Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Morris
leosjk07@gmail.com for aff stuff

jakeseaton13@gmail.com for neg stuff

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Monaghan-Nelson | Judge: Samuels
Text: The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s power to introduce weapons into space with the Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects.
The government has power over us but not authority. 1AC language assumes that authority is objective and neutral, which imbues power with social legitimacy. This mobilizes mass atrocities.
Hasnas 95 (John, Assistant Professor of Business Ethics, Georgetown University and Senior Research Fellow, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Wisconsin Law Review, “The Myth of the Rule of Law,” January/February, Wis. L. Rev. 199, Lexis-Nexis Universe)

This raises an interesting question … means of social control available to the state.

Rejecting discourse of authority is key to stop its expansion.
ARIANA BARER 7 (“THE USUAL SUSPECTS: A FEMINIST CRITIAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVENTION”, MA Thesis, B.A., The University of Alberta, https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/44296/ubc_2013_spring_barer_ariana.pdf?sequence=1)

In turn, these accepted truths result in certain effects of power … a culture where rape is prevalent, instead of the individualized notion of victim-inwaiting prevention promoted by legal and media institutions.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Minnesota Overbey-Tauring-Traxler | Judge: Paul
Text:  The United States Congress should pass legislation ordering all habeas corpus hearings of those held indefinitely under the War Powers Authority of the President of the United States be subject to due process guarantees and that such individuals who have won their habeas corpus hearing be released. The United States should amend the constitution to abolish the doctrine of judicial deference to the military on national security issues.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory Adler-Bontha | Judge: Awsare
The United States President should issue an executive order presumptively classifying offensive cyber operations as covert action.  The executive branch will comply with associated judicial and statutory requirements on covert operations.
They are reading CP solvency—1AC Brecher evidence is about how great a covert action statute would be for cyber warfare.
Counterplan solves the aff—Their solvency advocate.
Brecher 12 Aaron P, J.D. Candidate (May 2013), recipient of Howard B. Coblentz award for outstanding contributions to the Michigan Law Review, University of Michigan Law School, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations, December, 2012, Michigan Law Review, 111 Mich. L. Rev. 423

I. The Covert Action and Military Regimes Explored … Congress is probably empowered to place substantive limits on the scope of hostilities and the initiation of conflicts.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Alexander | Judge: Frappier
The Executive Office of the President should issue a proclamation restricting its ability to introduce nuclear weapons first into hostilities.
Solves the aff – 1AC evidence….
Perkovich 2013 George Perkovich is vice president for studies and director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. April Do Unto Others: Toward a Defensible Nuclear Doctrine http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/01/do-unto-others-toward-defensible-nuclear-doctrine/fxax

One of the few ways that … to follow as long as nuclear weapons remain.

Congrssional Restrictions undermine presidential power.
Turner 12
Robert F. Turner, University of Virginia Law Professor, 2012, and#34;The WPR at 40: Still an Unconstitutional, Unnecessary and Unwise Fraud that Contributed Directly to the 9/11 Attacksand#34; 45 Case W. Res. J. Intand#39;l L. 109, p. 130-1
Congress clearly had the right to refuse to appropriate new funds for the war, … personally believe this statute to be unconstitutional.
Extinction.
South China Morning Post 2K (“Position of Weakness” 12-11-00, p. L/N)
A weak president  … to use its power deftly and decisively.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory Adler-Bontha | Judge: Awsare
The United States federal government should procure small modular reactors for use on its military installations in the United States.
They also solve meltdowns
Wheeler 10 (John Wheeler, Workforce Planning Manager for Entergy. He also is an American Nuclear Society member, November 2010, “Small modular reactors may offer significant safety and security advantages,” http://thisweekinnuclear.com/?p=1193) 

The goal of nuclear plant emergency planning …  factory built modular reactors.
Solves the nuclear industry. Their 1AC Author
Andres and Loudermilk 10 (Richard B. Andres, PhD. Senior Research Fellow, Center for Strategic Research (CSR), Energy and Environmental Security, Institute for National Security Studies at the National Defense University, Professor of National Security Strategy at the National War College; Micah J. Loudermilk, research associate with the Energy and Environmental Security Policy program, M.A. in international relations from Akron University, 8-23-10, “Small reactors and the military’s role in securing America’s nuclear industry,” http://sitrep.globalsecurity.org/articles/100823646-small-reactors-and-the-militar.htm)

Notwithstanding all of these benefits, … benefits to the United States and a path initiated by the military presents a realistic route by which their adoption can be achieved.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Kansas Bhatla-Cook | Judge: Taylor
The Executive Office of the President should issue a proclamation to restrict its power to introduce weapons into hostilities
Proclamations solve and avoid politics
Cooper ‘2 (Phillip J, Professor of Public Administration in the Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University, B.A. in Government at California State University, Sacramento, M.A. and Ph.D. the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs of Syracuse University, “By Order of the President: Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action,” University of Kansas Press (2002), p. 117-18)

A proclamation is an instrument that states a condition ... as in George Washingtonand#39;s proclamation of March 24, 1794.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wyoming Pauli-Marcum | Judge: Murillo
The Executive Office of the President should issue an executive order to establish a federal court with jurisdiction over targeted killing orders.

Locating the drone court within the executive is better and solves.
Katyal 13 – (2/20/13, Neal, former acting solicitor general, is a professor of national security law at Georgetown and a partner at the law firm Hogan Lovells, “Who Will Mind the Drones?” NYT, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?_r=0)

IN the wake of revelations … not rapidly developing questions about whether to target an individual for assassination by a drone strike.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
The Executive Office of the President should issue an executive order to apply the National Environmental Policy Act protocols to the introduction of Armed Forces into Hostilities.
Exos solve – shape the agenda  
Mayer ‘1 (Kenneth, professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Ph.D. Yale University, 1988 (Political Science), M.A., M Phil Yale University, 1987 (Political Science), B.A. University of California, San Diego 1982 (Political Science), “Executive Orders and Presidential Power” (2001), 28-29)

This theoretical perspective offered by the new institutional economics literature provides a way of making sense of the wide range of executive orders issued over the years, and is the centerpiece of my approach. The common theme I find in significant executive orders is control; … I also differ with Neustadt on this score, as he looks at how presidents can be tactically effective within a particular structure context over which they have no control.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
No Solvency for biodiversity:
A) Extinctions happening now—It’s either inevitable or denied.
Leakey and Lewin 95 (Richard and Roger, Renowned paleoanthropologist and environmentalist, PhD, “The Sixth Extinction,” http://www.well.com/~davidu/sixthextinction.html,  JM)
Centinela had a unique flora, but it wasn't unique in being an ecological island. … Those who suggest that high extinction rates are a fabrication seem curiously ignorant of the facts or, perhaps, willfully ignorant.
No Impact to loss:
A) Redundancy
Maser 99 (Chris, governmental consultant, Ecological diversity in sustainable development: the vital and forgotten dimension, May 4, p. 55, JM)
Redundancy, as stated earlier, means that more than one species can perform similar functions.  … or for grazing livestock compared with the habitat diversity and quality of the forage inherent in the indigenous grassland.
B) Recovery, not collapse.
Ruse 2 (Michael, Philosopher and Author, The Globe and Mail, August 24)
Let me say straight out that this is the most egregiously mislabelled book I have ever encountered. … Life has a tempo of its own, apparently, and can continue despite disruptions.
C) No planetary extinction
Dodds 2k (Donald, M.S. P.E., President of North Pacific Research, 2000, http://northpacificresearch.com/downloads/The_myth_of_biodiversity.doc, JM)
Biodiversity is a corner stone of the environmental movement. …  87.5 of its existence, without biodiversity.  
Squo Solves
A) Seed banks.
NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE 2007 (“Ex situ Conservation of Agricultural Genetic Resources,” Last Modified 10-15, http://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt?open=512andobjID=406andandPageID=590andmode=2andin_hi_userid=2andcached=true)
Genetic diversity is preserved through a variety  … that provide funding and other support to ex situ and in situ conservation efforts.
B) Technological isolation
Powers 2 (Lawrence, Professor of Natural Sciences, Oregon Institute of Technology, The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 9)
Mass extinctions appear to result from major climatic changes or catastrophes,  … that Boulter mourns we will no longer behold vanish before our distant descendants' eyes

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College Carelli-Kontopoulos | Judge: Heidt
The more virulent, the less likely extinction is
Adam 5 (Mike, Staff Writer for Newstarget.com, "Why the bird flu virus is less deadly but more dangerous," June 21, http://loveforlife.com.au/content/08/02/05/why-bird-flu-virus-less-deadly-more-dangerous-mike-adams-21st-june-2005, KF)
If you're a really deadly virus -- …. Now, again, of course viruses don't think this way: They don't have plans, they don't have strategies -- this is just evolutionary biology in play.

Gave up bioweapons
Palmquist 2008 (Matt, “How and why the threat of bioterrorism has been so greatly exaggerated.” 5-19-08. http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/bioterror-in-context-355)
Clark: The more I looked into it, I thought, "Jeez, what are these guys talking about?" …voices that haven't been heard and interview them.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
No CCP collapse – peaceful transition to democracy more likely scenario
Gilley 7 – assistant professor of political studies at Queen’s University in Canada, former contributing editor at the Far Eastern Economic Review, and author of China’s Democratic Future
(Bruce, January, Project Muse, Journal of Democracy, “Is China Stuck?”, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v018/18.1gilley.html) RA
The book’s first proposition is that post-Mao China began as a transitional state moving along … If so, then the prospects for a relatively smooth democratic transition in China are bright and no collapse is likely.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College Carelli-Kontopoulos | Judge: Heidt
CMR is dumb
Collins 2010 (5/30, Joseph J.,  retired Army colonel, strategist National War College, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for stability operations, Armed Forces Journal, "What civil-military crisis?", http://www.afji.com/2010/02/4419089)

Are we in or headed for a crisis in … within the norm for the abnormal situation that we find ourselves in.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Alexander | Judge: Frappier
Chinese modernization is driven by fears of US conventional forces, not nuclear doctrine. They would only revoke NFU because of conventional fears
Baohui Zhang ‘8 Lingnan University, Hong Kong Comparative Strategy, Volume 27, Issue 2 March 2008 , pages 164 - 182
The pressure on China  … It will be almost impossible to complete the combat missions.”36

China conflict impossible – past incidents prove
Cohen and Zenko 12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow for Conflict Prevention at the CFR, and Michael A Cohen, Senior Fellow at the American Security Project, serves on the board of the National Security Network and has taught at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, served in the U.S. Department of State, former Senior Vice President at the strategic communications firm of Robinson, Lerer and Montgomery, bachelor’s degree in international relations from American University and a master’s degree from Columbia University,  Foreign Affairds, “National Insecurity: Just How Safe Is the United States?” 

