Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Muppalla-Spurlock | Judge: Miller

The United States federal government should not use Armed Forces to remove Native American Nations from their lands.

Irreversible Power is the rhetorical beginning for the erosion of all Native American sovereignty only the plan can show how the U.S. should constrain that power as a form of engaging another sovereign entity. The plans conceptualization of the past is crucial to help open up and explain this process of "making savage" the Native American Nation.

Lyons, 2K (Scott Richard, Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?, (Ojibwe/Mdewakanton Dakota) teaches communication at Leech Lake¶ Tribal College on his home reservation in northern Minnesota. He is also a Ph.D. candidate at¶ Miami University, currently completing a dissertation on American Indian rhetoric. February, ebsco)

What do Indians want from writing? Certainly something other than the names¶ of
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would form the public and run¶ the nation-state (Eley). 

Destroying white understandings of Native American rhetoric are essential to unveil the extreme violence and genocide occurring right now. American rhetorical understandings of native peoples erases current Native Americans. Vote aff for two young Ojibwe who committed suicide or the putrid living conditions forced upon Native American communities.

Lyons, 2K (Scott Richard, Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?, (Ojibwe/Mdewakanton Dakota) teaches communication at Leech Lake¶ Tribal College on his home reservation in northern Minnesota. He is also a Ph.D. candidate at¶ Miami University, currently completing a dissertation on American Indian rhetoric. February, ebsco)

All of which brings me back to where I started: what do American Indians
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of helper and teacher in¶ the white man’s quest to Know Thyself.

Now is critical to recognize this colonialism this weekend marks the 107^th Birthday for the Dawes Act. Dawes Act is causing cultural destruction. You’re willing to celebrate Columbus Day why aren’t you celebrating our genocide today.

Lyons, 2K (Scott Richard, Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?, (Ojibwe/Mdewakanton Dakota) teaches communication at Leech Lake¶ Tribal College on his home reservation in northern Minnesota. He is also a Ph.D. candidate at¶ Miami University, currently completing a dissertation on American Indian rhetoric. February, ebsco)

In all three of these thinkers, the rhetoric of sovereignty takes on a decidedly
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power and seeking r ecognition at¶ the colonized scene of writing.

The Affirmative understanding of War Powers helps exemplify the colonialism of the constitution and the acts of violence perpetuated upon Native American populations via its implement.

Ablavsky, 2013 (Gregory, Sharswood Fellow in Law and History, University of Pennsylvania Law School; Doctoral Candidate in History, University of Pennsylvania, The Savage Constitution, Duke Law Journal, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2229957)

That, however, was the path not taken. The Federalists, while they
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convert this country into a powerful and mighty empire," warned Patrick Henry¶

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: California, Berkeley Muppalla-Spurlock | Judge: Miller

T

Place based indigenous politics relies on common destiny through a historical place centric relation. It’s about the space we can simultaneously operate within and how that space defines our bodies.

Prazniak 26 Dirlik 1 ~Roxann, Associate Professor of History at University of Oregon, and Arif, Knight Professor of Social Science at University of Oregon, Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization, 2001, p. 9-11~
Indigenism, too, makes certain claims to reified cultural characteristics, "bodies of
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their very representations of the past, negate any meaningful notion of history.

We Meet: Our Ablvesky evidence says that U.S. Treaty and War Powers come from the ability to respond to the native insecurity of the American State caused by Native Americans.

We Meet: We prevent the use of the armed forces against Native American Nations.

Counter-Interpretation: WAR POWERS.

Ablavsky, 2013 (Gregory, Sharswood Fellow in Law and History, University of Pennsylvania Law School; Doctoral Candidate in History, University of Pennsylvania, The Savage Constitution, Duke Law Journal, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2229957)

That, however, was the path not taken. The Federalists, while they
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convert this country into a powerful and mighty empire," warned Patrick Henry¶ 

We Meet Counter interpretation: Indian affairs are the crucial lynchpin of all American military.

Ablavsky, 2013 (Gregory, Sharswood Fellow in Law and History, University of Pennsylvania Law School; Doctoral Candidate in History, University of Pennsylvania, The Savage Constitution, Duke Law Journal, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2229957)

Natives were the first subjects of this empire, but they were not the last
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and unwillingly, Natives were the handmaidens of the United States’s imperial Constitution.

