A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to
AND
about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

WPR ensures a norm of compliance but preserves executive flexibility.

Michael Benjamin Weiner 7, J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, 2007. B.A., Swarthmore College, 2004. May, 40 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 861

III. The WPR in Action: A Paper Tiger with Bite Vietnam spurred not
AND
, this Note now surveys post-1973 presidential unilateral uses of force.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Leah M

Courts won’t rule against the WPR.

John Patera 12 J.D., May 2012, Hamline University School of Law. Spring. 33 Hamline J. Pub. L. 26 Pol’y 387

Critics may argue that the Resolution in practice has not adequately curbed executive power,
AND
, and by all indications will continue to do so in the future.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Leah M

We don’t get rid of all drones—the plan solves a middle ground that checks future ban on drones

Zenko 13. (Micah, PhD in political science from Brandeis University and named one of the FP Twitterati 100 in 2011 and 2012. "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies." January 2013. http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736)

The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone use and sacrificing freedom
AND
if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

The status quo wins us battles but not the war—AQAP is the biggest threat

Zimmerman 9/18/13. (Katherine L., Senior analyst and BA with distinction in Political Science from Yale."AQAP’s Role in the Al Qaeda Network." American Enterprise Institute / Statement before the House Committee on Homeland Security Subcomittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence On "Understanding the Threat to the Homeland from AQAP" http://www.criticalthreats.org/sites/default/files/pdf_upload/analysis/Zimmerman_AQAPs_Role_in_the_al_Qaeda_Network_September_2013.pdf)

The United States continues to face a threat from the al Qaeda network twelve years
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the U.S., not the subordination of other groups to AQAP.

Syria proves – Drones aren’t useful in wars – can’t use it to maintain heg.

Audrey Kurth Cronin 9/2/13, Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139889/audrey-kurth-cronin/drones-over-damascus

Prevention has thus become a watchword of U.S. policy, but its
AND
if it plans to keep intervening in murky conflicts in the Middle East.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern HS | Judge: Jarrod Atchison

Republicans won’t cave – precedent setting over debt limit and spending

Carroll 10/4/13, Conn, "The Fight to Save the Debt Limit", http://townhall.com/tipsheet/conncarroll/2013/10/04/the-fight-to-save-the-debt-limit-n1716976

Obama and his senior advisers view the debt limit battle as a "must win
AND
that is why House Republicans will never pass a clean debt limit hike.

Shutdown kills Obama’s ability to negotiate                                                               Nicholas and Lee 10/4, Carol E. and Peter, "White House’s Hard Line on Shutdown, Debt Ceiling Has Risks Attached", http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303492504579113781436540284.html                       White House allies, however, say a long shutdown could make the
AND
in the room, and he’s not even in the room."

FERC thumps

Dixon 10/1 (Darius Dixon, Politico, "Obama FERC nominee Ron Binz withdraws amid coal pushback",    http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/ron-binz-ferc-nominee-withdraws-name-97623.html, October 1, 2013) 

President Barack Obama’s nominee to lead the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission abandoned his quest Tuesday
AND
, while his supporters lamented that partisan bickering had defeated a qualified candidate.

Debt ceiling downgrade won’t hurt the economy—-empirics

Brian Dooley 12, "Will US debt rating be downgraded again?", 12/29, www.royalgazette.com/article/20121229/BUSINESS08/712299981
So what happens when the world’s largest bond sector faces a potential downgrade due to
AND
P action. Massive bond buying the US Federal Reserve didn’t hurt either.

Obama has already lost big on Drones—Plan garners large congressional support

Klaidman 13 (Daniel, The Daily Beast, "Obama’s Drone Debacle" 3/10/13 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/09/obama-s-drone-debacle.html)
You know it’s not a good day for the Obama administration when a paragon of
AND
animals, and the John Deere equipment by the time this is done."

No impact – Obama can raise it himself.

Dr. Paul Craig Roberts 11 was appointed by President Reagan Assistant Secretary of the
AND
.ca/index.php?context=va26aid=25776

We are talking about a crisis beyond anything the world has ever seen.
AND
 loan to one US bank is a Congress moved to folly by Republican intransigence.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gtown SK | Judge: Bill Russell

Exec flex doesn’t apply to drones.

Daskal, 13 ~The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for Detention and Targeting Outside the ’Hot’ Conflict Zone Jennifer Daskal American University Washington College of Law, April~
Ex Ante Procedures Three key considerations should guide the development of ex ante procedures.
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employed must be transparent and sufficiently credible to achieve the desired legitimacy gains.

No spillover.

Jack Balkin, The Atlantic, 9/3/13, What Congressional Approval Won’t Do: Trim Obama’s Power or Make War Legal, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/what-congressional-approval-wont-do-trim-obamas-power-or-make-war-legal/279298/

Wouldn’t congressional refusal make the United States look weak, as critics including Senator John
AND
have always had -and have rarely had the political will to exercise.
The most important limit on presidential adventurism is political, not legal. It will turn less on the precedent of Syria than on whether the last adventure turned out well or badly.

Syria thumps.

Leigh Ann Caldwell 9/4/13, CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/04/politics/obama-syria-precedent/

Washington (CNN) — President Barack Obama’s abrupt change of course and decision to
AND
who will have a vote on Syria intervention as early as next week.

WPR ensures a norm of compliance but preserves executive flexibility.

Michael Benjamin Weiner 7, J.D. Candidate, Vanderbilt University Law School, 2007. B.A., Swarthmore College, 2004. May, 40 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 861

III. The WPR in Action: A Paper Tiger with Bite Vietnam spurred not
AND
, this Note now surveys post-1973 presidential unilateral uses of force.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern HS | Judge: Jarrod Atchison

No review of WPR cases and Congressional action alone solves.

Judah A. Druck 12 B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013; Notes Editor, Cornell Law Review, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

By now, the general pattern concerning presidential treatment of the WPR should be clear
AND
presidential military action fail, casting into doubt the future of WPR suits.

1) Every single eco-pocalypse has been exaggerated, there will only be 1 to 2 degrees of warming, positive feedbacks are minimal, and humans can adapt¶

Ridley 12 8/17/12¶

• • (Matt – PhD from Oxford, worked for Economist, fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, "Apocalypse Not: Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry about End Times, www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/08/ff_apocalypsenot/all) ¶ 

Over the past half century, none of our threatened eco-pocalypses have played
AND
arise, not through the mass fear stoked by worst-case scenarios.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Doesn’t solve Future presidents and bad precedent

Conor Friedersdorf 12, Staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/12/the-unforgivable-failure-of-congress-to-rein-in-drone-strikes/265874/

Even the Obama Administration agrees that the lethal drone program it runs permits the executive
AND
threat of Mitt Romney there are in this matter no grounds for haste.

Links to politics.

Billy Hallowell 13, 2/11, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/

"In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Leah M

DOD shift ensures scrutiny but doesn’t solve our advantages.

Jack Goldsmith 13, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School March 20, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/no-more-drones-for-cia/

That is the title of Dan Klaidman’s important story: Three senior U.S
AND
can expect to see more international scrutiny of and complaints about DOD strikes.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gtown SK | Judge: Bill Russell

Not binding and doesn’t solve modeling

Conor Friedersdorf 12, Staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/12/the-unforgivable-failure-of-congress-to-rein-in-drone-strikes/265874/

Even the Obama Administration agrees that the lethal drone program it runs permits the executive
AND
threat of Mitt Romney there are in this matter no grounds for haste.

Zero chance of Congressional follow-on AND CP links to politics

Kevin Drum, Mother Jones, 4/22/13, Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage

Finally, there’s the most obvious change of all: the decision by Republicans to
AND
in to Obama. That’s a kiss of death with the party’s base.

Assumes congressional establishment of transparency

Jennifer Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165

These considerations suggest the value of an independent, formalized, ex ante review system
AND
an unauthorized disclosure of an application to or order from the FISC court.

Either the president can override the cp or its unconstitutional

Jennifer Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165

Conversely, some object to the use of courts or court-like review as
AND
Article III-FISC model, further addresses some of the constitutional concerns.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern HS | Judge: Jarrod Atchison

That public scrutiny key – can’t solve without it.

Judah A. Druck 12, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013, CORNELL LAW REVIEW, Vol. 98:209, http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf

B. Why Existing Theories of Presidential Constraint Are No Longer Sufficient Naturally, some
AND
into potential illegal action abroad and create real incentives to enforce the WPR.  

Only congress solves international precedent

Alston, 11 ~Copyright © 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College. All Rights Reserved. Harvard National Security Journal 2011 Harvard National Security Journal 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 283 LENGTH: 71239 words ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings beyond Borders NAME: Philip Alston * BIO: * John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. P. lexis~
This Article focuses on the accountability of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in
AND
United States before long when invoked by other states with highly problematic agendas.

Zero chance of Congressional follow-on AND CP links to politics

Kevin Drum, Mother Jones, 4/22/13, Maureen Dowd and Presidential Leverage, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/04/maureen-dowd-and-presidential-leverage

Finally, there’s the most obvious change of all: the decision by Republicans to
AND
in to Obama. That’s a kiss of death with the party’s base.

Not binding and doesn’t solve modeling

Conor Friedersdorf 12, Staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/12/the-unforgivable-failure-of-congress-to-rein-in-drone-strikes/265874/

Even the Obama Administration agrees that the lethal drone program it runs permits the executive
AND
threat of Mitt Romney there are in this matter no grounds for haste.

McNeal functionally advocates the plan

Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583 

Moreover, Congress could also specify certain legal red lines that if crossed would cause
AND
publicly withdraw our support for the program, and terminate funding for it."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Prediction and scenario planning are inevitable

Danzig 11
Richard Danzig, Center for a New American Security Board Chairman, Secretary of the Navy under President Bill Clinton, October 2011, Driving in the Dark Ten Propositions About Prediction and National Security, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Prediction_Danzig.pdf

3. The Propensity for Prediction Is Especially Deeply Embedded in the U.S
AND
deeply within the DNA of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Probabilistic evaluation of hypothetical impacts is the only way to grapple with strategic uncertainty

Krepinevich 9 (Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. is a defense policy analyst, currently executive director of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. His influential book, The Army and Vietnam, contends that the United States could have won the Vietnam War had the Army adopted a small-unit pacification strategy in South Vietnam’s villages, rather than conducting search and destroy operations in remote jungles. Today, he criticizes the counterinsurgency approaches being employed in the Iraq War. He is a West Point graduate. 1/27/2009, "7 Deadly Scenarios: A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century", http://www.amazon.com/reader/0553805398?_encoding=UTF826query=so20are20we20building~~23reader_0553805398)

While the Pentagon would dearly like to know the answers to these questions, it
AND
, or dissuade enemies from creating threatening new capabilities in the first place. 

Extinction is a side constraint - ethics demands you evaluate our impact first.

Seeley, ’86 (Central Comm. for Conscientious Objectors, Handbook of Non-Violence, p. 269-70)

In moral reasoning prediction of consequences is nearly always impossible. One balances the risks
AND
is real enough to make nuclear war utterly impermissible under any sane moral code

No impact to being and prioritizing questions of ontology justifies atrocities

Garrard 10. (Greg, PhD in Philosophy from University of Liverpool. "Heidegger Nazism Ecocriticism." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 17 (2): 251-271. May 11, 2010. )
As numerous later commentators have pointed out, Heidegger seems not to have noticed that
AND
and what is not is freely available elsewhere without the surplus metaphysical baggage.

Always value to life—obligation to prevent death.

Bernstein ’2 (Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, "Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation", p. 188-192)

This is precisely what Jonasdoes in The Phenomenon of Life, his rethinking of the
AND
wholeness of Man among the objects of your will." (IR 11)

Alt fails – Only large-scale policy action can deal with state militarism.

Rabinowitch, ’71 (Botany Professor — Illinois, BAS, 27:9)

This appeared to many Americans as betrayal of American tradition. The "military-
AND
man relations can overcome the alienation between sovereign national states has long seemed attractive

 to men of good will, such as Quakers, only to betray them
AND
paean to American youth gives the least attention to this real and important achievement 

No root causes.

Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ’10 (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233) 

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ’quilting’ framework
AND
today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Chicago BP | Judge: Eric Robinson

Policy focus crucial for drones – ensures public accountability and the alt is political disengagement.

Ewan E. Mellor 12, The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations, "Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs"
http://www.academia.edu/4175561/Why_policy_relevance_is_a_moral_necessity_Just_war_theory_impact_and_UAVs
Just War Theory and Social Criticism This section of the paper considers more generally the
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our country" that we are "especially obligated to criticise its policies."

