“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces … council petition the mayor.
And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy … express dedication to affirm life
And, the most important value of policy debate is its ability to cultivate decisionmaking skills – key to fight injustice, plan for global risks, and choose the best options under conditions of undercertainty and stress – the impact is extinction Lundberg 10 – (2010, Christian, Professor of Communications, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, former debate coach, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century, Allan D. Louden, p. 311)
The second major problem with … democracy in an increasingly complex world.
1nc
Giroux’s utopian transcendence of the status quo’s political closure is misguided and doomed to failure – the public sphere is gone and the domain of legitimate political expression has been seized by the reactionary right and the viscitudes of neoliberal capitalism The Invisible Committee 09 – (The Invisible Committee, an anti-capitalist, anonymous collective, 2007, “The Coming Insurrection,” http://tarnac9.wordpress.com/texts/the-coming-insurrection/)
From whatever angle you approach it, … soon, that a decision is near.
Late modern society is self-reflexive – our identities are determined by our political and economic consumption – what to buy, who to vote for, what brands are most socially responsible – the modern ideal of the autonomous subject is no longer possible vis a vis the market system. Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition,” European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
The concept of late modernity … , inter alia, exactly this function.
Confronted with this crisis, the modern subject seeks to reconfirm and reconstitute an oppositional identity through the simulation of alternatives to the system
In the context of this round, your ballot means nothing and has no political potential – UNLV is not going to stop their activism outside of debates if you vote neg, the university administration is not going to stop offering the drone minor, students at UNLV will not become any more informed, and CERTAINLY nobody will stop dying in the global war on terror.
Instead of challenging the constitutive racism and militarization that comprises the university today, the affirmative accepts the terms of the status quo – they protest, contact political representatives, do some research, hold meetings and come to a debate tournament, all in the hope that they can fulfill Giroux’s promise of teaching against power – instead, their integration into the legitimate, protected space of the university drains any radical potential from their critique and reproduces the flaws of the squo. Harney and Moten 13 – (Stefano Harney, Professor of Strategic Management Education at the Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University and a co-founder of the School for Study and Fred Moten, Helen L. Bevington Professor of Modern Poetry at Duke University, “Politics Surrounded,” The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study, pg. 41)
Here one comes face to … into being the prophetic organization.
What an affirmative ballot ultimately signifies is nothing but a consumer choice – although they believe they are political agents with discrete, empirical extant identities, the performance of the 1AC is a veil generated by consumer culture to pacify true dissent and enable the continued management of unsustainability – the IMPACT is environmental destruction, extreme inequality and violent conflict. Bluhdorn 07 – (May 2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-description, Self-deception, Simulation: A Systems-theoretical Perspective on Contemporary Discourses of Radical Change,” Social Movement Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1–20, May 2007, google scholar)
Yet the established patterns of … the threat of self-referentiality.
Specifically, the fetishization of personal political action and individual agencies stands in stark contrast to the totalizing, dehumanizing logic of the market – within late modern capitalism, the political praxis envisioned by the aff can NEVER be realized and serves as a utopian fantasy that disempowers truly radical challenges to the system. Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition,” European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
It therefore seems dif?cult to … rather than the collective subject
The alternative is to occupy the undercommons of the university – this act of fugitivity, of STEALING AWAY, rejects the basic terms and conditions of legitimate political discourse and redeploys the mantle of criminality for productive purposes – reclaiming or reforming the university is impossible and we must find a way to conduct the dirty, everyday work of survival within the confines of its hegemony. Harney and Moten 12 (Stefano, Singapore Management University, Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Faculty Member, and Fred, Helen L. Bevington Professor of Modern Poetry @ Duke U., “The University and the Undercommons,” Dispatch from the Ruins, pp. 41-42)
Worry about the university. This … at war, always in hiding.
case
Reject the pragmatism of the 1AC – acceptance and reform merely locks in genocide management as the new center of debate – their liberal pragmatic blackmail is especially absurd in the context of the debate classroom where the debate should be judged on competing visions of liberatory social formations Rodríguez 10 – (Dylan, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, MUSE)
I have had little trouble “… this form of pedagogical audacity.
The term drone draws attention, … real fears of so many.
Drones are not ethically or practically different – their analysis is ahistorical – only solution is to critique the just war and sovereignty framework Provost-Smith 13 – (Patrick, PhD in History from Johns Hopkins, Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, “A DRONE’S EYE VIEW: GLOBAL ANTI-TERRORISM AND THE EXISTENTIAL CRISIS OF JUST WAR THEORY,” http://www.jcrt.org/archives/12.3/smith.pdf)
The common perception is that … Roman gladii or English longbows.
Specifically, excessive concern with the “drones at home” obscures the way war and violence is ever present in our communities – the fact that we only notice these things when they become a minor at our college or a job opportunity belies the unproblematized privilege undergirding the 1AC. TWIB (a Femme Lawyer practicing litigator living in Chicago) 13 (Drone Policy Is the Most Important Racism, This Week In Blackenss, http://ec2-23-23-137-51.compute-1.amazonaws.com/2013/07/25/drone-policy-is-the-most-important-racism/)
There are several incidents of … people that has always existed.
Their activism is a direct tradeoff with more more productive courses of action – drone focus is misguided, ahistorical, and dangerous. Trombly (analyst on international affairs and strategy; Associate at Caerus Analytics; fmr Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies) 12 (Dan, The Drone War Does Not Take Place, NOVEMBER 16, 2012, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/the-drone-war-does-not-take-place/)
I’ll try to make this a … understanding how to move forward.
1/7/14
1NC - NDT Doubles
Tournament: NDT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Gramzinski, Reed, Paul, Walters, Miller 1nc
Their model of the world cannot account for its COMPLEXITY - SCENARIO PLANNING – specifically through GAMING SIMULATION – creates a prophetic futures market in violence that creates a globalized system of pre-emptive violence Bratton 4 http://jordancrandall.com/underfire/binnen-def.pdf Benjamin H. Bratton is Associate Professor of Visual Arts at the University of California, San Diego and Director of The Center for Design and Geopolitics think-tank at Calit2, The California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology. He is an American sociologist, architectural and design theorist, known for a mix of philosophical and aesthetic research, organizational planning and strategy, and for his writing on the cultural implications of computing and globalization1234567.
Something that Ana wrote –…militarization of teleology.
Scenario building PRODUCES military pre-emptive doctrine – their method has REAL IMPACTS on POLICY McClanahan 9 Annie Mcclanahan is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Humanities Center at Harvard University, where she is working on a book project titled Salto Mortale: Narrative, Speculation, and the Chance of the Future. Annie McClanahan. "Future’s Shock: Plausibility, Preemption, and the Fiction of 9/11." symploke 17.1 (2009): 41-62. Project MUSE. Web. 15 Sep. 2012. http://muse.jhu.edu/.
The experience of …justifies military intervention.8
Security based policy analyses occludes complex and non-linear phenomenon and relifies ideological, militarized policymaking – makes war and environmental degradation inevitable Ahmed 11 – (2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society," Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis)
Unfortunately, orthodox IR …not planetary annihilation?61
the pursuit of legal restraint and norm setting creates a façade of legal legitimacy that absolves decisionmakers of ethical responsibility for their actions – removes moral complexity from our understanding of conflict and replaces it with ontological certainty in the power and righteousness of the law – also creates a practical distancing effect that makes violence substnatially easier to escalate and maintain. Smith 02 – (2002, Thomas, professor of philosophy, University of South Florida, “The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence,” International Studies Quarterly 46) The role of …be dim indeed.
The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – predictions like rational deterrence take rely on a flawed enframing of the international system and ignore complex, nonlinear relationships that make conflict spirals inevitable. Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here, …dysfunctional or chaotic.
The alternative is to non-violently refuse the 1AC’s call to action – an approach of “letting be” is the only possible negation of ontologically grounded violence and allows us to coexist peacefully with both nature and human others. Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
The historical emergence …of abyssal being.
1nc – terrorism
Drone warfare is an incessant quest to make war permanent and normalized – transmutes killing into a technique of management where tactics replace meaningful ethical considerations. Pugliese ‘13 (Joseph, Associate Prof. of Cultural Studies @ Macquarie U., State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical caesurae of torture, black sites, drones, pp. 191-195) The ‘PlayStation mentality’ is… an ethical crisis.’40
Terrorism isn’t a threat and is exaggerated by the military industrial complex Walt 8/13 – (2013, Stephen, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, “What terrorist threat?” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/10/voices_prophesying_war)
The second lesson …those nasty jihadis.
Apocalyptic terrorism scenarios are grounded in vested political interests and violent modes of national-identity formation in which political reforms like the plan are used to carve the world into liberal and illiberal spheres—the impact is a racist extermination of alterity and expansive structural violence Desiree BRYAN, Research Assistant Intern at Middle East Institute. MScECON Candidate: Security Studies at Aberystwyth University, 12 June 22, 2012, “The Popularity of the ‘New Terrorism’ Discourse,” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/22/the-popularity-of-the-new-terrorism-discourse/
New Terrorism vs. …new terrorism discourse.
Dominant narratives of terrorism are not just incorrect – they function as a political technology to uphold the brutal exercise of state power Jackson 7 (Richard Jackson, Professor of International Politics at Aberystwyth University, 2007, “Terrorism Studies and the Politics of State Power”, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/1951/ISA-2007-Paper-CTS-Jackson2.pdf)
Together with certain …war on terror.
Fear of loose nukes circulates a Cold War discourse of Russian threat and inferiority FROST ‘5 (Robin, teaches political science at Simon Fraser University, British Colombia, “Nuclear Terrorism after 9/11,” Adelphi Papers, December) In general, at least …but distinct surprise.
Public won’t demand retaliation Smith and Herron 05 – *Professor, University of Oklahoma, * University of Oklahoma Norman Campus, (Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Ph.D., and Kerry G., "United States Public Response to Terrorism: Fault Lines or Bedrock?" Review of Policy Research 22.5 (2005): 599-623, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=hjsmith)
Our final contrasting …in bedrock beliefs.
Communication checks Ford 2008 - Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Technology and Global Security at the Hudson Institute, fmr US Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation (10/7, Dr. Chistopher A., “Dilemmas of Nuclear Force “De-Alerting”” Presented to the International Peace Institute Policy Forum, http://www.hudson.org/files/documents/De-Alerting20FINAL220(2).pdf)
The United States and …belligerence vis-à-vis Russia.
Any use of drones is militarism and justifies the illegal death of thousands of people – the aff just normalizes United States militarism and causes backlash regardless of the restraints they create – we should make our methodologies oriented around banning drones rather than regulating Flowers and Zeese 13 (Margaret and Kevin, "Armed Drones Becoming the Norm? At the Crossroads of Robotic Warfare," Truth-Out, www.truth-out.org/news/item/20008-armed-drones-becoming-the-norm-at-the-crossroads-of-robotic-warfare) Author David Swanson …made the norm.
IR consensus is wrong – no drone diffusion and no international instability Gilli and Gilli 9/3 – (2013, Andrea, PhD Candidate, Department of Social and Political Science, European University Institute, former Associate Fellow at the European Union Institute for Security Studies, and Mauro, PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, “Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?” Paper prepared for the 2013 APSA Annual Conference, Chicago (IL), Aug 31- Sept 3 2013, ssrn)
There is a …diffusion of drones.
No China war – weak military and economic focus. Gelb 9/9 – (2013, Leslie, PhD, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, former Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan University, and Assistant Secretary of State for President Carter, “Is a military conflict between China and the United States possible in the future?” http://www.cfr.org/china/military-conflict-between-china-united-states-possible-future/p31361)
Security based policy analyses occludes complex and non-linear phenomenon and relifies ideological, militarized policymaking – makes war and environmental degradation inevitable Ahmed 11 – (2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society," Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis)
Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches …not planetary annihilation?61
Peaceful American leadershp is a fiction—they perpetuate racist violence Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5
I think that we have now …and financial shift.
The aff’s relations scenario takes for granted the question: relations for what? US multilateralism is empire by invitation, constructing alliances and obligations to further entrench American global domination. Stokes 05 – (2005, Doug, Reader in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Kent, Canterbury, “The Heart of Empire? Theorising US empire in an era of transnational capitalism,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp 217 – 236, 2005, http://kar.kent.ac.uk/964/1/yp99bj5nkhqn01la.pdf)
In devising ‘a …the Third World. These forces provided a bulwark against varying forms of internal reformism, with a wide range of oppositional social forces refracted through the lens of cold war anti-communism.
the pursuit of legal restraint and norm setting creates a façade of legal legitimacy that absolves decisionmakers of ethical responsibility for their actions – removes moral complexity from our understanding of conflict and replaces it with ontological certainty in the power and righteousness of the law – also creates a practical distancing effect that makes violence substnatially easier to escalate and maintain. Smith 02 – (2002, Thomas, professor of philosophy, University of South Florida, “The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence,” International Studies Quarterly 46) The role of military lawyers in all this has, according to one study, “changed irrevocably” Keeva, 1991:59!. Although liberal theorists point to the broad normative contours that law lends to international relations, the Pentagon wields …be dim indeed.
The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – predictions like rational deterrence take rely on a flawed enframing of the international system and ignore complex, nonlinear relationships that make conflict spirals inevitable. Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here, whilst normatively sympathetic to Kant's moral demand for the eventual abolition of war, militates against excessive optimism.86 Even as I am arguing that war is not …dysfunctional or chaotic.
The alternative is to non-violently refuse the 1AC’s call to action – an approach of “letting be” is the only possible negation of ontologically grounded violence and allows us to coexist peacefully with both nature and human others. Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
The historical emergence of the contemporary planetary-wide …cast upon it. Thus, such refusal lets what has already fled our calculative apparatuses become in power: the earth-site(s) of abyssal being.
Leadership
Conflict over legitimacy and authority is the root cause of great power war Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
Status is a …twentieth-first century.
Multilaterialism doesn’t legitimize US leadership. Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 59-62)
For foreign policy …a hegemonic USA.