Reasons to prefer:

Historical Definitions Key: understanding the basis for war powers authority is essential to unveiling the violence done to Native American peoples by the United States.

Predictable Limits: we remove the ability for the president to send troops to remove Native American Nations.

Racism Disad: the rationality for this authority not being a war powers is an understanding of Native American Nations as non-sovereign entities, this perpetuates a colonial control. This is the Mashall’s literal interpretation of pupil relationship of sovereign nations.

The United States has forgotten this is essential to their maintenance of sovereignty and control over Native American Nations, but destroys the national soul leaving Americans empty.

Bradford 2 (William Bradford, Chiricahua Apache/Associate prof of Law @ Indiana University School of Law, ARTICLE: "With a Very Great Blame on Our Hearts": n1 Reparations, Reconciliation, and an American Indian Plea for Peace with Justice, 27 Am. Indian L. Rev. 1, lexis)

V. Conclusion In August 2001, the UN convened the World Conference Against
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the past and provide redress for Indian claims will corrode the national soul.

Reasonability is best competing interpretations creates a race to the bottom, reasonability is easily understandable.

Kritik

We do not cede our authority but open up space to exploit the military’s inability to act.

DAVIES AND SEUFFERT, 2K (MARGARET – SENIOR LECTURER OF LAW @ FLINDERS UNIVERSITY AND NAN – SENIOR LECTURER OF LAW @ UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO, ARTICLE: Knowledge, Identity, and the Politics of Law, 11 Hastings Women’s L.J. 259, SUMMER)

Law is increasingly recognized by critical scholars as lacking the "objectivity’ it loves.
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that we take at the same time as we venture into new territory.
Permutation do both

There is no value in their pessimistic project — vote affirmative to align your ballot
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not re-victimize the ontological category of blackness as if it dictated destiny

Moten ’7 Fred, Professor of English and African American Studies, Duke University "black optimism/black operation", Chicago — working text for "Black Op" Source: PMLA, Volume 123, Number 5, October 2008, pp. 1743–1747 (5)
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t26rct=j26q=26esrc=s26source=web26cd=326cad=rja26ved=0CDQQFjAC26url=http3A2F2Flucian.uchicago.edu2Fblogs2Fpoliticalfeeling2Ffiles2F20072F122Fmoten-black-optimism.doc26ei=1fE2UO65KuG8yAHpiIHYCg26usg=AFQjCNE8N66fQjQ7TP0PkJ0eYZDI6cNLvA26sig2=BUrcwC5Cfz5Ero2I14PBsg

My field is black studies. In that field, I’m trying to hoe the
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will claim, with ridiculousness boldness, is the condition of possibility of politics

Wilderson’s analsyis is historically incorrect and irresponsible and their application of him to politics generally is catastrophic — 3 arguments

1 — Wilderson homogenizes the extremely diverse identities of the global African diaspora within the category of "blackness", violently erasing difference in the name of advancing a woefully generalized ontological argument

2 — He exaggerates the inhumanity of slaves to make a point in a way
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runs directly counter to the best historical evidence about the construction of black identity

3 — His analysis is so totalizingly pessimistic in the extreme that he offers literally zero in the way of alternative and within the debate their argument reifies rhetorical anti-blackness and santizes anti-black violence

Bâ ’11  (teaches film at Portsmouth University (UK). He researches ’race’, the ’postcolonial’,  diaspora,  the  transnational  and  film  ’genre’,  African  and  Caribbean cinemas  and film festivals)
(Saër Maty, The US Decentred, Cultural Studies Review, volume 17 number 2 September 2011)

A few pages into Red, White and Black, I feared that it would
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?  The  coffle   approaches with its answers in tow.’ (340)

This solves: Incremental changes are crucial for coalitions against capitalism – The alt isn’t viable and won’t change mindsets.

Euro-Americans must take pro-active action to rectify itself for its atrocities against Native Americans – We think the ballot is a starting point for this.

Tinker 4 (George "Tink" Tinker, Professor of American Indian Studies and Religious Traditions at Iliff School of Theology, Enrolled member of Osage Nation, Spirit and Resistance, p. 5) 

The liberation of euro-american peoples must be rooted in some sort of
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conquest itself in countless ways, including a higher socioeconomic status.9

Our social location of mixed blood mandates social exclusion from the White and the Red. Only including our political voice can allow for an inclusive politic.