====Consequences first====
Isaac 2 — Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University-Bloomington, 2002 ("Ends, Means, and Politics," Dissent, Volume 49, Issue 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via EBSCOhost, p. 35-36)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction first – VTL Subjective

Bernstein ’2
(Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, "Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation", p. 188-192)
There is a basic value inherent in organic being, a basic affirmation, "
AND
, include the future wholeness of Man among the objects of your will."

Perm and internal link turn – life affirmation is only achieved through world-changing

May ’5 (Todd May, prof @ Clemson. "To change the world, to celebrate life," Philosophy 26 Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 nos 5–6 pp. 517–531)
To change the world and to celebrate life. This, as the theologian Harvey
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who would be more than willing to take your world up for you.  

5.) Case outweighs – default to our extinction level scenarios – alt can’t solve the aff and extinction doesn’t make you stronger

White 90 – Professor of Philosophy at Williams College
(Alan, Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth, http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL20web/beauty_and_goodness.htm,) 

Nietzsche exhorts us to live beautifully; on this point, Nehamas and I agree
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transform the initial ugliness, if there be such, of its past. 

The assertion that "politics is dead" — that there is no meaningful alternative to produce genuine historical antagonism and political "events" — is eerily similar to the "end of history" thesis and both are grade-A bullshit — contrary to what you might expect given your experience of mall culture there are emergent forms of resistance NOT built around merely proliferating information, but around direct action to change the material relations of power

Day ’5 Richard, professor in the department of global development at Queen’s University "Gramsci is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements" http://www.scribd.com/doc/19280772/Gramsci-is-Dead

While these instances of everyday détournement are important examples of the cultural-political battles
AND
) politics has always been central to London RTS’ (RTS London 2000b).

The privileged declaration that liberation is impossible and all we are left with is the problems of entertainment is incredibly elitist and stupid — makes us complicit with atrocities

BALSAS, ’6 ~BALSAS is an interdisciplinary journal on media culture.  Interview with Art Group BBM, "on first cyborgs, aliens and other sides of new technologies," translated from lithiuanian http://www.balsas.cc/modules.php?name=News26file=print26sid=151~~

Valentinas: We all know that Jean Baudrillard did not believe that the Gulf War
AND
between multiple time-lines, ideologies and technologies in a single place?
Lars: Actually, it has always been the same: new wars have been
AND
they are as well fighting with the same energy on the diplomatic battlefield.

We do, in fact, know the difference between simulation and reality—the media plays a healthy role in the public sphere.

March, 95 James Marsh, Professor of Philosophy, Fordham University, 95, Critique, Action, and Liberation, pp. 292-293
Such an account, however, is as one-sided or perhaps even more
AND
, and on media such as movies, television, and radio.7

Empirics true

Miller in 02  
(Katherine Miller, Prof. of Communication at Texas A26M,  Communication theories:  Perspectives, processes, and contexts, 2002, p 35-36)
If positivism, in its classical and logical forms, is largely rejected, what
AND
are studied within post-positivist theory are considered in the next section.

Consensus goes Aff – Surveys, case studies, and statistics are conclusive – apocalypticism promotes activism and not apathy.

Robin Globus Veldman 12, Doctoral candidate in the Religion and Nature program at the University of Florida (Ethics 26 the Environment, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring, Pmuse)

Environmental Apocalypticism and Activism  As we saw in the introduction, critics often argue that
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section explores the implications of that relationship further. ~End Page 8~

Our apocalyptic imagery instills a moral on the listener – this establishes a genuine ethical relationship between people and the environment and promotes real world activism.

Robin Globus Veldman 12, Doctoral candidate in the Religion and Nature program at the University of Florida (Ethics 26 the Environment, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring, Pmuse)

In discussing how apocalypticism functions within the environmental community, it will be helpful to
AND
, and this feeling of urgency then helps to convert moral deliberation into action

Their focus on representations turns structural aspects of the advocacy

Tuathail, 96  (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns
AND
needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.

No root causes.

Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ’10 (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233) 

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ’quilting’ framework
AND
today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

Concern for death inevitable – alt makes life meaningless.

Tom Pyszczynski, ’4 (UCCS Psychology Professor, Social Research, Winter, Find Articles)
TMT starts with a consideration of how human beings are both similar to, and
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our deaths, we attain symbolic immortality by being valued parts of them.

Strong fear appeals motivate positive behavior responses, not inertia.

Witte and Allen ’2k  (Kim, Prof. Comm. – MSU, and Mike, Prof. Comm. – U. Wisconsin Milwaukee, Health Education 26 Behavior, "A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns", 27:5, October, Sage Journals)
Table 2 shows that all of the message feature manipulations—fear, severity,
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the stronger the attitudes, intentions, and behaviors toward the recommended response.

Finitude key to valuing life

Miller ’8 Patrick Lee, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University. He is the author of Becoming God: Pure Reason in Early Greek Philosophy (Continuum, 2011). "Immanent Spirituality" 10/31http:blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2008/10/31/immanent-spirituality/
A worthy touchstone to arbitrate between worldviews immanent and transcendent is the désir d’éternité,
AND
requires the finitude imposed on it ultimately by death to preserve its meaning.

Finitude key to prevent atrocities—death is good conceptually to ensure finitude

Miller ’8 Patrick Lee, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Duquesne University. He is the author of Becoming God: Pure Reason in Early Greek Philosophy (Continuum, 2011). "Immanent Spirituality" 10/31http:blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2008/10/31/immanent-spirituality/
Zarathustra thus declares that "the best parables should speak about time and becoming:
AND
possessing providence or ready susceptibility to human mastery." Yes, but how?

Science and the law show death is final

Millay 08 – Ph.D. (Jean, "The Debate About the Survival of Consciousness After Death," Foundation for Mind and Being, 2008,
http://www.fmbr.org/papers/reports/debate.php)

1) Statement of opposition:
     For over a century, the civilizations of Western materialistic science have maintained that
AND
to any who live inside this paradigm.    (Ref. *1)

Suffering is not part of the human condition but a result of circumstances.  Even if some suffering is inevitable there are degrees

Jennifer Eagen 2004 "Philisophical interests" September 9 http://home.earthlink.net/~~jeagan/id3.html
Suffering is the theme of two of my published papers, which both examine the
AND
e.g., gender). I’m looking forward to exploring this further.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Fullerton | Judge: Jim Schultz

VTL Subjective and life is a pre-requisite

Bernstein ’2
(Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, "Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation", p. 188-192)
There is a basic value inherent in organic being, a basic affirmation, "
AND
, include the future wholeness of Man among the objects of your will."

The plan is a step in the right direction – refusal to take concrete action makes the problem worse – the impact is extinction

Connolly, 11  ~ William E, Krieger -Eisenhower Professor, Johns Hopkins University¶ Political Theory, International Relations, B.A., University of Michigan, Flint¶ Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Duke University press, "A World of Becoming", pages 89-90~
I agree that it is risky to think and say these things. You run
AND
many junctures to maropolitics if either is to work in a positive way.

The alt’s abdication of the formal political process ignores positive action that is a pre requisite to value

Connolly, 11  ~ William E, Krieger -Eisenhower Professor, Johns Hopkins University Political Theory, International Relations¶ B.A., University of Michigan, Flint¶ Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Duke University press, pages 113-116~
There are rewards attached to embracing the world as becoming. The vitality of life
AND
actions, ethics and politics work. They can become negative as well.

PERM: do both — there can be no single role for the intellectual within this debate

Lewis R. Gordon, The Laura Carnell University Professor of Philosophy, Temple University, ’4 ~"Fanon and Development: A Philosophical Look" Africa Development, Vol. XXIX, No. 1, 2004, pp. 71-93~ DDI13

That the context of this discussion is philosophical presents the role of the intellectual.
AND
their work, I here submit, with the following considerations in mind.

Rejecting the possibility of progressive change is totalizing, it is error replication of the radical left and magnifies racism

Jones, 99 – professor of politics at Cardiff University (Richard, "Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory"
http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones02.html)

An even more troubling feature of Adorno and Horkheimer’s analysis is the downplaying of individual
AND
around them in a progressive direction. Adorno and Horkheimer’s pessimism is unwarranted.

Their fixation on euro-modernity ignores multiple modernities, which negates alternatives now challenging the North—REJECT their narrow reification euro-modernity that effectively excludes the wills of real people who want modernity

Grossberg ’10 (Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies and Cultural Studies, and Adjunct Distinguished Professor of American Studies, Anthropology, and Geography at the University of North Carolina) 10
(Lawrence, Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, pg. 286-7) DDI13

Before ending this discussion of multiple modernities, I want to address one final challenge
AND
zoo6, r89) declares, "other stories to be told.’’

"Doing nothing" doesn’t solve – life is a pre requisite to value and concrete affirmation creates an ethical relationship to being

Connolly, 11  ~ William E, Krieger -Eisenhower Professor, Johns Hopkins University¶ Political Theory, International Relations¶ B.A., University of Michigan, Flint¶ Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Duke University press, "A World of Becoming", pages 79-80~
It is one thing to believe in the world as becoming, something additional is
AND
of divinity, justice, faith, rights, identity and the good.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Gtown SK | Judge: Bill Russell

Our engagement with the law and policy advocacy is essential to individual freedom and questioning those in power.

David Gray Carlson, Cardozo Law Professor, November 99
99 Colum. L. Rev. 1908

Schlag is very hard on law professors who give advice to judges. He mocks their work as mere "pretend-law," 313 mere journalism. 314 "One need only pick up a judicial opinion, a state statute, a federal regulation, or a law review article to experience an overwhelming sense of dread and ennui." 315 Meanwhile, judges are not even paying attention to legal scholarship 316 - which, experience teaches, is disappointingly true.
Vicarious participation in litigation or legislation can nevertheless be defended as a participation in culture
AND
destitution" is the wages of cure at the end of analysis. 323

Political constraints fail – weak media, governmental secrecy and the existence of a wide array of war powers abuses

Giraldi, 12 - Philip Giraldi, a former CIA officer, is executive director of the Council for the National Interest ("Defending the Indefensible" 9/13, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/defending-the-indefensible/

Posner is comfortable with the only restraint on executive power being the somewhat amorphous consent
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Americans (possibly excluding University of Chicago law professors) has fallen sharply.

Permute – do both – political pressure with legal reform solves – the alternative alone is likely to lead to pure majoritarian tyranny

Cole, 12 – professor of law at Georgetown (David, "Are We Stuck with the Imperial Presidency?" 6/7,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/jun/07/are-we-stuck-imperial-presidency/?pagination=false)

Despite its limitations, Posner and Vermeule’s book underscores a critically important point about modern
AND
We cannot survive as a constitutional democracy true to our principles without both.

Legal norms don’t cause wars and the alt can’t effect liberalism

David Luban 10, law prof at Georgetown, Beyond Traditional Concepts of Lawfare: Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare, 43 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 457

Among these associations is the positive, constructive side of politics, the very foundation
AND
would be a political decision. It would simply be a bad one.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Northwestern HS | Judge: Jarrod Atchison

Empirical research is good and must be accounted for

Hyde–Price, ’1 (Adrian Hyde-Price, Professor in the Institute for German Studies @ University of Birmingham, Europe’s New Security Challenges, 2001. p. 38-39)

Another conceptual innovation from the Copenhagen school—one associated in particular with Ole Wæver
AND
serious empirical research and setting it adrift on a sea of floating signifiers.

Perm do both, if the neg can sever their reps so can we

Extinction first – always VTL

Bernstein ’2
(Richard J., Vera List Prof. Phil. – New School for Social Research, "Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation", p. 188-192)
There is a basic value inherent in organic being, a basic affirmation, "
AND
, include the future wholeness of Man among the objects of your will."

Expertism is inevitable and good.

Turner, ’1 (Graduate Research Professor 26 Chair of the Department of Philosophy @ the University of South Florida, Social Studies of Science, 31, p. 145-6)
The parallel claim that what counts as ’expert’ is conventional, mutable and shifting,
AND
theory only if this banal process is beyond the capacity of ordinary people.

Case outweighs – security should be evaluated case-by-case.

Floyd ’7 (Rita Floyd, University of Warwick, Review of International Studies, Vol 33 p 327-250)
Towards a consequentialist evaluation of security  Considering the two brief overviews of the different schools
AND
they be promoted or in non-consequentialist fashion that they be honoured,

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

1) We meet –

(a) We meet "targeted killing."

HRW 12, Human Rights Watch http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/targeted_killing_issue_brief.pdf

What is Targeted Killing? Targeted killing carried out with the use of Unmanned Aerial
AND
on identity but on an observed pattern of activity (or "signature").

