Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayne LM | Judge: Turner

Openness

Recognizing an impersonal relationship to a prerequisite to radical openness, the singularity of

Williams 11(James, Professor of European Philosophy at the University of Dundee "Never Too Late? On the Implications of Deleuze’s Work on Death for a Deleuzian Moral Philosophy" Edinburgh University Press Ltd, p. 172)

The struggle to wage war against war, and to bring death to death,
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very moment when it is most present" (Deleuze 1968a: 149).

Only Evaluate Unique Impacts – Only unique impacts which specify the conditions of their possibility can be falsified, since they must demonstrate assumptions which can be generalized to make predictions about behavior which can either be true or false. Impact claims which lack a trigger element, brink, and specified causal probability are non-falsifiable. Non-falsifiable claims cannot be debated because they are in principle impossible to disprove and should not be evaluated.

Perm do the 1AC as a gesture of

Jane Bennett 12 (bio)¶ Johns Hopkins University, New Literary History¶ Volume 43, Number 2, Spring 2012, ¶ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/new_literary_history/v043/43.2.bennett.html

But perhaps there is no need to choose between objects or their relations. Since
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if it is impossible to give equal attention to both at once.3

Reversibility

Perm do the 1ac and persue symbolic disorder and catastrophy

Their understanding of bodies and subjects is a reason to vote aff.

Creal 1999 (Lee Davis, "THE "DISABILITY OF THINKING"
THE "DISABLED" BODY", Course Paper for Ambiguous Bodies: Studies in Contemporary Sexuality, York University, http://www.broadreachtraining.com/advocacy/artcreal.htm)
In "Lived Bodies: Phenomenology and the Flesh," Elizabeth Grosz cites the work
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being through a larger social/political Matrix" (Davis: 14).

Turn: debate’s democratic practices reverses the effect of media’s one-sided domination.

Deborah Cook 1994 (associate professor of philosophy at University of Windsor, Baudrillard: A Critical Reader, ed Douglas Kellner)

Before turning to Baudrillard’s objections to Enzensberger’s idea of circuit reversal, I would like to raise a few of my own. Enzensberger implies that two-directional communication would affect the content of programs without, however, spelling out what the programs would look like. In the absence of such a description, what Enzensberger proposes might, in fact, resemble what the telephone, and two-directional television or computer communication, already provide. In other words, two-directional radio communication is rendered superfluous by the already existing (or soon to exist) two-directional communication of other media.
Of course, for Enzensberger, the point is to establish a dialogue between those
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foster lateral communication will continue to playa central, if subordinate, role. 

We do, in fact, know the difference between simulation and reality—the media plays a healthy role in the public sphere.  
March, 95 James Marsh, Professor of Philosophy, Fordham University, 95, Critique, Action, and Liberation, pp. 292-293

Such an account, however, is as one-sided or perhaps even more
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, and on media such as movies, television, and radio.7

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: NU MP | Judge: Malsin

T

3. Counter interp – Armed Forces includes weapons systems, and the nuclear strategic forces

US Code 10 subsection 111 ’Military Force Structure Review Act of 1996’. * Current through PL 113-31, approved 8/9/13 * TITLE 10. ARMED FORCES SUBTITLE A. GENERAL MILITARY LAW PART I. ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Go to the United States Code Service Archive Directory 10 USCS § 111 Lexis 

"(1) The term ’ above the line’ force structure of the Armed Forces’
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Stat. 1738; 10 U.S.C. 111 note).

Their interpretation is absurd, creates terrible debates and is historically inaccurate. Nuclear weapons policy is the foundation and justification of contemporary expansions of the war powers – we’re literally the core of the topic.

Wills 2010 Garry emeritus professor of history at Northwestern  Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State 

This book has a basic thesis, that the Bomb altered our subsequent history down
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Executive power has basically been, since World War II, Bomb Power.

PTX

`Yes Shutdown

Shutdown inevitable – the House GOP has caved to the demands of the conservatives and Obama isn’t going to flinch

Todd et al 9/18 (Chuck Todd, Mark Murray, Domenico Montanaro, and Jessica Taylor, NBC News Political Editorial Staff, If Obama is having a bad run, just look at the House GOP, 9/18/13 http://www.cnbc.com/id/101044115)

As rough a stretch as President Obama and his team have had over the last
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have handled the last few weeks, he’s not letting it show publicly.

Shutdown is likely – neither Obama or the House GOP are going to budge

Klein 9/20 (Rick Klein, 9/20/13 "Government Shutdown Showdown 2013: a Primer," http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-showdown-2013-primer/story?id=2031727126singlePage=true)
 Get ready for some legislative ping-pong, with some poker sprinkled in
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promise seriously. So this piece is highly unlikely to be resolved quickly.

House GOP won’t compromise – the risk of a primary challenge from the right and ideology means they WANT a shutdown

Klein 9/20 (Rick Klein, 9/20/13 "Government Shutdown Showdown 2013: a Primer," http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-showdown-2013-primer/story?id=2031727126singlePage=true)

The conventional wisdom received from those who survived the last government shutdown, in the
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during his time in office, it’s another huge distraction from his agenda.

The conditions aren’t present for compromise – both parties think they have a mandate and ideology trumps any rational calculation about influence

Klein 9/20 (THIS CARD IS GENDER MODIFIEDRick Klein, 9/20/13 "Government Shutdown Showdown 2013: a Primer," http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-showdown-2013-primer/story?id=2031727126singlePage=true)

This is as basic as it gets: Will our elected representatives do their jobs
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as it’s going into effect. Our economy is hanging in the balance.

Republicans will do it – they’re more concerned about getting primaried than they are about preventing a shutdown

Roginsky 9/20 (Julie Roginsky, "Republicans, it’s time to take your medicine, ObamaCare is here to stay", 9/20/13
http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/20/republicans-it-time-to-take-your-medicine-obamacare-is-here-to-stay/~~23ixzz2fSnkqU3H," )

Republican voters, your leaders in Washington are lying to you. They are giving
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to win the election in 2012, despite independent polls telling you otherwise.