Dainis 7 (Bruce R. Dainis, associate professor of American intellectual history at
the University of Utah "Beyond Black and Red: Africanâ Native Relations in Colonial Latin America, and: To Intermix with Our White Brothers: Indian Mixed Bloods in the United States from Earliest Times to the Indian Removals (review)" Journal of the Early Republic, Volume 27, Number 1, Spring 2007, pp. 180-184, pdf)

The situation only became uglier when most Indian mixed-blood chiefs adamantly opposed removal
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their reputations might desire them, but would not marry them’’ (238).

the aff just reinforce the black/white color line, while removing the Red from social consciousness.
Ben-zvi 7 (Yael Ben-zvi, Dept of linguistics and literature at Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev, "Where Did Red Go?: Lewis Henry Morgan’s Evolutionary Inheritance and U.S. Racial Imagination" 2007, pdf)

This analysis contributes to theorizations of "translation" (Cheyfitz 1997), "playing
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category, but it does not explain the epistemological foundations of this erosion.

Permutation debate –

Wilderson concedes that including the Red body is essential, because it is positioned antagonistically to whiteness – Your exclusion of the Red body from the discussion reproduces racism toward the Red body.

Bruker 11 (Malia Bruker, board of trustees of the university of Illinois "Red, White 26amp; Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms (review)" Journal of Film and Video, Volume 63, Number 4, Winter 2011, p. 69, 2011)

Almost a third of this 341-page book focuses on Native American cinema and
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along their shared, albeit different, antagonistic positions to white civil society. 

The aff is just an attempt to put the Red body on an intellectual reservation to where they can access it whenever it’s convenient – the reinforce the black/white color line, while removing the Red from social consciousness.

Ben-zvi 7 (Yael Ben-zvi, Dept of linguistics and literature at Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev, "Where Did Red Go?: Lewis Henry Morgan’s Evolutionary Inheritance and U.S. Racial Imagination" 2007, pdf)

This analysis contributes to theorizations of "translation" (Cheyfitz 1997), "playing
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category, but it does not explain the epistemological foundations of this erosion.

Their slavery metaphors ignore the Red body and its role in the origins of American Slavery. This is just an attempt to continually silence the Red voice.

Coleman 13 (Arica L. Coleman, Assistant Professor in Black American Studies at University of Delaware, Ph.D. in American Studies from the Union Institute and University "That the Blood Stay Pure African Americans, Native Americans, and the Predicament of Race and Identity in Virginia," Pg 72, 2013, gbooks)

American Indians are largely absent from the conventional discourse on American slavery. Much
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-American Indian ancestry who remained entrapped in the peculiar insitutions.35

Debate is a site for a home for the native body, the native debate is one which is inclusive of technique and style. Our debate world is inviting not ejective.

Ben-zvi 7 (Yael Ben-zvi, Dept of linguistics and literature at Ben-Gurion Univ of the Negev, "Where Did Red Go?: Lewis Henry Morgan’s Evolutionary Inheritance and U.S. Racial Imagination" 2007, pdf)

Inclusiveness characterizes Morgan’s representation of Native American domestic lifestyles as well, and it facilitates
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among them it was also extended to them. (2003, 45)

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na

Plan – v. 1.0

The United States Congress should restrict the authority of the President of the United States to introduce nuclear weapons first into hostilities.

Threats Fail

Despite promises to the contrary, the Obama Administration recently reaffirmed the nuclear force posture of the United States Armed Forces – they will keep forward deployed Launch on Alert nuclear forces that holds other nuclear forces at risk in a highly offensive posture

Kristensen 6/29 (Hans Kristensen, Director of the Nuclear Information Project at the Federation of Atomic Scientists, and#34;New Nuclear Weapons Employment Guidance Puts Obama’s Fingerprint on Nuclear Weapons Policy and Strategy,and#34; 6/20/13 http://blogs.fas.org/security/2013/06/nukeguidance/~~23more-6076)

President Barack Obama’s Berlin speech failed to capture the nuclear disarmament spirit of the Prague
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to nuclear warheads that will prompt many to ask what has actually changed.

Nuclear first use has no strategic or deterrent value.

Reif 9/17/13 Kingston Reif is the director of nuclear nonproliferation at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. A recipient of a Marshall Scholarship, he was awarded a prestigious Scoville Peace Fellowship in 2008. He blogs about nuclear weapons policy at Nukes of Hazard. http://thebulletin.org/would-united-states-ever-actually-use-nuclear-weapons

The Syrian regime’s large-scale use of chemical weapons has prompted a vigorous discussion
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Ensuring that the tradition of nuclear non-use continues depends on it.