(b) "armed forces into hostilities"

Jordan J. Paust 12, Mike and Teresa Baker Law Center Professor, University of Houston Law Center, 26 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 43

n55. See War Powers Resolution, Pub. L. 93-148,
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be engaged in a combat role in connection with the hostilities in Libya.

3. CI—Aff’s that amend the WPR to incorporate modern warfare methods that substantially augment president war powers authority are topical.

Bejesky 12 ~Robert, M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M
AND
Willamette Law Review, 49 Willamette L. Rev. 1, Nexis~

V. Concluding Analysis and Context to Clarify Section 5(b)   Precedent indicates
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soldiers without congressional approval when there is no serious risk of hostility. n189

The war powers authority to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities exists outside of the WPR – plan restricts that.

Walter Dellinger 94, Former – Assistant Attorney General, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Letter-to-Senator-Robert-Dole-et-al.-from-Walter-Dellinger-Assistant-Attorney-General-Office-of-Legal-Counsel-Deployment-of-United-States-Armed-Forces-into-Haiti-Sept.-27-1994.pdf

Furthermore, the structure of the War Powers Resolution (WPR) recognizes and presupposes
AND
U. Pa. L. Rev. 79, 81 (1984).

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Florida LM | Judge: Fitzmier

Counter-interpretation – Intransitive form of "increase" means to augment or progressive growth in amount, intensity.

Louis M. Phillips 2 US Bankruptcy Judge, May 1,  277 B.R. 251; 2002 Bankr. LEXIS 439

In determining the plain meaning of the phrase "increases the obligor’s insolvency," the
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as . . . addition or enlargement in size, extent, quantity.

We meet – amending the WPR to include drones augments and grows the scope of the statutory restriction on war powers.

Brian Finucane 11, JD – Yale, http://balkin.blogspot.com/2011/05/pitfalls-of-law-avoidance-war-powers.html

As commentators and congressmen have noted, Friday marked the 60 day deadline imposed by
AND
its restrictions by redefining participation in hostilities should not be one of them.

B. Precision – Increase requires a baseline.

Rogers, ’5  (Judge, STATE OF NEW YORK, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, RESPONDENT, NSR MANUFACTURERS ROUNDTABLE, ET AL., INTERVENORS, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 12378, ; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, lexis)

 ~48~  Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification"
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car five or ten years ago when the engine was in perfect condition.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: DCH

Take my blood.

Take my death shroud and

The remnants of my body.

Take photographs of my corpse at the grave, lonely.

Send them to the world,

To the judges and

To the people of conscience,

Send them to the principled men and the fair-minded.

And let them bear the guilty burden, before the world,

Of this innocent soul.

Let them bear the burden, before their children and before

history,

Of this wasted, sinless soul,

Of this soul which has suffered at the hands of the "protectors

of peace."

—Jumah al Dossari

detainee at Guantanamo Bay released in 2008

Life has become the constitutive element of politics — in the name of preserving the globalized order of racial apartheid the operation of status quo politics becomes evermore murderous. Productive bodies become raw materials for the global factory, accelerating an economy of normalized annihilation which renders death meaningless and life torturous. Faced with this framework, we cannot derive our programmes of subversion from an idea of what politics "should be" — the only gesture we have left is one of solidarity.

Duarte, 06 (Andre De Macedo Duarte, Professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, "Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present," http://works.bepress.com/andre_duarte/18, rm)

These historic transformations have not only brought more violence to the core of the political
AND
actions of acknowledging and welcoming, of extending hospitality and solidarity towards others.
?

Against this life-denying operation masquerading prison as politics incarcerated bodies without their own life as a political act by refusing sustenance. It is this act of hunger striking through which we can read the iteration of a globalized regime. Guantanamo is not exceptional — it is merely one of many openings for solidarity to function as a critique of the prison-industrial complex, and the speech act of this debate to educate ignorant public opinion and expose the federal government as a criminal state

Neumann ’13 5/4/2013 (Ann, Editor of The Revealer for the Center for Religion and Media at New York University, "Guantanamo is not an anomaly- prisoners in the US are force-fed every day" wagingnonviolence.org/feature/guantanamo-is-not-an-anomaly-prisoners-in-the-us-are-force-fed-every-day/)
I know a hunger-striking prisoner who hasn’t eaten solid food in more than
AND
… an extraordinary set of circumstances, not an outflow of American law."

Only by performing a criticism of the ongoing approach to medicalizing hunger strikes can we recognize force-feeding as a political act designed to stifle dissent

Annas et al ’13 George, J.D., M.P.H. in New England Journal of Medicine, "Guantanamo Bay: A Medical Ethics–free Zone?" George J. Annas, J.D., M.P.H., Sondra S. Crosby, M.D., and Leonard H. Glantz, J.D. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:101-103July 11, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1306065 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1306065

American physicians have not widely criticized medical policies at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp that
AND
physicians should refuse to participate in any act that unambiguously violates medical ethics.

?

Testimony by former Guantanamo detainees proves that force-feeding is used as an intimidation tactic to stifle dissent

Goodman and al-Hajj ’13 Amy, journalist at Democracy Now21 and Sami, journalist at Al-Jazeera detained for six years at Guantanamo Bay without charge before release. "A Medical Ethics-free Zone? Guantánamo Doctors Urged to Stop Force-Feeding Hunger-Striking Prisoners"
http://www.democracynow.org/2013/6/18/a_medical_ethics_free_zone_guantnamo

AMY GOODMAN: I want to turn to former Guantánamo prisoner Sami al-Hajj
AND
never deal with you as the detainees until you break your hunger strike."
?

Force feeding is a form of torture that indefinitely detains Guantanamo detainees within their bodies — it is particularly reprehensible that the US is force-feeding Muslim hunger strikers during the month of Ramadan

Makary and Moghaven ’13 Marty and Nuriel, for The Daily Beast, "Gitmo Prisoner Force-Feeding Violates Medical Ethics" 7/21 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/21/gitmo-prisoner-force-feeding-violates-medical-ethics.html

Guantánamo detainees on a hunger strike are now being strapped into chairs and gagged as
AND
and nurses may feel that what they are doing violates their medical heritage.
?

The exclusive presidential authority over indefinite detention prevents existing court rulings from granting relief from force feedings

Barclay and Naudziunis ’13 Eliza and Jessica, staff writers for The Salt, an NPR blog "Why Doctors Oppose Force Feeding Guantanamo Hunger Strikers" 7/11 http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/10/200751527/why-doctors-oppose-force-feeding-guantanamo-hunger-strikers

The Pentagon calls force-feeding a "medical response to ~Guantanamo~ detainees
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Guantanamo "and therefore does not have the authority to grant the relief."

We affirm our speech act as critique of presidential war powers over indefinite detention and an act of solidarity with the hunger strikers. Empirically, this contributes to prisoner release

Wright ’13 Anne, Ann Wright is a 29 year US Army/Army Reserves veteran who retired as a Colonel and a former US diplomat who resigned in March, 2003 in opposition to the war on Iraq. She served in Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia and Mongolia."Don’t Forget the Prisoners in Guantanamo and Those in Solidarity with Them" http://www.opednews.com/articles/Don-t-Forget-the-Prisoners-by-Ann-Wright-Activists_Guantanamo-Prison_Prisoners_Solidarity-130912-236.html

While Syria dominates the news now, let’s not forget about the prisoners in the
AND
on long-term hunger strikers and dangerously pushed down into their stomachs.
?

The question is not whether or not Guantanamo is good or bad, but whether or not the State should have the authority to determine which lives are unlivable. The current suspension of legal and political rights surrounding the prisoners renders them as racially external to humanity itself — we as public intellectuals must reclaim the critical space of advocacy on behalf of non-normative notions of human

Butler ’4 (Judith, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley, Butler received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence,  2004)
"Indefinite Detention" considers the political implications of those normative conceptions of the human
AND
freedom of association that have been central to conceptions of democratic political life.
?

You must presume the detainees as innocent until proven guilty — Guantanamo is hell on Earth — the way to reclaim the debate space is to vote affirmative as part of critical lawyering on behalf of the accused. True, our advocacy might not change the world, but amplifying the voices of detainees is the best way to iterate the position that the prison has no right to exist

Stefanicki ’13 Robert, Alternet "The Hell Known as Guantanamo Bay Has No Right to Exist" May 21, 2013
http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/hell-known-guantanamo-bay-has-no-right-exist?page=02C0
The Hell Known as Guantanamo Bay Has No Right to Exist For more than 100
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change: closing Guantanamo, a place that has no right to exist. 

And, we must keep human-rights justifications for action SEPARATE from any securitizing—the introduction of security discourse hijacks human rights into a broader "development" agenda that justifies perpetual war and intervention

Kuhn, 2008~ Florian P. Kühn, M.A./M.P.S., Research Assistant, Institute for International Politics, Helmut-SchmidtUniversity Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, P +49-40-6541-3566, florian.p.kuehn@hsu-hh.de Draft Paper prepared for the 49 th International Studies Association Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26-29, 2008: Panel "Securitization of Development or Developmentalization of Security?" Equal Opportunities: Exploring the turning point between Securitization and Developmentalization http://opus.unibw-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2010/2329/pdf/isa08_proceeding_252911.pdf~~

To protect the ’own’ as well as to transform the ’other’, securitization
AND
which causes most of what it is claiming to avert, including war. 

We conclude with a letter written by thirteen Guantanamo prisoners to their doctors and medical staff — let their words highlight the importance of spreading political agitation about the GTMO hunger strike:

http://www.worldcantwait.net/index.php/torture/8270-don-t-forget-the-hunger-strike-at-guantanamo
Dear Doctor,
I do not wish to die, but I am prepared to run the risk that I may end up doing so, because I am protesting the fact that I have been locked up for more than a decade, without a trial, subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment and denied access to justice. I have no other way to get my message across. You know the authorities have taken everything from me.
For this reason, I am respectfully requesting that independent medical professionals be allowed into Guantánamo to treat me, and that they be given full access to my medical records, in order to determine the best treatment for me.
You claim to be acting according to your duties as a physician to save my
AND
, as the American Medical Association and World Medical Association have made clear.
My decision to go on hunger strike and to endure semi-starvation for over 100 days was not entered into lightly. I am doing it because it is literally the only method I have to make the outside world pay attention. Your response to my carefully considered decision cannot logically lead to the conclusion that your only goal is to save my life — your actions over recent months do not support such an inference.
For those of us being force-fed against our will, the process of
AND
me in a way that feels like I am being punished for something.
You must know that your professional overreaction to my participation in the hunger strike has
AND
coercion against individuals who have voluntarily decided to go on a hunger strike."
In any regard, I cannot trust your advice, because you are responsible to your superior military officers who require you to treat me by means unacceptable to me, and you put your duty to them above your duty to me as a doctor. Your dual loyalties make trusting you impossible.
For these reasons, our present doctor-patient relationship cannot contribute to resolving the
AND
will not creep in and result in one or more of us dying.
Your superiors, up to and including President Obama, their Commander-in-Chief, recognize that my death or that of another hunger striker here would have serious undesirable consequences. You have been ordered to guarantee — with absolute certainty — my survival, but it is beyond your (or perhaps any doctor’s) ability to do that.
I have some sympathy for your impossible position. Whether you continue in the military or return to civilian practice, you will have to live with what you have done and not done here at Guantánamo for the rest of your life. Going forward, you can make a difference. You can choose to stop actively contributing to the abusive conditions I am currently enduring.
I am asking you only to raise with your superiors my urgent request that I be allowed access to examination by and independent medical advice from a doctor or doctors chosen by my lawyers, in confidence, and that those doctors to be supplied with my full medical notes in advance of their visit.
This is the least you can do to uphold the minimum of your oath to "do no harm."
Yours sincerely,
The Detainees on Hunger Strike at Guantánamo Bay Naval Base
Those signing it, or having attorneys sign on their behalf, are: Shaker
AND
, ISN 832) and Abdul Haq Wasiq (Afghanistan, ISN 4).

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: WGA AM | Judge: Brian Lain

Take my blood.

Take my death shroud and
The remnants of my body.
Take photographs of my corpse at the grave, lonely. 

Send them to the world,
To the judges and
To the people of conscience,
Send them to the principled men and the fair-minded. 

And let them bear the guilty burden, before the world,
Of this innocent soul.
Let them bear the burden, before their children and before
 history,  
Of this wasted, sinless soul,
Of this soul which has suffered at the hands of the "protectors
 of peace."