No continuing resolution –

a. Senate opposition and veto

Taylor and Sala 9/20 (Jessica Taylor is a digital political reporter with MSNBC’s Daily Rundown and the NBC Political Unit and Rose Sala writer for MSNBC "House pushes government toward shutdown," 9/20/13 http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/09/20/house-pushes-country-toward-government-shutdown/)

The Republican-led House passed a stop-gap spending bill Friday that’s
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take the blame for shutdown. The budget year ends Sept. 30.

b. Dem opposition

Siddiqui 9/19 (Sabrina Siddiqui is a politics reporter at the Huffington Post, "House Democrats: Tea Party Has Officially Overthrown GOP Leaders" 9/19/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/19/house-democrats-tea-party_n_3958293.html?utm_hp_ref=politics)

Republican leaders have been reluctant to say why they caved to their tea party
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tying it to Obamacare, the sequester showdown is unlikely to be resolved.

c. Tea Party, GOP division and polling.

CBS 9/19 (CBS, "Rubio’s Government Shutdown Plan Splitting GOP," 9/19/13, http://miami.cbslocal.com/2013/09/19/rubios-government-shutdown-plan-splitting-gop/)

WASHINGTON (CBSMiami) – The plan originally hatched by Florida Senator Marco Rubio
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shutdown and threatened debt default in order to get their way on policy.

PC isn’t finite or key – the plan is a win that spills over to future victories

Hirsh 2/7 – chief correspondent of National Journal (Michael, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital", http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, CMR) 

On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
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.) Johnson replied, "Well, what the hell’s the presidency for?"¶ 

Political capital isn’t relevant in the current Congress – both Obama and the Republican House majority are too weak to muscle anything through – only compromise and horse trades matter

Berman 7/15 (Russell Berman, Staff, the Hill, "Weak vs. weaker: Obama, Boehner struggle for leverage," 7/15/13
http://thehill.com/homenews/house/310895-weak-vs-weaker-both-obama-boehner-struggle-to-gain-leverage~~23ixzz2ZEBJQ0XN )

President Obama and the House GOP will fight over immigration, spending and debt this
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party lines," he said. "But that remains to be seen."

No impact – empirically, debt ceiling has little effect on the markets

Wall Street Journal Sep 20, 2013 Debt Ceiling, Act III: Will the Market Notice at All This Time? http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2013/09/20/debt-ceiling-act-iii-will-the-market-notice-at-all-this-time/
So there you have it. The Republicans want to defund Obamacare. The president
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against cutting its stimulus program by any amount (for the time being).

Exo

1. Permutation – do the plan and the counterplan. Solves the link to the da and the case.

Schultz 2004 PREEMPTING PREEMPTION: NUCLEAR FIRST-USE AND THE ROLE OF CONGRESS JEFFREY L. SCHULTZ Mr. Schultz is an associate at Armstrong Teasdale LLP in St. Louis. Schultz is engaged in the practice of business litigation, with significant experience in trade secret, non-compete, unfair competition and intellectual property matters Kennedy School Review;2004, Vol. 5, p27 

More ongoing negotiation and contact would finally place the responsibility for developing "big picture
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an important and constitutionally fraught task solely in the hands of the executive.

2. Executive flexibility fails – insulated policy making by the president is not credible and can be rolled back.

Streichler 2008 Stuart Streichler Adjunct Faculty, Seattle University School of Law. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University; J.D., University of Michigan Law School; B.S., Bowling Green State University. Mad about Yoo, or, Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War? Journal of Law 26 Politics ~Vol.XXIV:93

When Yoo discusses the need for flexibility in the process for warmaking, he creates
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speeches by elected representatives and thus provides a forum for public deliberation.24

3. Congressional restrictions are more credible signals.

Gallagher 2011 Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

As the practice of declaring war has become passé, American strategy has likewise become
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American people’s collective will in their efforts to subvert our national strategy.67

4. No solvency – Executive statements fail – it needs to be enforceable.

Miller, 2002 (Steven, No First Use of Nuclear Weapons, London UK 15-17 November, The utility of Nuclear Weapons and the Strategy of No-First Use. Pugwash Meeting no. 279)

If NFU is to be more than a declaratory policy, then it must be
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if others are to be convinced that NFU is more than declaratory policy.¶ 

5. Doesn’t solve proliferation.

Brooks 2013  Linton Forrestall Brooks is a former US Ambassador and former Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration. The elements of a Possible Political Agreement to Maintain a Safe, Secure, Reliable, and effective Nuclear Deterrent http://csis.org/files/publication/130422_Spies_ForgingConsensus_Web.pdf

Sustaining the political agreement hypothesized in this paper requires that the united states be perceived
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a formal international legal regime in terms of maintaining a domestic political agreement.

2AC - Links to Politics

The CP links to politics. Congress hates executive action without congress on nuclear policy.

Guarino 2013 Back to Global Security Newswire HomeAbout Global Security NewswireContact Us Republicans Threaten to Block Obama Nuclear Arms Reductions Feb. 25, 2013 By Douglas P. Guarino Global Security Newswire http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/republicans-threaten-block-obama-nuclear-arms-reductions/
ARLINGTON, Va. – Capitol Hill Republicans are threatening to block any possible attempts
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require the president to obtain congressional approval for any additional nuclear arms reductions.

The Politics DA links only to the CP and not the perm or the plan – Congress likes reductions that they come up with but will backlash to Obama.

Kingston Reif 7/3, 2013 Sen. Sessions Gives Away the Game on Nuclear Reductions Reif is the director of nuclear nonproliferation at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. A recipient of a Marshall Scholarship, he was awarded a prestigious Scoville Peace Fellowship in 2008. He blogs about nuclear weapons policy at Nukes of Hazard.
http://www.nukesofhazardblog.com/story/2013/7/3/122027/6662

Last Spring, I wrote that one of the perks of being a Republican president
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Democrats are a threat to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

India modeling Add-on

India is testing MIRVs now – makes conflict and crisis with Pakistan highly probable.

Prabhu 9/17
(Jaideep, staff writer Zee Media Corporation, "Agni V and the South Asian Balance of Power" http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/agni-v-and-the-south-asian-balance-of-power_6643.html)

India tested its nuclear-capable Agni V on Sunday. The missile, with
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, India`s nuclear arsenal has abandoned the minimum credible deterrent philosophy.

India models US declaratory policy

Sagan 9
(Scott, Professor of Political Science at Stanford University and Co-Director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation. "The Case for No First Use"Survival: Global Politics and Strategy Volume 51, Issue 3, 2009)

The best example is India since its 1998 weapons tests. In 1999, for
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have at least some positive influence in pushing India in the opposite direction.