And, this nuclear posture increases the risk of nuclear use in conflict and miscalculation. The plan solves.

MODERATOR: JAMES ACTON, ASSOCIATE, NONPROLIFERATION PROGRAM, CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT SPEAKERS: MICHAEL S. GERSON, RESEARCH ANALYST, CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES JEFFREY G. and LEWIS, DIRECTOR, NUCLEAR STRATEGY AND NONPROLIFERATION INITIATIVE, NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION 9-29-2009 and#34;RETHINKING U.S. NUCLEAR POSTUREand#34; online
Another argument for retaining the option to use nuclear weapons first, in addition to
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the purposes, ultimately, of trying to de-escalate the conflict.

Only Congressional restriction creates a credible and consistent no first use posture.

Schultz 2004 PREEMPTING PREEMPTION: NUCLEAR FIRST-USE AND THE ROLE OF CONGRESS JEFFREY L. SCHULTZ Mr. Schultz is an associate at Armstrong Teasdale LLP in St. Louis. Schultz is engaged in the practice of business litigation, with significant experience in trade secret, non-compete, unfair competition and intellectual property matters Kennedy School Review;2004, Vol. 5, p27 

Under uninterrupted constitutional practice since the use of the first nuclear weapons by the United
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nuclear preemptive strike, it had better say so by means of legislation.

Congressional restrictions are more credible signals.

Gallagher 2011 Unconstitutional War: Strategic Risk in the Age of Congressional Abdication Joseph V. Gallagher III served as an F/A-18C Pilot, Air Officer, and F/A-18C/D Flight Instructor in the US Marine Corps operating forces. He worked Security Assistance initiatives for the US European Command and most recently as a Joint Planner in the USEUCOM J3 and J5. Gallagher is currently assigned to the Joint Staff, PakistanAfghanistan Coordination Cell. http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/2011summer/gallagher.pdf

As the practice of declaring war has become passé, American strategy has likewise become
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American people’s collective will in their efforts to subvert our national strategy.67

Only Credible 26 enforceable declaratory policy solves.

Miller, 2002 (Steven, No First Use of Nuclear Weapons, London UK 15-17 November, The utility of Nuclear Weapons and the Strategy of No-First Use. Pugwash Meeting no. 279)

If NFU is to be more than a declaratory policy, then it must be
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if others are to be convinced that NFU is more than declaratory policy.¶ 

China

US nuclear posture causes Chinese modernization and nuclear risk-taking. Only NFU solves.

George Perkovich 2013 George Perkovich is vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. OP-ED FEBRUARY 26, 2013 POLITICO http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/02/26/white-house-should-target-transparent-nuclear-policy/fm6b
Neither has done like China and relied on deterrence through retaliation with a relatively small
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when it comes to drones but not U.S. nuclear weapons.

And, this posture eviscerates US-China nuclear diplomacy because we can’

Kulacki 2011 Chickens Talking With Ducks: The U.S.-Chinese Nuclear Dialogue Gregory Kulacki is a senior analyst and the China project manager in the Global Security Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). Since joining the UCS in 2002, he has focused on promoting and conducting dialogue between Chinese and U.S. experts on nuclear arms control and space security. Gregory Kulacki 2011 http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2011_10/U.S._Chinese_Nuclear_Dialogue

Talks between China and the United States on the countries’ respective nuclear weapons programs are
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a basic confidence-building commitment that a much weaker China finds acceptable.

And lack of communication is particularly dangerous given other tensions and disagreements in US-China relations – these conflicts will escalate without the plan.

Colby 26 Denmark 2013, March Elbridge A. Colby, cochair, is a principal analyst and division lead for global strategic affairs at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), Previously, he served as policy adviser to the secretary of defense’s representative for the new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, as an expert adviser to the Congressional Strategic Posture Commission, as a staff member on the President’s Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the U.S. Regarding WMD, and in a number of other government positions. Abraham M. Denmark, cochair, is vice president for political and security affairs at the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) and is an Asia-Pacific security adviser at the Center for Naval Analyses. and#34;Nuclear Weapons and US China Relations a way forwardand#34; A report of the poni working group on u.s.- china nuclear dynamics CSIS – online
Unfortunately, significant sources of tension and disagreement between the United States and its allies
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questions about the future stability of U.S-China nuclear relations.