—Jumah al Dossari
detainee at Guantanamo Bay released in 2008

Life has become the constitutive element of politics — in the name of preserving the globalized order of racial apartheid the operation of status quo politics becomes evermore murderous. Productive bodies become raw materials for the global factory, accelerating an economy of normalized annihilation which renders death meaningless and life torturous. Faced with this framework, we cannot derive our programmes of subversion from an idea of what politics "should be" — the only gesture we have left is one of solidarity.

Duarte, 06 (Andre De Macedo Duarte, Professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, "Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present," http://works.bepress.com/andre_duarte/18, rm)

These historic transformations have not only brought more violence to the core of the political
AND
actions of acknowledging and welcoming, of extending hospitality and solidarity towards others.
?

Against this life-denying operation masquerading prison as politics incarcerated bodies without their own life as a political act by refusing sustenance. It is this act of hunger striking through which we can read the iteration of a globalized regime. Guantanamo is not exceptional — it is merely one of many openings for solidarity to function as a critique of the prison-industrial complex, and the speech act of this debate to educate ignorant public opinion and expose the federal government as a criminal state

Neumann ’13 5/4/2013 (Ann, Editor of The Revealer for the Center for Religion and Media at New York University, "Guantanamo is not an anomaly- prisoners in the US are force-fed every day" wagingnonviolence.org/feature/guantanamo-is-not-an-anomaly-prisoners-in-the-us-are-force-fed-every-day/)
I know a hunger-striking prisoner who hasn’t eaten solid food in more than
AND
… an extraordinary set of circumstances, not an outflow of American law."

Only by performing a criticism of the ongoing approach to medicalizing hunger strikes can we recognize force-feeding as a political act designed to stifle dissent

Annas et al ’13 George, J.D., M.P.H. in New England Journal of Medicine, "Guantanamo Bay: A Medical Ethics–free Zone?" George J. Annas, J.D., M.P.H., Sondra S. Crosby, M.D., and Leonard H. Glantz, J.D. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:101-103July 11, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1306065 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1306065

American physicians have not widely criticized medical policies at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp that
AND
physicians should refuse to participate in any act that unambiguously violates medical ethics.

?

Testimony by former Guantanamo detainees proves that force-feeding is used as an intimidation tactic to stifle dissent

Goodman and al-Hajj ’13 Amy, journalist at Democracy Now21 and Sami, journalist at Al-Jazeera detained for six years at Guantanamo Bay without charge before release. "A Medical Ethics-free Zone? Guantánamo Doctors Urged to Stop Force-Feeding Hunger-Striking Prisoners"
http://www.democracynow.org/2013/6/18/a_medical_ethics_free_zone_guantnamo

AMY GOODMAN: I want to turn to former Guantánamo prisoner Sami al-Hajj
AND
never deal with you as the detainees until you break your hunger strike."
?

Force feeding is a form of torture that indefinitely detains Guantanamo detainees within their bodies — it is particularly reprehensible that the US is force-feeding Muslim hunger strikers during the month of Ramadan

Makary and Moghaven ’13 Marty and Nuriel, for The Daily Beast, "Gitmo Prisoner Force-Feeding Violates Medical Ethics" 7/21 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/21/gitmo-prisoner-force-feeding-violates-medical-ethics.html

Guantánamo detainees on a hunger strike are now being strapped into chairs and gagged as
AND
and nurses may feel that what they are doing violates their medical heritage.
?

The exclusive presidential authority over indefinite detention prevents existing court rulings from granting relief from force feedings

Barclay and Naudziunis ’13 Eliza and Jessica, staff writers for The Salt, an NPR blog "Why Doctors Oppose Force Feeding Guantanamo Hunger Strikers" 7/11 http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/10/200751527/why-doctors-oppose-force-feeding-guantanamo-hunger-strikers

The Pentagon calls force-feeding a "medical response to ~Guantanamo~ detainees
AND
Guantanamo "and therefore does not have the authority to grant the relief."

We affirm our speech act as critique of presidential war powers over indefinite detention and an act of solidarity with the hunger strikers. Empirically, this contributes to prisoner release

Wright ’13 Anne, Ann Wright is a 29 year US Army/Army Reserves veteran who retired as a Colonel and a former US diplomat who resigned in March, 2003 in opposition to the war on Iraq. She served in Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia and Mongolia."Don’t Forget the Prisoners in Guantanamo and Those in Solidarity with Them" http://www.opednews.com/articles/Don-t-Forget-the-Prisoners-by-Ann-Wright-Activists_Guantanamo-Prison_Prisoners_Solidarity-130912-236.html

While Syria dominates the news now, let’s not forget about the prisoners in the
AND
on long-term hunger strikers and dangerously pushed down into their stomachs.
?

The question is not whether or not Guantanamo is good or bad, but whether or not the State should have the authority to determine which lives are unlivable. The current suspension of legal and political rights surrounding the prisoners renders them as racially external to humanity itself — we as public intellectuals must reclaim the critical space of advocacy on behalf of non-normative notions of human

Butler ’4 (Judith, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley, Butler received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence,  2004)
"Indefinite Detention" considers the political implications of those normative conceptions of the human
AND
freedom of association that have been central to conceptions of democratic political life.
?

You must presume the detainees as innocent until proven guilty — Guantanamo is hell on Earth — the way to reclaim the debate space is to vote affirmative as part of critical lawyering on behalf of the accused. True, our advocacy might not change the world, but amplifying the voices of detainees is the best way to iterate the position that the prison has no right to exist

Stefanicki ’13 Robert, Alternet "The Hell Known as Guantanamo Bay Has No Right to Exist" May 21, 2013
http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/hell-known-guantanamo-bay-has-no-right-exist?page=02C0
The Hell Known as Guantanamo Bay Has No Right to Exist For more than 100
AND
change: closing Guantanamo, a place that has no right to exist. 

And, we must keep human-rights justifications for action SEPARATE from any securitizing—the introduction of security discourse hijacks human rights into a broader "development" agenda that justifies perpetual war and intervention

Kuhn, 2008~ Florian P. Kühn, M.A./M.P.S., Research Assistant, Institute for International Politics, Helmut-SchmidtUniversity Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, P +49-40-6541-3566, florian.p.kuehn@hsu-hh.de Draft Paper prepared for the 49 th International Studies Association Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26-29, 2008: Panel "Securitization of Development or Developmentalization of Security?" Equal Opportunities: Exploring the turning point between Securitization and Developmentalization http://opus.unibw-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2010/2329/pdf/isa08_proceeding_252911.pdf~~

To protect the ’own’ as well as to transform the ’other’, securitization
AND
which causes most of what it is claiming to avert, including war. 

We conclude with a letter written by a detainee still on hunger strike—let his words highlight the importance of spreading political agitation about the hunger strike:

I write this after my return from the morning’s force-feeding session here at Guantanamo Bay. I write in between bouts of violent vomiting and the sharp pains in my stomach and intestines caused by the force-feeding.

The U.S. government now claims that, among the 164 prisoners at Guantanamo, there are fewer than two dozen hunger strikers, down from well over 100 back in August. I am one of those remaining hunger strikers. I have been on hunger strike for almost nine months, since February.

The guards dragged me out of my cell at around 8:20 a.m. As they took me, shackled, past the other cells and toward the restraint chairs — my brothers and I call them torture chairs — I
could barely breathe because of the smell. Some of my brothers are now tainting the walls of their cells and blocking the air-conditioning vents with their own feces in protest.

The force-feeding remains as painful and horrific as the last time I described it. The U.S. military prison staff’s intent is to break our peaceful hunger strike. The result can be read all over my body. It is visible on my bloodied nose and in my nostrils, swollen shut from the thick tubes the nurses force into them. It is there on my jaundiced skin, because I am denied sunlight and sleep. It is there, too, in my bloated knees and feet and my ailing back, wrecked from prolonged periods spent in the torture chair and from the riot squad’s beatings. You can even hear it in my voice: I can barely speak because they choke me every time they strap me into the chair.

No form of pressure is too cruel or petty for our captors. They have deprived me of medication for as long as I remain on hunger strike. They have also taken away electric razors necessary for proper grooming and require all hunger strikers to share a single razor, despite the serious health risks that this poses. A rash spread among some of my fellow prisoners because of this measure by prison authorities.

Not even our rare calls with our families are held sacred. Three weeks ago, as the guards took me to a telephone call with my family, they subjected me to a humiliating and unnecessary search of my private areas. I resisted peacefully, as best I could, and tried to reason with the guards. To avoid these humiliating searches, some of my fellow hunger strikers have abstained from calls with their loved ones or meetings with their attorneys.

Many brothers have ended their hunger strikes because of these brutal force-feeding practices and the cruel punishment inflicted by the prison guards and military medical staff.

Others have chosen to suspend their hunger strikes to give President Barack Obama time to make good on his renewed promise to release Guantanamo prisoners.

But as for my brothers and me, we will remain on hunger strike. We pray that the next thing we taste is freedom. It may be hard to believe, but one of my fellow prisoners now weighs only 75 pounds. Another weighed in at 67 pounds before they isolated him in another area of the prison facility. These men survive only by the grace of God. May God continue to sustain us all until we achieve our goal of justice.

--Moath al-Alawi, indefinitely detained hunger striker, Guantanamo Naval Base
al-Alwi 10/1513. (Moath, “Guantanamo inmate: We will remain on hunger strike.” http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/15/hunger-strike-guantanamo.html)

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Northwestern OS | Judge: Kelly Young

Take my blood.

Take my death shroud and
The remnants of my body.
Take photographs of my corpse at the grave, lonely. 

Send them to the world,
To the judges and
To the people of conscience,
Send them to the principled men and the fair-minded. 

And let them bear the guilty burden, before the world,
Of this innocent soul.
Let them bear the burden, before their children and before
 history,  
Of this wasted, sinless soul,
Of this soul which has suffered at the hands of the "protectors
 of peace."

—Jumah al Dossari
detainee at Guantanamo Bay released in 2008

Life has become the constitutive element of politics — in the name of preserving the globalized order of racial apartheid the operation of status quo politics becomes evermore murderous. Productive bodies become raw materials for the global factory, accelerating an economy of normalized annihilation which renders death meaningless and life torturous. Faced with this framework, we cannot derive our programmes of subversion from an idea of what politics "should be" — the only gesture we have left is one of solidarity.

Duarte, 06 (Andre De Macedo Duarte, Professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, "Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present," http://works.bepress.com/andre_duarte/18, rm)

These historic transformations have not only brought more violence to the core of the political
AND
actions of acknowledging and welcoming, of extending hospitality and solidarity towards others.
?

Against this life-denying operation masquerading prison as politics incarcerated bodies without their own life as a political act by refusing sustenance. It is this act of hunger striking through which we can read the iteration of a globalized regime. Guantanamo is not exceptional — it is merely one of many openings for solidarity to function as a critique of the prison-industrial complex, and the speech act of this debate to educate ignorant public opinion and expose the federal government as a criminal state

Neumann ’13 5/4/2013 (Ann, Editor of The Revealer for the Center for Religion and Media at New York University, "Guantanamo is not an anomaly- prisoners in the US are force-fed every day" wagingnonviolence.org/feature/guantanamo-is-not-an-anomaly-prisoners-in-the-us-are-force-fed-every-day/)
I know a hunger-striking prisoner who hasn’t eaten solid food in more than
AND
… an extraordinary set of circumstances, not an outflow of American law."

Only by performing a criticism of the ongoing approach to medicalizing hunger strikes can we recognize force-feeding as a political act designed to stifle dissent

Annas et al ’13 George, J.D., M.P.H. in New England Journal of Medicine, "Guantanamo Bay: A Medical Ethics–free Zone?" George J. Annas, J.D., M.P.H., Sondra S. Crosby, M.D., and Leonard H. Glantz, J.D. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:101-103July 11, 2013DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1306065 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1306065

American physicians have not widely criticized medical policies at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp that
AND
physicians should refuse to participate in any act that unambiguously violates medical ethics.

Think of the 1ac not as a search for the smoking gun case or the great legislation but as an act of critical lawyering resistance

Ahmad 9. (Muneer I., Clinical Professor of Law at Yale Law School. "Resisting Guantanamo: Rights at the Brink of Dehumanization." Northwestern University Law Review. Fall 2009. Lexis. )

IV. Resistance Reconsidered: The Hunger-Striking Prisoner and the Rights-Asserting
AND
, and it, too, can help to keep the prisoners human.