Structural factors mean the transatlantic partnership will inevitably fail and there’s no impact – important stuff is resilient. Walt 11 (Stephen M. Walt, professor of international affairs at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, “The coming erosion of the European Union,” 8/18/11) http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/18/the_coming_erosion_of_the_european_union Third, I argued that the glory days …tides of history.
Transatlantic ties are resilient Kupchan 12 (Charles A. Kupchan, professor of International Affairs at Georgetown University and Whitney Shepardson Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Review No. 172, “A Still-Strong Alliance,” 3/30/12) http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/111956
The atlantic alliance has demonstrated remarkable resilience over the past two decades. Most alliances do …of global power.
Academia must resist their racist construction of afghanistan as perpetually in need to external intervention. Heathershaw and Megoran 11 – lecturer in IR, U Exeter, working on politics of conflict resolution in Central Asia – AND – political geography lecturer, Newcastle U (16 June 2011, John and Nick, Central Asia: the discourse of danger, http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/john-heathershaw-nick-megoran/central-asia-discourse-of-danger)
In fact such portrayals of …its people face.
The Indo-Pak narrative in their Pitt evidence is epistemologically untenable – a static and reductive focus on security issues obscures a history of cooperation Mashru 10/15/13 (Ram, South Asia analyst and freelance journalist published in a range of leading publications on Indian politics, social affairs, human development and international relations, The Diplomat, “Rethinking India-Pakistan Relations: Together with growing trade ties, incremental advances like the recent talks in New York are significant,” http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/re-thinking-india-pakistan-relations/)
The story of …to good relations.
EU Advantage
Terrorism isn’t a threat and is exaggerated by the military industrial complex Walt 8/13 – (2013, Stephen, Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations at Harvard University, “What terrorist threat?” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/08/10/voices_prophesying_war)
The second lesson is that we continue to …those nasty jihadis.
New Terrorism vs. Old Terrorism The opening sentence of a textbook on terrorism states, “Terrorism has been …by empirical evidence.
Solvency
Reforming detention in the service of the US international image shores up the crumbling myth of US moral virtue that enables endless war, global structural violence and simply shifts the prison to the global scale McCulloch (Professor of Criminology at Monash University, Melbourne) 10 (Jude, From garrison state to garrison planet: state terror, the War on Terror and the rise of a global carceral complex, Contemporary State Terrorism Theory and practice, 196-213)
In the same way that neoliberalism and punitive penal policy have marched hand-in-hand domestically the spread of neoliberal globalization has extended and intensified this process throughout the world. As Naomi Klein noted, there is a …to garrison planet.
Their model of the world cannot account for its COMPLEXITY - SCENARIO PLANNING – specifically through GAMING SIMULATION – creates a prophetic futures market in violence that creates a globalized system of pre-emptive violence Bratton 4 http://jordancrandall.com/underfire/binnen-def.pdf Benjamin H. Bratton is Associate Professor of Visual Arts at the University of California, San Diego and Director of The Center for Design and Geopolitics think-tank at Calit2, The California Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technology. He is an American sociologist, architectural and design theorist, known for a mix of philosophical and aesthetic research, organizational planning and strategy, and for his writing on the cultural implications of computing and globalization1234567.
Something that Ana wrote –…militarization of teleology.
Scenario building PRODUCES military pre-emptive doctrine – their method has REAL IMPACTS on POLICY McClanahan 9 Annie Mcclanahan is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Humanities Center at Harvard University, where she is working on a book project titled Salto Mortale: Narrative, Speculation, and the Chance of the Future. Annie McClanahan. "Future’s Shock: Plausibility, Preemption, and the Fiction of 9/11." symploke 17.1 (2009): 41-62. Project MUSE. Web. 15 Sep. 2012. http://muse.jhu.edu/.
The experience of …justifies military intervention.8
Security based policy analyses occludes complex and non-linear phenomenon and relifies ideological, militarized policymaking – makes war and environmental degradation inevitable Ahmed 11 – (2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society," Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis)
Unfortunately, orthodox IR …planetary annihilation?61
the pursuit of legal restraint and norm setting creates a façade of legal legitimacy that absolves decisionmakers of ethical responsibility for their actions – removes moral complexity from our understanding of conflict and replaces it with ontological certainty in the power and righteousness of the law – also creates a practical distancing effect that makes violence substnatially easier to escalate and maintain. Smith 02 – (2002, Thomas, professor of philosophy, University of South Florida, “The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence,” International Studies Quarterly 46) The role of military …be dim indeed.
The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – predictions like rational deterrence take rely on a flawed enframing of the international system and ignore complex, nonlinear relationships that make conflict spirals inevitable. Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here…dysfunctional or chaotic.
The alternative is to non-violently refuse the 1AC’s call to action – an approach of “letting be” is the only possible negation of ontologically grounded violence and allows us to coexist peacefully with both nature and human others. Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
The historical emergence …of abyssal being.
1NC
Interpretation: statutory restriction is legislation to limit or control targeted killings, plan doesn’t directly limit strikes Black’s Law Dictionary 2013 (Date is date accessed, Aug 13, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/#ixzz2bsSCuBEj) Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
And restrict refers to an active policy to limit an action- the plan only creates a disincentive for drone strikes RCIP 2002 (Riverside County Integrated Project, “County of Riverside General Plan - Hearing Draft,” p I-12, http://www.rcip.org/general_plan_01_toc.htm) Restrict: Policies containing the word “restrict” indicate that an action will be taken to actively keep the undesired action to a minimum.
Authority refers to powers legally ascribed to the president Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent b. legal permission granted to a person to perform a specified act
Targeted killing is extra-judicial killing of a specifically identified person not in custody Murphy and Radsan 09 – (2009, Richard, ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, and Afsheen John, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, general counsel at the CIA, 2002-2004, “DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 31:2, google scholar) “Targeted killing” is extra-judicial, premeditated killing by a state of a specifically identified person not in its custody. States have used this tool, secretly or not, throughout history. In recent years, targeted killing has generated new controversy as two states in particular—Israel and the United States—have struggled against opponents embedded in civilian populations. As a matter of express policy, Israel engages in targeted killing of persons it deems members of terrorist organizations involved in attacks on Israel. The United States, less expressly, has adopted a similar policy against al Qaeda—particularly in the border areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the CIA has used unmanned Predator drones to fire Hellfire missiles to kill al Qaeda leaders and affiliates. This campaign of Predator strikes has continued into the Obama Administration.
Violation: the aff simply increases the cost of conducting military operations without ruling any options out – they have to restrict the president’s legal authority via legislation to conduct extra-judicial killings ex ante
Vote neg Limits- they allow policy that raises the cost of any area of the topic- unpredictable and blows the lid off the topic, things that make topic actions inconvenient is a limitless set of affs
Ground- undermines core generics because it doesn’t remove any presidential options- slants side bias
Norms
Conflict over legitimacy and authority is the root cause of great power war – Great Game, Cold War, and China rise. Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
Status is a …twentieth-first century.
IR isn’t a popularity contest and states act in self-interest – norm building and legitimacy have ZERO effect on foreign policy. Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 71) Since Joseph Nye …them to do so.
Inherent technological limitations prevent widespread drone use – no different strategically from piloted aircraft Kagan 13 – (Dec. 2013, Frederick, PhD, military history, former professor of military history at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, christopher demuth chair and director of the critical threats project at the american enterprise institute member, military history working group, “Drones—Useful Tools in the Military’s Toolbox,” Strategika, Issue 10, http://www.hoover.org/taskforces/military-history/strategika/10/kagan)
The hype about…, are very low.
IR consensus is wrong – no drone diffusion and no international instability Gilli and Gilli 9/3 – (2013, Andrea, PhD Candidate, Department of Social and Political Science, European University Institute, former Associate Fellow at the European Union Institute for Security Studies, and Mauro, PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, “Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?” Paper prepared for the 2013 APSA Annual Conference, Chicago (IL), Aug 31- Sept 3 2013, ssrn)
There is a …diffusion of drones.
International legal norms create opposing domains of legitimate and illeglitimate violence – in the context of the aff it is telling that “reporting requirements” create a veil of legal authority around US use of weapons but do nothing to prohibit or equalize the domain – constructs the law as a centralized elite system for the promotion of western interests Mattei 03 – (Ugo Mattei, Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of International and Comparative Law, U.C. Hastings; Professore Ordinario di Diritto Civile, Universita di Torino. J.D. University of Turin (1983); LLM, Boalt Hall U.C. Berkeley (1989) 2k3, Indiana Journal of GLobal Legal Studies 10.1 (2003) 383-448) There is no doubt …used in this article. Preemption
New proliferators will build small arsenals – avoids accidents, ensures strong command and control, and centralizes infrastructure – doesn’t impair deterrence – protections ensure second strike and overkill is unnecessary Seng 98 – Jordan, PhD Candidate in Pol. Sci. – U. Chicago, Dissertation, “STRATEGY FOR PANDORA'S CHILDREN: STABLE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION AMONG MINOR STATES”, p.203-206
However, this "state … press that button.
Proliferation is an epistemological excuse for war and inequality- their discourse shuts down alternative non violent approaches Matthew Woods, PhD in IR @ Brown - Researcher @ Thomas Watson Institute of International Relations, ‘7 Journal of Language and Politics 6.1“Unnatural Acts: Nuclear Language, proliferation, and order,” p. 116-7 It is important …and co-opting subordinates.
No solvency ever Fatovic 9—Director of Graduate Studies for Political Science at Florida International University added the word “is” for correct sentence structure—denoted by brackets (Clement, Outside the Law: Emergency and Executive Power pg 1-5, dml)
But the problem …irreducible to law.
Executive can easily circumvent- extraordinary secrecy overrides the cause of action Vladeck ‘13 Steve Vladeck, February 10, 2013, Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/ Of course, damages …deeply, fundamentally flawed:
Allies
Alt causes to effective intel sharing Reveron 6 (Derek, Associate Professor at the Naval War College, "Old Allies, New Friends: Intelligence-Sharing in the War on Terror," Volume 50, Issue 3, Summer 2006, Pages 453-468, derekreveron.com/Documents/su04-reveron.pdf) While sharing has …and technological barriers.
Allied terror coop is high now, despite frictions Archick 9/4—Kristin Archick, European affairs specialist at CRS September 4, 2013, “U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism,” Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22030.pdf
As part of the …also upholding individual rights.”
WELLINGTON, New Zealand—Britain needed U.S. ...it up," he said.
Fritz is wrong – our nuclear arsenals are air-gapped, hackers can’t access No impact - cyber attacks would be limited in scale – their ev is mil industrial complex hype Morozov 09 (Evgeny, July/August, “The exaggerated fears over digital warfare”, http://bostonreview.net/BR34.4/morozov)
WRDA will pass, top of the docket Snider 12-23 (“What to watch for in 2014: Water, Amtrak, highway bills — Baucus transpo draft out soon? — Pols keep up PTC pressure — A feel-good TSA story”) WHAT TO WATCH FOR NEXT …
Plan saps PC Kriner ’10 (Douglas L., assistant professor of … him in the international arena.
Capital key Glass ‘13 (3-12 Pamela,- Washington, D.C., correspondent for WorkBoat “Waterways issues advance in divided Washington”) For the first time, President … the moment to be seized.” The impact is the economy and global conflict Jackson ’07 (Donald E,- Col. US Army “Leveraging the Strategic Value of the U.S. Inland Waterway System”) The United States is currently … trends, and develop future capabilities.24 1nc k
Drones are a form of militarist continuity not a fundamentally new phenomenon – arguments to the contrary are an attempt to ahistorically deploy just war theory for a new era without interrogating its flawed empirical and theoretical foundations. Provost-Smith 13 – (Patrick, PhD in History from Johns Hopkins, Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, “A DRONE’S EYE VIEW: GLOBAL ANTI-TERRORISM AND THE EXISTENTIAL CRISIS OF JUST WAR THEORY,” http://www.jcrt.org/archives/12.3/smith.pdf) The common perception is that … Roman gladii or English longbows.
Security based policy analyses occludes complex and non-linear phenomenon and relifies ideological, militarized policymaking – makes war and environmental degradation inevitable Ahmed 11 – (2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society," Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis)
Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches are … destruction, if not planetary annihilation?61
The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – predictions like rational deterrence take rely on a flawed enframing of the international system and ignore complex, nonlinear relationships that make conflict spirals inevitable. Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here, whilst normatively … , however ineffective, dysfunctional or chaotic.
The alternative is to non-violently refuse the 1AC’s call to action – an approach of “letting be” is the only possible negation of ontologically grounded violence and allows us to coexist peacefully with both nature and human others. Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
The historical emergence of the … earth-site(s) of abyssal being.
1nc drone court da
Drone court devastates targeted killing – ex ante review makes strikes ineffective and causes broad rulings that eliminate the program Groves 13 (Steven, Bernard and Barbara Lomas Senior Research Fellow in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation.¶ , "Drone Strikes: The Legality of US Targeting Terrorists Abroad," Heritage Foundation, April 10, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/drone-strikes-the-legality-of-us-targeting-terrorists-abroad) The proponents of a drone court … established to oversee targeting decisions.
These rulings cause all drones strikes to be declared unjustified Benjamin McKelvey 11, J.D., Vanderbilt University Law School, November 2011, “NOTE: Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power,” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 44 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 1353 Therefore, the President was justified … use of defensive force. n118
Drones strikes key to Pakistani instability. Curtis 13 – (7/16, Lisa, Senior Researcher, Heritage Foundation, “Pakistan Makes Drones Necessary,” http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2013/7/pakistan-makes-drones-necessary) Drones Help Pakistan It is no secret that … judicious use of drone strikes. Complicated Relationship The U.S. will need to keep a … groups like the Haqqani Network.
Drones are the only barrier to insurgent takeover – no alternatives Vira 12 – (10/12, Varun, researcher and anayst, Small Wars Journal, author of an extensive report on Pakistan by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Anti-Drone Hysteria in Pakistan Obscures Governance Failures,” World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12415/anti-drone-hysteria-in-pakistan-obscures-governance-failures) Though drones are not ideal, … themselves that continue to suffer.