Finally, Miller argues that and#34;a militarized confrontation with China…So it remains a mystery why Miller contends that and#34;China clearly poses a greater danger today than it did during the Cold War.and#34;

No renounce NFU – will undermine perceptions of peaceful rise, don’t want the US to beef up BMD, don’t want Japan to prolif
Baohui Zhang ‘8 Lingnan University, Hong Kong Comparative Strategy, Volume 27, Issue 2 March 2008 , pages 164 - 182
Although the predicted conventional gap between … does offer a credible deterrence against American military intervention.
China won’t abandon NFU – the debate in Chinese military journals that their evidence cites is the best argument for why they WONT reverse policy
Lewis ‘9 Jeffrey “Chinese Nuclear Posture and Force Modernization’  Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, Editors: Cristina Hansell and William C. Potter, Occasional Paper No. 15, April 2009.  Director of the Nuclear Strategy and Nonproliferation Initiative at the New America Foundation.
Whether Chinese leaders will change these features … from senior leaders and Chinese nuclear weapons scientists.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Morris
The president will shift to a different forum, wrecks legitimacy
Gregory McNeal 08, Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law. The author previously served as an academic consultant to the former Chief Prosecutor, Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, “ARTICLE: BEYOND GUANTANAMO, OBSTACLES AND OPTIONS,” August 08, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 29
3. Executive Forum-Discretion--…  Any proposed reform is incomplete without thoroughly addressing the factors that the Executive balances.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
President circumvents the plan
A) Presidential Unilateralism
Kelley 13
Christopher S. Kelley, et al, Political Science Professor-University of Miami, 2013, The Presidential Leadership Dilemma: Between the Constitution and a Political Party, ed. J. Azari, L. Brown and Z. Nwokora, p. 163
For our purpose, there is yet another important dimension to our understanding of presidential power …
national security directives, and executive agreements to circumvent a recalcitrant Congress.
B) Secrecy
Crenson and Ginsberg 7
Matthew crenson and Benjamin ginsberg, political science professors-johns hopkins 2007, Presidential Power Unchecked and Unbalanced, p. 360-1
Presidential decision making, on the other hand, takes place in private and often in secret. … Presidents have never fully complied with the terms of this act, claiming that it did not cover national security directives and other sensitive matters.
C) PMC
Scahill ’09 (Jeremy,- National Security Correspondent for The Nation, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, two time winner of the prestigious Polk Award and recipient of the Campbell Literature Prize from Yale University, as well as a 2003 Golden Reel Award from The National Federation of Community Broadcasters for his work uncovering Abu Ghraib 11-29 “The Secret US War in Pakistan” http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-us-war-pakistan#)
At a covert forward operating base run by the US Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) in the Pakistani port city of Karachi, members of an elite division of Blackwater are at the center of a secret program in which they plan targeted  … in Afghanistan, which is convoluted. They don't have to deal with that because they're operating under a classified mandate."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory Adler-Bontha | Judge: Awsare
Mitigative coutnerstrikes are illegal and very controversial. Their 1AC Author
Kesan, prof of law, 12 Jay P. and Carol M., *Professor, H. Ross and Helen Workman Research Scholar, and Director of the Program in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, University of Illinois College of Law,  Research Fellow, University of Illinois College of Law, Mitigative Counterstriking: Self-defense and deterrence in cyberspace, Spring, 2012, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 25 Harv. J. Law and Tec 415
Cyber counterstrikes, however, are currently controversial, … that also has a credible deterrent effect on potential attackers

Legal constraints gut solvency—Their 1AC Author
Goldsmith, prof of law @ Harvard, 12 Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor @ Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws, served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, 10/15, “The Significance of Panetta’s Cyber Speech and the Persistent Difficulty of Deterring Cyberattacks,” Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/the-significance-of-panettas-cyber-speech-and-the-persistent-difficulty-of-deterring-cyberattacks/
Panetta’s speech and other DOD pronouncements, … to act are not credible.

Cyber Deterrence theory is wrong—Absent the plan, cyber offense causes the next world war.
CSM 11, Christian Science Monitor
(3/7, Mark Clayton, The new cyber arms race, www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2011/0307/The-new-cyber-arms-race)
The new cyber arms race  … undeveloped, and highly uncertain.”

Plan causes an arms race—Their 1AC Author
Goldsmith 10
Jack Goldsmith, teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of a 2009 National Academies committee, “Can we stop the cyber arms race?” February 01, 2010, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks, KB)

In a speech this month on "Internet freedom," … where the offense already has a natural advantage.¶

American OCOs prevent international norms and drive the cyber-arms race. Their 1AC Author
Goldsmith 10, Professor of Law at Harvard, Can we stop the Cyber Arms Race, Jack Goldsmith teaches at Harvard Law School and is on the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law. He was a member of a 2009 National Academies committee that issued the report "Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities.", http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-01/opinions/36895669_1_botnets-cyber-attacks-computer-attacks
In a speech this month on "Internet freedom," Secretary of State Hillary … in an arena where the offense already has a natural advantage.

Deterrence fails and can’t solve terrorists. Their 1AC Author
Kramer 12 Franklin D. Kramer is a distinguished research fellow in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University. He served as the assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs from 1996 to 2001. Stuart H. Starr is also a distinguished research fellow in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University. He concurrently serves as the president of the Barcroft Research Institute. Larry Wentz is a senior research fellow in the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University., “Cyberpower and National Security”, p. 318

No cyber deterrence strategy can hope to be airtight … not because the attackers were wholly oblivious to any sense of restraint or self-preservation, nor because the logic of deterrence had lost its relevance.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
The more virulent, the less likely extinction is
Adam 5 (Mike, Staff Writer for Newstarget.com, "Why the bird flu virus is less deadly but more dangerous," June 21, http://loveforlife.com.au/content/08/02/05/why-bird-flu-virus-less-deadly-more-dangerous-mike-adams-21st-june-2005, KF)
If you're a really deadly virus … Now, again, of course viruses don't think this way: They don't have plans, they don't have strategies -- this is just evolutionary biology in play.

Ebola Proves
The Guardian 3 (“Second Sight”, September 25, http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1048929,00.html, KF)
The parallel with the natural world is illustrative. Take the case of everyone's favourite evil virus, … so the pool of infected people doesn't grow.

Always pockets of survival
Sowell 1 (Thomas, Fellow @ Hoover Institution, Jewish World Review, “The Dangers of “Equality””, 3-5, http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell030501.asp, KF)
People have different vulnerabilities and resistances to a variety of diseases. That is why one disease is unlikely to wipe out the human species, even in one place. An epidemic that sweeps through an area may leave some people dying like flies while others remain as healthy as horses.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Alexander | Judge: Frappier
The US will inevitably be drawn in to regional nuclear conflicts – states will threaten nuclear use
Lieber and Press 9
KEIR A. LIEBER IS Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown Universityand#39;s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and DARYL G. PRESS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and Coordinator of the War and Peace Studies Program at the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding. The Nukes We Need. Foreign Affairs. November/December 2009.
THE PRIMARY purpose of U.S. nuclear forces is to deter nuclear attacks … weapon at their disposal to stave off total defeat. 

Nuclear counterforce capabilities are key to deterring escalation – the benefits of deterrence outweigh the risks of primacy attacks
Lieber and Press 9
KEIR A. LIEBER IS Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown Universityand#39;s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and DARYL G. PRESS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and Coordinator of the War and Peace Studies Program at the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding. The Nukes We Need. Foreign Affairs. November/December 2009.
A second criticism of the argument for … more acceptable option if deterrence fails.
Our impact outweighs – the loss of the US nuclear deterrent will precipitate the biggest war in history
Schneider 8
Mark, National Institute for Public Policy, The Future of the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent, Comparative Strategy, 27:345–360.
According to the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review … of legacy arms control and its constraints upon U.S. conventional capabilities.  

NFU leads to increased reliance on conventional weapons
Miller 2
Steven. Pugwash. November 2002. http://www.pugwash.org/reports/nw/miller.htm. 

The adoption of a first-use nuclear doctrine … inferior states may be rapidly driven to contemplate or to implement first-use.

Leads to an increase in conventional wars
Stanley Foundation 9
1/12/9. http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/policy_memo/SPC2008b.pdf. 

At the same time, simply … US security and global strategic stability. 

The move towards disarmament undermines US deterrence capabilities – reliance on conventional weapons fails
Schneider 8
Mark, PhD, Senior Analyst with the National Institute for Public Policy, The Future of the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent, Comparative Strategy, Volume 27, Issue 4 July 2008 , pages 345 – 360. 

Today, the United States … to U.S. security and international stability.”2

First use counterforce options are key – only pre-emptive strikes can prevent weapons from being used and maintain US power projection
Isenberg 8
David. adjunct scholar with the Cato Institute. The Return of Limited Nuclear War?. 5/2/8. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=9375. 

The monograph, and#34;The Challenge of Nuclear-Armed Regional Adversariesand#34; … limited war and escalation management. 

Your evidence is wishful thinking – ignores historical examples
Payne 9
Keith. president of the National Institute for Public Policy, full professor and department head at the Graduate Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University. Spring 2009. http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2009/Spring/payne.pdf.
There are no a priori answers to such questions … than what available evidence suggests should be believed.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Morris
No impact to Human Rights credibility—
Any boost to credibility will rapidly be overwhelmed—9/11 proves.
Shattuck 08
Restoring U.S. Credibility on Human Rights An Agenda for the New President By John Shattuck
Vol. 35 No. 4 Fall 2008 John Shattuck is CEO of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation and a lecturer on U.S. foreign policy at Tufts University. He is the author of Freedom on Fire. He served as Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor from 1993 to 1998, and Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2000. http://www.americanbar.org/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol35_2008/human_rights_fall2008/hr_fall08_shattuck.html

International public opinion of the recent .. revealed by this polling data has severely eroded U.S. global influence.
Individual policies don’t influence credibility
Fettweis 7 (Christopher J., assistant professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College, “Credibility and the War on Terror”, Political Science Quarterly, Winter 2007/2008. Vol. 122, Iss. 4;, p. Proquest)
A series of other studies have followed those of Hopf and Mercer, yielding similar results … Mercerand#39;s conclusions about reputation seem to have amassed a good deal more supporting evidence in the time since he wrote.
Lack of domestic commitment makes HR Credibility impossible
Moravcik 4
Why Is U.S. Human Rights Policy So Unilateralist? Andrew Moravcsik, Policy in Practice. Accessed 7/2/13 http://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/unilateralism.pdf
Andrew Moravcsik is a Professor of Politics and director of the European Union Program at Princeton University. He is known for his research on European integration, international organizations, human rights, qualitative/historical methods, and American and European foreign policy. Moravcsikand#39;s research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, Ford Foundation, Columbia University, Harvard University, International Institute for Strategic Studies and many other organizations.