India-Pakistan crisis escalates to nuclear war.

====Ahmed 11====
(Ali, Research Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. "Pakistan’s ’First Use’ in Perspective" http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/PakistansFirstUseinPerspective_aahmed_120511)

Before and after Osama’s killing, the spotlight fell momentarily on Pakistan’s nuclear intentions.
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it is not necessarily restricted to a default war fighting first use option. 

Timeframe outweighs – MIRVs will be capable by next year.

AP 9/16

("India retests missile able to reach Chinese cities" http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/national_world26id=9249908)

NEW DELHI — India on Sunday successfully test-fired for the second time a
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policy. Our program is for deterrence and for peace," he said.

2AC No solvency - Rollback

Restraint fails because there’s no institutional check on the restriction even though the probable outcome is the same.

Katyal 2013 Harvard Law Review February, 2013 Harvard Law Review 126 Harv. L. Rev. 990 LENGTH: 9291 words BOOK REVIEW: STOCHASTIC CONSTRAINT NAME: Reviewed by Neal Kumar Katyal* BIO: * Paul and Patricia Saunders Professor of Law, Georgetown University.

To understand why "act first, ask forgiveness later" yields a different constitutional
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-ly less comprehensive than lacing constraints into the system from the start. 

2AC - No Solvency - Delay

Solvency deficit – delay - The executive can’t change on their own quickly.

Kristensen 2013 Hans M. Kristensen  director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists. Falling Short of Prague: Obama’s Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy http://www.armscontrol.org/files/ACT_Sept_2013_Digital_Issue_Final.pdf

Reviews of presidential nuclear weapons employment guidance can result in significant changes, but they
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environment after the Cold War and enhancements of non-nuclear military capabilities.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison Miller-Lepp | Judge: Ryan

T

2AC – Topicality USAF Into Hostilities

1. We meet – Nuclear weapons use decisions are made by service people in the Armed forces.

¬

2. Counterinterpretation - The armed forces are the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corp, Special ops and Strategic forces. Includes nuclear forces.

US Code 10 subsection 111 ’Military Force Structure Review Act of 1996’. * Current through PL 113-31, approved 8/9/13 * TITLE 10. ARMED FORCES SUBTITLE A. GENERAL MILITARY LAW PART I. ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Go to the United States Code Service Archive Directory 10 USCS § 111 Lexis 

"(1) The term ’ above the line’ force structure of the Armed Forces’ means the force structure (including numbers, strengths, and composition and major items of equipment) for the Armed Forces at the following unit levels:
         "(A) In the case of the Army, the division.
         "(B) In the case of the Navy, the battle group.
         "(C) In the case of the Air Force, the wing.
         "(D) In the case of the Marine Corps, the expeditionary force.
         "(E) In the case of special operations forces of the Army, Navy, or Air Force, the major operating unit.
         "(F) In the case of the strategic forces, the ballistic missile submarine fleet, the heavy bomber force, and the intercontinental ballistic missile force.
      "(2) The term ’Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces’ means the Commission on Roles and Missions of the Armed Forces established by subtitle E of title IX of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (Public Law 103-160; 107 Stat. 1738; 10 U.S.C. 111 note).

~To contextualize - SS~ (1) The Panel shall submit to the
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national security of the United States through the time covered by the assessment.

3. We meet the counter interp – the plan restricts the president’s war powers if not their argument is semantical quibbling. The affirmative has to redefine the scope of the war powers authority – their view of topicality is self-defeating because it would demand all affirmatives endorse status quo limits on prez pwrs.

Lobel 2012 JULES LOBEL Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War. *OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 69:391

Given the fatal flaws in all of the approaches discussed above, perhaps the suppositions
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purposes, and tactics Presidents could use in conducting war throughout our history.

4. Counterinterpretation – The presidential control of nuclear weapons resides in what Justice Jackson called the " Zone of Twilight" – even if not specifically granted by congress – the effective control and lack of restriction means nuclear weapons control is War powers authority.

Hemesath 2000 PAUL A. HEMESATH* J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996 88 Geo. L.J. 2473 1999-2000 Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era

As intimated above, the end of the Cold War has brought fundamental change to
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Congress may plausibly reassert its prerogatives in light of a return to normalcy.

5. Reasons to prefer -

A. Legal Precision – The negative’s interpretation is ridiculous and relies on a faulty reading of the War Powers Resolution and ignores the context of "hostilities" – it would mean that the bombing of Cambodia wouldn’t have been covered by the resolution that was written to ban it

====1AR====
Fisher 12 Military Operations in Libya: No War? No Hostilities? Louis Fisher is Scholar in Residence at The Constitution Project. He spent four decades at the Library of Congress from 1970 to 2010, ?rst as Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers at the Congressional Research Service and later as Specialist in Constitutional Law at the Law Library. The Constitution Project Presidential Studies Quarterly 42, no. 1 (March)

Several issues of interest appear in this sentence. First, it speaks of no
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Resolution) were absent in Libya. It refused to offer that conclusion.
 

Aff Flexibility – Their interpretation favors a mythical and static view of presidential powers – the aff must change the scope of these powers, their interpretation confines the aff to indefensible positions.

Functional Limits – solvency advocates and CP are checks on these potential affirmatives

Predictability — Their interpretation is absurd, creates terrible debates and is historically inaccurate. Nuclear weapons policy is the foundation and justification of contemporary expansions of the war powers – we’re literally the core of the topic.

? Competing Interpretations is a race to the bottom – Reasonability should be the standard to evaluate topicality, because the aff can’t win on T.

Threats

2AC Ubervu

Crisis management should frame all your impact calculus, a world with NFU means nuclear strikes never happen – its try or die aff. 3 Reasons

Deterence – retaining the option to first use is more dangerous, that’s Acton. Limiting our options is the only thing that can make our threats credible.

Firebreak – NFU is key to maintain the nuclear taboo that prevents other nations from ever considering first striking, that’s Schwatz.

Accidents – the fear of nuclear stikes causes use it or loose it mentalities that force commanders to initate launch on warning policies, disperse force rapidly and haphazardly, raise alert levels and predelegate launch authority.