Escalates to nuclear war. Pitt 09 – a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183) But a suicide bomber in Pakistan … situation. So should we all.
They interfere in operations against terrorist leaders DOJ 13 (Department of Justice, "Lawfullness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a US Citizen Who Is a SEnior Operational Leader of Al-Qa'ida or an Associated Force," msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/020413_DOJ_White_Paper.pdf) Finally, the Department notes that … authorized the use of force.
These high value targets are the key IL to nuclear terror Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, “Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768) The second major implication addresses … the future has correspondingly increased.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war. Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Director of Research, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, Seth Baum, PhD, Geography, Pennsylvania State University, Executive Director, GCRI, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, former Visiting Scholar position at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, and Kelly Hostetler, Research Assistant, GCRI, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,” Science and Global Security 21(2): 106-133, pre-print, available online) War involving significant fractions of … to misinterpret events as attacks.16
1nc cp
Text: The Executive Branch of the United States should assign review of drone operations to the Intelligence Advisory Board to establish their efficacy and justifiability ex ante. The United States Federal Judiciary should establish an ex post judicial review process for targeted killing. The counterplan is the only … pace of military tactical decisions Katyal ‘13 Neil Katyal, former acting solicitor general, is a professor of national security law at Georgetown, Who Will Mind the Drones?, February 20, 2013, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?_r=0 IN the wake of revelations … it doesn’t chill battlefield ops Taylor, Senior Fellow-Center for Policy and Research, 13 (Paul, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy and Research and an alumnus of Seton Hall Law School and the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, and is veteran of the Army’s 82nd Airborne Division, with deployments to both Afghanistan and to Iraq, “Former DOD Lawyer Frowns on Drone Court,” March, http://transparentpolicy.org/2013/03/former-dod-lawyer-frowns-on-drone-court/) Lastly, there is the concern … individual was in fact targeted.
Adv 1
IR consensus is wrong – no drone diffusion and no international instability Gilli and Gilli 9/3 – (2013, Andrea, PhD Candidate, Department of Social and Political Science, European University Institute, former Associate Fellow at the European Union Institute for Security Studies, and Mauro, PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, “Attack of the Drones: Should we fear the proliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles?” Paper prepared for the 2013 APSA Annual Conference, Chicago (IL), Aug 31- Sept 3 2013, ssrn)
There is a wide consensus among … on the diffusion of drones.
Drone prolif is slow and the impact is small Zenko ’13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, online
Based on current trends, it … drones in the near term.
Deterrence STILL checks – diplomatic costs Singh 12 (Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. “Betting Against a Drone Arms Race,” http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/) Bold predictions of a coming drones … their arrival in large numbers.
Drone proliferation is inevitable and has nothing to do with the US – it’s better for us to lead than play catch-up Anderson 11 (Kenneth Anderson, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University; and Hoover Institution visiting fellow, member of Hoosver Task Force on National Security and Law; nonresident senior fellow, Brookings Institution, October 9, 2011, What kind of drones arms race is coming, http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/#more-51516)
By asserting that “we’re” creating it, … too vulnerable today), surprising to me.
No asia war – no one will fight Bitzinger and Desker 08 (senior fellow and dean of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies respectively (Richard A. Bitzinger, Barry Desker, “Why East Asian War is Unlikely,” Survival, December 2008, http://pdfserve.informaworld.com-/678328_731200556_906256449.pdf)
The Asia-Pacific region can … – while not inconceivable – is unlikely.
Asian war theorists essentialize and racially stereotype the region – produces incorrect analyses. Kang 03 Associate Professor of Government and Adjunct Associate Professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. (David C. Kang “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks” International Security, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Spring, 2003), pp. 57-85 Following the end of the … a fruitful and a necessary theoretical exercise.
Adv 2
No impact to hegemonic decline Preble 10 (8/3, Christopher Preble, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, taught history at St. Cloud State University and Temple University, was a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy, Ph.D. in history from Temple University. “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” 8/3/10) http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/)
Most in Washington still embraces … security of their respective regions.
Pursuing legitimacy causes great power war Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
Status is a club good that, … in the twentieth-first century.
Drones solve Yemeni stability – stop AQAP, give time for a governance structures to emerge, and eliminate the need for a full intervention Terrill 13 – (3/13, W. Andrew, PhD, Strategic Studies Institute's Middle East specialist, formerly with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and US Air War College, “Op-Ed: Drones Are Making A Difference In Yemen,” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13) Unmanned aerial vehicles (often known … much more frightening choices later.
Also fails – can’t legitimize heg. Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 59-62)
For foreign policy analysts such … the policies of a hegemonic USA.
Drone blowback is inevitable and there’s no impact. Anderson 13 – (5/24, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, “The Case for Drones,” Real Clear Politics)
The most prominent critique today, … have lost the Civil War.
Critics argue that drone strikes … more than they were hurting it.
Can’t replace lost talent – means no impact Anderson 13 – (5/24, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, “The Case for Drones,” Real Clear Politics)
Other critics argue that drone … plan another 9/11 is also critical.
No blowback, recruitment inev, and drones good. Emker 13 – (1/14, citing Christopher Swift, fellow at the University of Virginia's Center for National Security Law, by Stacey, senior editor, Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, MA candidate at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, “Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemen,” http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/)
The conventional understanding of drones … for the group’s strategic guidance.
No impact to failed states. Patrick, ‘11 Stewart, Research Fellow at the Center for Global Development, “Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security,” Google Books It has become commonplace to … citizens and the international community.
Primacy doesn’t reduce conflict – the argument is self-contradictory Friedman et al 13 (Benjamin H. Friedman, Research Fellow in Defense and Homeland Security Studies at the Cato Institute, Brendan Rittenhouse Green, Stanley Kaplan Postdoctoral Fellow in Political Science and Leadership Studies at Williams College, and Justin Logan, Director of Foreign Policy Studies, “Debating American Engagement: The Future of U.S. Grand Strategy,” International Security, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Fall 2013), pp. 181–199) doi:10.1162/ISEC_c_00140 Brooks et al.’s case, however, … United States need not bear.
Farm bill will pass Eubank 1-1 (Andy,- Vice President of Operations at Hoosier Ag Today, 30 years of experience as Vice President and General Manager Logansport Radio Corp-WSAL and WLHM “Hope for Farm Bill Agreement by Mid January”) Optimism remains high for completing a … agriculture desperately wants to avoid.
Plan saps PC – that derails the agenda Kriner ’10 (Douglas L., assistant professor of political science at Boston University, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, University of Chicago Press, 12/1/2010, page 68-69) While congressional support leaves the … him in the international arena.
Capital is key Eva Clayton 11/5/13, former Assistant Director General of the UN FAO, “Congressional and Presidential Leadership Needed for a Fair and Equitable Farm Bill,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eva-m-clayton/congressional-and-presidential_b_4221884.html Congressional and Presidential Leadership Needed … suffer disproportionately without a signed bill.
Billions die Tampa Tribune ’96 (pretty sure this is the Brown card, lexis) On a global scale, food supplies - … of their income on food.
1nc
CP: The Office of Legal Counsel should produce an opinion requiring Congressional authorization prior to initiating offensive use of military force.
Legal opinion solves Clark ’10 (Kathleen, John S. Lehmann Research Professor of Law at Washington University School of Law, J.D. from Yale University, B.A. in Physics and Philosophy cum laude from Yale University, Senior Editor of the Yale Law Journal, Office of the Attorney General, District of Columbia Special Counsel, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Counsel, 4/12/10 Brigham Young University Law Review, “The Architecture of Accountability: A Case Study of the Warrantless Surveillance Program,” http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2010/2/08Clark.FIN.pdf)
A. Accountability Mechanisms that are … the proposed action is legal).
1nc Restricting ability to use force causes Israeli panic Malka 11 Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf
Ongoing Israeli mistrust of President … but for U.S. interests as well.
The plan’s perception of non-commitment radicalizes Israeli foreign policy and causes greater self-reliance Malka 11 Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf
More broadly, U.S. indecision and passivity … Israel and the United States.
Israeli self-reliance causes war Beres 11 Louis René Beres is a professor of Political Science at Purdue University, an expert on Israeli security matters and the author of 10 major books and several hundred journal articles on international relations and international law. "The unforeseen risks of Palestinian statehood" 6/9/11www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/the-unforeseen-risks-of-palestinian-statehood-1.382766
In turn, such self-reliance … future, with enemy nuclear counterstrikes. 1nc
Security based policy analyses occludes complex and non-linear phenomenon and relifies ideological, militarized policymaking – makes war and environmental degradation inevitable Ahmed 11 – (2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society," Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis)
Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches are … destruction, if not planetary annihilation?61
The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – predictions like rational deterrence take rely on a flawed enframing of the international system and ignore complex, nonlinear relationships that make conflict spirals inevitable. Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here, whilst normatively … , however ineffective, dysfunctional or chaotic.
The alternative is to non-violently refuse the 1AC’s call to action – an approach of “letting be” is the only possible negation of ontologically grounded violence and allows us to coexist peacefully with both nature and human others. Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
The historical emergence of the … earth-site(s) of abyssal being.
Iran
Nuclear Iran solves Middle East instability – current instability is result of Israel as lone nuclear power Waltz 12 (Kenneth N. Waltz, Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 4)
Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability … of military power is restored.
Nuclear Iran won’t trigger Middle East prolif Waltz 12 (Kenneth N. Waltz, Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 4)
Another oft-touted worry is … stable than it is today.
Iranian prolif discourse legitimizes endless violence and otherization Seyed Marandi 9 prof, North American studies, U Tehran Western Media Representations, Iran, and Orientalist Stereotypes, January 2009, http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/western-media-representations.pdf When it comes to the … issues must be dealt with.
Negotiations fail Dubowitz and Gerecht 11/10 – (2013, Mark, executive director of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, MA in International Public Policy, Johns Hopkins, and Reuel, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, former resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, former case officer at the CIA, primarily working on Middle Eastern targets, “The Case for Stronger Sanctions on Iran,” http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/the-case-for-stronger-sanctions-on-iran/)
So where does that leave us? … a nuclear impediment to start with.
Congress
international law is useless – too weak to solve conflict AEI 5 (American enterprise inst, april, book review, inst for public policy research, “The Limits of International Law” Jack L. Goldsmith and Eric A. Posner, http://www.angelfire.com/jazz/sugimoto/law.pdf) "As the twentieth century ended, optimism about international law...degradation and human rights abuses" As the twentieth century … degradation and human rights abuses.
Multilaterialism doesn’t legitimize hegemony or US dominance. Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 59-62)
For foreign policy analysts such … the policies of a hegemonic USA.
Creates the most intense forms of great power competition and turns case Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
After 1945, status was accorded to … greater competition and sometimes conflict.
Conflict over legitimacy and authority is the root cause of great power war – Great Game, Cold War, and China rise. Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
Status is a club good that, … in the twentieth-first century.
EVEN IF Congress is good at fopo – THIS Congress is toxic because of the tea party Gelb 14 http://www.cfr.org/united-states/rp-republican-internationalism/p32106 Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus and Board Senior Fellow, and Michael Kramer Issue 31, Winter 2014 Democracy: A Journal of Ideas
It's right to view the … potent form of hawkish isolationism.
Perception of congressional control also crushes US credibility abroad Zakheim 10/25/13 http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/25/the_president_the_tea_party_and_national_security#sthash.3P5948xt.dpuf Dov S. Zakheim is a former official of the United States government. Born December 18, 1948 in Brooklyn, New York, Zakheim earned his bachelor's degree in government from Columbia University in 1970, and his doctorate in economics and politics at St. Antony's College, Oxford University. He has been an adjunct professor at the National War College, Yeshiva University, Columbia University and Trinity College, where he was presidential scholar. He served in various Department of Defense posts during the Reagan administration, including Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Planning and Resources from 1985 to 1987. There was some controversy in both the US and Israel over Zakheim's involvement in ending the Israeli fighter program, the IAI Lavi. He argued that Israeli and U.S. interests would be best served by having Israel purchase F-16 fighters, rather than investing in an entirely new aircraft.
American reliability was already … be very long in coming.
Plan will be circumvented and Congress won’t do anything Cohen 12 (Michael A. Cohen – fellow at the Century Foundation, 3/28, "Power Grab", Foreign Policy, http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,1)
Running roughshod over Congress has … of the U.S. intervention in Libya.
Congress doesn’t limit the number of wars, it just chooses the wrong ones and makes us ineffective fighting them Nzelibe and Yoo 13 (Jide Nzelibe, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School, and John Yoo, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, “Rational War and Constitutional Design,” The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115, No. 9, 12/8/13)
FUNCTIONAL PURPOSES OF THE … benefits claimed by its proponents.
Tea Party influence will crush US influence Gelb 14 http://www.cfr.org/united-states/rp-republican-internationalism/p32106 Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus and Board Senior Fellow, and Michael Kramer Issue 31, Winter 2014 Democracy: A Journal of Ideas Issue #31, Winter 2014 R.I.P. Republican Internationalism Leslie H. Gelb and Michael Kramer To read the other essays in the “Is the Party Over?” symposium, click here.
It’s right to view the … any “loss” of national sovereignty.
According to Charles H. Greene, Cornell … dangerous climate change," said Green.
1/7/14
1NC - USC Round 4
Tournament: Usc | Round: 4 | Opponent: North Texas Anderson-Kersch | Judge: Green Our interpretation of debate is that the affirmative must normatively advocate a statutory or judicial restriction by the United States federal government
This is most predictable –
“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the following: a. A … this council petition the mayor.
And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging … future action that you propose.
This is a voting issue –
First, they are non-topical … impact is discrimination and intolerance
Second, the most important value of policy debate is its ability to cultivate decisionmaking skills – key to fight injustice, plan for global risks, and choose the best options under conditions of undercertainty and stress – the impact is extinction Lundberg 10 – (2010, Christian, Professor of Communications, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, former debate coach, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century, Allan D. Louden, p. 311)
The second major problem with … democracy in an increasingly complex world.