THE STORY OF U.S. “EXCEF’TIONALISM” IN HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY …  undermining its “credibility and effectiveness.“
Their impact evidence is laughable—It just uses the words terror, climate change and human trafficking. Doesn’t say the plan solves.
The aim of terrorism is to strike fear – their exaggerated terrorism impacts are the exact goals of terrorism
Burke 1/28/2013 (Jason, The Guardian South Asian Expert and author of multiple books regarding terrorism in the Middle East, “Al-Qaeda: How Great is the Terrorism Threat to the West Now?”, Online http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/29/al-qaida-terrorism-threat-west)

In the last few days  … existential threat as they have ever been.
The politics of counterterrorism constitutes a self-fulfilling prophecy – the affirmative will just cause more terrorism
Jackson 2/6 (Richard, Deputy Director of the National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, the U. of Otago, Dunedin, “Does Counter-terrorism work? Or, counter-terrorism as divination…” http://richardjacksonterrorismblog.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/does-counter-terrorism-work-or-counter-terrorism-as-divination/)
The post links to a series of journal articles and studies by other counter-terror scholars.

Imagine that one day Counter-terrorism officers appear on television and announce …  In the end, all we can do is to keep putting out the milk by the fencepost and chant, ‘numpty, numpty, noo noo’ while the sun sets on our civil liberties and freedoms…

Fear of escalation deters Russia-China conflict—empirics prove
Moriarty 4 (Tom, military analyst for the US air force, 9.22.4, World Affairs) ET
However, the Soviet Union ultimately … let the confrontation defuse naturally. (12)

Ecosystem Collapse impossible
Boucher 96 (Doug, and#34;Not with a Bang but a Whimper,and#34; Science and Society, Fall, http://www.driftline.org/cgi-bin/archive/archive_msg.cgi?file=spoon-archives/marxism-international.archive/marxism-international_1998/marxism-international.9802andmsgnum=379andstart=32091andend=32412)
The political danger of catastrophism is matched by the weakness of its scientific foundation…  for collapse were fundamentally political.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Morris
Russia as security threat creates further threats in a self-fulfilling prophecy and serial policy failure by refusal to peacefully engage
JÆGER 2k (Øyvind, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, “Securitizing Russia: Discursive Practices of the Baltic States,” Peace and Conflict Studies, November, http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf)
Security is a field of practice into which subject matters can be inserted … whereby Russia is depicted and installed as the first link in the discursive chain that follows.

The way that we construct china isn’t neutral – the discourse surrounding Chinese war is used as a power play in order to securitize against “them” which creates a self fulfilling prophecy of warfare
Pan, PhD degree in Political Science and International Relations from the Australian National University, 2K4 Chengxin, The and#34;China Threatand#34; in American Self-Imagination: The Discursive Construction of Other as Power Politics, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29, 2004
China and its relationship with the United States has …  It is in this context that this article seeks to make a contribution.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory Adler-Bontha | Judge: Awsare
Nanotech depresses the motivations for arms races and arms racing is born out of psychology and not technology
Jim Logajan Co-director of the MOD Business Newsgroup, 7-6-2004
http://venusia.golgothe.net/pipermail/sci.nanotech/2004-July/001210.html

Since nanotechnology will make irrelevant … the technology involved is irrelevant.  
Long timeframe to nanotech benefits—doesn’t solve the advantage in time
Nanowerk 07 (11/14, Nanowerk Spotlight: “Nanotechnology investing - understanding the technology and accepting the time frames are key.” http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=3294.php)

Probably not much help for an individual investor, … The hybrid systems, that enhance known complex platforms, are intermediate in horizon."

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory Adler-Bontha | Judge: Awsare
Meltdowns don’t cause lasting damage
Bosselman, 07 - Professor of Law Emeritus, Chicago-Kent College of Law (Fred, “The New Power Generation: Environmental Law and Electricity Innovation: Colloquium Article: The Ecological Advantages of Nuclear Power,” 15 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 1, 2007)

In 1986, an explosion at the  … is similar to comparable places that are less radioactive. 258
SMR CP Solves

Cyber war infeasible and critical infrastructure is safe – takes out both advantages
Clark, MA candidate – Intelligence Studies @ American Military University, senior analyst – Chenega Federal Systems, 4/28/’12 (Paul, “The Risk of Disruption or Destruction of Critical U.S. Infrastructure by an Offensive Cyber Attack,” American Military University)

The Department of Homeland Security  … and cyber security measures (Gohn and Wheelock 2010).

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
Panicked reports are wrong – the air is improving
Artz 6-13 (Kenneth, Reporter @ The Heartland Institute, http://www.heartland.org/environmentandclimate-news.org/article/30147/Nations_Air_Quality_Continues_to_Improve.html, JM)
According to the report, ozone levels registered the strongest improvement …  the air is getting cleaner,” said Schwartz. 

Alt cause--Indian and Brazilian pollutants render domestic attempts at solving global warming irrelevant
Roy 2012 Nabanita Roy, RushLane, Daily Auto News,  “Vehicle pollution and fumes in India leading to chronic diseases”, 6/25/2012, http://www.rushlane.com/vehicle-pollution-and-fumes-in-india-leading-to-chronic-diseases-1237493.html

The environmental problems in India are growing rapidly. As the country grows …  Rising vehicular population and rising industrialization are the two major factors contributing to this pathetic air quality situation in the
Impact studies are flawed – confounding
Green and Schwarz 2 (Kenneth and Joel, Chief and Senior Scientists @ Reason Foundation’s Environmental Program, May 1, http://www.heartland.org/environmentandclimate-news.org/article/398/Air_pollution_risk_exaggerated.html, JM)
It is thus difficult to tell in an ecologic study whether … when they were actually due to other factors.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Alexander | Judge: Frappier
Plan leads to proliferation
A) Appeasement
Holmes 9
Kim. former assistant secretary of state, a vice president at the Heritage Foundation. 8/6/9. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/06/defense-games-arms-races-not-what-you-think/. 

Mr. Spring, a research fellow in national security policy … Americaand#39;s nuclear superiority is not a provocation, as some think, but a deterrent to aggression. 

B) Threat of first strike key to deter
The Guardian 8
1/22/8. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/22/nato.nuclear. 

The west must be ready to resort to a pre-emptive nuclear attack to try to halt the and#34;imminentand#34; spread of … as the ultimate instrument to prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction.and#34; 

Iran and North Korea absolutely negate any attempts to revive the NPT- outweigh US crediblity
Nebehay ‘13
Stephanie Nebehay, Reuters, Apr 22, 2013, Iran is biggest threat to nuclear pactand#39;s credibility: U.S., http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/22/us-nuclear-npt-idUSBRE93L0US20130422
Iranand#39;s nuclear program poses the greatest threat  … cause more damage to the treaty than anything else that has occurred in its historyand#34;, he added.¶

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Morris
No impact to international law—
International law is too weak to prevent conflict
AEI  5 (American enterprise inst, april, book review, inst for public policy research, “The Limits of International Law” Jack L. Goldsmith and Eric A. Posner, http://www.angelfire.com/jazz/sugimoto/law.pdf) and#34;As the twentieth century ended, optimism about international law...degradation and human rights abusesand#34;
 As the twentieth century ended, optimism about international law was  … including environmental degradation and human rights abuses.
Law useless—States have found moral justification for its violation.
CFR 13
Is humanitarian military intervention against international law, or are there exceptions? Question submitted by Sebastian de Armas, from Trinity Prep School, June 27, 2013 http://www.cfr.org/international-law/humanitarian-military-intervention-against-international-law-there-exceptions/p31017
As a matter of international law, … I consider these issues in a 2009 Council on Foreign Relations Special Report,
Constitutional loopholes prevent solvency—The US will always violate international law.
Paulsen 9 (Michael, Professor @ St. Thomas School of Law, 118 Yale L.J. 1762, lexis) jl
Thus, though treaties are part of the supreme law …  as a matter of U.S. law, largely illusory.
US rule of law programs fail instantiate western superiority
Weissman (Distinguished Professor of Law; University of North Carolina School of Law) 13
(Deborah M., Remaking Mexico:  Law Reform as Foreign Policy, April http://ssrn.com/abstract=2246126)

Legal systems develop and function within a historical context … , even as Mexicans may choose to adopt and borrow from external systems as their circumstances may  require.142     
Pakistan cooperating with US and Afghanistan to keep Afghanistan secure and stable
Iqbal 12/23/2012 (Anwar, interviewing Pakistani ambassador to the US Sherry Rehman, “Pakistan Not Driven By Strategic Overreach to Afghanistan”, Online, http://beta.dawn.com/news/773480/pakistan-not-driven-by-strategic-over-reach-to-afghanistan/?commentPage=1andstoryPage=2)

WASHINGTON: Pakistan’s policies are not driven by any strategic over-reach to  … Afghan territory can only be governed by Afghan leaders.
Deterrence checks middle east conflict
Waltz 2k (Kenneth, prof, http://www.ciaonet.org/olj/gjia/gjia_winspr00f.html, dw: Spring 2000, da: 7-8-2011, lido)
We have this peculiar notion about the irrationality of rogue states.  … So how can we say irrational or undeterrable? But we do say it.
No india or Pakistan nuclear launches—agrement
Goncharov 8 (Pyotr, Russian News and Information Agency, http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20080125/97772224.html, AD: 7/10/10)
A Muslim state with nuclear weapons and extremists … and the development of reliable nuclear arms control systems. 

The US controls Pakistan’s nuclear weapons – there’s no chance of use
Karnad 5 Bharat Karnad, Research Professor in National Security Studies at the Centre for Policy  Research, New Delhi, April 2005, India Review, “South Asia: The Irrelevance of Classical  Nuclear Deterrence Theory,” p. 204
Alarming theses about eminent nuclear war on the … this official reportedly explained.126

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
No impact to East China Sea
It’s just politics. Relations and economics check.
Economist 12
China and Japan Could Asia really go to war over these? The bickering over islands is a serious threat to the region’s peace and prosperity Sep 22nd 2012 | from the print editionhttp://www.economist.com/node/21563316
 Optimists point out that the latest scuffle is mainly a piece of political theatre …  die down, just as others have in the past.
3 Safeguards—Peace initiatives, US Deterrence, China heg.
Economist 12
China and Japan Could Asia really go to war over these? The bickering over islands is a serious threat to the region’s peace and prosperity Sep 22nd 2012 | from the print editionhttp://www.economist.com/node/21563316

Given the tensions over the islands (and Asia’s irreconcilable versions of history … What better way for China to show that it is sincere about its peaceful rise than to take the lead?