The question is not whether or not Guantanamo is good or bad, but whether or not the State should have the authority to determine which lives are unlivable. The current suspension of legal and political rights surrounding the prisoners renders them as racially external to humanity itself — we as public intellectuals must reclaim the critical space of advocacy on behalf of non-normative notions of human

Butler ’4 (Judith, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley, Butler received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence,  2004)
"Indefinite Detention" considers the political implications of those normative conceptions of the human
AND
freedom of association that have been central to conceptions of democratic political life.

And, we must keep human-rights justifications for action SEPARATE from any securitizing—the introduction of security discourse hijacks human rights into a broader "development" agenda that justifies perpetual war and intervention

Kuhn, 2008~ Florian P. Kühn, M.A./M.P.S., Research Assistant, Institute for International Politics, Helmut-SchmidtUniversity Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, P +49-40-6541-3566, florian.p.kuehn@hsu-hh.de Draft Paper prepared for the 49 th International Studies Association Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26-29, 2008: Panel "Securitization of Development or Developmentalization of Security?" Equal Opportunities: Exploring the turning point between Securitization and Developmentalization http://opus.unibw-hamburg.de/opus/volltexte/2010/2329/pdf/isa08_proceeding_252911.pdf~~

To protect the ’own’ as well as to transform the ’other’, securitization
AND
which causes most of what it is claiming to avert, including war. 

BREAKING NEWS212121 The HUNGER STRIKE IS OFFICIALLY OVER2121 GUANTANAMO BAY WILL BE CLOSED2121 Or so the military says, as they have for years. Now more than ever we must bring the struggle of indefinite detention to light

Hudson 11/9/13. (Adam, "Amid Lingering Hunger Strike, Guantanamo Abuses Press On." http://truth-out.org/news/item/19846-amid-lingering-hunger-strike-guantanamo-abuses-press-on)

During the summer, the Guantanamo hunger strike and use of force-feeding put
AND
he may have some of it. And they don’t like this kind of
information being released." In 2006, three detainees "were all found hanged in
AND
the Obama administration appealed the decision and, this past July, won. 

We conclude with a letter written by a detainee still on hunger strike—let his words highlight the importance of spreading political agitation about the hunger strike:

I write this after my return from the morning’s force-feeding session here at Guantanamo Bay. I write in between bouts of violent vomiting and the sharp pains in my stomach and intestines caused by the force-feeding.

The U.S. government now claims that, among the 164 prisoners at Guantanamo, there are fewer than two dozen hunger strikers, down from well over 100 back in August. I am one of those remaining hunger strikers. I have been on hunger strike for almost nine months, since February.

The guards dragged me out of my cell at around 8:20 a.m. As they took me, shackled, past the other cells and toward the restraint chairs — my brothers and I call them torture chairs — I
could barely breathe because of the smell. Some of my brothers are now tainting the walls of their cells and blocking the air-conditioning vents with their own feces in protest.

The force-feeding remains as painful and horrific as the
AND
speak because they choke me every time they strap me into the chair.

No form of pressure is too cruel or petty for our captors. They have deprived me of medication for as long as I remain on hunger strike. They have also taken away electric razors necessary for proper grooming and require all hunger strikers to share a single razor, despite the serious health risks that this poses. A rash spread among some of my fellow prisoners because of this measure by prison authorities.

Not even our rare calls with our families are held sacred. Three weeks ago
AND
have abstained from calls with their loved ones or meetings with their attorneys.

Many brothers have ended their hunger strikes because of these brutal force-feeding practices and the cruel punishment inflicted by the prison guards and military medical staff.

Others have chosen to suspend their hunger strikes to give President Barack Obama time to make good on his renewed promise to release Guantanamo prisoners.

But as for my brothers and me, we will remain on hunger strike.
AND
God continue to sustain us all until we achieve our goal of justice.

—Moath al-Alawi, indefinitely detained hunger striker, Guantanamo Naval Base
al-Alwi 10/1513. (Moath, "Guantanamo inmate: We will remain on hunger strike." http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/15/hunger-strike-guantanamo.html)

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: DCH

Engaging in a debate about where to draw the line on immigration controls participates in a nativist media framing which is intrinsically tied to race

NOII ’10 – Access Date, No One Is Illegal, British anti immigration-controls group, http://www.noii.org.uk/controls-must-go/

According to the media and parliamentarians, immigration controls are basic, god-given
AND
on a pessimism about confronting the hard and popular racism behind immigration controls.

Racism must assigned pre-eminent value as an impact be rejected in every instance
Memmi ’0 (Albert, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-)SEW

The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without
AND
. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Because of this, their bill doesn’t solve shit

Dignity Campaign 13. The Dignity Campaign is a network of organizations and individuals who affirm the need for an immigration reform bill based on human and labor rights. This bill would include legalization of the undocumented immediately, de-criminalization of immigration status and work, equal rights, reunification of families, an end to temporary and guest worker programs, and an end to free trade and the policies that cause the dislocation of people. "Yes We Can: Immigration Bill’s Rightward Drift Demonstrates the Need for Radical Social Movements," http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/16748-yes-we-can-immigration-bills-rightward-drift-highlights-need-for-radical-social-movements

Migration will continue on a large scale, if we continue to ignore the root
AND
million people annually, while allowing growers to recruit over 400,000.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: DCH

Their causal defense of terrorism depict it as a monolithic entity, playing into the hands of colonial racism and making terrorism inevitable

Strindgerg 05. Anders Strindgerg, UN correspondent and a consultant on Middle East security, Mats Wärn, PhD candidiate, political science, Stockholm Realities of Resistance: Hizballah, the Palestinian Rejectionists, and al-Qa’ida Compared, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, 23-41

The U.S. designation of the Palestinian rejectionists and Hizballah as enemies of
AND
a monolithic and culturally conditioned terrorist enemy is crucial to the neocolonial effort. 

War on terror over

Shapiro 13 (Ben, American conservative political commentator, radio talk show host, attorney, and media consultant. A native of Los Angeles, Shapiro graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles and Harvard Law School. He has written five books, starting with Brainwashed: How Universities Indoctrinate America’s Youth in 2004, writes a column for Creators Syndicate, and is editor-at-large of Breitbart News., "Obama Declares War on Terror Over," Townhall.com, May 29, 2013,http://townhall.com/columnists/benshapiro/2013/05/29/obama-declares-war-on-terror-over-n1607729) 

In a hallmark speech last week, President Obama unilaterally declared the war on terror
AND
in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998 to the USS Cole bombing in 2000.

Hunger strikers aren’t terrorists—no link

Susan Seligson, master’s in journalism at BU’s College of Communication, 5-28-13, "Guantanamo: the Legal Mess Behind the Ethical Mess," BU Today, interviewed in this article is Susan M. Akram, a School of Law clinical professor of law and former executive director of Boston’s Political Asylum/Immigration Representation Project, http://www.bu.edu/today/2013/gitmo-the-legal-mess-behind-the-ethical-mess/

Do you think estimates are accurate that a significant percentage of released Gitmo detainees have
AND
it is likely that it is their treatment at Guantanamo that radicalized them.

Too many barriers to an attack

Ferguson 26 Potter ’4 (Charles and William, Scientist-in-Residence and Professor and Dir of the of Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of Intl Studies, "The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism," http://www.nti.org/c_press/analysis_4faces.pdf)
As of mid 2004, it is difficult to identify any of the other nuclear
AND
of the chain of causation would pose an obstacle to the terrorists’ goals.

Consequentialism is corrupted when applied to terrorism—mal-treatment of detainees outweighs

Ramsay 6. (Dr. Maureen, senior lector of political theory at University of Leeds. "Can the torture of terrorist suspects be justified?" The International Journal of Human Rights. 07/17/06 Taylor and Francis.)

The conclusion of this article is that we need to reaffirm the absolute prohibition on
AND
who have a vested interest in perpetuating the vain hope that it will.

Descriptions of Guantanamo as a strategic necessity are a falsehood designed to uphold an institution required to define a terrorist and defend militarism

Comaroff 7 . (Joshua, PhD in Geography from UCLA and MA from Harvard.  "Terror and Territory: Guantanamo and the Space of Contradiction." Public Culture. )

That condition of impossibility is exacerbated, above all else, by the fact that
AND
common subjugation of all who enter Guantánamo, Camp Delta, Abu Ghraib.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Kirk Evans
Only political acts that run the risk of cooption are worth the effort -- their framing of the alternative  replicates the more-radical-than-thou politics of purity that risks extinction

Connolly, 11   William E, Krieger -Eisenhower Professor, Johns Hopkins University¶ Political Theory, International Relations, B.A., University of Michigan, Flint¶ Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Duke University press, “A World of Becoming”, pages 89-90
I agree that it is risky to think and say these things. You run the risk of replicating ...dimension of life that must be joined at many junctures to maropolitics if either is to work in a positive way.

They have it backwards—the meaninglessness of suffering does not make our action meaningless but rather makes it necessary. All of their link arguments substantiate our affirmative as the only ethical action.
Diamantides ‘3
Dr. Marinos Diamantides Senior Lecturer in Law, School of Law, Birkbeck College, University of London, SYMPOSIUM: NIETZCHE AND LEGAL THEORY (PART II): THE COMPANY OF PRIESTS: MEANINGLESSNESS, SUFFERING AND COMPASSION IN THE THOUGHTS OF NIETZSCHE AND LEVINAS 24 Cardozo L. Rev. 1275 March, 2003.

In relation to the classical philosophical problem posed by suffering there is...- a lack that has made indifference to suffering and denial of its meaninglessness, the hallmark of hermeneutics.

This solves their kritik and proves the perm is the best option—the only way of affirming life is affirming our amoral connections to others along with our artificial concept of self-hood
Diamantides ‘3
Dr. Marinos Diamantides Senior Lecturer in Law, School of Law, Birkbeck College, University of London, SYMPOSIUM: NIETZCHE AND LEGAL THEORY (PART II): THE COMPANY OF PRIESTS: MEANINGLESSNESS, SUFFERING AND COMPASSION IN THE THOUGHTS OF NIETZSCHE AND LEVINAS 24 Cardozo L. Rev. 1275 March, 2003. 

 *1301  In this connection, two important questions arise. First, in so far as being's active affirmation of suffering may, indeed, entail a desire for more suffering, beyond what has already passed, which the self seeks to master, ...that is ultimately collapsed in the finite world of becoming and interpreting. It is, also, to begin to doubt the value of his absolute removal of practice from the horizon of transcendence.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Kirk Evans

There is no distinction between reform and revolution—their links are a hegemonic logic that precludes truly radical politics—we turn it by forcibly recognizing voices

Day ’5 Richard, professor in the department of global development at Queen’s University "Gramsci is Dead: Anarchist Currents in the Newest Social Movements" http://www.scribd.com/doc/19280772/Gramsci-is-Dead

There is no longer the division between reform and revolution, not because the reasons
AND
—and severely limit—their ability to comprehend contemporary radical social movements.

Their thesis of resistance just alienates activists—reject all-or-nothing framing of the alt in favor of the permutation

Akehurst ’11 Nathan, independent revolutionary socialist, as well as standing Member of Youth Parliament for Kensington and Chelsea, and currently a Socialist Workers’ Party activist "A Quick Note to the Far Left... Again" April 12
http://nathan-akehurst.blogspot.com/2011/04/quick-note-to-far-leftagain.html

With names excluded to prevent the risk of even further tension brewing, this is
AND
, especially in the face of a much larger and more powerful enemy.

Their monological prioritization of class oppression trades off with a more nuanced understanding of structural violence which is key to anti-capitalist resistance. They are the "more-radical-than-thou" politics that dooms the alternative

Biewener ’99 Carole Biewener, Professor and Director of Gender/Cultural Studies at Simmons College, 1999 ("A Postmodern Encounter: Poststructuralist Feminism and the Decentering of Marxism," Socialist Review, Volume 27, Issue 1/2, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via ProQuest)

By developing such an overdeterminist class knowledge, "reformist" class struggles may then
AND
continually constructed and enabled, rather than presumed, imposed, or universalized.

The alt ignores adaptive capitalism—their universal rejection is uniquely co-opted by the system to fragment opposition and create marketable icons of dissent

Frank ’97 Thomas, editor of The Baffler, "Commodify Your Dissent"
http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/frank-dissent.html

Capitalism is changing, obviously and drastically. From the moneyed pages of the Wall
AND
of today. The anointed cultural opponents of capitalism are now capitalism’s ideologues.