Multiple internal links to the SPECIFIC form of decisionmaking debate should produce:
Plan-focus – a specific normative proposal allows rigorous and empirical contestation – the alternative is vague statements of ideology and opinion Steinberg and Freeley 08 – (2008, Austin, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, and David, Lecturer of Communication Studies, University of Miami, “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making,” p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling … outlined in the following discussion.
Policy simulation – encourages intellectual flexibility and enourage the critical questioning of government actions Esberg and Sagan 12 – (2/17/12, Jane, special assistant to the director at the Center on International Cooperation, New York University, and Scott, professor of political science and director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, “Negotiating Nonproliferation: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108, taylor and francis)
These government or quasi-government … contextualize and act on information.14
Switch sides – forces engagement with alternative points of view and develops empathy for the other – the alternative is discrimination and decisionmaking bias. Muir, 93 – Department of Communications at George Mason (Star A., “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 26, No. 4. Gale Academic Onefile)
The debate over moral education … into success on the job.
1NC
The modern radical tradition stands in continuity with western anthropocentrism – failing to begin from the starting point of species war compromises the critical project it its entirety Best, 06 – (2006, Steven, PhD, associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso, co-founder of the Institute for Critical Animal Studies (ICAS), “Rethinking Revolution: Animal Liberation, Human Liberation, and the Future of the Left,” The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 3 (June 2006), http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol2/vol2_no3_Best_rethinking_revolution_PRINT ABLE.htm)
Although since the 1970s the … animals and adopt ethical veganism. In short, the modern “radical” tradition ?whether, Marxist, socialist, anarchist, or other “Left” positions that include anti-racism and feminism? stands in continuity with the entire Western heritage of anthropocentrism, and in no way can be seen as a liberating philosophy from the standpoint of the environment and other species on this planet. Current Left thought is merely Stalinism toward animals. A truly revolutionary social theory … thinking in every pernicious form.15
Human centrism allows us to exploit nature and causes extinction. Ahkin, 10 – (Melanie Ahkin, Monash University, 2010, “Human Centrism, Animist Materialism, and the Critique of Rationalism in Val Plumwood’s Critical Ecological Feminism,” Emergent Australian Philosophers, a peer reviewed journal of philosophy, http://www.eap.philosophy-australia.com/archives.html)
These five features provide the … transformation of the human centric framework.
The alternative is to endorse the global suicide of humanity – our total rejection of human agency and the continuation of human life functions as a valuable thought experiment that allows us to end the oppression of the squo. Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
For some, guided by the … to forget, suppress or repress it.
1NC
Late modern society is self-reflexive – our identities are determined by our political and economic consumption – what to buy, who to vote for, what brands are most socially responsible, what energy companies are least polluting – the modern ideal of the autonomous subject is no longer possible vis a vis the market system. Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition,” European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
The concept of late modernity … , inter alia, exactly this function.
Mignolo’s theory fails and is too reductive – it relies upon a logocentrism of top-down power, and doesn’t account for the exploitative forces of globalization and labor division Cheah ‘6 (Pheng Cheah, PhD, Cornell, … )
The text of Walter Mignolo’s … global power that I have sketched?
Confronted with this crisis, the modern subject seeks to reconfirm and reconstitute an oppositional identity through the simulation of alternatives to the system – these performances of radical change pacify true dissent and enable the continued management of unsustainability – the impact is environmental destruction, extreme inequality and violent conflict. Bluhdorn 07 – (May 2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-description, Self-deception, Simulation: A Systems-theoretical Perspective on Contemporary Discourses of Radical Change,” Social Movement Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1–20, May 2007, google scholar)
Yet the established patterns of … the threat of self-referentiality.
Specifically, these new “movements” take the authenticity and experience of the subject as their starting point in an attempt to affirm individual separation from the totalizing logic of the market – this corrupts genuine challenges to socio-economic oppression and precludes radical system transcendence. Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition,” European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
It therefore seems dif?cult to … rather than the collective subject
Vote negative to disoccupy the political space opened by the affirmative and reject the defense of the subject as a critical agent – this act of disidentification is prerequisite to revealing the violent implications of modern subjectivity Cohen, 12 – (2012, Tom, Prof of English and Co-Director fo the Institute on Critical Climate Change at the University of Albany, “Murmurations—“Climate Change” and the Defacement of Theory” Telemorphosis: Theory in the Era of Climate Change Vol 1., Online)
At the moment of writing … of sovereignty can be sustained.
Case
The self conscious marginality of the aff makes it impotent – by situating itself in relation to the imperial center, decoloniality forces the endless replication of that center as a hegemonic site within academia. Mann 96 – (Jan. 1996, Paul, PhD, Professor of English, Pomona College, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)
The intellectual position is therefore … located in other tactical forms.
The sudden discovery of tribal heritage is not the passport to knowledge that the 1AC claims – the “Indian Badge” is part and parcel of a commodification and academicization of tribal life that obscures the actual survivance of indigenous and causes its own form of amnesia Vizenor ‘94 (Gerald, Distingished Prof. of … in the literatures of dominance.
The AFF’s presentation of suffering creates a marketplace of trauma transforming wounds into a commodity for western consumption. Their politics of mourning exists by turning the other into a dead object through which we can construct a sentimental economy of pleasure and pacification. The AFF is a form of empathetic identification which is a process of deathmaking which ensures the smooth functioning of imperialism. Berlant 1999 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, … for sustaining the hegemonic field.9
The AFF’s approach to representing suffering places them squarely with a liberal tradition that declares a war on victims and reinforces a relationship to suffering which objectivizes, targets and extinguishes. The debate becomes a marketplace for the exchange of suffering replicating a relation to victims which makes the wars and violence of (neo)liberal capitalism an inevitability. The AFF’s commodification and trading of suffering is inextricable from the production of suffering. Abbas 2010 /Asma, Professor and Division … doing so, cannot mount this challenge.
This process of appropriation through empathetic identification with the other is the root cause of colonial violence. Waldenfels 1995 /Bernhard, professor of philosophy at Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, “Response to the Other,” in The Psychology of Human Possibility and Constraint: Studies in Literature, History, and Culture, google books, 37-8/ It has often been claimed … the appropriation of the world.
1/7/14
1NC - USC Round 5
Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Evans-Bleyle | Judge: Johnson “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
The colon introduces the … council petition the mayor.
And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy… action that you propose.
“Restrict” means “prohibit” Oxford English Dictionary 1989 (Second Edition, 1989) b. To restrain by prohibition.
First, they are non-topical … impact is discrimination and intolerance Muir, 93 – Department of Communications at George Mason (Star A., “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 26, No. 4. Gale Academic Onefile)
A final point about relativism … structure pluralistic, rather than relativistic.
Second, the most important value of policy debate is its ability to cultivate decisionmaking skills – key to fight injustice, plan for global risks, and choose the best options under conditions of undercertainty and stress – the impact is extinction Lundberg 10 – (2010, Christian, Professor of Communications, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, former debate coach, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century, Allan D. Louden, p. 311)
The second major problem with … in an increasingly complex world.
Multiple internal links to the SPECIFIC form of decisionmaking debate should produce:
Plan-focus – a specific normative proposal allows rigorous and empirical contestation – the alternative is vague statements of ideology and opinion Steinberg and Freeley 08 – (2008, Austin, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, and David, Lecturer of Communication Studies, University of Miami, “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making,” p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling … outlined in the following discussion.
Recursivity – complexity and feedbacks make ex ante planning impossible – decisionmaking must START with action and proceed via endless recursive loops. Ortmann and Salzman 02 – (2002, Gunther, organizational theorist and Professor of Business Administration at the Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg, and Harold, Professor and Senior Faculty Fellow, John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, “Stumbling Giants The Emptiness, Fullness, and Recursiveness of Strategic Management,” Soziale Systeme 8 (2002), Heft 2, S. 205-230, google scholar)
A rational decision is inherently … to decide and to act.)
Policy simulation – encourages intellectual flexibility and enourage the critical questioning of government actions Esberg and Sagan 12 – (2/17/12, Jane, special assistant to the director at the Center on International Cooperation, New York University, and Scott, professor of political science and director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, “Negotiating Nonproliferation: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108, taylor and francis)
These government or quasi-government … contextualize and act on information.14
Switch sides – forces engagement with alternative points of view and develops empathy for the other – the alternative is discrimination and decisionmaking bias. Muir, 93 – Department of Communications at George Mason (Star A., “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate,” Philosophy and Rhetoric, Vol. 26, No. 4. Gale Academic Onefile)
The debate over moral education … into success on the job.
By all means, if you … and do overstep their authority.
This regime of sanitized language actively conceals the horror of totalitarianism-~--the language of euphemism clinically detaches people from any sense of ethical responsibility Elias Davidsson, Centre for Research on Globalization, 2003 (http://www.aldeilis.net/jus/econsanc/debate.pdf)
In order to effectively describe a … which humanitarian law has sprung.
1nc
The 1AC is an act of metaphorical conflation that homogenizes vastly different forms of oppression – that of animals and that of racialized detention in the us prison system – under one convenient metaphorical category – indefinite detention – this is an anti-political move that disempowers radical resistance movements Rodríguez 11 (Dylan, Abolitionist Imaginings, in Captive Genders, AK Press pg. 336)
DR: To begin, I would largely … mission is attempting to engage.
Confronting white supremacy has to be the starting point – deconstructs the glue that binds American empire and provides the best starting point for resistance Ruckus Collective- Phoenix, 2001- http://www.anarchistnews.org/?q=node/8838
The central task of a new … concern ourselves with revolutionary strategy.
Our alternative is that the judge should embrace abolition as a pedagogical method.
The aff locks in genocide … visions of liberatory social formations Rodríguez 10 (Dylan, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, MUSE)
I have had little trouble “… this form of pedagogical audacity.
Case
Their speech act deploys ableist metaphors – the use of the word “crippling” turns solvency and is an independent reason to vote neg Schalk 13 – (2013, Sami, “Metaphorically Speaking: Ableist Metaphors in Feminist Writing,” Disability Studies Quarterly, Home Vol 33, No 4 (2013))
I first began to think … groups within our own work.
Their position of “intersectionality” is actually a grave instance of conflation that stems from privilege and trivializes human struggles Ryder no date (Richard, writer …
Tell me again how “speciesism” … in human oppression and privilege.
Focus on animal welfare is a … a product of their sheltered lives Dean 12 (Tim, Science Journalist and Editor of Australian Life Scientist, "Is animal welfare a first world problem?," www.abc.net.au/unleashed/4365590.html) These are curly (and important) … preventable causes - such as starvation.¶
Their formulation of strict speciesism only expands bourgeois ethics – only by breaking down hegemonic neoliberal rationality can we create actual change Staudenmeir 5 (Peter Staudenmeir, human rights advocate and philospher, “THE AMBIGUITIES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS”, January 1, 2005, http://www.social-ecology.org/2005/01/ambiguities-of-animal-rights/)
It is nevertheless essential to … foundations of the status quo.
No impact ---- anthro doesn’t spillover to other forms of violence Goldman 01 (Michael, Dept. Philosophy @ Miami U. Ohio, Journal of Value Inquiry, “A Transcendental Defense of Speciesism” 35:59-69, Springer) While we may agree that … of non-dominant human beings.
Extinction turns their impacts Matheny, 07 J. G. Matheny, Ph. D. candidate, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, December 6, “Ought we worry about human extinction?,” online: http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm For instance, some moral theories … long-term hope for survival.
Consequentialism preconditions ethics—engaging the world as it is sets limits on ethical actions Williams 5 – Professor of International Politics, Wales (Michael, The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations, p 175-6, AG)
Objectivity in terms of … and the international levels. These
Prudence good
Embracing environmental prudence is best Plumwood, 02 PF PHILOSOPHY - UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, VAL, Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason, p. 126-9 It is sometimes argued, against … damaging but far from inevitable.
1/7/14
1NR
Tournament: NDT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Bailey, D Chung, Harrigan Exceptionalism causes proliferation Lifton ‘3 (Robert Jay, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Psychology, The City University of New York, Superpower Syndrome, pgs. 132-134) The administration has, …an American attack.
Framing targeted killing as a juridical problem fails to deal with the militarized relationship between the law and politics—the correct response cannot be to respond to legal discourse, but to disrupt it Krasmann 12. Susanne Krasmann, prof. Dr, Institute for Criminological Research, University of Hamburg, “Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship,” Leiden Journal of International Law (2012), 25, pg. 678 The legal debate ...killing operations’ legality.
No chain reactions – leaders don’t decide based on other states Potter and Mukhatzhanova 08 – William C. and Gaukhar, * Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar Professor of Nonproliferation Studies and Director of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and Research Associate at the James Martin Center, “Divining Nuclear Intentions: a review essay.” International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008), pp. 139–169, Google scholar CMR Hymans is equally …at this category.
Their portrayal of cyber war creates a predictive conundrum that makes rational impact calculus impossible Bernard-Qills and Ashenden ’12 (David Barnard-Wills, research fellow @ Cranfield University, and Debi Ashenden, Programme Chair for the European Conference on Information Warfare, Cranfield University, “Securing Virtual Space,” Space and Culture 15(2) 110–123)
There are several incidents of … executing white men’s philosophical priorities.
Mass death impact – plastering over the carceral system replicates imprisonment logic that is fundamentally unsustainable and consumes populations Gordon 6 (Avery Gordon is professor in sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the author, most recently, of Keeping Good Time: reflections on knowledge, power, and people, “Abu Ghraib: imprisonment and the war on terror” Race Class 2006 48: 42)
War and peace Being or becoming the … of its adjunct, mass imprisonment.
Link – “visibility” / awareness
The focus on transparency and accountability is a ruse that obscures broader militarism and legitimates the institutional defense of drones Gregory 14 – (2014, Derek, Distinguished Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, “Drone geographies,” Radical Philosophy 183, Jan/Feb)
My view is both narrow … fact of regular, systematic death.12 A2 vegas key
a.) Fetishizing the drone as a unique technology of warfare obscures its reality as merely an extension of political decisions of law and war Pugliese (an Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney) 13 (Joseph, State Violence and the Execution of Law, pg. 214)
In re? ecting on the … safeguard the imperial nation- state.