A2: No accidents

Extend reif, US nuclear posture erodes the credibility of our deterrence making accidents more likely

Extend Acton, miscalculation occurs because countries get locked into use it or loose it logic forces them to raise alert levels, predelegate launch authority making

China

2AC Ubervu

US-Chinese nuclear relations are stuck on declaratory policy, this creates the incentive for nuclear build up, that’s Kulaki. Without NFU the crisis will continue to destabilize leading to miscalculation, that’s Perkovich.

A2: Alt causes

Framing issue – general relations don’t matter extend Perkovich nuclear relations are key to stabilize crisis management in the region.

The aff solves the alt causes, Chase says dialog could serve as a basis for Chinese participation if future multilateral arms-control negotiations reducing the underlying tension in all other dialog

A2: No China war

Extend Colby and Denmark 1AC, stability of US-China nuclear relations is critical to prevent crisis escalation, they have conceded that crisis stability makes the probability of war larger than any of their offense.

Prolif

2AC Ubervu

NPT collapsing now, that’s Perkovich. NFU is the only that can legitimize US arms control credentials, that’s Korb and Rothman. Collapse leads to massive horizontal and vertical proliferation, Bromley 2 because states give up on their commitments to the NPT. The Middle East and other conflicts escalate because of the loss of the firebreak, that’s Guzanky.

A2: NFU doesn’t solve prolif

NFU solves prolif

Yin 13
(Lu Yin, Institute for Strategic Studies National Defense University, P.R. China, "An Analysis of China’s No-First-Use Policy" PROGRAM ON STRATEGIC STABILITY EVALUATION (POSSE) http://posse.gatech.edu/sites/posse.gatech.edu/files/2013-0201-NFU-POSSE20PAPER20BY20LU20YIN(final20versionCHINA).pdf)

3. The global mechanism of nuclear non-proliferation can be further consolidated.
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threshold of possessing nuclear weapons and weaken their intention to develop nuclear weapons.

A2 Prolif Good

No offense—optimists are wrong

Matthew Kroenig, Assistant Professor, Government, Georgetown University and fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, "The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have a Future?" Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 5—26—12, http://www.npolicy.org/article.php?aid=118226tid=30

Proliferation Optimism: Proliferation optimism was revived in the academy in Kenneth Waltz’s 1979 book
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that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.

Prolif is stabilizing

Extend Perkovich, the NPT will collapse now, that destabilizes prolif because states give up their commitments

Heg DA

A2: Heg DA

Case outweighs

Accidents – the 1NC concedes nuclear escalation doesn’t happen under NFU, that’s Acton and Reif.

China - US primacy in Asia and the Pacific is over – even before the crash of 08, China was already catching up

Rachman 11  (Gideon Rachman, Financial Times chief foreign affairs commentator, Zero-Sum Future, 2011, pp 187-188)

Even before the crash of 2008, the military balance between China and the United
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you find questions about how long American military dominance can be maintained."25

Heg is insufficient to solve proliferation – Asian proliferators empirically prove.

Zbigniew Brzezinski 07 (formerly President Carter’s National Security Advisor, counselor and trustee at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and professor of American foreign policy at the School of Advanced International Studies @ Johns Hopkins University) 2007 "Second Chance" p 103
The failure to contain nuclear proliferation in the Far East and in South Asia conveyed
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least a regional basis, at an early stage of the nuclear challenge.

Theres no link diferential between the plan and cp,

They just read a war powers link, Syria proves theres constraints on war power now.

No impact: Heg does not solve war –

A. No threats require primacy and other factors ensure security.

Friedman and Preble 10 (Benjamin Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies at the Cato Institute, Christopher Preble is director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, Budgetary Savings from Military Restraint, September 22, 2010 Cato Policy Analysis No. 667 September 23, 2010 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/PA667.pdf
The United States confuses what it wants from its military, which is global primacy
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resentment. Global military primacy is a game not worth the candle.56

B. No war – States have an incentive to avoid it.

Zakaria 08 (Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International, 2008, The Post-American World,  p. 244)
In certain areas – the South China Sea, for example – U.S
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futile and unnecessary.  Small work-arounds might be just as effective.

Debt ceiling

Debt Ceiling Kentuky

Cross x proves they have zero link, we fiat congress, which means the only scenario for backlash is the CP

ZERO PERCENT CHANCE of a default – Wall Street proves

Shell 10/4 (Adam Shell, USA TODAY 9:48 a.m. EDT October 4, 2013, "Wall Street: Main bout debt limit, not shutdown" http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/markets/2013/10/03/wall-street-stares-down-us-default/2916643/)

As fights go, Wall Street views the slugfest between Democrats and Republicans over the
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he, too, says the risk of default is "effectively zero."

Boehner will break the Hastert Rule and use a coalition of Dems and GOP votes

Parker and Lowrey 10/3/13 (Ashley Parker and Annie Lowrey / New York Times , "Boehner determined to prevent default, sources say " http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2013/10/03/john-boehner-determined-prevent-default-house-republican-says/nxhdstLixuZbcQILk5wt3L/story.html)

With a budget deal still elusive and a deadline approaching on raising the debt ceiling
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spending cuts and reforms to get our economy moving again and create jobs."

Political capital isn’t key – Dem strategy is to keep Obama out of negotiations and he wouldn’t spend PC on this anyway

Allen, 9/27/13  - Politics reporter for Politico (Jonathan, "President Obama’s distance diplomacy" http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/government-shutdown-barack-obama-house-gop-97483.html?hp=t3_3)

The White House’s distance diplomacy with Republicans is an approach that tacitly acknowledges three inescapable
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the president’s always had a "laissez-faire" approach to Congress.

the plan is a win that spills over to future victories

Hirsh 2/7 – chief correspondent of National Journal (Michael, "There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital", http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207, CMR)
On Tuesday, in his State of the Union address, President Obama will do
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.) Johnson replied, "Well, what the hell’s the presidency for?"¶ 

4) No link – cross apply Kristensen Obama theoretically committed to reduce the role of nuclear weapons; he wouldn’t pick a fight over the plan.

5) Plan is popular

Pincus ’5
Walter Pincus, Washington Post, "Pentagon Revises Nuclear Strike Plan," September 11, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/10/AR2005091001053.html
The first example for potential nuclear weapon use listed in the draft is against an
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Pentagon has said is needed to attack hardened, deeply buried weapons sites. 

