Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na

1AC Cites GSU

1

US cyber policy is being modeled worldwide—Causes cyber prolif.

Gjelten 13
(Tom Gjelten, correspondent for NPR, "Pentagon Goes On The Offensive Against Cyberattacks" February 11, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171677247/pentagon-goes-on-the-offensive-against-cyber-attacks, KB)

With the Pentagon now officially recognizing cyberspace as a domain of warfare… spoken at conferences and other public events."

Specifically, Presidential control over OCOs is causing a cyber-arms race that goes nuclear.

Rothschild 13, Editor of Progressive Magazine, Matthew Rothschild is the editor of The Progressive magazine, which is one of the leading voices for peace and social justice in this country. Rothschild has appeared on Nightline, C-SPAN, The O’Reilly Factor, and NPR, and his newspaper commentaries have run in the Chicago Tribune, the L.A. Times, the Miami Herald, and a host of other newspapers. Rothschild is the host of "Progressive Radio," a syndicated half-hour weekly interview program. And he does a two-minute daily radio commentary, entitled "Progressive Point of View," which is also syndicated around the country. Rothschild is the author of You Have No Rights: Stories of America in an Age of Repression (New Press, 2007). He also is the editor ofDemocracy in Print: The Best of The Progressive, 1909-2009(University of Wisconsin Press, 2009)., The Dangers of Obama’s Cyber War Power Grab, http://progressive.org/dangers-of-obama-cyber-war-power-grab
There are no checks or balances… temptations of a President.

2013 is the brink—Consensus of experts.

Goldman 13, CNN Writer, Nations Prepare for Cyberwar, http://money.cnn.com/2013/01/07/technology/security/cyber-war/index.html
Security analysts are predicting that… delivered to Congress last year.

American OCOs prevent international norms and drive the cyber-arms race.

Goldsmith 10, Professor of Law at Harvard, Can we stop the Cyber Arms Race, Jack Goldsmith teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of a 2009 National Academies committee that issued the report "Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities.", http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks
In a speech this month on "Internet freedom,"… offense already has a natural advantage.

This also destabilizes norms surrounding nuclear weapons

Austin 13
Director of Policy Innovation at the EastWest Institute, Costs of American Cyber Superiority, http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/costs-of-american-cyber-superiority/
The United States is racing… unconstrained American cyber superiority.

Fear of a pre-emptive attack causes hair trigger posture and miscalc.

Morgan 2010
(Patrick M. Morgan, Tierney Chair, Peace 26 Conflict, Political Science School of Social Sciences PH.D., Yale University, "Applicability of Traditional Deterrence Concepts and Theory to the Cyber Realm," Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyber Attacks, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/morgan.pdf)

On the other hand, since they will likely not be readily visible,… capabilities were and turned to a worst-case analysis.

The arms race escalates

====A) Miscalc====
Rosenzweig 9, Professor at Georgetown Law 
(Paul, founder of Reid Branch Consulting, specializing in homeland security, senior advisor to the Chertoff Group, Carnegie Fellow at Northwestern, professor at National Defense University, Editorial board at the Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, deputy assistant secretary for policy at the US Department of Homeland Security, "National Security Threatsin Cyberspace" merican Bar Association Standing Committee on Law andNational Security And National Strategy Forum, September 2009, www.utexas.edu/law/journals/tlr/sources/Issue2088.7/Jensen/fn137.Rosenwieg.pdf)
Offensive dominance creates a… could also  ignite a conflict.124

B) Third Parties

Libicki 09
Matthew Libicki, Ph.D, senior management scientist at RAND, "CYBERDETERRENCE AND CYBERWAR," 2009, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG877.pdf SJE

An exchange of cyberattacks… because who knows where it will lead

C) Disproportional Retaliation

Sanger 9
(David E., "U.S. Steps Up Effort on Digital Defenses" April 27, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/us/28cyber.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)
In the rare case where the preparations for an attack are detected in a foreign… and that’s a little bit dangerous."

Nuclear War

Clarke 2009
(Richard Clarke, special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush administration and chairman of Good Harbor Consulting, November/December 2009, "War from Cyberspace," The National Interest, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/zselden/coursereading2011/Clarkecyber.pdf)

As in the 1960s,… respond with "kinetic activity."

Only the plan can solve—acknowledging our own covert attacks establishes a norm that stops proliferation

Goldsmith 10
Jack Goldsmith, teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution’s Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of a 2009 National Academies committee, "Can we stop the cyber arms race?" February 01, 2010, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks, KB)

In a speech this month on "Internet freedom,"… concessions by our adversaries.

2

The NSA scandal is creating an exodus of talent from the cyber industrial complex which endangers cyber security.