The Predators and Reapers could … gave them such an ability.
Trade off
Specifically, excessive concern with the “drones at home” obscures the way war and violence is ever present in our communities – the fact that we only notice these things when they become a minor at our college or a job opportunity belies the unproblematized privilege undergirding the 1AC – Their activism is a direct tradeoff with more more productive courses of TWIB Trombly (analyst on international affairs and strategy; Associate at Caerus Analytics; fmr Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies) 12 (Dan, The Drone War Does Not Take Place, NOVEMBER 16, 2012, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/the-drone-war-does-not-take-place/)
Specifically, focusing on the impact of drones within America is ethnocentric and wrong. Anderson 13 – (5/24, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, “The Case for Drones,” Real Clear Politics)
These delegitimators also include a number … residents of the White House.
Link – false causality
Drones not lead to more war or escalation AND focusing on drones the supposedly uniquely dangerous aspects of drones obscures the real causes of war Trombly (analyst on international affairs and strategy; Associate at Caerus Analytics; fmr Writer at Foundation for Defense of Democracies) 12 (Dan, Drones are a symptom, not a cause MAY 23, 2012, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/drones-are-a-symptom-not-a-cause/)
Policymakers are relying on drones … policymakers to conduct today’s wars.
1/7/14
1NR - NDT Doubles
Tournament: NDT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Gramzinski, Reed, Paul, Walters, Miller 1nr
Doesn’t solve terrorism and kill a ton of people Boyle 13 – (2013, Michael, PhD, assistant professor of political science, La Salle University, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29)
The failed Times… victims of them.
Civilian deaths are massively underestimated Boyle 13 – (2013, Michael, PhD, assistant professor of political science, La Salle University, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29)
First, the claim …of modern warfare.
Violence is not decreasing – evolutionary studies are examples of statstical manipulation – they selectively disregard violence and rely on a dangerous methodological combination of virulent ethnocentrism and faux science. Gray 11 – (9/21/11, John, PhD, Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science (retired), “Delusions of peace,” http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2011/09/john-gray-steven-pinker-violence-review)
A sceptical reader …just as ephemeral.
Evidence bias and lack of methodological rigor mean you should be skeptical of their evidence. Boyle 13 – (2013, Michael, PhD, assistant professor of political science, La Salle University, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29)
Arguments for the …of the evidence.
One sided and incorrect – be skeptical of body count analyses. Boyle 13 – (2013, Michael, PhD, assistant professor of political science, La Salle University, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29)
As this discussion …long-term strategic costs.
Ain’t no such thang – everyone has an incentive to exaggerate. Schneier 13 – (5/20, Bruce, security technologist, fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, a program fellow at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an Advisory Board Member of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and the Security Futurologist for British Telecom, “It's smart politics to exaggerate terrorist threats,” http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/20/opinion/schneier-security-politics/)
Terrorism causes fear, …the next one.
Zero risk that it escalates Hoffman ’12 (David E. Hoffman, contributing editor to Foreign Policy and the author of The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy, which won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction, "Hey, Big Spender," Foreign Policy, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/22/hey_big_spender?page=full, October 22, 2012)
Although most of …globe-spanning revolutionary ideal.
No extinction – new studies Robock 10 – (Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Luke Oman Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Now at Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Georgiy L. Stenchikov Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Apr 16, 2010, “Nuclear winter” Wiley)
No risk of nuclear terrorism – too many obstacles Mearsheimer 14 John J. Mearsheimer 14, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “America Unhinged”, January 2, nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show Am I overlooking …highly secure custody.
The aff’s predictions of conflict are not objective facts or results of the international system but discursive tools generated by the interaction of fetishized colonial desire and Western fear of otherness – specifically, the China threat emerged to fill the vacuum of enmity created by the end of the Cold War Pan 12 – (2012, Chengxin, PhD, ?Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Deakin University, Australia, “Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics: Western Representations of China’s Rise,” p. 48-51)
Clinging is not inevitable – their enframing of hegemony grounded in flawed exceptional enframing Carpenter 3/1—PhD in diplomatic history from the University of Texas, senior fellow for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, member of the Council on Foreign Relations (2013, Ted Galen, “Delusions of Indispensability,” http://nationalinterest.org/article/delusions-indispensability-8145?page=4) THE NOTION that …to give way.
The aff’s predictions of conflict are not objective facts or results of the international system but discursive tools generated by the interaction of fetishized colonial desire and Western fear of otherness – specifically, the China threat emerged to fill the vacuum of enmity created by the end of the Cold War Pan 12 – (2012, Chengxin, PhD, ?Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Deakin University, Australia, “Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics: Western Representations of China’s Rise,” p. 48-51)
The ‘China threat’ …be an enemy
Intelligence Fails/Is Insufficient
This is especially true of terrorism and intelligence Pilar 1/3/12 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/intelligence Paul R. Pillar is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005.1 He is now a non-resident senior fellow at Georgetown University's Center for Security Studies,2 as well as a nonresident senior fellow in the Brookings Institution's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence.1 He was a visiting professor at Georgetown University from 2005 to 2012.1 He is a contributor to The National Interest.13
"U.S. Intelligence Underestimated … been politically impossible before terrorists struck the United States.
No foreign policy connection to intel Pilar 1/3/12 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/intelligence Paul R. Pillar is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005.1 He is now a non-resident senior fellow at Georgetown University's Center for Security Studies,2 as well as a nonresident senior fellow in the Brookings Institution's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence.1 He was a visiting professor at Georgetown University from 2005 to 2012.1 He is a contributor to The National Interest.13
"Intelligence Failures Have… did not matter; the overriding influence on U.S. policy toward the USSR in the 1980s was Ronald Reagan's instincts. From the earliest days of his presidency, the notion that the Soviet Union was doomed to fail -- and soon -- was an article of faith for the 40th president. "The Russians could never win the arms race," he later wrote. "We could outspend them forever."
Iraq proves intel doesn’t impact policymaking Pilar 1/3/12 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/intelligence Paul R. Pillar is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005.1 He is now a non-resident senior fellow at Georgetown University's Center for Security Studies,2 as well as a nonresident senior fellow in the Brookings Institution's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence.1 He was a visiting professor at Georgetown University from 2005 to 2012.1 He is a contributor to The National Interest.13
When U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell went before the United Nations in February 2003 to make the case for an invasion of Iraq, he argued, "Saddam Hussein and his regime are concealing their efforts to produce more weapons of mass destruction," an observation he said was "based on solid intelligence." But in a candid interview four months later, Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz acknowledged that weapons of mass destruction were simply "the one issue that everyone could agree on." The intelligence community was raising no alarms about the subject when the Bush administration came into office; indeed, the 2001 edition of the community's comprehensive statement on worldwide threats did not even mention the possibility of Iraqi nuclear weapons or any stockpiles of chemical or biological weapons. The administration did not request the (ultimately flawed) October 2002 intelligence estimate on Iraqi unconventional weapons programs that was central to the official case for invasion -- Democrats in Congress did, and only six senators and a handful of representatives bothered to look at it before voting on the war, according to staff members who kept custody of the copies. Neither Bush nor Condoleezza Rice, then his national security advisor, read the entire estimate at the time, and in any case the public relations rollout of the war was already under way before the document was written. Had Bush read …the White House.
AT Retaliation
No retaliation – peer reviewed studies prove it promotes caution not aggression Huddy et al. 05 – associate professor of political science, Stony Brook University (Leonie, Stanley Feldman, Charles Taber, and Gallya Lahav, American Journal of Political Science, Volume 49 No. 3, “Threat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies”, pages 605-6, EBSCO)
The findings from this …government antiterrorist policy. In this sense, the 9/11 terrorists failed to arouse sufficient levels of anxiety to counteract Americans’ basic desire to strike back in order to increase future national security, even if such action increased the shortterm risk of terrorism at home. Possible future acts of terrorism, or a different enemy, however, could change the fine balance between a public attuned to future risks and one dominated by anxiety.
There is no precedent for … reverses deference on military tactics Katyal ‘13 Neil Katyal, former acting solicitor general, is a professor of national security law at Georgetown, Who Will Mind the Drones?, February 20, 2013, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?_r=0 There is, of course, a role for … of targeting decisions is best
Jennifer Daskal, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, Georgetown University Law Center, April 2013, ARTICLE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165 Currently, officials in the executive … not meet the targeting criteria.
The real problem with Vladeck's … war to continue without supervision.
Counterplan is critical to avoid blame shifting and solves accountability and legitimacy- it still requires Congressional notification, just not approval or disclosure of sensitive secrets Katyal ‘13 Neil Katyal, former acting solicitor general, is a professor of national security law at Georgetown, Who Will Mind the Drones?, February 20, 2013, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?_r=0
Imagine instead that the president … be impossible to avoid blame.
The plan is a rubber stamp, the counterplan’s independent review within the executive shields it from politicization and encourages rigorous scrutiny- its also pretty accountable Katyal ‘13 Neil Katyal, former acting solicitor general, is a professor of national security law at Georgetown, Who Will Mind the Drones?, February 20, 2013, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/21/opinion/an-executive-branch-drone-court.html?_r=0
It’s true that a court housed … those of liberty and justice.
Lack of adversarial process is exactly what the plan leads to- the FISC court proves the plan collapses accountability and only the counterplan’s process can solve Granick and Sprigman ‘13 Jennifer Granick, Christopher Sprigman, director of Civil Liberties at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, The Secret FISA Court Must Go, Jul 24, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/24/the-secret-fisa-court-must-go.html
Like a modern-day Star Chamber, … applications raising novel legal issues.
The real problem with Vladeck's … war to continue without supervision.
Congressional codification key
And the history of the FISC proves the plan will be circumvented- Obama will just get blanket approval to target swathes of the population like Bush did with surveillance Granick and Sprigman ‘13 Jennifer Granick, Christopher Sprigman, director of Civil Liberties at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, The Secret FISA Court Must Go, Jul 24, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/24/the-secret-fisa-court-must-go.html
The FISC does not approve … the substance, of judicial oversight.
The courts are a rubber stamp or are circumvented- secret courts will always say yes to the president Granick and Sprigman ‘13 Jennifer Granick, Christopher Sprigman, director of Civil Liberties at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, The Secret FISA Court Must Go, Jul 24, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/24/the-secret-fisa-court-must-go.html
Perhaps most importantly, the FISC … terrorism that may never end.
Expost = bad for warfighting
Judicial review of targeted killing … executive action prone to error Dragu 13 (Tiberiu Dragu, prof of politics at NYU, and Oliver Board, On Judicial Review in a Separation of Powers System, https://files.nyu.edu/tcd224/public/papers/judicial.pdf)
In this section, we illustrate … oversight that in its absence.
Courts don’t leak intel methods … of successfully tried terrorism cases Jaffer-director ACLU’s National Security Project-12/9/08 http://www.salon.com/2008/12/09/guantanamo_3/ Don’t replace the old Guantánamo with a new one
The contention that the federal … exposing “intelligence sources and methods
Even the questions placed before … for assassination by a drone strike.
2NC A2: Goldsmith
-FISC and FISA really are rubber stamps- only 11 out of 30,000 applications with FISA have been denied- FISC is just as bad- proves that courts absolutely don’t increase accountability Granick and Sprigman ‘13 Jennifer Granick, Christopher Sprigman, director of Civil Liberties at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, The Secret FISA Court Must Go, Jul 24, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/24/the-secret-fisa-court-must-go.html
This scenario may sound like … for foreign-intelligence purposes.
And the history of the FISC proves the plan will be circumvented- Obama will just get blanket approval to target swathes of the population like Bush did with surveillance Granick and Sprigman ‘13 Jennifer Granick, Christopher Sprigman, director of Civil Liberties at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, The Secret FISA Court Must Go, Jul 24, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/24/the-secret-fisa-court-must-go.html
The FISC does not approve … the substance, of judicial oversight.
Lack of adversarial process is exactly what the plan leads to- the FISC court proves the plan collapses accountability and only the counterplan’s process can solve Granick and Sprigman ‘13 Jennifer Granick, Christopher Sprigman, director of Civil Liberties at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and Research Professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, The Secret FISA Court Must Go, Jul 24, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/24/the-secret-fisa-court-must-go.html
Like a modern-day Star Chamber, … applications raising novel legal issues.
2NC A2: Judicial Accountability Key
Only judicial ex post review provides the accountability necessary to solve confidence in targeting—key to viability of the program Corey, Army Colonel, 12 (Colonel Ian G. Corey, “Citizens in the Crosshairs: Ready, Aim, Hold Your Fire?,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA561582)
Alternatively, targeted killing decisions could … process and boost public confidence.
1/7/14
1NR - USC Round 2
Tournament: Usc | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Layton congress bad – impact o/v
O/w on timeframe – mere perception of presidential weakness wrecks deterrence and causes crisis escalation Waxman 8/25/13 Matthew Waxman, Professor of … prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179
Perhaps the most vexing problem … could face an insurmountable wall.
congress bad – a2 no link/middle ground No such thing as middle ground – they completely shift the balance of war powers Heder 10 (Adam, J.D., magna cum laude , J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “THE POWER TO END WAR: THE EXTENT AND LIMITS OF CONGRESSIONAL POWER,” St. Mary’s Law Journal Vol. 41 No. 3, http://www.stmaryslawjournal.org/pdfs/Hederreadytogo.pdf) Congressional attempts to repeal an … all major aspects of a war. 89
Joint action fails – any congressional authorization links Nzelibe and Yoo 13 (Jide Nzelibe, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School, and John Yoo, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, “Rational War and Constitutional Design,” The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115, No. 9, 12/8/13) A critic might argue that … improve decision-making about war.
congress bad – tea party
Even if Congress is good in theory, the current Congress is materially and perceptually off-the-rails – ensures bad decision-making Gelb 14 http://www.cfr.org/united-states/rp-republican-internationalism/p32106 Leslie H. Gelb, President Emeritus and Board Senior Fellow, and Michael Kramer Issue 31, Winter 2014 Democracy: A Journal of Ideas Issue #31, Winter 2014 R.I.P. Republican Internationalism Leslie H. Gelb and Michael Kramer To read the other essays in the “Is the Party Over?” symposium, click here.