6) Non-intrinsic—a logical policy maker can pass the plan and the bill

7) Political capital doesn’t matter – there’s no center to be persuaded and Congress cares more about getting primaried than compromising

Reynolds 9/20 (DAVID F. REYNOLDS, Editor, Roanoke Times, "Seeking the political center"  http://www.roanoke.com/opinion/commentary/2224286-12/seekingthe-political-center.html)

It seems to be lost. Our nation’s political center is missing. That elusive
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are almost as common as battling the other party in the general election.

8)Vote no triggers the link—this debate represents the bill being debated in Congress means Obama’s political capital has already been used

9) No impact – empirically, debt ceiling has little effect on the markets

Wall Street Journal Sep 20, 2013 Debt Ceiling, Act III: Will the Market Notice at All This Time? http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2013/09/20/debt-ceiling-act-iii-will-the-market-notice-at-all-this-time/
So there you have it. The Republicans want to defund Obamacare. The president
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against cutting its stimulus program by any amount (for the time being).

CP

2AC A2 Executive CPs

1. Permutation – do the plan and the counterplan. Solves the link to the da and the case.

Schultz 2004 PREEMPTING PREEMPTION: NUCLEAR FIRST-USE AND THE ROLE OF CONGRESS JEFFREY L. SCHULTZ Mr. Schultz is an associate at Armstrong Teasdale LLP in St. Louis. Schultz is engaged in the practice of business litigation, with significant experience in trade secret, non-compete, unfair competition and intellectual property matters Kennedy School Review;2004, Vol. 5, p27 

More ongoing negotiation and contact would finally place the responsibility for developing "big picture
AND
an important and constitutionally fraught task solely in the hands of the executive.

BOTH Congressional and Presidential action is key – only the plan fiats the necessary signal of resolve

Gaouette 10/2/2013 (Nicole, "Shutdown Undercuts Obama Defining America’s Global Role", http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-02/shutdown-undercuts-obama-defining-america-s-global-role.html)
 "It does cast a very significant pall over America’s credibility with our allies
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ask foreign powers to trust that they can handle much tougher issues overseas.

2. Executive flexibility fails – insulated policy making by the president is not credible and can be rolled back.

Streichler 2008 Stuart Streichler Adjunct Faculty, Seattle University School of Law. Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University; J.D., University of Michigan Law School; B.S., Bowling Green State University. Mad about Yoo, or, Why Worry about the Next Unconstitutional War? Journal of Law 26 Politics ~Vol.XXIV:93

When Yoo discusses the need for flexibility in the process for warmaking, he creates
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speeches by elected representatives and thus provides a forum for public deliberation.24

3. Congressional restrictions are more credible signals.

Gallagher 2011 Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

As the practice of declaring war has become passé, American strategy has likewise become
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American people’s collective will in their efforts to subvert our national strategy.67

4. No solvency – Executive statements fail – it needs to be enforceable.

Miller, 2002 (Steven, No First Use of Nuclear Weapons, London UK 15-17 November, The utility of Nuclear Weapons and the Strategy of No-First Use. Pugwash Meeting no. 279)

If NFU is to be more than a declaratory policy, then it must be
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if others are to be convinced that NFU is more than declaratory policy.¶ 

5. Lack of commitment means the CP Doesn’t solve proliferation. Extinction.

Brooks 2013  Linton Forrestall Brooks is a former US Ambassador and former Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security and Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration. The elements of a Possible Political Agreement to Maintain a Safe, Secure, Reliable, and effective Nuclear Deterrent http://csis.org/files/publication/130422_Spies_ForgingConsensus_Web.pdf

Sustaining the political agreement hypothesized in this paper requires that the united states be perceived
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a formal international legal regime in terms of maintaining a domestic political agreement.

- Solvency deficit – delay - The executive can’t change on their own quickly enough – Can’t solve china – extinction DA to the CP.

Kristensen 2013 Hans M. Kristensen  director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of American Scientists. Falling Short of Prague: Obama’s Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy http://www.armscontrol.org/files/ACT_Sept_2013_Digital_Issue_Final.pdf

Reviews of presidential nuclear weapons employment guidance can result in significant changes, but they
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environment after the Cold War and enhancements of non-nuclear military capabilities.

GirNO K

Case outweighs –

Accidents – retaining the option to first use destabilizes every crisis, that’s Reif. Its try or die aff, first use creates the incentive to use nukes first or loose them.

Systemic violence - the nuclear industrial complex produces massive systemic violence from mining uranium creating miserable labor conditions in 3^rd world nations

China – nuclear relations are low now, that’s Kulacki. NFU is critical to stabilizing those relations, that’s Colby. Key to prevent escalation of crises because China will act aggressively in response to the perception of us containing them.

Prolif – the NPT will collapse in 2015, NFU is critical to show its viability to foreign nations, its collapse causes rapid prolif that make escalation inevitable in the middle east.

The plan is a normative statement-the role of the ballot is to determine its desirability. Prior questions are infinite and moot the entirety 1AC killing fairness. Evaluating the plan versus the status quo or a competitive policy option is the only interpretation grounded in the wording of the resolution.

Topical Education—Manipulating the topic to access a political project destroys discussion of the important question asked by the resolution.  Deliberating on government adoption of specific nuclear policies is key—the timeframe is now.  

Cirincione ’9 (President, Ploughshares Fund, "Barack Obama’s New Nuclear Policy," delivered at the Elliot School for International Affairs.  Quoted by Dough Shaw.  http://nukesonablog.blogspot.com/2009/03/role-of-higher-education-in.html shree)

"The one thing we know about policy windows is that, as sure as
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"get involved" and make political leaders care about nuclear weapons policy.

Perm do the aff and embrace a pedagogy outside of violent spectacles.

Evaluate the consequences of the plan–

A) Maximizing lives affirms equality of all lives and prevents the kill-to-save mentality

Cummisky 90 – Professor of Philosophy, Bates (David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor, AG)
We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
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consideration of conduct, one’s own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

B) Moral tunnel vision is complicit with evil

Isaac 2 – Professor of Political Science, Indiana (Jeffrey, "Ends, Means and Politics," Dissent 49.2, p 35-6, ebsco, AG)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na

Plan – v. 1.0

The United States Congress should restrict the authority of the President of the United States to introduce nuclear weapons first into hostilities.