Economist 13
Hiring digital 007s; Consultancies and spy chiefs¶ The Economist, June 15, 2013http:ic.galegroup.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/ic/bic1/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?failOverType=26query=26windowstate=normal26contentModules=26mode=view26displayGroupName=Magazines26limiter=26currPage=26disableHighlighting=26displayGroups=26sortBy=26source=26search_within_results=26action=e26catId=26activityType=26scanId=26documentId=GALE7CA333726100¶ A new cyber-industrial complex is rising. Should you worry?
¶ "AT BOOZ ALLEN, we’re shaping the future… they are more likely to take the threats seriously.

Its reverse causal—Congressional oversight creates the transparency key to recruiting. Hackers are calling for less presidential authority.

Kar 13
US Government Wants to Win Hackers for Data Collection at Black Hat
SAROJ KAR | AUGUST 5^TH 13 Saroj is a Staff Writer at SiliconANGLE covering social and mobile news. http://siliconangle.com/blog/2013/08/05/us-government-wants-to-win-hackers-for-data-collection-at-black-hat/
The head of the U.S. National Security Agency… he should think about his perception of hackers.)

Cyber Industrial Complex.

Peterson 13
Why a former NSA chief just made a big mistake by dissing hackers
By Andrea Peterson, Published: August 7 at 2:58 pm http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/08/07/why-a-former-nsa-chief-just-made-a-big-mistake-by-dissing-hackers/
And who has the skills to help with that? Hackers… government cyber security efforts will.

Absent the plan, the espionage scandal costs 15,000 recruits.

Wyler 13
Without Def Con, the Feds Have a Hacker Recruitment Problem  
By Grace Wyler, 7/17/13 reporter/staff writer. http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/without-def-con-the-feds-have-a-hacker-recruitment-problem
In addition to unveiling wholesale data collection systems… who tried to win over new recruits in 2009.

The government is currently recruiting for the National Mission Force which will defend against cyber-attacks.

Hayes 13
Seeking Hackers: The Military Aims to Recruit More Cyber Soldiers¶ The U.S. Cyber Command looks to add 4,000 cyber soldiers to boost its cyber-warfare efforts.¶ PATRICK HAYES¶ posted February 6, 2013 http://www.fedtechmagazine.com/article/2013/02/seeking-hackers-military-aims-recruit-more-cyber-soldiers
The U.S. Cyber Command… on the information superhighway as well.

The few good recruits go to the NSA for offense—DHS recruiting is key to defense.

Boston Globe 13
 US looks to recruit student hackers¶ Wants them to defend against foreign attacks¶ By Nicole Perlroth | NEW YORK TIMES MARCH 25, 2013 http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/03/24/looks-recruit-student-hackers-help-defend-nation-cyberspace/1YurGnlyEKgVP77zy1MQsK/story.html
He was grounded and got detention…. keeping hackers out, or playing defense.¶

Strong defense solves cyber-attacks.

McGraw 10
Gary McGraw Jun 17, 2010 Software ~In~security: Cyber War - Hype or Consequences? http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1597476 (Gary McGraw is the CTO of Cigital, Inc., a software security consulting firm with headquarters in the Washington, D.C. area and offices throughout the world. He is a globally recognized authority on software security. Dr. McGraw has also written over 100 peer-reviewed scientific publications.)
You won’t be surprised to hear me say that… criteria forms is not at all what I’m talking about.

The shortage forces the government to hire bad or corrupt defensive experts

Michaels 13
Tech hiring binge may pose security risks for government
Jim Michaels, USA TODAY 1:18 a.m. EDT June 13, 2013
Edward Snowden is a high school dropout. How did he land a 24122,000-a-year job in a sensitive government program? http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/12/hackers-cyber-nsa-intelligence/2413183/
WASHINGTON — Among the more…"You don’t think of yourself as a U.S. citizen."

Either scenario destroys cyber defense.

USA Today 13
Snowden case: How low-level insider could steal from NSA
Byron Acohido and Peter Eisler, USA TODAY 7:16 a.m. EDT June 12, 2013 http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/11/snowden-nsa-hacking-privileged-accounts/2412507/
Edward Snowden’s ability to extract… many privileged accounts as actual employees.

Cyber-attacks are up 680.

FCW 12
Advisory website on federal business and technology 2012: The year in cybersecurity
Dec 05, 201http:fcw.com/Articles/2012/12/05/2012-cybersecurity.aspx?Page=3
Cyberspace was more dangerous than ever in 2012…. scenes to find a way in."

Cyber-attacks shut down our military—It’s all been transferred to the internet.