It’s right to view the … any “loss” of national sovereignty.
The impact is long-term Kearn 10/11/13 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-w-kearn/tea-party-foreign-policy_b_4085326.html Dr. David W. Kearn, Jr. is an assistant professor of Government and Politics at St. John’s University in Queens, New York. His research focuses on the impact of technological change on military affairs, international relations theory, arms control, terrorism, and U.S. foreign policy. His book Facing the Missile Challenge: U.S. Strategy and the Future of the INF Treaty was released by the RAND Corporation in 2012, after he served a year as a Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow. Dr. Kearn received his doctorate in foreign affairs from the University of Virginia. He also received a Master of Public Policy Degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and a B.A. from Amherst College. He is also a Boston native.
It is sometimes easy to … States is in serious jeopardy.
The mere perception crushes US credibility Zakheim 10/25/13 http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/25/the_president_the_tea_party_and_national_security#sthash.3P5948xt.dpuf Dov S. Zakheim is a former official of the United States government. Born December 18, 1948 in Brooklyn, New York, Zakheim earned his bachelor's degree in government from Columbia University in 1970, and his doctorate in economics and politics at St. Antony's College, Oxford University. He has been an adjunct professor at the National War College, Yeshiva University, Columbia University and Trinity College, where he was presidential scholar. He served in various Department of Defense posts during the Reagan administration, including Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Planning and Resources from 1985 to 1987. There was some controversy in both the US and Israel over Zakheim's involvement in ending the Israeli fighter program, the IAI Lavi. He argued that Israeli and U.S. interests would be best served by having Israel purchase F-16 fighters, rather than investing in an entirely new aircraft.
American reliability was already … be very long in coming.
Congress isn’t better at selecting wars or deterring adventurism – empirically proven Jide Nzelibe 6, Asst. Profesor of Law @ Northwestern, and John Yoo, Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law, “Rational War and Constitutional Design,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115, SSRN But before accepting this attractive … the middle and late 1990s.
congress bad – diffusion turn
Turn – reducing presidential authority diffuses responsibility – means zero solvency and only a risk of offense Fleischman 10 (Matthew Fleischman, JD Candidate … political career, not the public.
1nr a2 harrison
Diseases don’t cause extinction and tech solves Posner ‘5 (Judge 7th Circuit Court … there is always a first time.
1/7/14
1NR - USC Round 5
Tournament: Usc | Round: 4 | Opponent: North Texas Anderson-Kersch | Judge: Green Their act of criticism is inherently positional – the text is clearly manifested and must be defended or attacked through critique. Mann 96 – (Jan. 1996, Paul, PhD, Professor of English, Pomona College, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)
The position is a fundamental form … focused toward strategic goals.
This means their act of academic inclusion is a meaningless gesture that leads to cooption. Mann 99 – (1999, Paul, PhD, Professor of English, Pomona College, "Masocriticism", The SUNY series in postmodern culture, xi-xii)
It would be excellent if … entirely characteristic of criticism.
Furthermore, yes the second argument in the 1AC was a tad short in the 1NC but it still was functionally conceded by the 2AC – celebration does not abstain you from the act of commodifying and academicizing tribal life that obscures the actual survivance of indigenous – they conceded the impact which is a collective amnesia that makes your speech act counterproductive Vizenor ‘94 (Gerald, Distingished Prof. of American Studies @ U. of New Mexico, Prof. Emeritus, U. of California, Berkeley, Manifest Manners, pp. 60-62) The concerted creations of tribal … in the literatures of dominance.
This process of appropriation through empathetic identification with the other is the root cause of colonial violence, turns the case Waldenfels 1995 /Bernhard, professor of philosophy at Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, “Response to the Other,” in The Psychology of Human Possibility and Constraint: Studies in Literature, History, and Culture, google books, 37-8/ It has often been claimed … the appropriation of the world.
The AFF’s presentation of suffering creates a marketplace of trauma transforming wounds into a commodity for western consumption. Their reductionism of native suffering exists by turning the other into a faceless object through which we can construct a sentimental economy of pleasure and pacification. The AFF is a form of empathetic identification which is a process of deathmaking which ensures the smooth functioning of imperialism. Berlant 1999 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics” in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics and the Law ed. Sarat and Kearns, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Pg. 49-54/ Ravaged wages and ravaged bodies … sustaining the hegemonic field.9
Their approach to representing suffering places them squarely with a liberal tradition that declares a war on victims and reinforces a relationship to suffering which objectivizes, targets and extinguishes. The debate becomes a marketplace for the exchange of suffering replicating a relation to victims which makes the wars and violence of (neo)liberal capitalism an inevitability. The AFF’s commodification and trading of suffering is inextricable from the production of suffering. Abbas 2010 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 97-101/ The logics orienting liberalism to … cannot mount this challenge.
1/7/14
1NR - USC Round 5
Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: Binghamton Evans-Bleyle | Judge: Johnson They only contested the link to the ableism argument, but conceded the impact, which is not unique to ableist language but also the conflation that arises when metaphors and comparisons are drawn – the use of ableist language means that their speech act fails to advance social justice for disempowered groups – this is not a ticky-tacky argument, it is emblematic of the way that the affirmative is only a superficial interrogation of power to speak power to one group and, through their mechanisms of speech, position themselves in opposition to other marginalized groups – they have isolated the act of speaking as their solvency claim and spillover claim – this proves their method is fundamentally flawed and problematizes their claims to suffering because they methodologically leave the other others behind, all of the args on case apply ot fw – I’ll finish the Ryder evidence here because it answers the Adams arg about comparison on the abolition K Ryder no date (Richard, writer and psychologist, member of the Oxford Group, a group of intellectuals loosely centred around the University of Oxford who began to speak out against animal abuse, coined the term speciesism, “Revisited: white Vegans and Oppression Olympics,” http://whiteseducatingwhites.tumblr.com/post/34112708499/revisited-white-vegans-and-oppression-olympics
Tell me again how … human oppression and privilege.
Focus on animal welfare is a first world problem – their epistemology is only a product of their sheltered lives Dean 12 (Tim, Science Journalist and Editor of Australian Life Scientist, "Is animal welfare a first world problem?," www.abc.net.au/unleashed/4365590.html) These are curly (and important) … causes - such as starvation.¶
Their lifestyle politics that is easily re-incorporated in capitalism that continues animal exploitation on the backs of the world’s poor Wolfe 11 (Ross, "Man and Nature, Part IV: A Marxist Critique of the “Green” Environmental Movement," rosswolfe.wordpress.com/2011/03/25/man-and-nature-part-iv-a-radical-critique-of-the-“green”-environmental-movement/) To continue with the … industry is structured unsustainably.
Their brand of anthropocentrism alienates the public—only a pragmatic middle ground can get them on board, turns solvency and proves that their ethical absolutism makes institutional change impossible Minteer, 06. Ben A. , Assistant Professor in the Human Dimensions of Biology Faculty in the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University. “The Landscape of Reform: Civic Pragmatism and Environmental Thought in America,” p. 6-7, Google Books. Perhaps the most salient ...environmental programs and policies.
The critique is obsessed with the politics of purity – that creates fascism, and proves that their engagement with the ballot is an untenable strategy Staudenmeir 5 (Peter Staudenmeir, human rights advocate and philospher, “THE AMBIGUITIES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS”, January 1, 2005, http://www.social-ecology.org/2005/01/ambiguities-of-animal-rights/)
The unexamined cultural prejudices … into their reactionary opposite.
Structural violence caused by militarism outweighs and turns the aff. Szentes 08 – (a Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest – (Tamás, “Globalisation and prospects of the world society”, 4/22 http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/-Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf) It’ s a common place …in natural environment.
Barry Sanders is a Fulbright Senior Scholar Grant recipient, has been nominated twice for the Pulitzer Prize, and is the author of eleven books, 2009(“The Green Zone: The Environmental Costs of Militarism” Intro) In a nation …almost everyone responds.
Concludes neg – their reading of the Owen evidence relies on a conflation of theory and picture that Owen critiques later in the article – understanding ontology in terms of “being-in-the-world” is distinct from debates over which formal theory like realism best describes the ontological character of states – interrogating the formar is logically prior to policies and theories which means Owen agrees with our sequencing args on framework. Owen, 2AC Author, 02 – (2002, David, Reader of Political Theory, University of Southampton, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning,” Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 653-73, sage) It should be noted that I am not … to its own research programme.
Rhetoric of utilitarian good occludes the cognitive biases that render objective calculation impossible – only those who can be measured against our own lives are considered Mignolo 07 (Walter, argentinian semiotician and prof at Duke, “The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics” online)
The rhetoric of …of human lives; that is, according to a racist classification.5
no modeling – Turns case and leads to global wars over enforcement. De Nevers ‘7 RENEE DE NEVERS, Department of Public Administration, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Imposing International Norms: Great Powers and Norm Enforcement, national Studies Review (2007) 9, 53–80, March 1, 2007 The United States’ prosecution… intervention as well.
Example –China (their Alston ev in the ununderlined parts says we have to delegitimize them) Pan 12 – (2012, Chengxin, PhD, ?Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Deakin University, Australia, “Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics: Western Representations of China’s Rise,” p. 48-51)
The ‘China threat’ …and moral grounds.
The binary of unilateralism and multilateralism is insufficient and occludes the continuity between violent hegemonism and the more insidious soft imperialism that exists today – both are strategies to ensure total US domination Sparke 05 – (2005, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Geography and International Studies, and Director of the Global Health Minor at the University of Washington, “In The Space Of Theory: Postfoundational Geographies Of The Nation-State,” p. 274-7)
On the surface …through to today.
Homeland security creates paranoid acqueiscence to government policies Conway 8 (Maura, Lecturer @ Center for Int’l Studies at School of Law and Government Dublin City University, “Media, Fear and the Hyperreal: The Construction of Cyberterrorism as the Ultimate Threat to Critical Infrastructures,” google scholar) A central element of ….than known threats (Embar- Seddon 2002: 1034).
Perm only furthers technological enframing – need to start from a point of releasment rather than control – the perm can’t solve as long as it’s justification is rooted in the subjective will Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley) It is the … the abyssal being.
No solvency ever Fatovic 9—Director of Graduate Studies for Political Science at Florida International University added the word “is” for correct sentence structure—denoted by brackets (Clement, Outside the Law: Emergency and Executive Power pg 1-5, dml) But the problem for any legal order is that law aims at …ultimately irreducible to law.
Passive non-violence is political praxis – “letting be” has historically produced effective and non-manipulative forms of political action around the world Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley) In spite of …limitedness and finitude (see also Irwin 2008:170, 188–189).
The falsity of security is its largest vulnerability – negativity and dissent can crack open fissures in security logic and break its domination at the level of individual subjects Burke 02 (Anthony, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 27.1) It is perhaps …possibilities might be.
Radical political change provides the late modern subject with a rush of identity and agency severely lacking a world dominated by the market and consumer culture - it is these brief interludes of authentic experience that allow further integration and subordination into an inherently dehumanizing and destructive system in the long term Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition,” European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
From this perspective, the centre … belief in the autonomous subject.
Perm
Accessibility DA – demands for inclusion throw a veil over the unsustainability of the military industrial complex and shield the autonomous subject from the impossibility of its own existence – makes transcendence impossible. Bluhdorn 03 – (2003, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “lnclusionality-Exclusionality: Environmental Philosophy and Simulative Politics,” in Winnett, Adrian I Warhurst, Alyson (eds.) Towards an Environment Research Agenda, Volume II, Basingstoke/Houndmills: Palgrave (2003), pp. 21-45)
However, perhaps exactly because of … drugs against any such concerns.
link – invisibility
Operating within sanctioned and recognized spaces corrupts the possibility of resistance – the alternative is invisibility Mann 99 – (1999, Paul, PhD, Professor of English, Pomona College, "Masocriticism", The SUNY series in postmodern culture, xi-xii)
That, in brief, is where … of masocriticism’s most distinctive traits.
link – democracy
Demands for participation and inclusion are no longer radical – instead of finding ways to incorporate the excluded into modern capitalist society, we should be trying to destroy the society that produces exclusion in the first place. Bluhdorn 11 – (7/12, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Ingolfur Blühdorn: The Sustainability Of Democracy,” http://www.thenewsignificance.com/2011/07/12/ingolfur-bluhdorn-the-sustainability-of-democracy/)
Emancipation, the central demand of … prioritises liberalism over egalitarianism.
link – speaking for others
Centering the voices of those who have been pushed to the margins does nothing to challenge the disembodied commodifying tendencies of liberalism. The 2AC and cross x emphasis of his friend who was sexually assaulted turns her into an object to be traded for a ballot – this form of presencing turns to other into a victim indebted to liberal autonomous subjectivity whose only hearing is dependent on conforming to liberal idealism. Abbas 10 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 39-43/
The subjects to whom the … meticulously dictated performances of victims?
link – we gotta do something
The “What should we do?” question has the political situation backwards: contemporary governance and capitalism force us to constantly act, taking our impotentiality away from us. The most radical position is to reverse the question: “Can this be an instance of our not doing anything?” The impact is an infinite ressentiment and Eichmann Snoek 12 (Anke, PhD in Philosophy Department @ Macquarie U., Agamben’s Joyful Kafka)
Given the preceding sketch Agamben … resistance, to reverse political situations.
alternative
The aff’s commitment to false change must be rejected and problematized as a prerequisite to effective environmental and social resistance politics. Bluhdorn 07 – (2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Sustaining the Unsustainable: Symbolic Politics and the Politics of Simulation,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No.2, 251-275, April 2007)
Lastly then one might ask: … developing the capacity to transcend it.