Threats Fail

Despite promises to the contrary, the Obama Administration recently reaffirmed the nuclear force posture of the United States Armed Forces – they will keep forward deployed Launch on Alert nuclear forces that holds other nuclear forces at risk in a highly offensive posture

Kristensen 6/29 (Hans Kristensen, Director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of Atomic Scientists, "New Nuclear Weapons Employment Guidance Puts Obama’s Fingerprint on Nuclear Weapons Policy and Strategy," 6/20/13 http://blogs.fas.org/security/2013/06/nukeguidance/~~23more-6076)

President Barack Obama’s Berlin speech failed to capture the nuclear disarmament spirit of the Prague
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to nuclear warheads that will prompt many to ask what has actually changed.

Nuclear first use has no strategic or deterrent value.

Reif 9/17/13 Kingston Reif is the director of nuclear nonproliferation at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. A recipient of a Marshall Scholarship, he was awarded a prestigious Scoville Peace Fellowship in 2008. He blogs about nuclear weapons policy at Nukes of Hazard. http://thebulletin.org/would-united-states-ever-actually-use-nuclear-weapons

The Syrian regime’s large-scale use of chemical weapons has prompted a vigorous discussion
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Ensuring that the tradition of nuclear non-use continues depends on it.

And, this nuclear posture increases the risk of nuclear use in conflict and miscalculation. The plan solves.

MODERATOR: JAMES ACTON, ASSOCIATE, NONPROLIFERATION PROGRAM, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT SPEAKERS: MICHAEL S. GERSON, RESEARCH ANALYST, CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES JEFFREY G. and LEWIS, DIRECTOR, NUCLEAR STRATEGY AND NONPROLIFERATION INITIATIVE, NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION 9-29-2009 "RETHINKING U.S. NUCLEAR POSTURE" online
Another argument for retaining the option to use nuclear weapons first, in addition to
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the purposes, ultimately, of trying to de-escalate the conflict.

Only Congressional restriction creates a credible and consistent no first use posture.

Schultz 2004 PREEMPTING PREEMPTION: NUCLEAR FIRST-USE AND THE ROLE OF CONGRESS JEFFREY L. SCHULTZ Mr. Schultz is an associate at Armstrong Teasdale LLP in St. Louis. Schultz is engaged in the practice of business litigation, with significant experience in trade secret, non-compete, unfair competition and intellectual property matters Kennedy School Review;2004, Vol. 5, p27 

Under uninterrupted constitutional practice since the use of the first nuclear weapons by the United
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nuclear preemptive strike, it had better say so by means of legislation.

Congressional restrictions are more credible signals.

Gallagher 2011 Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

As the practice of declaring war has become passé, American strategy has likewise become
AND
American people’s collective will in their efforts to subvert our national strategy.67

Only Credible 26 enforceable declaratory policy solves.

Miller, 2002 (Steven, No First Use of Nuclear Weapons, London UK 15-17 November, The utility of Nuclear Weapons and the Strategy of No-First Use. Pugwash Meeting no. 279)

If NFU is to be more than a declaratory policy, then it must be
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if others are to be convinced that NFU is more than declaratory policy.¶ 

China

US nuclear posture causes Chinese modernization and nuclear risk-taking. Only NFU solves.

George Perkovich 2013 George Perkovich is vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. OP-ED FEBRUARY 26, 2013 POLITICO http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/02/26/white-house-should-target-transparent-nuclear-policy/fm6b
Neither has done like China and relied on deterrence through retaliation with a relatively small
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when it comes to drones but not U.S. nuclear weapons.

And, this posture eviscerates US-China nuclear diplomacy because we can’

Kulacki 2011 Chickens Talking With Ducks: The U.S.-Chinese Nuclear Dialogue Gregory Kulacki is a senior analyst and the China project manager in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). Since joining the UCS in 2002, he has focused on promoting and conducting dialogue between Chinese and U.S. experts on nuclear arms control and space security. Gregory Kulacki 2011 http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2011_10/U.S._Chinese_Nuclear_Dialogue

Talks between China and the United States on the countries’ respective nuclear weapons programs are
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a basic confidence-building commitment that a much weaker China finds acceptable.

And lack of communication is particularly dangerous given other tensions and disagreements in US-China relations – these conflicts will escalate without the plan.

Colby 26 Denmark 2013, March Elbridge A. Colby, cochair, is a principal analyst and division lead for global strategic affairs at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), Previously, he served as policy adviser to the secretary of defense’s representative for the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, as an expert adviser to the Congressional Strategic Posture Commission, as a staff member on the President’s Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the U.S. Regarding WMD, and in a number of other government positions. Abraham M. Denmark, cochair, is vice president for political and security affairs at the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) and is an Asia-Pacific security adviser at the Center for Naval Analyses. "Nuclear Weapons and US China Relations a way forward" A report of the poni working group on u.s.- china nuclear dynamics CSIS – online
Unfortunately, significant sources of tension and disagreement between the United States and its allies
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questions about the future stability of U.S-China nuclear relations.

The plan stabilizes US China crisis management.

George Perkovich 2013 April Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fxax

The benefits of confining the use of nuclear weapons to retaliation against forces committing aggression
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disarming first strikes against China’s retaliatory nuclear forces and command and control centers.

Diplomacy is critical to solve crisis instability.

Chase 2013 michael s. chase is an Associate Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department at the U.S. Naval War College China’s Transition to a More Credible Nuclear Deterrent: Implications and Challenges for the United States Michael S. Chase Asia Policy, 

Diplomacy will also play a key role in maintaining a strategically stable U.S
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serve as a basis for Chinese participation in future multilateral arms-control negotiations

A breakdown of US-China strategic relations causes major power war.

Ratner, 2013 Dr. Ely Ratner is the Deputy Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security.  Dr. Ratner recently served in the Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs at the State Department as the lead political officer covering China’s external relations in Asia. "Rebalancing to Asia with an Insecure China." The Washington Quarterly 36.2 (2013): 21-38.

China’s foreign policies have for decades reflected the principles of biding time, pursuing a
AND
—are chief among the tasks of U.S. China policy.

Proliferation

Without a policy of no first use American proliferation leadership is doomed to failure. This will collapse the 2015 NPT review conference.