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College Carelli-Kontopoulos | Judge: Heidt
HR cred doesn’t affect overall soft power
Kreft 09
America - with its Unique Resilience - Remains the Indispensible Power World Security network 25-Jan-09 | Author: Heinrich Kreft http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/United-States/Kreft-Heinrich/America-with-its-Unique-Resilience-Remains-the-Indispensible-Power
The war in Iraq (and consequences such … has a great opportunity to make rapid and lasting improvements to the United States' image in Europe and elsewhere.

States don’t have feelings – soft power doesn’t work
Fan 7 (Ying, Senior Lecturer in Marketing at Brunel Business School, Brunel University in London, “Soft power: Power of attraction or confusion?”, November 14)
The whole concept of soft power — … ‘ processes by which  societies adopt, adapt, and reject American culture’ ( Opelz, 2004 ).

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Evans-Choudhury | Judge: Weitz
The affirmative’s calls to change and reform the presidential war powers into a perfect ideal form contaminate the system, causing their impacts to come back in a viral form.
Baudrillard 2k9 (Jean, some French dude, Transparency of Evil, pp. 3-5)

If I were asked to characterize the present state of affairs …  whereby their own very existence is put at risk.

Turns the case—By taking power serious enough to confront it, the affirmative’s attempts to “reduce” presidential war powers allows power to sustain itself and recreate their harms.
Baudrillard 81 (Jean, some French dude, Simulacra and Simulation, pp.24-25) 

These staged presidential assassinations  … especially if they are revolutionary.
Their plastic surgery of presidential war powers in favor of simulated perfection causes the whitewashing of violence and history, holding life in contempt, leading to ressentiment.
Baudrillard 2k9 (Jean, some French dude, Transparency of Evil, pp. 44-45)

The uncertainty to which we are subject results … To this end a gigantic campaign of plastic surgery has been undertaken.

The affirmative’s attempts to purge the political of its faults and negativity destroys our ability to critique – this turns policy/decision making because we will make bad decisions from thinking that everything is all dandy and nice.
Baudrillard 2k9 (Jean, some French person, Transparency of Evil, pp. 106-107)

The uninterrupted production of positivity has a terrifying consequence. … those of the consensus, which for their part do indeed embody a true death principle.

The aff blames the world for its wrongs and holds life in contempt – leads to ressentiment and outbreaks of revenge, turning case
Deleuze ‘6 (Gilles, Nietzsche and Philosophy, pdf, p. 108)
As a result of his type the man of ressentiment does not react:…  This is why ressentiment’s revenge, even when it is realized, remains “spiritual”, imaginary and symbolic in principle.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 4 | Opponent: James Madison Panetti-Perez | Judge: bugrov
Radical politics must engage the state – the alt is right wing take over
Mouffe 10
(What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pg. 235)

It is clear that, once we envisage social reality in terms of ‘hegemonic and ‘counter-hegemonic’ practices …  Right-wing and authoritarian groups are only too happy to take over the state. 

Locks in Oppression
Cook 92 (Anthony, Associate Professor – Georgetown Law, New England Law Review, Spring, 26 New Eng.L. Rev. 751, Lexis)

The effect of deconstructing the power  … those who influence us through their eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.

The only way to address the environment is by engaging in international political reforms.
Grossberg, 92 (Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture”, page 305-306)

For example, ecology as a political struggle is increasingly displaced  … that the personal is the political, the only political realm that can matter.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
The Supreme Court will rule in favor of the petitioner in DaimlerChrysler v Bauman because Roberts has avoided controversial rulings – new controversial rulings derail the fragile consensus
Citron 13 (Rodger, Professor of Law at Touro Law Center, "Seven Ways of Looking at Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum and the Supreme Court Under Chief Justice John Roberts - See more at: http://verdict.justia.com/2013/07/03/seven-ways-of-looking-at-kiobel#sthash.qucNe3Pw.dpuf," Justia, July 3, verdict.justia.com/2013/07/03/seven-ways-of-looking-at-kiobel)
(7)  Or Planting the Seeds for the Next Case? … to show the extent to which it is truly the Roberts Court.

Judicial review of Presidential war powers is hugely controversial – causes backlash from the political branches
Druck 10 (Judah, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013; Notes Editor, Cornell Law Review, Volume 98., "Droning On: The War Powers Resoltion and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review, www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf)
The suits arising out of possible WPR violations are well-documented53 and therefore only require a brief review. Generally, … Though the pragmatic issues around judicial intervention require some recognition, they are, in some respect, the lesser of two¶ evils.¶ B

Ruling in favor of expansive jurisdiction destroys the economy and competitiveness
Pincus 13 (Andrew, Counsel of Record, “BRIEF OF ECONOMIESUISSE, THE SWISS BANKERS ASSOCIATION, ICC SWITZERLAND, ASSOCIATION OF GERMAN BANKS, AND THE EUROPEAN BANKING FEDERATION AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER,” Mayer Brown, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-965_pet_amcu_econ-suisse_etal.authcheckdam.pdf)
This Court has recognized that for rules govern- ing judicial jurisdiction “… the in- terests of foreign commerce and investment.

Extinction
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict. … al systemic, dyadic and national levels.' This implied connection between integration, crises and armed conflict has not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College Carelli-Kontopoulos | Judge: Heidt
Cyber security bill will pass now
Peacock 1-22 (Nelson,- vice president with Cornerstone Government Affairs in Washington and the former assistant secretary for legislative affairs at the Department of Homeland Security “Cybersecurity could be the next bipartisan breakthrough”)
The most optimistic Congressional observers (a rare breed in Washington) … of bipartisan leadership.

Capital is key
Politico 10-9 (“Cybersecurity reform going nowhere fast”)
A year after lawmakers failed to … plates to move significant cybersecurity bills before year’s end.

Solves cyber attacks.
Kopp 1-15 (John,- writor for 21st Century Media “Cyber security bill would work against large-scale attacks”)
National legislation designed …and significantly reduce them.”  

Extinction
Adhikari ’09  (Richard,- leading journalist on advanced-IP issues for several major publications, including The Wall Street Journal  “Civilization's High Stakes Cyber-Struggle: QandA With Gen. Wesley Clark (ret.)”)
The conflicts in the Middle East and Afghanistan, …but we know what the stakes are: continued e

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Kansas Bhatla-Cook | Judge: Taylor
Uniqueness – Congress will agree to a short-term budget extension to avoid default now

Oman Tribune, 9-2, 13, http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=newsandid=150996andheading=Americas

WASHINGTON A vote in Congress ... the chance of a short-term extension has increased.” 

Weapons are popular
Hays 2—Peter Hays, PhD in Comparative Military Studies and Lieutenant Colonel in USAF, March 27, 2002, “PATHS TOWARD SPACE WEAPONIZATION” online: http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/hays.html
Who. The full range of groups who would support ...deploying these systems.

Plan disrupts inertia and saps capital
Kurtzer et al, 11  (Daniel, US Ambassador, Princeton Policy Workshop The 2010 Princeton Policy Workshop is composed of twelve graduate students at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and Department of History. Working under the direction of Ambassador Daniel Kurtzer, former U.S. ambassador to Egypt and Israel, the group examined the history and challenges of four case studies in the Middle East and then traveled to the region to gather relevant and diverse perspectives regarding U.S. foreign policy. The group developed recommendations to guide the Obama administration’s future decision making toward Syria and Hamas. In December 2010, the group presented its recommendations to the U.S. State Department’s Under Secretary for Political Affairs William J. Burns. Over the course of this process, the group consulted over 70 current and former officials, diplomats, scholars, and civil society leaders in Syria, Israel, the West Bank and the United States, as well as representatives from the United Nations, the European Union, and other international stakeholders. This policy workshop report represents the conclusion of the 2010 Policy Workshop. Recommendations were reached by consensus among the participating students, January, http://wws.princeton.edu/research/pwreports_fy10/WWS591d.pdf)

In his first address to a joint session of Congress in February 2009 ... in the U.S. House of Representatives. 

Capital key to a debt deal

Mike Lillis, 9-7, 13 “Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote,” http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats

The prospect of wounding ... and on multinational companies.

Failure reach an agreement causes a government shut-down and debt default, wrecking the economy
Agence France Presse, 8-29, 13, http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/08/29/prepare-for-yet-another-budget-showdown-in-congress/

President Barack Obama is facing ... Obama brought their disastrous fiscal negotiations to the brink before coming to terms.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war.
Merlini 11
Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/articles/2011/04_international_relations_merlini/04_international_relations_merlini.pdf
Two neatly opposed scenarios ... with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
International climate agreement and domestic ratification inevitable – the only risk of derailment is judicially enforced climate action
Borden 10-1 (Theresa, "A glboal solution to climate change: the possible impact of Bond v. United States," Harvard Environmental LAw Review, www3.law.harvard.edu/journals/elr/2013/10/01/bondvus/)
New legislation to deal with the global problem of … which many commentators dismissed as irrelevant — cautions against completely ignoring the possibility.

Aff is a dramatic reversal for the Court – the squo makes it impossible to check executive war powers through the judiciary
Novkov 13 (Julie, Professor of Political Science and Women’s Studies at the University at Albany, The Supreme Court and the Presidency: Struggles for Supremacy, p. 317)

Since the passage of the War Powers Resolution …  distinct advantage in the struggle for authority over the use of military force. 

The plan makes war powers a justiciable issue – this case-specific exception causes a slippery slope that breaks the entire doctrine
Miller 10 (Mathew Edwin, JD – University of Michigan Law School, Associate – Latham and Watkins LLP, “The Right Issue, the Wrong Branch: Arguments against Adjudicating Climate Change Nuisance Claims,” Michigan Law Review, November, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 257, Lexis)
 However, to say that cases like American Electric Power are justiciable … solely on the basis of complexity - is beyond the scope of the present discussion.