1/7/14
2NC - NDT Doubles
Tournament: NDT | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Gramzinski, Reed, Paul, Walters, Miller 2nc
Barry Sanders is a Fulbright Senior Scholar Grant recipient, has been nominated twice for the Pulitzer Prize, and is the author of eleven books, 2009(“The Green Zone: The Environmental Costs of Militarism” Intro)
The focus on transparency and accountability is a ruse that obscures broader militarism and legitimates the institutional defense of drones – flawed ethical starting point because it doesn’t consider marginalized populations on the ground Gregory 14 – (2014, Derek, professor of geography, University of British Columbia in Vancouver, “Drone geographies,” Radical Philosophy 183, Jan/Feb)
My view is …regular, systematic death.12
Means you should be skeptical of everything they say. Mignolo 07 (Walter, argentinian semiotician and prof at Duke, “The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics” online)
The rhetoric of …a racist classification.5
Our Mattei evidence says that the FORM these strategic recriminations take are more devastating than the landmines themselves – interventions and preventive wars, justified by the responsibility to protect and LEGITIMATED by multilateral coalitions (inevitably only including powerful western states) are used to impose our will on weaker nations like “China, Iran, and Burma”
Differential standards are self evident in the selective way they interpret the UN understanding of drones – JSOC is WAY worse and SECRECY is the REAL PROBELM Alston, 11 Harvard National Security Journal, 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283, “The CIA and Targeted Killings beyond Borders,” Philip Alston, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, p. lexis
The Commission created …brutalities of warfare.
The idea that China wouldn’t have realized it could use drones to carry out strikes internationally absent the U.S. doing so, is stupid Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor of International Law at American University, 10/9/11, “What Kind of Drones Arms Race Is Coming?,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/#more-51516 It is indeed …and morally right.
Their impact is alarmism—US lead is locked in and other modernization makes their impact inevitable Moss, writer – The Diplomat, former editor for the Asia-Pacific – Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/2/’13 (Trefor, “Here Come…China’s Drones,” http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true)
Unmanned systems have …being no exception.
no modeling – Turns case and leads to global wars over enforcement. De Nevers ‘7 RENEE DE NEVERS, Department of Public Administration, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Imposing International Norms: Great Powers and Norm Enforcement, national Studies Review (2007) 9, 53–80, March 1, 2007 The United States’ prosecution …intervention as well.
Fear of accidents is based on the demarcation of an unruly outside to be disciplined and control-~--causes paranoia and war Tan See Seng 2 Head of Research for Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore. PhD, What Fear Hath Wrought: Missile Hysteria and The Writing of “America”, July 2002, http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP28.PDF
What the notion …of political identity.
Perm only furthers technological enframing – need to start from a point of releasment rather than control – the perm can’t solve as long as it’s justification is rooted in the subjective will Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
It is the …the abyssal being.
Passive non-violence is political praxis – “letting be” has historically produced effective and non-manipulative forms of political action around the world Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
In spite of …limitedness and finitude (see also Irwin 2008:170, 188–189).
The falsity of security is its largest vulnerability – negativity and dissent can crack open fissures in security logic and break its domination at the level of individual subjects Burke 02 (Anthony, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 27.1)
It’ s a common place that human society can survive and develop only in a lasting real peace. Without peace countries cannot develop. Although since 1945 there has been no world war, but --numerous local wars took place, --terrorism has spread all over the world, undermining security even in the most developed and powerful countries, --arms race and …are soon eliminated. Like a single spacecraft, the Earth can no longer afford to have a 'crew' divided into two parts: the rich, privileged, wellfed, well-educated, on the one hand, and the poor, deprived, starving, sick and uneducated, on the other. Dangerous 'zero-sum-games' (which mostly prove to be “negative-sum-games”) can hardly be played any more by visible or invisible wars in the world society. Because of global interdependencies, the apparent winner becomes also a loser. The real choice for the world society is between negative- and positive-sum-games: i.e. between, on the one hand, continuation of visible and “invisible wars”, as long as this is possible at all, and, on the other, transformation of the world order by demilitarisation and democratization. No ideological or terminological camouflage can conceal this real dilemma any more, which is to be faced not in the distant future, by the next generations, but in the coming years, because of global terrorism soon having nuclear and other mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment.
Utilitarianism = Racism
Rhetoric of utilitarian good occludes the cognitive biases that render objective calculation impossible – only those who can be measured against our own lives are considered Mignolo 07 (Walter, argentinian semiotician and prof at Duke, “The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics” online)
The rhetoric of …of human lives; that is, according to a racist classification.5
Framework Stuff
Concludes neg – their reading of the Owen evidence relies on a conflation of theory and picture that Owen critiques later in the article – understanding ontology in terms of “being-in-the-world” is distinct from debates over which formal theory like realism best describes the ontological character of states – interrogating the formar is logically prior to policies and theories which means Owen agrees with our sequencing args on framework. Owen, 2AC Author, 02 – (2002, David, Reader of Political Theory, University of Southampton, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning,” Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 653-73, sage)
It should be noted that I am not …seeks to address and so, also, mistakes postmodern IR theory for a directly competing theoretical stance which can, in principle, be assimilated to its own research programme.
Alt Stuff
The 2AC has conceded a structuring claim about the world – technological enframing structures our perception of reality – alternate modes of revealing are foreclosed and technology is made to seem inevitable and necessary – destructively breaking the vicious cycle constitutes positive change toward sustainability – that’s Joronen
Passive non-violence is political praxis – “letting be” has historically produced effective and non-manipulative forms of political action around the world Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
In spite of …limitedness and finitude (see also Irwin 2008:170, 188–189).
The falsity of security is its largest vulnerability – negativity and dissent can crack open fissures in security logic and break its domination at the level of individual subjects Burke 02 (Anthony, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 27.1)
It is perhaps easy to become despondent, but as countless struggles for freedom, justice, and social transformation have proved, a sense of seriousness can be tempered with the knowledge that many tools are …possibilities might be.
Aff can’t solve terrorism
Even if they win they have a empirical defense of terrorism as a threat – they DON’T have anything remotely sufficient to prove they solve Matthews 13 (Dylan Matthews covers taxes, poverty, campaign finance, higher education, and all things data. He has also written for The New Republic, Salon, Slate, and The American Prospect., "Twelve years after 9/11, we still have no idea how to fight terrorism," Washington Post, September 11, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/11/twelve-years-after-911-we-still-have-no-idea-how-to-fight-terrorism-2/) Counterterrorism may be …research can provide. It's scandalous that we spend billions every year on counterterrorism but barely spend any effort on evaluating whether what we're doing works. The federal government is showing slightly more interest than it once did. "We're lucky because there's a criminologist in DHS who helps the partnership along a bit," Lum tells me. But the scale of the efforts pales in comparison the efforts to build evidence on health, education, social welfare, or crime policy. That has to change.
No reactor terrorism
No risk of reactor terrorism Singer 02 – (Fred Singer, professor emeritus at the University of Virginia, 4/5/2002, Nuclear Terrorism, Washington Times, p. lexis)
Similarly, damaging a nuclear …out the fire. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, the subsequent health effects have been minor: no increases in leukemia or birth defects; only cases of thyroid cancer that could have been avoided by taking protective potassium-iodide pills. Certainly, more people died from the panicky reaction to Chernobyl, including thousands of unnecessary abortions by women in Western Europe who feared the consequences from the release of radiation.
Reactor beats plane. Schaper 02 – (Annette Schaper, senior research associate at the Peace Research Institute in Frankfurt, August, 2002, Nuclear Terrorism, INESAP Information Bulletin, p. 73-76)
The containment design of German nuclear power stations takes into account the possibility of a combat aircraft crashing but not of a plane with full fuel tanks. An IAEA spokesperson recently confirmed that this also applies to other countries’ designs. 35 The containment would probably not withstand such an attack. The core of the reactor is unlikely to be hit but the cooling system might be destroyed. If the emergency cooling system, which is designed to flood the reactor in such a situation, were to fail, it could lead to overheating of the core and a Chernobyl-type catastrophe. Whole regions would be rendered uninhabitable. However, to succeed in …is very unlikely.
Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's early attempts to target American interests were limited to the Arabian Peninsula. Attacks such as the September 2008 attack on the U.S. Embassy in Sanaa, Yemen's capital city, in which 13 Yemeni police and civilians were killed, illustrated this effort. Several months earlier, AQAP claimed responsibility for a failed mortar attack that accidentally hit a nearby school instead of the U.S. Embassy, killing a security guard and a schoolgirl and wounding 19 others. Beginning in 2009, AQAP expanded its …commander, was killed.
Terror Link/AT: Audience Resists Security
Fear of a coming terrorist attack is a phantasmatic construction of islamaphobic militarism. – substitutability means everyone just goes along with it Pugliese 2009 /Joseph, Department of Critical and Cultural Studies, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia, “Compulsory visibility and the infralegality of racial phantasmata,” Social Semiotics Vol. 19, No. 1, March 2009, 9_30/ The event-phantasm, then, is enabled by the topology of the fold, producing a type of mobius strip enfolding of both inside and outside into an ambiguous and spatially indeterminate loop. The double-causality of the event-phantasm marks the generative point of intersection between the noematic experience and the exterior reality that functions to constitute it; ‘‘quasi-cause’’ refers to the fact that the noematic experience of the phantasm can only ever constitute the phantasm-event in a qualified way that is always ‘‘split’’ or marked by the power-in-spacing of a hyphenated double-causality: neither fully external nor fully internal, the eventphantasm straddles both domains as it ‘‘enacts’’ the topology of the fold. To couch it in the terms of the aporetic logic that animates it, the phantasm-event comes into being at the surface that is also its depth. My invocation of the aporia, as a figure of absolute impasse, is sanctioned by Deleuze’s following meditation on the phantasm: Neither active nor …South Asian, etc.).
Hegemony Doesn’t Exist
Hegemony is a historical and empirical oversimplification – system is de-centralized, applying hegemonic mythology to policy causes blowback and destroys cooperation Doran ‘9 (Charles F., Andrew W. Mellon Prof. of International Relations, Director of the Global Theory and History Program, Director of the Center for Canadian Studies @ Johns Hopkins U., “Fooling Oneself: The Mythology of Hegemony” International Studies Review, Vol. 11.1) More than a catalogue of techniques other governments use to resist U.S. titular hegemony, this book informs an important question, long-debated, about the concept of hegemony. If the United States is a hegemon, why does a balance of power, composed of rivals that severely disagree with hegemonic domination, not form against the dominant United States? Building on the guidelines proposed by Wohlstetter (1964, 1968) and Elmore (1985) for the making of sound policy, namely, to see the world through the lens of the other so as to anticipate what others might conclude and do, the book critiques the very notion of hegemony. In this review, I argue from the perspective that the current conception … self-enforcing, and self-sufficient.
3/28/14
2NC - USC Octos
Tournament: Usc | Round: 8 | Opponent: Michigan Allen-Pappas | Judge: Paul, Gannon, Green, Najor, Weiner at: strikes decreasing now Status quo is goldilocks – strikes are decreasing for specific tactical reasons that may not always be true – executive needs the flexibility to ramp them up and take the shots he wants WT 10-9 – Washington Times, 10/9/13, “Drone strikes plummet as U.S. seeks more human intelligence,” http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/oct/9/drone-strikes-drop-as-us-craves-more-human-intelli/print/ The number of drone strikes … much weighed in the equation."
drone use increasing now Obama will expand the use … future---particularly the imminence standard Alexei Offill-Klein 13, J.D. University of California, Davis, School of Law, Spring 2013, “Note: Targeted Killings: Al-Aulaqi v. Obama and the Misuse of the Political Question Doctrine,” U.C. Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 19 U.C. Davis J. Int'l L. and Pol'y 207 There are signs the Obama … not previously have been targeted.
link wall
2nc link wall – drone courts (michigan)
Hours matter – courts can’t be fast enough Oliphant, 13 -- National Journal deputy magazine editor; citing Gregory McNeal, a counterterrorism expert at Pepperdine University James, “Vetting the Kill List,” 5-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404, accessed 8-16-13, mss But even among supporters, no … last minute of the operation.”
Operations are barely fast enough now – we’re on the brink Boot, 13 – CFR senior fellow Max, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, "A Drone Court is a Terrible Idea," Commentary, 2-11-13, www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/02/11/a-drone-court-is-a-terrible-idea-fisa-terroris/, accessed 8-15-13, mss Nevertheless creating such a court would … for the District of Columbia. Matt note: paraphrased for ableist language
Advance clearing would be nonsensical – facts change on the ground Taylor 13 (Paul, Senior Fellow at the Center for Policy and Research and an alumnus of Seton Hall Law School and the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, "TransparentPolicy - National Security Blog by the Center for Policy and Research at Seton Hall University, March 23, transparentpolicy.org/2013/03/former-dod-lawyer-frowns-on-drone-court/) Johnson also notes that even … facts and obviating this problem.
Review requires two problematic criteria – “imminent threat” and “impossibility of capture”, also they don’t solve backlash Bloomberg 13 (editorial board, February 18, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-18/why-a-drone-court-won-t-work.html) President Barack Obama’s drone war is in danger of becoming an Abu Ghraib-style public-relations nightmare, drawing criticism at home from left and right (and, it seems, even many U.S. troops), spurring angry protests in Pakistan and Yemen, and becoming a recruiting tool for al-Qaeda. Hence the interest in putting …, both advantages prove illusory.
This combination supercharges the link – the executive can’t meet both standards enough ahead of time to make strikes workable Vladeck 13 (Steve, Steve Vladeck is a professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law. A 2004 graduate of Yale Law School, Steve clerked for Judge Marsha Berzon on the Ninth Circuit and Judge Rosemary Barkett on the Eleventh Circuit. In addition to serving as a senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Steve is also the co-editor of Aspen Publishers’ leading National Security Law and Counterterrorism Law casebooks., "Why a drone Court Won't Work - But (Nominal) Damages Might..."www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/) In my view, the adversity … , just, or remotely reliable decisions.