Perkovich 2013 George Perkovich is vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. April Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fxax

The timing of this intervention may seem peculiar. It was only three years ago
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.S. policy and possible alternatives may encourage movement in this direction.

====The plan is a critical step in reviving US non-proliferation leadership. ====
Korb 26 Rothman 2012 Lawrence J. Korb is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, and served as assistant secretary of defense during the Reagan administration from 1981–1985. Alexander H. Rothman is a special assistant with the national security and international policy team at the Center for American Progress. "No first use: The way to contain nuclear war in South Asia" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists March/April 2012 vol. 68 no. 2 34-42

A US decision to declare a no-first-use policy would have benefits
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US nuclear attack would reduce pressure for them to acquire a nuclear deterrent.

Only an unambiguous, universal NFU solves international perception - exceptions are perceived to get looser and looser which undermines the pledge

The administrator and primary writer for this website is Kirk C. Bansak.  B.A. degree from Harvard University, where he majored in social anthropology, with a specialization in the anthropology of science and international relations2009 http://weaponsandhope.com/archives/367

The U.S. continues to try to make the case to all new
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a paper pledge not to."  No nation on earth would forget that.

Proliferation leadership is critical now – Iran 26 North Korea

COLLINA 26 KIMBALL 9/19 2013 Tom Z. Collina is research director and Daryl G. Kimball is executive director at the Arms Control Association in Washington, DC. "Keep Cutting Nukes
Four reasons why presidents have pushed for nuclear cuts for decades — and why there’s no reason to stop now." http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/19/keep_cutting_nukes?page=full

Curbing proliferation. Today’s most pressing security threat is not nuclear war with Russia or
AND
and only provides them with a cynical excuse to sidestep their nonproliferation commitments.

Additionally, NPT collapse causes rapid global proliferation.

Bromley et al  02 ~Mark, British American Security Information Council analyst, July 2002  Bunker Busters: Washington’s Drive for New Nuclear Weapons, p. 71 http://www.basicint.org/pubs/Research/2002BB.pdf~~
Of all the international regimes to be affected by the NPR, the NPT may
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131 The dangers posed by a weakened NPT are real and universally recognised.

Proliferation will cause nuclear use and extinction

Utgoff 02 Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analysis, Survival, Summer pp. 87-90

In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
AND
a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Nuclear arms races escalate.

Guzansky, and Lindenstrauss. 2013 Yoel Guzansky is a research fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies at Tel Aviv University. Gallia Lindenstrauss, a researcher at the Institute for National Security Studies, specializes in Turkish foreign policy. She completed her Ph.D. in the Department of International Relations at the Hebrew University.
"Toward a Nuclear Middle East?." Strategic Survey for Israel 2012-2013: 61. 

A key argument guiding the international effort to prevent Iran from achieving nuclear weapons capability
AND
security, and economic freedom in a multi-polar nuclear Middle East.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: ks bc | Judge: nick miller

T- authority

C/I Presidential authority comes from executing the laws that Congress enacts; Congress can revoke that authority

Hawkins et al 05 professor of law at Brigham Young,
Darren, Delegation Under Anarchy: States, International Organizations, and Principal-Agent Theory,  http://mjtier.people.wm.edu/papers/INTRO20HLNT20July2031.pdf

The relations between a principal and an agent are always governed by a con-
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principals, actors must both grant and have the power to revoke authority.  

T- troops

2. Counterinterpretation - The armed forces are the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corp, Special ops and Strategic forces. Includes nuclear forces.

US Code 10 subsection 111 ’Military Force Structure Review Act of 1996’. * Current through PL 113-31, approved 8/9/13 * TITLE 10. ARMED FORCES SUBTITLE A. GENERAL MILITARY LAW PART I. ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL MILITARY POWERS CHAPTER 2. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Go to the United States Code Service Archive Directory 10 USCS § 111 Lexis 

"(1) The term ’ above the line’ force structure of the Armed Forces’
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Stat. 1738; 10 U.S.C. 111 note).

3. We meet

Lobel 2012 JULES LOBEL Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School Conflicts Between the Commander in Chief and Congress: Concurrent Power over the Conduct of War. *OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL ~Vol. 69:391

Given the fatal flaws in all of the approaches discussed above, perhaps the suppositions
AND
purposes, and tactics Presidents could use in conducting war throughout our history.

4. Counterinterpretation – The presidential control of nuclear weapons resides in what Justice Jackson called the " Zone of Twilight" – even if not specifically granted by congress – the effective control and lack of restriction means nuclear weapons control is War powers authority.

Hemesath 2000 PAUL A. HEMESATH* J.D./M.S.F.S. Georgetown University Law Center, School of Foreign Service, 2001; B.A. University of California at Los Angeles, 1996 88 Geo. L.J. 2473 1999-2000 Who’s Got the Button? Nuclear War Powers Uncertainty in the Post-Cold War Era

As intimated above, the end of the Cold War has brought fundamental change to
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Congress may plausibly reassert its prerogatives in light of a return to normalcy.

The negative’s interpretation is ridiculous and relies on a faulty reading of the War Powers Resolution and ignores the context of "hostilities" – it would mean that the bombing of Cambodia wouldn’t have been covered by the resolution that was written to ban it

Fisher 12 Military Operations in Libya: No War? No Hostilities? Louis Fisher is Scholar in Residence at The Constitution Project. He spent four decades at the Library of Congress from 1970 to 2010, ?rst as Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers at the Congressional Research Service and later as Specialist in Constitutional Law at the Law Library. The Constitution Project Presidential Studies Quarterly 42, no. 1 (March)

Several issues of interest appear in this sentence. First, it speaks of no
AND
Resolution) were absent in Libya. It refused to offer that conclusion.
 

Aff Flexibility – Their interpretation favors a mythical and static view of presidential powers – the aff must change the scope of these powers, their interpretation confines the aff to indefensible positions.

Functional Limits – solvency advocates and CP are checks on these potentional affirmatives

Predictability - Their interpretation is absurd, creates terrible debates and is historically inaccurate. Nuclear weapons policy is the foundation and justification of contemporary expansions of the war powers – we’re literally the core of the topic.

Wills 2010 Garry emeritus professor of history at Northwestern  Bomb Power: The Modern Presidency and the National Security State 

This book has a basic thesis, that the Bomb altered our subsequent history down
AND
Executive power has basically been, since World War II, Bomb Power.