Erosion of the PQD crushes international coordination that’s necessary to solve climate change
Tribe 10 (Laurence H., the Carl M. Loeb University Professor, Harvard Law School; Joshua D. Branson, J.D., Harvard Law School and NDT Champion, Northwestern University; and Tristan L. Duncan, Partner, Shook, Hardy and Bacon L.L.P., January 2010, “TOOHOTFORCOURTSTO HANDLE: FUEL TEMPERATURES, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE,” http://www.wlf.org/Upload/legalstudies/workingpaper/012910Tribe_WP.pdf)
The second argument that underlies the Courts of Appeal’s holdings that climate change…. It is not only the climate of the globe that carries profound implications for our future; it is also the climate of the times and its implications for how we govern ourselves.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College Carelli-Kontopoulos | Judge: Heidt
Obama is shifting from drones to detention
Dillow 13 (Clay, “Obama Set To Reboot Drone Strike Policy And Retool The War On Terror “, 5/23/13, http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-05/obama-set-reboot-drone-strike-policy-and-retool-war-terror)
These three topics are deeply intertwined, of course. … and espionage operations to thwart terrorists rather hellfire missile strikes from unseen robots in the sky. 

Restricted detention leads to increased drone use
Chesney 11 (Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law, “ARTICLE: WHO MAY BE HELD? MILITARY DETENTION THROUGH THE HABEAS LENS”, Boston College Law Review, 52 B.C. L. Rev 769, Lexis)
The convergence thesis describes one manner in which law might … to the substantive grounds for detention takes place through the lens of habeas corpus litigation.

Increased drone use sets a precedent that causes South China Sea conflict
Roberts 13 (Kristen, News Editor at National Journal, “When the Whole World Has Drones”, 3/22/13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
And that’s a NATO ally seeking the capability to conduct missions that would run afoul of U.S. interests in Iraq and the …It is very specific intel-gathering and other things that would lead somebody to be subject for an engagement by the United States government.”

Extinction
Wittner 11 (Lawrence S., Emeritus Professor of History at the State University of New York/Albany, Wittner is the author of eight books, the editor or co-editor of another four, and the author of over 250 published articles and book reviews. From 1984 to 1987, he edited Peace and Change, a journal of peace research., 11/28/2011, "Is a Nuclear War With China Possible?", www.huntingtonnews.net/14446)
The gathering tension between the United States and China is clear enough. …around the globe—destroying agriculture, creating worldwide famine, and generating chaos and destruction.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Alexander | Judge: Frappier
Strong pres key to deter Iran – commander in chief must be in control
Kramer 9/17/13
http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/
Martin Kramer is President of Shalem College, a new undergraduate liberal arts college in Jerusalem. An authority on contemporary Islam and Arab politics, Kramer earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University. During a twenty-five-year academic career at Tel Aviv University, he directed the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. Kramer has taught as a visiting professor at Brandeis University, the University of Chicago, Cornell University, Georgetown University, and The Johns Hopkins University (SAIS). He has served as a visiting fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and Harvard Universityand#39;s Olin Institute for Strategic Studies.

Israel Likes Its U.S. Presidents Strong … is a sign of trouble at the top.

Israel will strike Iran unilaterally if they fear the US will back down – prefer evidence which quotes Israeli strategic planners
Paul Lungen ‘7 Canadian Jewish News, March 8

Israeli Knesset member Effie … is so low that they couldnand#39;t strike Iran.and#34;
This undermines the NPT, turns case - causing global prolif and extinction
Jorge Hirsch, 1/3/2006, “America’s nuclear ticking bomb,” http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060103/news_mz1e3hirsch.html
Iranand#39;s nuclear program has become a central theme in Israeland#39;s electoral campaign, with former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu openly advocating a pre-emptive attack against Iranand#39;s nuclear installations … nor between nuclear bombs targeting underground installations versus those targeting cities or armies. 

That ensures miscalc and triggers biological and nuclear war
Beres 11 Louis René Beres is a professor of Political Science at Purdue University, an expert on Israeli security matters and the author of 10 major books and several hundred journal articles on international relations and international law. and#34;The unforeseen risks of Palestinian statehoodand#34; 6/9/11www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/the-unforeseen-risks-of-palestinian-statehood-1.382766

In turn, such self-reliance would demand  … with enemy nuclear counterstrikes.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wyoming Pauli-Marcum | Judge: Murillo
Brink is now—Obamas consultation on Syria puts presidential powers in question.
Jones, 08/31, and#34; Mother Obama Calls for Military Strikes Against Syria -- But Only if Congress Agrees,and#34; http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/08/obama-syria-strike-congressional-approval
With these remarks—the president took no questions … within a democracy.

Restrictions undermine presidential power.
Turner 12
Robert F. Turner, University of Virginia Law Professor, 2012, and#34;The WPR at 40: Still an Unconstitutional, Unnecessary and Unwise Fraud that Contributed Directly to the 9/11 Attacksand#34; 45 Case W. Res. J. Intand#39;l L. 109, p. 130-1
Congress clearly had the right to refuse … I personally believe this statute to be unconstitutional.

Extinction.
South China Morning Post 2K (“Position of Weakness” 12-11-00, p. L/N)
A weak president with an unclear mandate … The rest of the world needs the United States to use its power deftly and decisively.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Minnesota Overbey-Tauring-Traxler | Judge: Paul
Transport Rule DA
The Supreme Court will uphold the Transport Rule – Roberts is on board
Walters 12-12 (Daniel E. Walters is the Regulation Fellow at the Penn Program on Regulation at the University of Pennsylvania., "Supreme Court Confronts Interstate Air Pollution Regulation," www.regblog.org/2013/12/12-walters-interstate-pollution.html)
In oral argument, the eight justices hearing the case…interpretation of the statutory language.
But the decision is extremely controversial
Savage 12-10 (David, "Air pollution battle pits administration against GOP-led states," Los Angeles Times, articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/10/nation/la-na-court-air-pollution-20131211)
WASHINGTON — In a regional air …EPA rule seeks to impose federal pollution limits on states.
Because Alito recused himself Roberts is the swing-vote – if he flips then the EPA rule will be scrapped
Jacobs 12-11 (Jeremy, "Supreme Court seems receptive to some EPA arguments in cross-state case," Midwest Energy News,www.midwestenergynews.com/2013/12/11/supreme-court-seems-receptive-to-some-epa-arguments-in-cross-state-case/)
But Keisler may face an uphill … have to start over.

Judicial review of Presidential war powers is hugely controversial – causes backlash from the political branches
Druck 10 (Judah, B.A., Brandeis University, 2010; J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2013; Notes Editor, Cornell Law Review, Volume 98., "Droning On: The War Powers Resolution and the Numbing Effect of Technology-Driven Warfare," Cornell Law Review, www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/cornell-law-review/upload/Druck-final.pdf)

The suits arising out of possible WPR … the pragmatic issues around judicial intervention require some recognition, they are, in some respect, the lesser of two¶ evils.¶ B

Roberts perceives court capital and will switch votes based on his perceptions
Crawford 12 (Jan, "Roberts switched views to uphold health care law," www.cbsnews.com/8301-3460_162-57464549/roberts-switched-views-to-uphold-health-care-law/?tag=contentMain;contentBody)
(CBS News) Chief Justice John Roberts initially … had expressed confidence the mandate would be upheld.

Upholding the transfer rule is key to EPA climate change regulation
Hurley and Volcovici 11-24 (Lawrence and Valerie, "EPA Faces Challenges To Air Pollution Authority In Supreme Court Cases," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/24/epa-air-pollution-supreme-court_n_4333602.html?utm_hp_ref=green)
WASHINGTON, Nov 24 (Reuters) - The U.S. government's authority to regulate air … nearly impossible for those states to meet deadlines.

Solves warming
Galoerub 11 (*Josh, "US Supreme Court RUling Highlights the Importance of EPA Climate RUles," Clean Energy, blog.cleanenergy.org/2011/06/20/us-supreme-court-ruling-highlights-the-importance-of-epa-climate-rules/)
The Environmental Protection Agency … that at least for now EPA is the best hope for combating climate change.

Acid rain causes ecosystem collase
Jakuboski 11 (Samantha, "Toxic Rain: The Effect of Acid Rain on the Environment," Green Science, February 28, www.nature.com/scitable/blog/green-science/toxic_rain_the_effect_of)
Acid deposition is very dangerous …with these low levels had no fish.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Washburn MJ | Judge: Andy Casey
Framework
Our interpretation of debate is that the affirmative must normatively advocate action by the United States federal government 

This is most predictable – 

“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces … That this council petition the mayor.

And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions … to perform the future action that you propose.

Finally, resolved is the object of affirmation – it is their burden to prove the words in the resolution true.
Websters 11 – (Miriam-Webster Dictionary, 2011, “affirm,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/affirm)

Definition of AFFIRM
transitive verb
1 a : validate, confirm
   b : to state positively he affirmed his innocence
2 : to assert (as a judgment or decree) as valid or confirmed
3 : to express dedication to affirm life

This is a voting issue – 

First, they are non-topical because they don’t defend the enactment of a policy by the United States federal government.  Lack of stable, agreed upon ground wrecks predictability and makes research based debate impossible – also destroys reciprocity by skewing strategic foresight in favor of the aff – fairness in a competitive setting is an end in itself – the impact is discrimination and intolerance
Muir, 93 – Department of Communications at George Mason (Star A., “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 26, No. 4. Gale Academic Onefile)

A final point about relativism is that … effectively renders the value structure pluralistic, rather than relativistic.

Second, the most important value of policy debate is its ability to cultivate decisionmaking skills – key to fight injustice, plan for global risks, and choose the best options under conditions of undercertainty and stress – the impact is extinction
Lundberg 10 – (2010, Christian, Professor of Communications, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, former debate coach, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century, Allan D. Louden, p. 311)

The second major problem with the critique … to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

Multiple internal links to the SPECIFIC form of decisionmaking debate should produce:

Plan-focus – a specific normative proposal allows rigorous and empirical contestation – the alternative is vague statements of ideology and opinion
Steinberg and Freeley 08 – (2008, Austin, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, and David, Lecturer of Communication Studies, University of Miami, “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making,” p. 45)

Debate is a means of settling differences … which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Recursivity – complexity and feedbacks make ex ante planning impossible – decisionmaking must START with action and proceed via endless recursive loops.
Ortmann and Salzman 02 – (2002, Gunther, organizational theorist and Professor of Business Administration at the Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg, and Harold, Professor and Senior Faculty Fellow, John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, “Stumbling Giants The Emptiness, Fullness, and Recursiveness of Strategic Management,” Soziale Systeme 8 (2002), Heft 2, S. 205-230, google scholar)

A rational decision … As If« of neoclassical theory would immediately lead to an inability to decide and to act.)