Constant innovation ensures resources are infinite
Geddes 4 – Writer and Libertarian Analyst (Marc, "The monster non-socialist FAQ", 2/12, http://rebirthofreason.com/War/MonsterFAQ.shtml) MGM
A significant disruption to supplies of critical resources can cause temporary problems, but in
AND
is essential. Libertarian capitalism is the system which generates wealth the fastest.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Binghamton | Judge: 

Overfocus or exclusive focus on the history of Guantanamo should not come at the cost of present-tense acts of political solidarity — our performative politics recognizes the link between the Chiricahua Apache prison and the historical legacy of indefinite detention currently sited at Guantanamo and elsewhere — our solidarity function as a multi-valent critique of Obama’s use of Guantanamo as war propaganda while pledging in bad faith to close it

Waseem ’13 Written by Fatimah Waseem, Muslim Link Staff Reporter    
Monday, 24 June 2013 10:58 " Selling Guantanamo: Exploring the Propaganda Surrounding America’s Most Notorious Military Prison" http://www.muslimlinkpaper.com/community-news/community-news/3398-selling-guantanamo-exploring-the-propaganda-surrounding-americas-most-notorious-military-prison-.html 

From initiation to President Obama’s failed commitment to deliver on election pledges to close the
AND
a history. The prisoners at Guantanamo Bay are still starving for justice.

We should not use the indigenous legacy as an alibi for failing to act against
AND
hold a songwriter’s retreat for femal social justice singers at a former plantation:
http://www.righteousbabe.com/blogs/news/11177617-righteous-retreat-cancelled

tragedies on a massive scale are not easily dealt with or recovered from. i
AND
made at this conference, in its all of its complexity of design. 

The notion that indigenous epistemology is opposed to Western technology or culture is binarist essentialist and locks in anti-indigenous discrimination

Langton ’5 Marcia, Foundation Chair in Australian Indigenous Studies, University of Melbourne "Aboriginal Art and Film The Politics of Representation" Rouge Press, Marcia Langton http://www.rouge.com.au/6/aboriginal.html

The first category is the experience of the Aboriginal person interacting with other Aboriginal people
AND
to articulate their own models of what they perceive ’Europeans’ to be. 

Their insistence that we must focus on historical violence against indigenous peoples reproduces a damage pedagogy which reinscribes violence and prevents resistance — this rhetorical focus on the damage to native communities should be rejected

Tuck 9 – State University of New York
(Eve, "Suspending Damage: A Letter to Communities", Harvard Educational Review Vol. 79 No. 3 Fall 2009, dml)

Some scholars have built their careers around producing damage narratives of tribalized and detribalized peoples
AND
particularly women who are poor and of color. (p. 11) 

The aff creates an artificial separation between indigenous knowledge and western knowledge – this is a flawed epistemological strategy because it both ignores the historical connections between western and indigenous people and also incorrectly characterizes both knowledge systems

Agrawal ’95 (Arun, "Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge" Development and Change Vol. 26 (1995), 413-439.)

A number of inconsistencies and problems mark the assertions from the neoindigenistas.  Their case
AND
appeared  timeless, at least until ruptured by "culture contact" ’.

Turns their alternative – the 1AC is an attempt to archive and preserve indigenous stories and in doing so they participate in a uniquely western way of approaching the collection of knowledge

Agrawal ’95 (Arun, "Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge" Development and Change Vol. 26 (1995), 413-439.)

The claim by the neo-indigenistas that the indigenous and the western are  separate
AND
in the  context of preservation of genetic materials, may make the argument clear

.  Alarmed at that global destruction of biodiversity over which our  civilization is currently presiding
AND
first pass a scientific  criterion of validity before being recognized as usable knowledge.

The rejection of our language through a ballot initiates a disciplinary speech code which intrinsically moralizes debates on language and hamstrings resistance of material oppression while giving rise to a toxic resentement

Brown ’1 ~Wendy Brown, professor at UC-Berkeley, 2001 Politics Out of History, p. 35-36~

 "Speech codes kill critique," Henry Louis Gates remarked in a 1993 essay
AND
good fight in our clamor over words and names.  Don’t mourn, moralize

If they win that our terminology is actually politically or culturally reprehensible, voting against us creates a seductive taboo around our problematic use of language, driving its use more widespread and underground

Roskoski and Peabody 91. Matthew Roskoski and Joe Peabody, "A Linguistic and Philosophical Critique of Language ’Arguments,’" 1991, http://debate.uvm.edu/Library/DebateTheoryLibrary/Roskoski26Peabody-LangCritiques, accessed 10/17/02

If language "arguments" become a dominant trend, debaters will not change their
AND
inevitably be long periods between rounds during which further dialogue can take place.

. The opportunity cost of their narrative localism is a debate over global issues which effect many geographically disparate cultures simultaneously. The normative ethical debate over resolving geographically disconnected problems is a vital form of oppositional education that it should be the goal of policy debate to foster. Their attempt to shirk this obligation through a localist model of education that focuses on this debate renders us as passive spectators to global oppression – this prevents us from honoring our ethical obligation to others. This is a trade-off DA. Vote negative

Ruiz and Minguez ’1 Prof. Dr Pedro Ortega Ruiz, Facultad de Educacio´ n, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, "Global Inequality and the Need for Compassion: issues in moral and political education"  Journal of Moral Education, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
In addition to the reality of the dominant presence of instrumental reason in modern society
AND
to help them grow in responsibility, to honour our obligations toward others.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: DCH

We Are The USFG

Howard 5. (Adam, "Jeffersonian Democracy: Of the People, By the People, For the People,"http://www.byzantinecommunications.com/adamhoward/homework/highschool/jeffersonian.html, 5/27/05)
Ideally, then, under Jeffersonian Democracy, the government is the people, and people is the government. Therefore, if a particular government ceases to work for the good of the people, the people may and ought to change that government or replace it. Governments are established to protect the people’s rights using the power they get from the people.

Resolved is to reduce by mental analysis

 Random House 11 (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolve)
re•solve ~ri-zolv~ Show IPA verb, re•solved
AND
). 5. to reduce by mental analysis (often followed by into )

Statutory is relating to a statute

Farlex 9. (The Free Dictionary by Farlex. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/statutory).
~Statutory~ stat•u•to•ry   (st ch  -tôr  , -t r  ) adj. 1. Of or relating to a statute. 2. Enacted, regulated, or authorized by statute.

Statute is a written rule

Merriam Webster No Date. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/statute
stat•ute noun \?sta-chüt, -ch?t\ : a written law that is formally created by a government : a written rule or regulation

Even if force-feeding itself is not "indefinite detention" our solidarity with their protest is a restriction on indefinite detention

AP 13. (Associated Press, Guampdn.com. "Judges weigh challenge to Guantanamo force-feeding." http://www.guampdn.com/usatoday/article/3009163)

According to Guantanamo officials, all 15 men who are still participating in a hunger
AND
address the issue of force-feeding of the detainees at Guantanamo Bay."

CI: Affirmatives that reduce the authority of the President in the area of indefinite detention are topical

Murray et al. 14 (Harry, AND Mikhail Lyubansky, AND Kit Miller, AND Lilyana Ortega. "Toward a Psychology of Non-Violence." International and Cultural Psychology.  Springer.)

In the first volume of his classic trilogy, The Politics of Nonviolent Action,
AND
willing to disobey and to face the consequences of disobedience, authority evaporates.

Counter-interpretation — critiques of systemic militarism are the only effective legislative restriction. Only understanding the excessive capacity of governmentality can restrict "war powers"

Stone ’73 I.F. American investigative journalist and author, New York Review of Books, May 17
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1973/apr/19/can-congress-stop-the-president/?pagination=false  

"Abuse of power by Presidents," said the historian Henry Steele Commager in his
AND
policeman of virtually the whole globe outside the Soviet bloc and China.3 

The logic of a singular starting point or homogenous community causes epistemic policing and exclusion

Secomb ’0 (Linnell, a lecturer in Gender Studies at the University of Sydney, "Fractured Community," Hypatia – volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2000, pp. 138-139)

Benhabib synthesizes these criticisms into three succinct objections against liberal universalist political frameworks. These
AND
the dominant modes of authoritative and rational conversation that assume homogeneity and transparency.

Learning how to advise the state makes this debate space a training ground for militarized intellectuals, and assuming war can be made ’just’ provides justifications for an endless cycle of war and extinction.

Dalby 2008 (Simon Dalby, Carleton University  September 2008 – GEOPOLITICS, GRAND STRATEGY AND CRITIQUE:  TWENTY YEARS AND COUNTING- online- http://www.carleton.ca/~~sdalby/papers/DalbyDurham0 ) 

Recently Nick Megoran (2008) has raised the explicit issue of the relationships of
AND
contemporary thinking while simultaneously looking to the alternatives for a more peaceful world.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Paone, Wash, Schultz
We enact rhetorical resistance with the detainee’s as a refusal to be silently complicit in their imprisonment.
Ahmad 9. (Muneer I., Clinical Professor of Law at Yale Law School. “Resisting Guantanamo: Rights at the Brink of Dehumanization.” Northwestern University Law Review. Fall 2009. Lexis. )
IV. Resistance Reconsidered: The Hunger-Striking Prisoner and the Rights-Asserting
AND
and material challenge of confronting the violence of state power. *1761
Moreover, lawyers can play three critical roles with respect to hunger strikes, even
AND
, and it, too, can help to keep the prisoners human.
Our speech act can only testify to the unspeakability of the prisoner’s trauma in our current chronopolitics. This encircling serves to question state authority who’s foundation AND continuation is violent.
Edkins 3. (Jenny, PhD University of Wales, Aberystwyth now part of the Department of International Politics there.  “Trauma and the Memory of Politics.” 2003. Cambridge University Press. Pg. 3-16)
Events that give rise to what we categorise today as symptoms of trauma generally involve
AND
and surrounding of the trauma at the heart of any social or symbolic order

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Paone, Wash, Schultz
2AC R1 NDT
AT: Root Cause
No root causes.
Sharpe, lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, ’10 (Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233) 

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework
AND
today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

AT: Starting Point
All texts are incomplete and open
Rorty 02 Richard Rorty, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford Peace Review, vol. 14, no. 2

I have no quarrel with Cornell's and pivak's claim that "what is missing in
AND
have been told, and should be told, in many other ways.

It relies on a linear conception of agency that reifies western domination—turns and outweighs the alt
Restrepo '9 Eduardo, Modernidad y diferencia Seminario de la Maestría en Estudios Culturales Universidad Javeriana Semestre II de 2009 Edificio 27, salón 505, www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/modernidad/Ch_07Modernity.doc

One of the most common ways modernity has been understood is as the production of
AND
and brutality, exhibited most clearly in slavery, colonialism and global wars. 

Muslim Bodies
The focus on anti-blackness as the foundational character of American civic life glosses over and undermines the ability to confront other important exclusions like that of the native body and orientalist violence- undermines the force of your critique
Smith 2012
Andrea, Associate Professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverdale, “Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy” ” in Racial Formation In the Twenty-First Century. p. 72-75

This tendency for theorists of race to presume the givenness of the settler state is
AND
of the work emerging in Native studies as it grapples with white supremacy.

AT: Social Death
Social death is not inevitable – their totalizing depictions make resistance impossible
Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249

Specters of the Atlantic is a compellingly sophisticated study of the relation be- tween
AND
That is precisely what the women on the Hudibras fought to accomplish.31

Ontologization of blackness through afro-pessimist—the alt works at the ontic level which disproves their ontology argument
Hudson 2013 (Peter, Political Science Professor at the University of Witwatersand “The State and the Colonial Unconscious” in Social Dynamics)
“Whiteness” as whiteness – the meaning of whiteness and that of “blackness
AND
of colonialism, of its constitutive axis, its “ontological” differential.

AT: Embodiement

The idea that we should recuperate our personal histories in discussion of politics is white supremacist ideology

Smith '13 Andrea, intellectual, feminist, and anti-violence activist. Smith's work focuses on issues of violence against women of color and their communities, specifically Native American women. A co-founder of INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence, the Boarding School Healing Project, and the Chicago chapter of Women of All Red Nations, Smith centers the experiences of women of color in both her activism and her scholarship. Formerly an assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Smith is currently an associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverside. "The Problem with “Privilege”" August 14 http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/

In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
AND
nature of the subject that claims to have privilege in the first place.

Permutation -- Read the 1ac as an act of solidarity with the 1nc -- Linkages between the two may not be evident, but our Duarte evidence indicate that you have to seize the poss

Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: MSU BS | Judge: Hall, Mosley-Jensen, Meloche

Advantage 2

Advantage 2 – The Chilling Effect

Material support laws have a substantial chilling effect on Muslim charities, humanitarian organizations, and overall international aid and development – this ensures radicalization and undermines counter-terror.