Samuelson 13
Samuelson: Internet Armageddon? RobertSamuelson, Times Dispatch | Posted: Monday, July 1, 2013 12:00 amhttp://www.timesdispatch.com/opinion/their-opinion/columnists-blogs/robert-samuelson/samuelson-internet-armageddon/article_34e6bb6a-e1cb-5d18-8db7-decf84abd790.html?mode=print
By cyberwarfare, I mean the capacity… underestimated the risk of sabotage.

Bad Cyber Defenses enable decapitation of the government from the military.

Paul Stockton 11, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, "Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come", http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11

The cyber threat to the DIB… and never will – exercise control.

Causes lash out—goes nuclear

Lawson, Professor of Communication at Utah, 09
(Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict, 5/13, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477)
At a time when it seems impossible… with the same or greater seriousness." ~7~

Vulnerabilities and tensions get exploited to start nuclear war.

Fritz 09
Fritz ’09, Jason, Researcher for International Commission on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, Former Army Officer and Consultant, Master of Internation Relations at Bond University, "Hacking Nuclear Command and Control," 2009.
(http://icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf.)
This paper will analyse the threat of cyber terrorism… command and control centres directly.

Its not hegemony good/bad—A quick collapse of America from external factors causes global transition wars.

Brzezinski ’05 Zbigniew was the National Security Advisor for the Carter Administration and former Professor of  Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University, 2005, "The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership"
History is a record of change, a reminder that nothing endures indefinitely… global misuse of its own power.

Even the perception of decline causes lashout and hegemonic wars

Goldstein 7 Professor of Global Politics and International Relations @ University of Pennsylvania "Power transitions, institutions, and China’s rise in East Asia: Theoretical expectations and evidence," Journal of Strategic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 4 26 5 August 2007, pages 639 – 682
Two closely related, though distinct… period prior to the possible crossover.19 pg. 647-650

Cyber-attacks threaten our entire financial system.

Tsai 12
Staff writer for Stars and Stripes.com Military among victims of SC revenue department cyberattackBy JOYCE TSAI Stars and Stripes Published: December 5, 2012www.stripes.com/news/military-among-victims-of-sc-revenue-department-cyberattack-1.199456
WASHINGTON – Military members… businesses do more to protect customers from cyberattack.

This outweighs nuclear war.

Information Week 7
Information Week June 02, 2007 The Impact Of Cyberwarfare http://www.informationweek.com/the-impact-of-cyberwarfare/199800131
Cyberwarfare: What will it look like… out the attacks and to try and maintain services within the country.

Three Internal Links

1) Power Grid

WSJ 12 – President of the United States (Barack, "Taking the Cyberattack Threat Seriously", 7/20/12, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444330904577535492693044650.html)//GP

In a future conflict, an adversary… wide open to our cyber adversaries.

====2) Trade Wars====
The Hill 13
Snowden leaks unlikely to sway cyber theft negotiations with China, expert says¶ By Amrita Khalid - 07/09/13 02:44 PM ET¶ http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/309905-snowden-leaks-unlikely-to-sway-cyber-theft-negotiations-with-china-expert-says~~23ixzz2c9zuYIJ8
"My experience with China… theft and espionage," said Wortzel.

3) Banks—Kills Biz Con

Ostrer 12
Cyber-Attacks focus on banks: As cyber-warfare evolves, countries and companies must evolve with it
By Joshua Ostrer in Sci/Tech | October 4, 2012 | Views: 133 Staff writer for Union College http://www.concordy.com/article/science-and-technology/october-4-2012/cyber-attacks-focus-on-banks-as-cyber-warfare-evolves-countries-and-companies-must-evolve-with-it/5245/

For a week, cyber-attacks plagued… Lieberman believes the Iranian special forces are behind the attack.

Extinction

Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline… This implied connection between integration, crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Plan

Plan: The United States Congress should prohibit Operational Preparation of the Environment about which congress has not been notified.

The military hides offensive cyber operations as "operational preparation of the environment" to keep them covert.

Dycus 10 
~Stephen Dycus, internationally recognized authority on national security law and environmental law,"Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare," 2010, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf
Another potential obstacle… might create dangerous confusion.

The plan prevents covert operations but enables flexibility.

Dycus 10
~Stephen Dycus, internationally recognized authority on national security law and environmental law,"Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare," 2010, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf~~
Set out below are some steps that Congress… must be worked out between the political branches.

Congressional oversight guarantees a cooperative framework which is key to cyber capabilities.

Dycus 10
~Stephen Dycus, internationally recognized authority on national security law and environmental law,"Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare," 2010, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf
Congress obviously cannot… the U.S. cybersecurity-related missions."59

Congress must initiate the restriction – Failure irreversibly increases presidential power.

Hansen 26 Friedman 9, 
Professors at the New England School of Law, (Victor and Lawrence, The Case for Congress: Separation of Powers and the War on Terror, p.130)
The problem, of course, is that much… an assertive and aggressive president.