The plan stabilizes US China crisis management.

George Perkovich 2013 April Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fxax

The benefits of confining the use of nuclear weapons to retaliation against forces committing aggression
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disarming first strikes against China’s retaliatory nuclear forces and command and control centers.

Diplomacy is critical to solve crisis instability.

Chase 2013 michael s. chase is an Associate Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department at the U.S. Naval War College China’s Transition to a More Credible Nuclear Deterrent: Implications and Challenges for the United States Michael S. Chase Asia Policy, 

Diplomacy will also play a key role in maintaining a strategically stable U.S
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serve as a basis for Chinese participation in future multilateral arms-control negotiations

A breakdown of US-China strategic relations causes major power war.

Ratner, 2013 Dr. Ely Ratner is the Deputy Director of the Asia-Pacific Security Program at the Center for a New American Security.  Dr. Ratner recently served in the Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs at the State Department as the lead political officer covering China’s external relations in Asia. and#34;Rebalancing to Asia with an Insecure China.and#34; The Washington Quarterly 36.2 (2013): 21-38.

China’s foreign policies have for decades reflected the principles of biding time, pursuing a
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—are chief among the tasks of U.S. China policy.

Proliferation

Without a policy of no first use American proliferation leadership is doomed to failure. This will collapse the 2015 NPT review conference.

Perkovich 2013 George Perkovich is vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. April Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fxax

The timing of this intervention may seem peculiar. It was only three years ago
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.S. policy and possible alternatives may encourage movement in this direction.

====The plan is a critical step in reviving US non-proliferation leadership. ====
Korb 26 Rothman 2012 Lawrence J. Korb is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, and served as assistant secretary of defense during the Reagan administration from 1981–1985. Alexander H. Rothman is a special assistant with the national security and international policy team at the Center for American Progress. and#34;No first use: The way to contain nuclear war in South Asiaand#34; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists March/April 2012 vol. 68 no. 2 34-42

A US decision to declare a no-first-use policy would have benefits
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US nuclear attack would reduce pressure for them to acquire a nuclear deterrent.

Only an unambiguous, universal NFU solves international perception - exceptions are perceived to get looser and looser which undermines the pledge

The administrator and primary writer for this website is Kirk C. Bansak.  B.A. degree from Harvard University, where he majored in social anthropology, with a specialization in the anthropology of science and international relations2009 http://weaponsandhope.com/archives/367

The U.S. continues to try to make the case to all new
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a paper pledge not to.and#34;  No nation on earth would forget that.

Proliferation leadership is critical now – Iran 26 North Korea

COLLINA 26 KIMBALL 9/19 2013 Tom Z. Collina is research director and Daryl G. Kimball is executive director at the Arms Control Association in Washington, DC. and#34;Keep Cutting Nukes
Four reasons why presidents have pushed for nuclear cuts for decades — and why there’s no reason to stop now.and#34; http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/19/keep_cutting_nukes?page=full

Curbing proliferation. Today’s most pressing security threat is not nuclear war with Russia or
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and only provides them with a cynical excuse to sidestep their nonproliferation commitments.

Additionally, NPT collapse causes rapid global proliferation.

Bromley et al  02 ~Mark, British American Security Information Council analyst, July 2002  Bunker Busters: Washington’s Drive for New Nuclear Weapons, p. 71 http://www.basicint.org/pubs/Research/2002BB.pdf~~
Of all the international regimes to be affected by the NPR, the NPT may
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131 The dangers posed by a weakened NPT are real and universally recognised.

Proliferation will cause nuclear use and extinction

Utgoff 02 Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the Institute for Defense Analysis, Survival, Summer pp. 87-90

In sum, widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out
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a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Nuclear arms races escalate.

Guzansky, and Lindenstrauss. 2013 Yoel Guzansky is a research fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies at Tel Aviv University. Gallia Lindenstrauss, a researcher at the Institute for National Security Studies, specializes in Turkish foreign policy. She completed her Ph.D. in the Department of International Relations at the Hebrew University.
and#34;Toward a Nuclear Middle East?.and#34; Strategic Survey for Israel 2012-2013: 61. 

A key argument guiding the international effort to prevent Iran from achieving nuclear weapons capability
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security, and economic freedom in a multi-polar nuclear Middle East.