Sam Adelsberg et al 13, Freya Pitts and Sirine Shebaya (JD Candidates at Yale Law School, the Harvard National Security Journal, "The Chilling Effect of the Material Support Law on Humanitarian Aid: Causes, Consequences, and Proposed Reforms", Lexis)

Chilling Effect on Humanitarian Aid Members of the charitable giving and development aid communities have
AND
overbroad criminalization appears to discourage positive behavior at the margins, as well. 

Aid organizations’ access to all political actors in a crisis zone key to managing disasters and humanitarian emergencies.

IPI 13, August, International Peace Institute, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ipi_e_pub_humanitarian_engagement_ny_seminar.pdf

Major crises have produced dramatic humanitarian situations around the world in recent years, including
AND
based on the principles of humanity, impartiality, independence, and neutrality.

Inadequate response to disasters results in disease outbreak

Aljunid et al 12 Syed, Professor of Health Economics and Senior Research Fellow at
AND
-infectious-diseases-after-natural-disasters.html~23info
Beyond damaging and destroying physical infrastructure, natural disasters can lead to outbreaks of infectious
AND
as pre-existing poor sanitary infrastructures, water supply and sewerage systems.

Judicial deference on material support laws chills open source intelligence – OSINT is 90 of US intel and wins the war on terror.

Andrew Moshirnia 2013 (JD Harvard Law, Harvard National Security Journal, "Valuing Speech and Open Source Intelligence in the Face of Judicial Deference", Lexis)

Commentators often implore the Court to resist the false dichotomy of liberty and security.
AND
the flow of this valuable strategic resource in the name of greater security.

Judicial deference on material support chills real-time intelligence that’s key to crisis mapping tech.

Andrew Moshirnia 2013 (JD Harvard Law, Harvard National Security Journal, "Valuing Speech and Open Source Intelligence in the Face of Judicial Deference", Lexis)

V. Crisis Mapping: Concrete Results from Data Mining Rich Open Source Intelligence:
AND
communication between members of the crowd, increasing the efficiency of first responders.

Crisis mapping creates the preventative infrastructure necessary to stop the worst impacts of environmental displacement.

Amelia Mae Wolf 12, Board Member of the Council for American Students in International Negotiations (CASIN). "DECONSTRUCTING PREVENTION:
THE MISSING LINK IN THE HUMAN SECURITY APPROACH TO CLIMATE CHANGE" http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=human_rights26sei-redir=126referer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fq3Dclimate2Brefugees2B2522crisis2Bmapping252226btnG3D26hl3Den26as_sdt3D0252C16~~23search=22climate20refugees20crisis20mapping22

PREVENTIVE CRISIS MAPPING Tools that were once incredibly expensive and only available to a small
AND
measures, track forced environmental migration and provide warning signs of a crisis.

Environmental displacement through climate change is locked in – this is a conflict magnifier that ensures conflict escalation in every regional hotspot.

Michael Werz and Laura Conley 12, Center for American Progress, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/01/pdf/climate_migration.pdf

This final layer is the most unpredictable, both within nations and transnationally, and
AND
occur, but also on the United States and the broader international community.

These conflicts go nuclear.

Michio Kaku 11, co-creator of string field theory, a branch of string theory. He received a B.S. (summa cum laude) from Harvard University in 1968 where he came first in his physics class. He went on to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in 1972. In 1973, he held a lectureship at Princeton University. Michio continues Einstein’s search for a "Theory of Everything," seeking to unify the four fundamental forces of the universe—the strong force, the weak force, gravity and electromagnetism. He is the author of several scholarly, Ph.D. level textbooks and has had more than 70 articles published in physics journals, covering topics such as superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics. Professor of Physics — He holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York, where he has taught for over 25 years. He has also been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, as well as New York University (NYU). "Physics of the Future" http://213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics20of20the20Future.pdf Accessed 6/26/12 BJM 

In 2003 the Pentagon commissioned a study, done by the Global Business Network,
AND
. Schwartz sees that nations may use nuclear weapons as a last resort. 

Advantage 1

Advantage 1 – Norms

US first amendment law spills-over globally – US speech and justifications for free speech influence international norms.

Timothy Zick 12,William 26 Mary Law School, William 26 Mary Law School Research Paper No. 09-236, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2187875

The book will examine a variety of issues that relate to the exercise of individual
AND
whether the United States is leading the world by setting a positive example.

Hypocrisy on material support undercuts this – The Court’s interpretation sent a signal globally that we don’t support global civil society.

Erin McKee 11 is a 2011 MS candidate in Conflict Resolution at Portland State University and a 2011 JD candidate at Lewis 26 Clark Law School. 1/15, http://www.unrestmag.com/arrested-are-the-peacemakers-the-impact-of-holder-v-humanitarian-law-project-on-conflict-resolution-activists/

Message to the International Community Although the Supreme Court is not the designated organ for
AND
to go and presents yet another obstacle for advocates of peaceful conflict resolution.

Corruption threatens Nigerian stability now.

Joel Samuel Feyisola 13, Sunshine Progressive Youth Alliance, Ondo State. http://www.antigraft.org/events/2013/jun/corruption-control-and-political-stability-nigeria-implication-value-re-orientation

There is a clear indication that politics in Nigeria has been the opposite of what
AND
accountability creates a fertile ground for corruption and other unethical behavior to thrive.

Nigeria looks to the US as the model for free speech protections and restrictions on the president – crucial for internal stability.

Ayisha Osori 10, Nigerian Lawyer, 9/6, http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/our-hollow-first-amendment/79595/ 

"Saying that we have won is an understatement. Kenya has been reborn."
AND
electoral law Nigerians cannot feel reborn and confident of a better political future.

Nigerian instability draws in great powers and spills-over throughout the region.

Slavin ’99 (Barbara, sr diplomatic reporter for USA Today, "3 hot spots of the new millennium," 11-1, USA Today, lexis) 

WASHINGTON After a year in which simmering conflicts in Kosovo and East Timor erupted
AND
debacle, it could drag down economies throughout the region," Lewis says. 

African war escalates.

Glick ’7 - Senior Middle East Fellow – Center for Security Policy (Caroline, "Condi’s African Holiday", 12-12, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=5626categoryid=5626subcategoryid=9026newsid=11568)

The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars,
AND
states of Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Kenya. 

Nigerian instability quickly decks the economy.

Sebastian Junger 7, BA in cultural anthropology, award winning war documentarian.  "Blood Oil." http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/02/junger200702

In June 23, 2005, a group of high-ranking government officials were
AND
workers or shut their doors. All this could easily trigger a recession.

Extinction.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Plan

The federal judiciary should rule in favor of the plaintiff in Hedges v. Obama on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.

Solvency

Lower Courts have heard Hedges v. Obama, which concerns the NDAA’s support standard that allows the Government to detain any US Citizen who has interacted with al Qaeda – these provisions chill free speech and eviscerate basic civil liberties.

Lawrence Davidson 8/15/13, is a history professor at West Chester University. http://consortiumnews.com/2013/08/15/the-permanent-war-on-terror/

In January 2012, former war correspondent Christopher Hedges and others, including Noam Chomsky
AND
and the past behavior of neoconservative vulgarians such as George W. Bush.

The Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project holding is standing precedent for support laws now – it will be used in Hedges.

Paul John DeSena 13, JD – NYU Law School, http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/DeSena-Comment-2013-nyujlpp-quorum-20.pdf

Given that the Second Circuit will likely look to "the text of relevant and
AND
itself, but on the identity of the target group that receives it.

The courts should re-energize first amendment law in the war on terror through a broad ruling concerning terrorist support laws – Hedges is key.

Marjorie Heins 13,Director, Free Expression Policy Project; author of Priests Of Our Democracy: The Supreme Court, Academic Freedom, And The Anti-Communist Purge (2013); adjunct professor, NYU Department of Media, Culture, 26 Communication; JD, Harvard Law School, 1978. 76 Alb. L. Rev. 561

VI. The Fallout and the Future The New York Times - one among many
AND
branch arguments that suppressing speech and association is necessary to maintain national security.

An intent test narrows support laws to speech that actually intends to aid mass violence – this is the best balance between free speech and national security.

Brent Tunis 12, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 49 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 269
FYI – FTO means foreign terrorist organization.

The Court’s decision in HLP VI failed to recognize the breadth of Plaintiffs’ First Amendment
AND
Americans some of the very rights that our national security seeks to protect.

Establishing a broad precedent for first amendment rights on the war on terror ensures future protection of free speech in times of crisis.

Geoffrey Derrick 7, Northwestern University, http://www.lurj.org/article.php/vol2n1/firstamend.xml

The Normalization of Expansive—and Expanding—Executive Power Stone explains that "wartime
AND
of First Amendment rights during wartime in the United States’ War on Terror.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Heidt, Lemuel, Morris

Advantage 1

Advantage 1 – Norms

US first amendment law spills-over globally – US speech and justifications for free speech influence international norms.

Timothy Zick 12,William 26 Mary Law School, William 26 Mary Law School Research Paper No. 09-236, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2187875

The book will examine a variety of issues that relate to the exercise of individual
AND
whether the United States is leading the world by setting a positive example.

Hypocrisy on material support undercuts this – The Court’s interpretation sent a signal globally that we don’t support global civil society.

Erin McKee 11 is a 2011 MS candidate in Conflict Resolution at Portland State University and a 2011 JD candidate at Lewis 26 Clark Law School. 1/15, http://www.unrestmag.com/arrested-are-the-peacemakers-the-impact-of-holder-v-humanitarian-law-project-on-conflict-resolution-activists/

Message to the International Community Although the Supreme Court is not the designated organ for
AND
to go and presents yet another obstacle for advocates of peaceful conflict resolution.

Corruption threatens Nigerian stability now.

Joel Samuel Feyisola 13, Sunshine Progressive Youth Alliance, Ondo State. http://www.antigraft.org/events/2013/jun/corruption-control-and-political-stability-nigeria-implication-value-re-orientation

There is a clear indication that politics in Nigeria has been the opposite of what
AND
accountability creates a fertile ground for corruption and other unethical behavior to thrive.

Nigeria looks to the US as the model for free speech protections and restrictions on the president – crucial for internal stability.

Ayisha Osori 10, Nigerian Lawyer, 9/6, http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/our-hollow-first-amendment/79595/ 

"Saying that we have won is an understatement. Kenya has been reborn."
AND
electoral law Nigerians cannot feel reborn and confident of a better political future.

Nigerian instability draws in great powers and spills-over throughout the region.

Slavin ’99 (Barbara, sr diplomatic reporter for USA Today, "3 hot spots of the new millennium," 11-1, USA Today, lexis) 

WASHINGTON After a year in which simmering conflicts in Kosovo and East Timor erupted
AND
debacle, it could drag down economies throughout the region," Lewis says. 

African war escalates.

Glick ’7 - Senior Middle East Fellow – Center for Security Policy (Caroline, "Condi’s African Holiday", 12-12, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=5626categoryid=5626subcategoryid=9026newsid=11568-http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/home.aspx?sid=5626categoryid=5626subcategoryid=9026newsid=1156829)

The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars,
AND
states of Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and Kenya. 

Nigerian instability quickly decks the economy.

Sebastian Junger 7, BA in cultural anthropology, award winning war documentarian.  "Blood Oil." http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/02/junger200702

In June 23, 2005, a group of high-ranking government officials were
AND
workers or shut their doors. All this could easily trigger a recession.

Extinction.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11 ~Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow
AND
-Secular World?  Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130~

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Advantage 2

Advantage 2 – The Chilling Effect

Material support laws have a substantial chilling effect on Muslim charities, humanitarian organizations, and overall international aid and development – this ensures radicalization and undermines counter-terror.

Sam Adelsberg et al 13, Freya Pitts and Sirine Shebaya (JD Candidates at Yale Law School, the Harvard National Security Journal, "The Chilling Effect of the Material Support Law on Humanitarian Aid: Causes, Consequences, and Proposed Reforms", Lexis)

Chilling Effect on Humanitarian Aid Members of the charitable giving and development aid communities have
AND
overbroad criminalization appears to discourage positive behavior at the margins, as well. 

Aid organizations’ access to all political actors in a crisis zone key to managing disasters and humanitarian emergencies.

IPI 13, August, International Peace Institute, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ipi_e_pub_humanitarian_engagement_ny_seminar.pdf

Major crises have produced dramatic humanitarian situations around the world in recent years, including
AND
based on the principles of humanity, impartiality, independence, and neutrality.