Policy simulation – encourages intellectual flexibility and enourage the critical questioning of government actions
Esberg and Sagan 12 – (2/17/12, Jane, special assistant to the director at the Center on International Cooperation, New York University, and Scott, professor of political science and director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, “Negotiating Nonproliferation: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108, taylor and francis)

These government or quasi-government think tank … 13 Facts can change quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Switch sides – forces engagement with alternative points of view and develops empathy for the other – the alternative is discrimination and decisionmaking bias.
Muir, 93 – Department of Communications at George Mason (Star A., “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 26, No. 4. Gale Academic Onefile)

The debate over moral education … are consistently effective in integrating these skills into success on the job.

Institutions are inevitable and engaging them is key – institutional commitments entrap us and severely circumscribe the scope of our agency – studying, understanding, and reforming those institutions is the only way to prevent unchecked abuses of power and atrocities like the holocaust
Marti and Fernandez 13 – (2013, Ignasi, Associate Professor Strategy and Organization, EMLYON Business School, OCE Research Centre, France, and Pablo, Professor, IESE Business School, University of Navarra, “The Institutional Work of Oppression and Resistance: Learning from the Holocaust,” Organization Studies August 2013 vol. 34 no. 8 1195-1223)

Oppressive institutional work
In our examination of the Holocaust, we focused initially on the purposeful … so that they are empowered and granted conditions and spaces for moral agency.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Morris
Their attempt to change the conditions of detained bodies creates silence around the American carceral regime and obscures it as the heart of America itself
Whitmer 6
(BENJAMIN WHITMER University of Colorado, Boulder, and#34;Torture Chambers and Rape Roomsand#34;: What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us about the American Carceral System, The New Centennial Review, Volume 6, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 171-194 (Article))

It is not only legislation and institutional reprisal … Even if all evidence stands to the contrary.

The call for human rights is the root cause of the carceral system
Dillon (PhD in American Studies at Minnesota, now an Assistant Professor of Queer Studies at Hampshire College) 13
(Stephen, Fugitive Life:   Race, Gender, and the Rise of the Neoliberal-Carceral State, A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/153053/1/Dillon_umn_0130E_13833.pdf)

Throughout Precarious Life … that is how the prison came into being the first place. 

Despite their best intentions, the Aff simply works to shore up the crumbling myth of US moral virtue that enables endless war, global structural violence and simply shifts the prison to the global scale
McCulloch (Professor of Criminology at Monash University, Melbourne) 10
(Jude, From garrison state to garrison planet: state terror, the War on Terror and the rise of a global carceral complex, Contemporary State Terrorism Theory and practice, 196-213) 

In the same way that neoliberalism and punitive penal policy … that encompasses the entire globe: a move from garrison state to garrison planet.

Our alternative is that the judge should embrace abolition as a pedagogical method.

The Aff’s gesture towards reform merely locks in genocide management as the new center of debate and makes extinction inevitable – their liberal pragmatic blackmail is especially absurd in the context of the debate classroom where the debate should be judged on competing visions of liberatory social formations
Rodríguez 10
(Dylan, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act:  Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, MUSE)

I have had little trouble “convincing” most students … is  signi icantly dependent on our willing- ness to embrace this form of pedagogical audacity.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Evans-Choudhury | Judge: Weitz
Resist the urge to act, participation ensures the system is reproduced. Our withdrawal clears the way for revolutionary activity.
Vighi and Feldner ‘9 (Fabio, PhD, lecturer in Italian at the School of European Studies at Cardiff University, and Heiko, PhD, Lecturer in Modern German History at Cardiff University, “Pathological Attachments: Slavoj Zizek on Anticapitalism and Liberal Democracy,” Rethinking Marxism Volume 21 Number 2, April, p. 295-296, TH)
From this viewpoint, Zizek highlights …  politics proper comes into play.
Capital is the root cause of all impacts – it produces the material reality that makes violence inevitable.
Zizek 8 Slavoj Violence p 11-12
There is an old joke about a husband who returns … financially sound”—reality doesn’t matter, what matters is the situation of capital...

 The impact is ethics—It is our responsibility to orient ourselves against the existing global order which guarantees exclusion and suffering.
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through … to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

Our Alternative is to do nothing in the face of the affirmative.
Doing nothing deactivates the false sense of urgency that reproduces global capitalism.
Zizek 2008 Slavoj Violence p 6-8
Let’s think about the fake sense of urgency that pervades the … We need to “learn, learn, and learn” what causes this violence.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cornell Dogaroiu-Kuo | Judge: Stevenson
The feminist perspective displaces inequity on a paternal big Other, ignores the material reality which has accommodated the disintegration of patriarchy and ignores that confronting Capital is a prerequisite to equality
Žižek ‘10 (Slavoj, Prof. of European Graduate School, Intl. Director of the Birkbeck Inst. for Humanities, U. of London, and Senior Researcher @ Inst. of Sociology, U. of Ljubljiana, Living in the End Times, http://www.lacan.com/essays/?page_id=454#_ftn3 BB)
I totally agree with the general principle that “hegemonies are often presented as minority positions … its function is to enable us to evade the deadlock of the hedonist permissiveness which is effectively hegemonic.

Capital is the root cause of all impacts – it produces the material reality that makes violence inevitable.
Zizek 8 Slavoj Violence p 11-12
There is an old joke about a husband who returns home earlier than usual from work and finds his wife in bed … financially sound”—reality doesn’t matter, what matters is the situation of capital...

The impact is ethics—It is our responsibility to orient ourselves against the existing global order which guarantees exclusion and suffering.
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol and recognize … or reduce the status of the abject Other to that of a ‘glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix.
?
Alt: Vote Negative to do nothing in the face of the affirmative
Doing nothing deactivates the false sense of urgency that reproduces global capitalism.
Zizek 2008 Slavoj Violence p 6-8
Let’s think about the fake sense of urgency that pervades the  … images of violence. We need to “learn, learn, and learn” what causes this violence.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Shanker-Caplan | Judge: Wunderlich
Environmental protection subjugates all of nature to capital – they shift consumerist ideology onto the environment
Luke 97 – Department of Political Science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 1997 Timothy W., The (Un)Wise (Ab)Use of Nature: Environmentalism as Globalized Consumerism? http://www.cddc.vt.edu/tim/tims/Tim528.htm
All of these environmentalizing initiatives reveal different aspects of Nature's infrastructuralization in the disorganized and incomplete transnational campaigns of environmentalized capital's terraforming programs. … or ecological degradation, which global markets will mark and meet in their (un)wise (ab)use of environmentalized resources.
Capital is the root cause of all impacts – it produces the material reality that makes violence inevitable.
Zizek 8 Slavoj Violence p 11-12
There is an old joke about a husband who returns home earlier than usual from work and finds his wife in bed with another man. The surprised wife exclaims: “Why have you come back early?” The husband furiously snaps back: “What are you doing in bed with another man?” The wife calmly replies: “I asked you a question first—don’t try to squeeze out of it by changing the topic!” The same goes … financially sound”—reality doesn’t matter, what matters is the situation of capital...
Text: Vote Negative to do nothing in the face of the affirmative
Doing nothing deactivates the false sense of urgency that reproduces global capitalism.
Zizek 2008 Slavoj Violence p 6-8
Let’s think about the fake sense of urgency that pervades  … when we find ourselves bombarded with mediatic images of violence. We need to “learn, learn, and learn” what causes this violence.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Oklahoma Langel-Wyde | Judge: Allen
THEIR FOCUS ON SYMBOLS AND THE POST-MODERN DESTROYS THE REVOLUTION:
A. IT ASSUMES KNOWLEDGE HAS DISPLACED LABOR, AND WORDS ARE THE PRIMARY MEANS OF PRODUCTION
B. IT BRACKETS OFF THAT ALL SYMBOLS ARE TRANSMITTED THROUGH MATERIAL MEANS
C. IT IGNORES THAT A FOCUS ON SYMBOLS IS A PRIVILEGE ONLY GAINED THROUGH MIDDLE CLASS STATUS
D. THE ENTIRE AFF IGNORES THAT ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE ITSELF IS CONTROLLED BY THE MATERIAL CONDITIONS OF CAPITAL AND CLASS.
Zavarzadeh ‘95 (Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, post-ality: Marxism and postmodernism, post-ality the (dis)simulations of cybercapitalism)
Popper argues that human societies do not change by any determinate laws (of production, for example) but by the growth of knowledge. … on the basis of relying on contemporary statistics, are of¬fered by Alex Callinicos (Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique) and by David Harvey (The Condition of Postmodernity).  8-11

BAUDRILLARD’S THEORY OF POWER RELATIONS IS IGNORES THE FORCES OF PRODUCTION AND LABOR MAKING IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANTI-CAPITALIST RESISTANCE
Zavarzadeh in 95 Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, post-ality: Marxism and postmodernism, post-ality the (dis)simulations of cybercapitalism
The matterist theories of consumptionism are all founded upon the ludic .assumptions … and revolution and instead advocate a consensus for a permanent bourgeois democracy. 19-22

THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION – MULTIPLE SCENARIOS – ONLY RADICAL REORIENTATION OF OUR POLITICS CAN SOLVE
Parr ’13 (Adrian, Assoc. Prof. of Philosophy and Environmental Studies @ U. of Cincinnati, THE WRATH OF CAPITAL: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics, pp. 145-147)
A quick snapshot of the twenty-first century so far …our politics must start from the point that after 2050 it may all be over.

THIS ROUND IS KEY – LET THE DISCUSSION BECOME A METAPHORIC CONDENSATION FOR COMMUNISM. VOTING NEGATIVE MEANS THE BATTLE IS ALREADY WON.
Badiou ‘10 (Alain, Prof. @ European Graduate School, Former chair of Philosophy @ École Normale Supérieure, The Idea of Communism, pgs. 11-13 bb)
We will now ask: why is it necessary to resort to this ambiguous opera¬tion? Why do the event and its consequences also have to be exposed in the guise of a fact — often a violent one — that is accompanied by different versions of the cult of personality'? What is the reason for this historical appropriation of emancipatory politics? …  in individual consciousnesses. We can usher in the third era of this Idea's existence. We can, so we must.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cornell Dogaroiu-Kuo | Judge: Stevenson
The call for social change will inevitably fail – dominance will always find a way to recreate itself. For ages, society has weathered change and revolution by ‘domesticating dissent’. The dominant hegemony of the state placates the masses by decontextualizing movements and makes invisible the true scale of its control.
Bailie 08 (BJ, graduate student in Composition and Rhetoric, The Laughing Man Weblog, “CRS 568,” citing: Readings on the Rhetoric of Social Protest¶ Eds. Charles E. Morris III and Stephen Howard Browne¶ “Domesticating Dissent: The Kennedy’s and the Freedom Rides”¶ John M. Murphy, ¶ The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader¶ Eds. Clayborne Carson et al.¶ 6. “Personal Letter from Muriel and Art Lewis to Her Mother, Selma, Alabama, March 19, 1965?¶ Muriel Lewis, ¶ 7. “Our God Is Marching On!”¶ Martin Luther King, Jr., ¶ Interlude. “We The People: The Struggle Continues”¶ Vincent Harding, ¶ “Domesticating Dissent: The Kennedy’s and the Freedom Rides”¶ John M. Murphy, 10/28/2008)
In this text Murphy explains the analytical and descriptive power of using  … according to Murphy, this is how social movements are neutered.
The impact is invisible power – any social missteps of the aff can reinforce invisible power that makes their impacts infinitely worse because it shapes the very foundations of thought and how people envision future possibilities. Without considering its effects, invisible power turns the aff.
Gaventa 2006 (John, Professor John Gaventa is a political sociologist, educator and civil society practitioner with over 30 years experience of research, training and organisational leadership in North and South. Currently he is a Professor and Research Fellow at IDS, where he is a member of the Participation, Power and Social Change team and Director of the Development Research Centre on Citizenship, Participation and Accountability. He has written widely on issues of power, participatory development and governance, civil society and social change, “Finding the Spaces for Change: A Power Analysis,” IDS Bulletin Volume 37 Number 6 November 2006, http://www.powercube.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/finding_spaces_for_change.pdf)

Probably the most insidious of the three dimensions of power,  … and how they envisage future possibilities and alternatives.