Reasonable Limits – the negative’s interpretation is unnecessarily restrictive and locks the aff into tired boring mechanisms. Our interpretation allows the aff to think for themselves within limits. Our interpretation does not allow the aff to restrict all nuclear weapons policy, only first use because it is a "introducing forces."

5. Competing Interpretations is a race to the bottom – Reasonability should be the standard to evaluate topicality, because the aff can’t win on T.

CP

Only the plan and the CP send a signal of unification

That’s key to solve

Gallagher 2011 Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

As the practice of declaring war has become passé, American strategy has likewise become
AND
American people’s collective will in their efforts to subvert our national strategy.67

Perception matters more in nuclear policy because it signals to the world our intentions.

Warden 2013 John Kool Warden is a master’s candidate in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University, concentrating in U.S. national security, and a research assistant at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), where he serves as executive director of the PONI Next Generation Working Group on U.S.-China Nuclear Issues and Relations. . He earned his b.A. in political science and history from Northwestern University and remains involved with the Northwestern Debate Society as an assistant coach. An elusive consensus: U.S. Nuclear Policy during the first obama Term http://csis.org/files/publication/130422_Spies_ForgingConsensus_Web.pdf

The barack obama administration took office in january 2009, determined to renew the United
AND
watched the administration’s efforts. Many of the interviewees are quoted anonymously throughout.

Japan rearm

Non-unqiue - DPJ is for NFU

Warden 9/20
(John Warden ~JWarden@csis.org~ is a research assistant and program coordinator for the Project on Nuclear Issues (PONI) at CSIS."US Should Be Wary of Claims That Japan Opposes NFU" http://csis.org/blog/us-should-be-wary-claims-japan-opposes-nfu)

The title of a recent UPI article was: "Japan wary of ’no first
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likely that the DPJ would not be wary of a US NFU proposal..

Extend Chase, stong US-China strategic relationship

PTX

Yes Shutdown

Shutdown inevitable – the House GOP has caved to the demands of the conservatives and Obama isn’t going to flinch

Todd et al 9/18 (Chuck Todd, Mark Murray, Domenico Montanaro, and Jessica Taylor, NBC News Political Editorial Staff, If Obama is having a bad run, just look at the House GOP, 9/18/13 http://www.cnbc.com/id/101044115)

As rough a stretch as President Obama and his team have had over the last
AND
have handled the last few weeks, he’s not letting it show publicly.

Shutdown is likely – neither Obama or the House GOP are going to budge

Klein 9/20 (Rick Klein, 9/20/13 "Government Shutdown Showdown 2013: a Primer," http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-showdown-2013-primer/story?id=2031727126singlePage=true)
 Get ready for some legislative ping-pong, with some poker sprinkled in
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promise seriously. So this piece is highly unlikely to be resolved quickly.

House GOP won’t compromise – the risk of a primary challenge from the right and ideology means they WANT a shutdown

Klein 9/20 (Rick Klein, 9/20/13 "Government Shutdown Showdown 2013: a Primer," http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-showdown-2013-primer/story?id=2031727126singlePage=true)

The conventional wisdom received from those who survived the last government shutdown, in the
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during his time in office, it’s another huge distraction from his agenda.

The conditions aren’t present for compromise – both parties think they have a mandate and ideology trumps any rational calculation about influence

Klein 9/20 (THIS CARD IS GENDER MODIFIEDRick Klein, 9/20/13 "Government Shutdown Showdown 2013: a Primer," http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-shutdown-showdown-2013-primer/story?id=2031727126singlePage=true)

This is as basic as it gets: Will our elected representatives do their jobs
AND
as it’s going into effect. Our economy is hanging in the balance.

Republicans will do it – they’re more concerned about getting primaried than they are about preventing a shutdown

Roginsky 9/20 (Julie Roginsky, "Republicans, it’s time to take your medicine, ObamaCare is here to stay", 9/20/13
http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/20/republicans-it-time-to-take-your-medicine-obamacare-is-here-to-stay/~~23ixzz2fSnkqU3H," )

Republican voters, your leaders in Washington are lying to you. They are giving
AND
to win the election in 2012, despite independent polls telling you otherwise.

No continuing resolution –

a. Senate opposition and veto

Taylor and Sala 9/20 (Jessica Taylor is a digital political reporter with MSNBC’s Daily Rundown and the NBC Political Unit and Rose Sala writer for MSNBC "House pushes government toward shutdown," 9/20/13 http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/09/20/house-pushes-country-toward-government-shutdown/)

The Republican-led House passed a stop-gap spending bill Friday that’s
AND
take the blame for shutdown. The budget year ends Sept. 30.

b. Dem opposition

Siddiqui 9/19 (Sabrina Siddiqui is a politics reporter at the Huffington Post, "House Democrats: Tea Party Has Officially Overthrown GOP Leaders" 9/19/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/19/house-democrats-tea-party_n_3958293.html?utm_hp_ref=politics)

Republican leaders have been reluctant to say why they caved to their tea party
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tying it to Obamacare, the sequester showdown is unlikely to be resolved.

c. Tea Party, GOP division and polling.

CBS 9/19 (CBS, "Rubio’s Government Shutdown Plan Splitting GOP," 9/19/13, http://miami.cbslocal.com/2013/09/19/rubios-government-shutdown-plan-splitting-gop/)

WASHINGTON (CBSMiami) – The plan originally hatched by Florida Senator Marco Rubio
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shutdown and threatened debt default in order to get their way on policy.

Your link makes no sense – there are no negotiations over the debt ceiling now and Obama isn’t engaging in good faith negotiations

Kudlow 9/20 (Larry Kudlow, "Obama the Irrelevant" 9/20/13 http://dailycaller.com/2013/09/20/obama-the-irrelevant/)

One of the biggest mistakes President Obama is making in the current debate over the
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the other, and the deadlines are only a couple of weeks apart.

No Impact

No impact – empirically, debt ceiling has little effect on the markets

Wall Street Journal Sep 20, 2013 Debt Ceiling, Act III: Will the Market Notice at All This Time? http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2013/09/20/debt-ceiling-act-iii-will-the-market-notice-at-all-this-time/
So there you have it. The Republicans want to defund Obamacare. The president
AND
against cutting its stimulus program by any amount (for the time being).