Inadequate response to disasters results in disease outbreak

Aljunid et al 12 Syed, Professor of Health Economics and Senior Research Fellow at
AND
-infectious-diseases-after-natural-disasters.html~23info
Beyond damaging and destroying physical infrastructure, natural disasters can lead to outbreaks of infectious
AND
as pre-existing poor sanitary infrastructures, water supply and sewerage systems.

Disease causes extinction—-no burnout

Casadevall 12 – Prof @ Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Division of Infectious Diseases of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Arturo. ("The future of biological warfare," Microbial Biotechnology, p. 584-5)
In considering the importance of biological warfare as a subject for concern it is worthwhile
AND
acquired the capacity for pathogenicity as a consequence of natural evolution or bioengineering.

Judicial deference on material support laws chills open source intelligence – OSINT is 90 of US intel and wins the war on terror.

Andrew Moshirnia 2013 (JD Harvard Law, Harvard National Security Journal, "Valuing Speech and Open Source Intelligence in the Face of Judicial Deference", Lexis)

Commentators often implore the Court to resist the false dichotomy of liberty and security.
AND
the flow of this valuable strategic resource in the name of greater security.

WMD terrorism is feasible and dangerous

Bunn, et al, 10/2/13 ~Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School andCo-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998.http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html-http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html~~ 

I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
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the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.

Nuclear war

Barrett et al 13—PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University
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and Nonproliferation Initiatives, Volume 21, Issue 2, Taylor 26 Francis)

War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks. 16

Judicial deference on material support chills real-time intelligence that’s key to crisis mapping tech.

Andrew Moshirnia 2013 (JD Harvard Law, Harvard National Security Journal, "Valuing Speech and Open Source Intelligence in the Face of Judicial Deference", Lexis)

V. Crisis Mapping: Concrete Results from Data Mining Rich Open Source Intelligence:
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communication between members of the crowd, increasing the efficiency of first responders.

Crisis mapping creates the preventative infrastructure necessary to stop the worst impacts of environmental displacement.

Amelia Mae Wolf 12, Board Member of the Council for American Students in International Negotiations (CASIN). "DECONSTRUCTING PREVENTION:
THE MISSING LINK IN THE HUMAN SECURITY APPROACH TO CLIMATE CHANGE" http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=105726context=human_rights26sei-redir=126referer=http3A2F2Fscholar.google.com2Fscholar3Fq3Dclimate2Brefugees2B2522crisis2Bmapping252226btnG3D26hl3Den26as_sdt3D0252C16~~23search=22climate20refugees20crisis20mapping22

PREVENTIVE CRISIS MAPPING Tools that were once incredibly expensive and only available to a small
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measures, track forced environmental migration and provide warning signs of a crisis.

Environmental displacement through climate change is locked in – this is a conflict magnifier that ensures conflict escalation in every regional hotspot.

Michael Werz and Laura Conley 12, Center for American Progress, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2012/01/pdf/climate_migration.pdf

This final layer is the most unpredictable, both within nations and transnationally, and
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occur, but also on the United States and the broader international community.

These conflicts go nuclear.

Michio Kaku 11, co-creator of string field theory, a branch of string theory. He received a B.S. (summa cum laude) from Harvard University in 1968 where he came first in his physics class. He went on to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in 1972. In 1973, he held a lectureship at Princeton University. Michio continues Einstein’s search for a "Theory of Everything," seeking to unify the four fundamental forces of the universe—the strong force, the weak force, gravity and electromagnetism. He is the author of several scholarly, Ph.D. level textbooks and has had more than 70 articles published in physics journals, covering topics such as superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics. Professor of Physics — He holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York, where he has taught for over 25 years. He has also been a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, as well as New York University (NYU). "Physics of the Future" http://213.55.83.52/ebooks/physics/Physics20of20the20Future.pdf Accessed 6/26/12 BJM 

In 2003 the Pentagon commissioned a study, done by the Global Business Network,
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. Schwartz sees that nations may use nuclear weapons as a last resort. 

Plan

The federal judiciary should rule in favor of the plaintiff in Hedges v. Obama on First Amendment grounds, holding that support for Al Qaeda, the Taliban or associated forces engaged in hostilities against the United States requires an intent and likelihood to produce imminent lawless action.

Solvency

Lower Courts have heard Hedges v. Obama, which concerns the NDAA’s support standard that allows the Government to detain any US Citizen who has interacted with al Qaeda – these provisions chill free speech and eviscerate basic civil liberties.

Lawrence Davidson 8/15/13, is a history professor at West Chester University. http://consortiumnews.com/2013/08/15/the-permanent-war-on-terror/

In January 2012, former war correspondent Christopher Hedges and others, including Noam Chomsky
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and the past behavior of neoconservative vulgarians such as George W. Bush.

The Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project holding is standing precedent for support laws now – it will be used in Hedges.

Paul John DeSena 13, JD – NYU Law School, http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/DeSena-Comment-2013-nyujlpp-quorum-20.pdf

Given that the Second Circuit will likely look to "the text of relevant and
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itself, but on the identity of the target group that receives it.

The courts should re-energize first amendment law in the war on terror through a broad ruling concerning terrorist support laws – Hedges is key.

Marjorie Heins 13,Director, Free Expression Policy Project; author of Priests Of Our Democracy: The Supreme Court, Academic Freedom, And The Anti-Communist Purge (2013); adjunct professor, NYU Department of Media, Culture, 26 Communication; JD, Harvard Law School, 1978. 76 Alb. L. Rev. 561

VI. The Fallout and the Future The New York Times - one among many
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branch arguments that suppressing speech and association is necessary to maintain national security.

An intent test narrows support laws to speech that actually intends to aid mass violence – this is the best balance between free speech and national security.

Brent Tunis 12, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 49 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 269
FYI – FTO means foreign terrorist organization.

The Court’s decision in HLP VI failed to recognize the breadth of Plaintiffs’ First Amendment
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Americans some of the very rights that our national security seeks to protect.

Establishing a broad precedent for first amendment rights on the war on terror ensures future protection of free speech in times of crisis.

Geoffrey Derrick 7, Northwestern University, http://www.lurj.org/article.php/vol2n1/firstamend.xml

The Normalization of Expansive—and Expanding—Executive Power Stone explains that "wartime
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of First Amendment rights during wartime in the United States’ War on Terror.

Existing detention precedents should have triggered the link.

Skinner 8/23, Professor of Law at Willamette (13, Gwynne, Misunderstood, Misconstrued, and Now Clearly Dead: The ’Political Question Doctrine’ in Cases Arising in the Context of Foreign Affairs, papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2315237)
RECENT SUPREME COURT CASE LAW HAS SOUNDED THE DEATH KNELL FOR THE "POLITICAL QUESTION
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the President, not this Court, say "what the law is.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rutgers HS | Judge: Paone, Wash, Schultz
Uniqueness Overview
There are multiple conceded uniqueness claims:

1. Commodification is inevitable EVERYWHERE, even if they win that debate commodifies suffering that doesn’t mean there are OTHER spaces that are FREE form the forces of white economies of commodification
   2. Debate is POLITICAL not ACADEMIC—debates form political subjectivities, what we know, how we relate to the resolution, what knowledge do we leave with. Reward systems are inevitable, but that doesn’t mean it’s an excuse to not mark trauma

Difranco

All spaces marked by violence, can’t avoid or avoid discussions
http://www.righteousbabe.com/blogs/news/11177617-righteous-retreat-cancelled

tragedies on a massive scale are not easily dealt with or recovered from. i
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made at this conference, in its all of its complexity of design. 

Link answers:

1. You CAN’T empathize with the detainee’s, that’s our argument
   2. The ballot DOES NOT DETERMINE THE VALUE OF OUR SPEECH ACT OR THE IMPORTANCE OF MARKING THE PRISONER’S TRAUMA
   1AR- Starting Point Framing  
   The only relevant question is why is anything the negative said a reason we should lose the debate—even if parts of the 1AC are bad, why does that mean the 1AC as a whole should have never happened? If their argument doesn’t prove that, vote aff because they have agreed with us and haven’t met a negative burden. 

Two ways this impacts your ballot:

First, Our role of the ballot is who best ethically performs for those who can’t be in this space. To the extent that they have done this, they agree with the aff that solidarity is a GOOD thing, which doesn’t disprove the 1AC.

Second, starting points are NOT competitive because they don’t negate the aff and are independently bad. Their whole discussion attempts to ‘preclude’ or ‘footnote’ the detainees by positioning them on a linear historical timeline, which is an independent reason to vote aff. 

It relies on a linear conception of agency that reifies western domination—turns and outweighs the alt
Restrepo '9 Eduardo, Modernidad y diferencia Seminario de la Maestría en Estudios Culturales Universidad Javeriana Semestre II de 2009 Edificio 27, salón 505, www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/modernidad/Ch_07Modernity.doc

One of the most common ways modernity has been understood is as the production of
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and brutality, exhibited most clearly in slavery, colonialism and global wars. 

Notion of a method "prerequisite" enacts linguistic violence—turns the alt
Willard '93 Dallas, Professor of Philosophy at USC, Predication as Originary Violence:  A Phenomenological Critique of Derrida's View of Intentionality Appears in G. B. Madison, ed., Working Through Derrida, Evanston IL.: Northwestern Univ. Press, 1993, pp. 120-136 http://www.dwillard.org/articles/artview.asp?artID=51

Naming and Predication as "Violence" Here we are especially interested in the status
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of pure auto-affection." (Gramm pp. 97-98)

Defending any ability to resolve 1AC through other means it’s a voting issue or reason to reject the alt—floating pics are bad for competitive equity by mooting aff offense and making it easier for the neg to artificially remove perm ground which would test the alt. 

1AR- Impact Framing
They have conceded two impact framing arguments that make it difficult to win even if they make their starting point competitive.
First, Ethics is performative and what they’ve performed in this debate attempts to both ignore or speak for the detainees NOT with them. The question to ask yourself is what does voting neg DO for the voices of those who can’t make it here?
Second, we are a pre-requiste to the alt—the beginning of the 1AC demonstrated our solidarity is not exclusive of other narratives, but instead is historically complex and attempts to understand linkages across time. 

This is also supported by Edkins, which changes the frame for how we relate to past and present traumas—

1AR- Embodiment/Didn’t Experience 

We DID recognize some aspects of our priv. but forcing one based on white priv. is a politics of white supremacy
Smith '13 Andrea, intellectual, feminist, and anti-violence activist. Smith's work focuses on issues of violence against women of color and their communities, specifically Native American women. A co-founder of INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence, the Boarding School Healing Project, and the Chicago chapter of Women of All Red Nations, Smith centers the experiences of women of color in both her activism and her scholarship. Formerly an assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Smith is currently an associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverside. "The Problem with “Privilege”" August 14 http://andrea366.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-problem-with-privilege-by-andrea-smith/

In my experience working with a multitude of anti-racist organizing projects over the
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nature of the subject that claims to have privilege in the first place.

Subjective or personal knowledge deriving from unique life experiences is both useless and unfair for debate because it can’t be tested or challenged – default to information that is publicly available, and don’t assume that any background is uniquely epistemically privileged

Parrish ’11 Jesse, student commenter on Victor Reppert’s blog Dangerous Idea, devoted to exploring biases in argumentation, August http://dangerousidea.blogspot.com/2011/08/sltf.html

I think that whenever we are looking to calibrate the effect of evidence on probability
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special privileges - epistemic entitlements, if you prefer - over knowledgeable peers.

1AR—Permutation
1NC just said politics of refusal, the PIC in the 2NC to just talk about our aff in other spaces was new which we knew would happen which is why we set up the permutation: if they tell you a way to talk about suffering elsewhere, then we’ll permute it.

Now that they have, permutation, talk about Guantanamo here and elsewhere

They should not get to pic out of the aff because our advantage is performative, they have not spoken about gtmo elsewhere and its always unverifiable and outside your jurisdiction.

THEY SHOULD NOT GET TO MAKE THE CALL AS TO WHERE THE DETAINEE’S CAN BE ADVOCATED FOR
--this links to all their academia arguments because THEY are the ones co-opting the racialized nature of that violence to serve their ends of receiving the ballot whereas WE are actually trying to listen to what the detainees want
--They link to the Speaking for Others disad, that’s lawlor and Schultz, they make totalizing claims of how all advocacy can happen which is fundamentally unethical, only a specific speech act that criticizes WHY somebody cannot speak for themselves is ok. 

We think that empathy’s impossible—can’t understand other people’s struggle 

We said explicitly the ballot doesn’t determine the importance of the detainees struggle it’s just a question of who did the better debating—they’ve conceded that this model can serve as a training ground for learning how to better advocate instead of ignoring problematic systems.