Gaventa Continues Later On…

As argued above, the dynamics of power depend very much on the type of space in which it is found …  random and confused; at other times they may appear as if alignments will be possible.

Power has changed – it now operates on a horizontal axis that prevents the mobilization of resistance. Its fluid nature produces different tools of domination from different sources: class, race, sexuality, gender, and more are its symptoms. The shifting mode of power has fractured and polarized the academic world, splitting critical analyses and scholars into a theoretical apartheid that negates the effectivity of social and political change.
Sandoval 2K (Chela, assistant professor of Critical and Cultural theory in the Chicana/o Studies department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, “Methodology of the Oppressed,” Theory out of Bounds, volume 18, Ch 3, Sec 3, pg 72, http://caringlabor.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/methodology-of-the-oppressed-chela-sandoval.pdf)
Why does this book insist on detailing the technologies of the methodology of the oppressed? As we have seen, Jameson argues that the shift of capital to a transnational stage has brought about a mutation in the very structure of Western consciousness … opening space in the order of the real for the previously unimaginable.

The alternative is to adopt a form of differential consciousness that analyzes the historical context of other forms of resistance in relation to dominant forms of power. This form of topography maps out dominance and the social order and allows individuals or groups seeking change the ability to transform and deconstruct dominance.
Sandoval 2K (Chela, assistant professor of Critical and Cultural theory in the Chicana/o Studies department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, “Methodology of the Oppressed,” Theory out of Bounds, volume 18, Ch 2, pg 53, http://caringlabor.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/methodology-of-the-oppressed-chela-sandoval.pdf)
¶ The following alternative typology … effective¶ form of resistance under global late-capitalist and postmodern cultural conditions.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern McCarty-Pei | Judge: Miller
The affirmative’s focus on legal restrictions ignores connected structures of militarism and Western subjectivity that have permanently weighted the scales of even judicial decisions toward the permanent conquest of the East. Nobody says “No” to the military in this world, the law simply sanitizes it
Gregory ’11 (Derek, Peter Wall Distinguished Professor and Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, “From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War” Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 28(7- 8), pp. 199-201)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear that these precautions  … renders ‘our’ space familiar even in ‘their’ space – which remains obdurately Other.
Moreover, their use of the law to reign presidential war powers fails to see that it is this very appeal to the law that maintains the juridico-political system that justifies violent biopolitical war and the suspension of law in the state of exception which produces bare life. The impact is global civil war.
Agamben 2k5 (Giorgio, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Verona, The State of Exception, pp. 85-88)

It is perhaps possible at this point to look back upon the path trav- eled thus far and draw some provisional conclusions from our investi- gation of the state of exception … myth had sought to capture in the state of exception.

The creation of bare life and global civil war will only end in wars of self-annihilation and extinction.
Duffield ‘8 (Mark, Dept. of Politics, U. of Bristol, “Global Civil War: The Non-Insured, International Containment and Post-Interventionary Society,” Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 161-162)
This essay began with the proposition that to complete the nexus between development and security, the term containment needs to be included … we need to establish our own terms of engagement.

Any civilian death from strikes are allowed as acceptable accident as they become bodies that don’t matter with no political significance – this is due to the logic of targeted killing that actively produces this ignorance – we must refuse to uphold this logic that justifies endless violence and genocide
Wilcox 2k9 (Lauren, Charles and Amy Scharf Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at Johns Hopkins University, PhD Political Science at University of Minnesota, MSc International Relations at London School of Economics and Political Science where she graduated with the highest honors, B.A. International Studies and Political Science at Macalester College, “Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare”, Online, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/0/1/1/2/p501128_index.html?phpsessid=cc7115e165b9940eae1db3a31ea049ed)

While the ‘terrorists’ are targeted for death … it is due to the practices of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.
Thus our alternative: Refuse reform to the Legal System to deactivate our faith in law and doom it to its own destruction
Prozorov 2k10 (Sergei, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies at University of Helsinki, “Why Giorgio Agamben is an Optimist”)
First, the sovereign ban no longer functions as a negative foundation of a positive political order, manifested only in the exceptional occasions of revolt or coup d’e ?tat, but rather coincides with the latter completely…  This is to be achieved by the practice of subtraction that we address in the following section.¶

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Alexander | Judge: Frappier
They define democratic states as good in opposition to bad states that violate the international agreement – this means that decisions to go to war are couched in identitarian rather than strategic terms
Bishai and Behnke 2007, Linda S. Bishai and Andreas Behnke, Senior Program Officer in Education Program @ US Institute of Peace and Lecturer in Dept. of Politics and IR @ Univ. of Reading, 2007, The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, p. 115-7
and#39;The ... behavioural distinctions between liberal democracies and other kinds of States, or more generally … votes for the incumbentand#39;s list. (Reisman 2000: 243) 

Appeals to counterprolif norms justify aggressive war
Falk 8 (Richard, American professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University At the Nuclear Precipice: Catastrophe or Transformation? p. 47
There is also a need to evaluate … whose history includes a persisting refusal to repudiate the past uses of such weapons.

Causes limitless war and discrimination
Strong 95 (Tracy B., Distinguished Professor of Political Science @ UCSD, Ph.D. Harvard University, 1968.  “Dimensions of the New Debate Around Carl Schmitt,” (Introduction to the reissuing of) Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (U. Chicago Press, 1995))

The other, more dangerous possibility … no outcome except an end to politics and the elimination of all difference.

Alt – reject their false claim to universiality and recognize the validity of enmity

Leads to a stable international system – any attempt to end war without the alt just displaces conflict into new spheres
Odysseos 7 (Louiza, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Sussex. She is the author of The Subject of Coexistence: Otherness in International Relations (2007), as well as articles in European Journal of Political Theory , Review of International Studies and Millennium . She co-edited Gendering the International (2002) and a Special Focus on the ‘International Theory of Carl Schmitt’ of the Leiden Journal of International Law (2006). “Crossing the line? Carl Schmitt on the ‘spaceless universalism’ of cosmopolitanism and the War on Terror” in The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, liberal war and the crisis of global order, Edited by Louiza Odysseos and Fabio Petito. Routledge 2007. ISBN 0.203.96414.4)

The first relationship arises from … who has to be fought until there is no more resistance.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wyoming Pauli-Marcum | Judge: Murillo
1AC drive for security is defense against psychotic anxiety— Constant projection onto perceived enemies prevents understanding of what drives populations toward conflict in our attempt to stabilize our sense of identity and control.
Byles 3
(Joanna Montgomery, a Professor of English in the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Eastern Mediterranean, specializes in psychoanalysis in literature, “Psychoanalysis and War: The Superego and Projective Identification”, Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society, Online, https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_for_the_psychoanalysis_of_culture_and_society/v008/8.2byles.html) 

The most characteristic thing … Many Israelis consider most Palestinians as dirt beneath their feet subhuman and most Palestinians think of most Israelis as despoilers of the land they are supposed to share.

This turns the case—Projection of evil shapes international relations and requires that power structures maintain a permanent state of emergency.
Zizek 2k5 (Slavoj, Elvis Presley, “Give Iranian Nukes a Chance”, http://www.lacan.com/zizekiranian.htm)

Every power structure has to rely on an underlying implicit threat … turns out to be the real criminal. 

It’s a self-fulfilling prophecy—Scenarios for war are created by our psychological drive for security and projected onto a perceived enemy. This paranoia makes war inevitable.
Mack 88
 (John, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, “The Enemy System”, Online, http://johnemackinstitute.org/1988/08/the-enemy-system-short-version/)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated … The mass media, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative as a challenge to the superego of the State. Only by interrogating the cycle of enemy creation can we create fissures in the psychology of security that makes war inevitable.  
Byles 2k3 (Joanna Montgomery, a Professor of English in the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Eastern Mediterranean, specializes in psychoanalysis in literature, “Psychoanalysis and War: The Superego and Projective Identification”, Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society, Online, https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_for_the_psychoanalysis_of_culture_and_society/v008/8.2byles.html) 

In other words, the problem of the mentality of war … most importantly, a way of thinking.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Velto-Rodriguez | Judge: Stables
Counting and naming bodies are not enough – victims of drone strikes are rendered killable and ungrievable by the social apparatus – this spills over into other international relations, making war inevitable
Wilcox 2k9 (Lauren, Charles and Amy Scharf Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at Johns Hopkins University, PhD Political Science at University of Minnesota, MSc International Relations at London School of Economics and Political Science where she graduated with the highest honors, B.A. International Studies and Political Science at Macalester College, “Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare”, Online, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/0/1/1/2/p501128_index.html?phpsessid=cc7115e165b9940eae1db3a31ea049ed)

This paper is a draft of the third chapter of my dissertation on bodies and international relations. In my dissertation, … These figures are not prior to the practices of precision-bombing, but exist in relation to one other as the result of the intra-action between discursive practices and the materiality of bodies and technology. 

Trying to make targeted killing more legitimate and efficient only feeds back into the same ideology that attempts to manage death – precision warfare creates docile bodies that are allowed to die as sacrifices without any ethical consideration
Wilcox 2k9 (Lauren, Charles and Amy Scharf Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at Johns Hopkins University, PhD Political Science at University of Minnesota, MSc International Relations at London School of Economics and Political Science where she graduated with the highest honors, B.A. International Studies and Political Science at Macalester College, “Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare”, Online, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/0/1/1/2/p501128_index.html?phpsessid=cc7115e165b9940eae1db3a31ea049ed)

The precision bomber, like the torturer,  … precision’ missiles that can take out targets cleanly with little risk to the surroundings are largely a myth.

The affirmative’s focus on legal restrictions ignores connected structures of militarism and Western subjectivity that have permanently weighted the scales of even judicial decisions toward the permanent conquest of the East. Nobody says “No” to the military in this world, the law simply sanitizes it
Gregory ’11 (Derek, Peter Wall Distinguished Professor and Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, “From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War” Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 28(7- 8), pp. 199-201)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear that these precautions - …  which remains obdurately Other.

Any civilian death from strikes are allowed as acceptable accident as they become bodies that don’t matter with no political significance – this is due to the logic of targeted killing that actively produces this ignorance – we must refuse to uphold this logic that justifies endless violence and genocide
Wilcox 2k9 (Lauren, Charles and Amy Scharf Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at Johns Hopkins University, PhD Political Science at University of Minnesota, MSc International Relations at London School of Economics and Political Science where she graduated with the highest honors, B.A. International Studies and Political Science at Macalester College, “Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare”, Online, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/0/1/1/2/p501128_index.html?phpsessid=cc7115e165b9940eae1db3a31ea049ed)

While the ‘terrorists’ are targeted for death … it is due to the practices of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.

Our alternative is to rethink the world as target
Their depictions of the world are intimately linked with structures of militarism – only a prior break from the aff’s mode of representation and knowledge production solves the impacts
Chow ‘6 (Rey, Anne Firor Scott Professor of Literature @ Duke U., The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, pp. 39-41)
It is in the light of such interlocking relations among war, racism … and by "the problem of the vanishing object."55

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: Fresno State Lewis-Ahmed | Judge: Davis
The affirmative’s attempt to proliferate black knowledge production will be incorporated into the system and sold as a new market for capital’s infiltration. Their framing certainly does not resist capitalism commodification. Despite the best intentions, Difference and identity can and must only be understood from a class-based perspective. This is key to creating a successful movement capable of catalyzing ethical demands at the global level
D’Annibale and McLaren 2004 (Valerie Catamburio, PhD, chairs the Graduate Program in Communication and Social Justice at the University of Windsor, and Peter, professor in the Division of Urban Schooling, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, UCLA, “The Strategic Centrality of Class in the Politics of "Race" and "Difference”,” Cultural Studies = Critical Methodologies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 148-175 (2003))

Because post-al theories of difference … can¶ there be equality of cultures and genuine toleration of differences?” (pp. 232-¶ 233).
The female body is entrenched in a system of capital – the affirmative fails to achieve social change precisely because it misidentifies the starting point
hooks 2010 Bell, Author and Activist, Where We Stand: Class Matters, pg. 109
The only genuine … enslavement of subordinated groups.

Modern capitalism ensures that Differentiations exist between the ontological worlds of identity politics. These differentiations are central to violence and extermination and necessitate unending war. The alternatives presupposition of ethical equality is a prerequisite to dealing with zones of sacrifice like debate
Balibar, 2001 (Etienne, Emeritus Prof. of Philosophy @ U. of Paris X Nanterre and U. of Cal., Irvine, “Outlines of a Topography of Cruelty: Citizenship and Civility in the Era of Global Violence,” Constellations, Vol. 8.1)

this paper is based on a talk which I … in the first instance, seem to be mainly “economic.”
This debate is about competing methodologies. The question at the end of the debate is whose ethical orientation best catalyzes political organization against Capital. Vote negative to affirm the Communist Hypothesis as a prerequisite to political or personal calculations, which ensure that discussions in debate continue to operate from within a broader framework of capitalistic competition
Badiou 2009 (Alain, Prof. @ European Graduate … ,The Meaning of Sarkozy, pgs. 97-103 bb)

I would like to situate the Sarkozy episode… of the moment at which we find ourselves in the history of this hypothesis.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Monaghan-Nelson | Judge: Samuels
Obamas use of PC is causing Syria to gain momentum but it’s a fight.
Tumulty 9-2
Karen Tumulty, 9-2, 13 Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/kerry-hagel-to-appear-at-foreign-relations-committee-to-make-the-case-for-syria-strikes/2013/09/02/936adc48-13df-11e3-a100-66fa8fd9a50c_story.html

As the Obama administration … a difficult battle for approval of military strikes.

Plan disrupts inertia and saps capital
Kurtzer et al, 11  (Daniel, US Ambassador, Princeton Policy Workshop The 2010 Princeton Policy Workshop is composed of twelve graduate students at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and Department of History. Working under the direction of Ambassador Daniel Kurtzer, former U.S. ambassador to Egypt and Israel, the group examined the history and challenges of four case studies in the Middle East and then traveled to the region to gather relevant and diverse perspectives regarding U.S. foreign policy. The group developed recommendations to guide the Obama administration’s future decision making toward Syria and Hamas. In December 2010, the group presented its recommendations to the U.S. State Department’s Under Secretary for Political Affairs William J. Burns. Over the course of this process, the group consulted over 70 current and former officials, diplomats, scholars, and civil society leaders in Syria, Israel, the West Bank and the United States, as well as representatives from the United Nations, the European Union, and other international stakeholders. This policy workshop report represents the conclusion of the 2010 Policy Workshop. Recommendations were reached by consensus among the participating students, January, http://wws.princeton.edu/research/pwreports_fy10/WWS591d.pdf)

In his first address to a joint session of Congress in February 2009 … in the U.S. House of Representatives. 

Capital key to authorization
Ben German, 8-31, 13, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/middle-east-north-africa/319817-on-syria-request-obama-gets-praise-warnings-from-capitol-hill “On Syria Request, Obama Praised, Warned by Lawmakers”

But despite likely support from Pelosi and some other influential Democrats … serious answers to the questions the Speaker and other have asked.”

Strikes solve regional war and terrorism.
HADLEY 9-10 (Stephen J. Hadley was national security adviser in the George W. Bush administration, Column: A Military Strike Against Syria Is Crucial to Deterring Iran, Valley News, http://www.vnews.com/home/8432360-95/column)
Enforcing the red line against … It must be robust enough to erode the Syrian regime’s military advantage.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 8 | Opponent: Kansas Bhatla-Cook | Judge: Taylor
Armed Forces means any agent committing violence on behalf of the US government that is vulnerable to attack.
ICRC 2013 (International Committee of the Red Cross, “Customary International Law,” This is the updated version of the Study on customary international humanitarian law conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and originally published by Cambridge University Press, http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_cha_chapter1_rule4)
Rule 4. Definition of Armed Forces¶ Rule 4. ... The members of such armed forces are liable to attack.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Manchester-Shaw | Judge: Morris
Interp: The object of the affirmative should be legal in the squo

Authority requires legal permission
Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority)
10. (Law) Law
a.  a judicial decision …  perform a specified act

The object aff is already illegal under international law. That’s the 1AC.
Limits—They allow infinite affirmations of international law.
Ground—Restricting things that are already restricted or illegal destroys our grounds for links and uniqueness. Ground is key to fairness and neg flex.

Voter for fairness and education

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Houston Asgari-Tari-Alexander | Judge: Frappier
Section 8 of the war powers resolution proves topical hostilities affs must be about introducing troops into theaters of war
Grimmett ‘4
Richard F. Grimmett, Specialist in National Defense, RL32267 -- The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years, CRS Report for Congress, March 11, 2004, http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RL32267.html
Section 8 sets forth certain interpretations relating to the Resolution. … as congressional authorization for the Vietnam war.

Prefer it- most precise interpretation- only one that defines the phrase in the rez as a whole- also checks single tech constraints and running back the nukes topic plus 5 new aff areas. Nuclear affs draw on an entire different lit base which means no ground applies. Destroys predictable limits. Vote for fairness and education

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Evans-Choudhury | Judge: Weitz
Lol

The 1AC advocacy capitalizes “federal government.” This is a double bind.
Either the 1AC is grammatically incorrect or the plan specifies a proper noun that is not the government in DC.
Plain Language 12
http://www.plainlanguage.gov/howto/quickreference/dash/dashfederal.cfm
This question comes up rather frequently. For some reason, many people think the word federal always warrants a capital F. Actually,  … is federal not Federal.
A-Priori Voter—Grammar is a pre-requisite to predictable ground and limits
Allen 93
(Robert, Editor and Director – The Chambers Dictionary, Does Grammar Matter?)
Grammar matters, then, because it is the accepted way of using language, .. is a codification of the way using English that most people will find acceptable.
And, Vote neg on presumption: USFG is the United States Faceters Guild
USFG ‘12
(the United States Faceters Guild, not the federal government, online cite dedicated to everything that is and was Faceter, “USFG history”, Last modified September 24th, 2012)
http://www.usfacetersguild.org/history.shtml
Our organization had its beginning as the USA Competition Faceters in January 1990 … We are working on a system to allow members to have stones critiqued by a qualified master cutter.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Emory Adler-Bontha | Judge: Awsare
Restrictions are prohibitions on action --- the aff is a reporting requirement  
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf
3. The ordinary definition of  … did not agree to restrict his license.
Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions
William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379
Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions … Essentially, then, plaintiff's argument is that Merban should have known that plaintiff's officers were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
Vote neg---
Only prohibitions on authority guarantee neg ground---their interpretation lets affs no link the best neg offense like deference
Precision---only our interpretation defines “restrictions on authority”---that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kansas Monaghan-Nelson | Judge: Samuels
Hostilities require a full scale armed conflict with sustained operations.
Chesney 11
 (Robert Chesney, Brookings, “Web Chat: Libya and the War Powers Resolution,” 6/22/11) http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2011/06/22-war-powers-resolution-chat
12:37 Robert Chesney: The argument is that … support for the kinetic operations of our NATO allies.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Velto-Rodriguez | Judge: Stables
A. Interpretation –
1.“Increase” refers to a mandate, not a potential result
HEFC 4 (Higher Education Funding Council, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/1 67/167we98.htm# n43)

9.1 The Draft Bill creates an obligation on the principal regulator to do all that it …  the obligation could be considered to be ever-increasing.

B. Violation --- the plan doesn’t mandate an increase in restrictions, it merely claims to result in it through
C. Reasons to prefer ---

1. Limits --- the scope of change that could possibly result in topical action is endless makes research and preparation impossible.
   2. Ground --- a certain increase is necessary for CP competition and disad links—they could use their effectual topicality to spike out of core generics.
   D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and education
   Competing interpretation is the only non arbitrary basis for evaluation.