Speed is a key IL – drone strikes fail without it Klimp et al 10 (JACK W. KLIMP, Lt. General, U.S. Marine Corps (Ret.), JOHN D. ALTENBURG, Major General, U.S. Army (Ret.), JAMES J. CAREY, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Ret.), STEVEN B. KANTROWITZ, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Ret.), NORMAN T. SAUNDERS, Rear Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard (Ret.), THOMAS L. HEMINGWAY, Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Ret.), ALFRED L. MICHAUD, Colonel, U.S. Army (Ret.), WILLIAM D. PIVARNIK, Captain, U.S. Navy (Ret.), ERIC ROJO, Colonel, U.S. Army (Ret.), PETER J. REYNIERSE, Commander, U.S. Navy (Ret.), THOMAS A. SMITH, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army (Ret.), ADRIAN CRONAUER, WASHINGTON LEGAL FOUNDATION, NATIONAL DEFENSE COMMITTEE, AND ALLIED EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION, 10/4/10, http://ccrjustice.org/files/Al-Aulaqi20v20Obama-20Klimp,20et20al20Amicus.pdf) Amici respectfully submit that this … expertise to undertake such a reexamination.
2) The immanence standard itself is a distinct link – by the time a court would agree a threat is imminent it’d be too late to stop, modern terrorism changes the requirements John Yoo 12, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley, School of Law; Visiting Scholar, American Enterprise Institute, 2011/12, “Assassination or Targeted Killings After 9/11,” New York Law School Law Review, http://www.nylslawreview.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Yoo-56-1.pdf Imminence is not a purely temporal … use force against the enemy.
And even if the courts don’t force him Obama himself will cut back the program because the courts provide him political cover Oliphant, 13 -- National Journal deputy magazine editor James, “Vetting the Kill List,” 5-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404, accessed 8-16-13, mss Given that reality, shifting the … once put it: “Trust, but verify.”
5. New framing issue – the aff won’t stay limited, the logic of review justifies more and more legal intervention and sets a precedent for further restrictions, that’s Boot above.
2nc high value key Decapitation strategy outweighs any turns – statistics prove taking out HVIs decreases terror Johnston and Sarbahi ‘13 Patrick B. Johnston, RAND Corporation, Anoop K. Sarbahi, Stanford University, The Impact of US Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan, July 14, 2013, http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf Given that killing terrorist leaders … individuals can be readily¶ replaced.50
Turns Yemen scenerio Ciluffo and Watt 11 (Frank and Gregory, Clinton Watts is a Senior Analyst with the Navanti Group and a Senior Fellow at The George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute (HSPI). He is also a former U.S. Army Officer and former Special Agent with the FBI. Frank J. Cilluffo is Director of HSPI, "Countering the threat posed by AQAP: Embrace, don’t chase Yemen’s chaos," Selected Wisdom, July 14, sselectedwisdom.com/?p=352) Ten years of American counterterrorism … for reducing AQAP’s immediate threat.
at: we don’t do the 2 standards
The court would rely on standards of imminence and proportionality, their author Guiora, 12 Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion, Amos N. Guiora. Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, p. SSRN Effective counterterrorism requires the state … important questions must be addressed:
Review would use the strict scrutiny standard, their author Guiora, 12 Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion, Amos N. Guiora. Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, p. SSRN The unitary executive theory aggressively … -board” and “over-broad” approaches.10
Uses the IHL and IHR standards our ev describes, 1ac author Epstein, 11 Michael, Michigan State University College of Law “Targeted Killing Court: Why The United States Needs To Adopt International Legal Standards For Targeted Killings And How To Do So In A Domestic Court”, SSRN VI PROPOSED NEW U.S. LEGAL MECHANISM … post-killing investigations of C.I.A. actions359
at: exec institutional failures
Status quo target vetting is … a risk that restrictions destroy it Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583 Target vetting is the process … as a result of the killing).191
Judiciary lacks expertise – they aren’t better Stuart Delery, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General Civil Division, 12/14/12, DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/MTD-AAA.pdf The third and fourth Baker … of that branch’s proper role.”).
at backlash
Drones are sustainable—US government won’t react to backlash Benjamin Wittes, editor in chief of Lawfare and a Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution. He is the author of several books and a member of the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law, 2/27/13, In Defense of the Administration on Targeted Killing of Americans, www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/in-defense-of-the-administration-on-targeted-killing-of-americans/
This view has currency among … in formulating its legal views.
Various international legal academics and … the investigation’s findings and conclusions.
public doesn’t care about or want the drone court Wexler 13 (5/8/13, Lesley, Professor of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” ssrn)
Such courts may not be … effect on the Obama administration.
ACCOUNTABILITY
legitimacy
Legitimacy doesn’t create benevolent hegemony or solve counterbalancing – US imposed virtue is resented not accepted. Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 64)
Contrary to what its proponents … of US power is tangible.
Conflict over legitimacy and authority is the root cause of great power war – Great Game, Cold War, and China rise. Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
Status is a club good that, … in the twentieth-first century.
Soft power/liberal internationalism destroys heg and causes backlash – need to conserve and strategically deploy hard power INSTEAD Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 73)
Soft power is nothing more … shifting balance of world forces.
turns china
China war, yo. Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
The future of U.S.-Chinese relations … greater authority over potential subordinates.
history
Creates the most intense forms of great power competition and turns case Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
After 1945, status was accorded to … greater competition and sometimes conflict.
at blowback
Can’t replace lost talent – means no impact Anderson 13 – (5/24, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, “The Case for Drones,” Real Clear Politics)
Other critics argue that drone … plan another 9/11 is also critical.
disease
No impact – anything virulent enough to be a threat would destroy its host too quickly Lederberg 99 – (Joshua Lederberg, professor of genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine, 1999, Epidemic: The World of Infectious Disease, p. 13)
The toll of the fourteenth-… of large-scale ecological upsets.
DRONE PROLIF
reciprocity wrong
No norm creation or national security threat from drone prolif – won’t be used by terrorists or in state based conflict Lewis and Crawford 13 – (Michael, Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University Pettit College of Law, and Emily, PhD, post-doctoral fellow and associate at the Sydney Centre for International Law, “Drones and Distinction: How IHL Encouraged the Rise of Drones,” Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 44) Before discussing the legal merits … target individuals across the globe.” 168
But the idea that the … by the war of August 2008. All this underlines a deep history of pragmatism in the south Caucasus which is there, just below the surface, if you care to look for it.
Violent metaphysical relation to the world intensifies the technological frenzy and creates a drive to use nuclear weapons – destroys value to life and causes nuclear war Caputo 93 — (1993, John, PhD, professor of Humanities at Syracuse, “Demythologizing Heidegger,” p. 136-141)
In his essay "The Thing" … , profound, essential, authentic, ontological destruction.
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached … faith at the negotiating table.”
ME instability is a façade to justify US goals – constant involvement to control the spread of oil, violent neoliberal economic policies, Burke 5 Anthony Burke, University of New South Wales, 2005 “Iraq: Strategy's burnt offering”, Global Change, Peace and Security, 17:2,191-213 This matrix of cultural and … , but never abandoned or rethought.
Conflict over legitimacy and authority is the root cause of great power war – Great Game, Cold War, and China rise. Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
Status is a club good that, … in the twentieth-first century.
Perm only furthers technological enframing – need to start from a point of releasment rather than control – the perm can’t solve as long as it’s justification is rooted in the subjective will Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
It is the other beginning … draws on the abyssal being.
churchill
churchill votes neg CHURCHILL 1996 (Ward, Former Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of Colorado, Boulder “I Am Indigenist,” From A Native Son pgs 520-30 Leaving aside questions concerning the … , militaristic order on non-Indians.
fwork
Their appeal to objectivity and real world policy is a trojan horse– technological enframing violently excludes alternate interpretations of reality Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
As is apparent, metaphysics is … of “being as machination”, grows.
alt
Resistance requires allowing transformation to occur on its own terms – letting be injects releasement into politics and breaks from technological enframing Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
The ambiguity between the overcoming … in the sites of finitude.
law
The 1ac’s use of the law as a starting point causes endless intervention and structural violence – turns the case Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law and University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo, M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, “GLOBAL LAW and PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW,” online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014andcontext=bocconi_legal_papers Within this framework, Western law … rather than being governed by it.
1/7/14
2NC - USC Round 4
Tournament: Usc | Round: 4 | Opponent: North Texas Anderson-Kersch | Judge: Green link – democracy
Demands for participation and inclusion are no longer radical – instead of finding ways to incorporate the excluded into modern capitalist society, we should be trying to destroy the society that produces exclusion in the first place. Bluhdorn 11 – (7/12, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Ingolfur Blühdorn: The Sustainability Of Democracy,” http://www.thenewsignificance.com/2011/07/12/ingolfur-bluhdorn-the-sustainability-of-democracy/)
Emancipation, the central demand of democracy … that prioritises liberalism over egalitarianism.
! o/v
This debate is not about whether or not the aff’s movement is successful at implementing its stated goals – rather, the perfect metaphor for the performance of the 1AC is a theme park – in this round, voting aff feels great – you’ve taken a stand against x instance of oppression while simultaneously affirming to yourself that you can take a stand against something – just like a kid who feels the rush of weightlessness at the top of a roller coaster, radical political change provides the late modern subject with a rush of identity and agency severely lacking a world dominated by the market and consumer culture - it is these brief interludes of authentic experience that allow further integration and subordination into an inherently dehumanizing and destructive socio-economic system in the long term
Bluhdorn 06 – (2006, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-Experience in the Theme Park of Radical Action? Social Movements and Political Articulation in the Late-Modern Condition,” European Journal of Social Theory 9(1): 23–42, google scholar)
From this perspective, the …belief in the autonomous subject.
Their performance of agency pacifies true dissent and enable the continued management of unsustainability – the impact is environmental destruction, extreme inequality and violent conflict. Bluhdorn 07 – (May 2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-description, Self-deception, Simulation: A Systems-theoretical Perspective on Contemporary Discourses of Radical Change,” Social Movement Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1–20, May 2007, google scholar)
Yet the established patterns of …with the threat of self-referentiality.
link – mignolo
That turns solvency and links to the k—fracturing the solution also fractures the problem, which means that we become incapable of articulating a universal struggle against capitalism CRITICAL THEORY 2013 (Zizek Responds to His Critics, http://www.critical-theory.com/zizek-responds-to-his-critics/, April 5, 2013) Fuck You Walter Mignolo* … dirty Jesus jokes and concluding the presentation.
Criticism is the phantasmal form of struggle – we congratulate ourselves for our revolutionary praxis while the dogs of war keep up the hunt. Mann 96 – (Jan. 1996, Paul, PhD, Professor of English, Pomona College, "The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare", Post Modern Culture, Volume 6, No. 2, Project Muse)
To repeat: The object of … video games and smart bombs.
kritiking the state – situating yourself in response to western imperialism in the form of the antistatist narrative at the top of the 1AC is problematic – creates a shift from the state to individual and communitarian pluralism,which is exactly what late modern cap wants
Bluhdorn 07 – (May 2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Self-description, Self-deception, Simulation: A Systems-theoretical Perspective on Contemporary Discourses of Radical Change,” Social Movement Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1–20, May 2007, google scholar)
According to NSMT, the transition … available opportunities or resources.
AT: Perm
Accessibility DA – if you decide that the status quo is unsustainable, more inclusion only replicates the inherent exclusion of the system – as new identities are embraced, the capitalist system continually finds a new “other” to juxtapose itself with – the savage becomes the slave, the slave becomes the sharecropper, the sharecropper becomes the woman, the woman becomes the queer, the queer becomes the immigrant and so on. Bluhdorn 03 – (2003, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “lnclusionality-Exclusionality: Environmental Philosophy and Simulative Politics,” in Winnett, Adrian I Warhurst, Alyson (eds.) Towards an Environment Research Agenda, Volume II, Basingstoke/Houndmills: Palgrave (2003), pp. 21-45)
However, perhaps exactly because … against any such concerns.
2NC – Alternative
The aff’s commitment to false change must be rejected and problematized as a prerequisite to effective environmental and social resistance politics. Bluhdorn 07 – (2007, Ingolfur, PhD, Reader in Politics/Political Sociology, University of Bath, “Sustaining the Unsustainable: Symbolic Politics and the Politics of Simulation,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No.2, 251-275, April 2007)
Lastly then one might ask … capacity to transcend it.
Key to prevent government oppression Steinberg and Freeley 08 – (2008, Austin, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, and David, Lecturer of Communication Studies, University of Miami, “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making,” p. 9-10)
After several days of intense debate… our favored political candidate.
I would go one step further … teeth when it never happens.
The path from thought to action is NON-LINEAR – deferring action until the end of critique is misguided and conterproductive. Weick et al. 05 – (2005, Karl, Rensis Likert Distinguished University Professor at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan, Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, Department of Management and Organizations, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, David Obstfeld, Organization and Strategy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, “Organizing and the Process of Sensemaking,” Organization Science Vol. 16, No. 4, July–August 2005, pp. 409–421)
Action If the ?rst question … from worse to better. dialogue
Dialogism is the only route to a communicative ethics that avoids hegemonically knowing and controlling the other – monadic visions ignore the importance of answerability and the call to answer as the founding moment of an ethical encounter with the other. Nealon 97 – (1997, Jeffrey, Assistant Professor of English at Penn State University, “The Ethics of Dialogue: Bakhtin and Levinas,” College English, Vol. 59, No. 2 (Feb., 1997), pp. 129-148, jstor)
In response to this difficult .in the dialogue of "sociality."
THE STATE IS HERE TO STAY, IGNORING IT ISN’T AN OPTION. RATHER THAN INSIST ON WORKING COMPLETELY OUTSIDE IT, WE SHOULD FIND WAYS TO BUILD UPON THE GOOD ASPECTS OF THE STATE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS. ECKERSLEY 2004 ROBYN, SENIOR LECTURER IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, THE GREEN STATE, P. 4-5
This inquiry thus swims … would seem to be compelling.
The 1AC’s focus on the victimized other as a necessary good collapses into self-recrimination and revenge. Caputo’s call to responsibility arises from a guilt ridden society of wounded attachments. The affirmatives conflation of all calculative form of judgment with planning effaces the possibility of moral action and decision-making. The affirmatives emphasis on openness forgoes political action for the sake of textual analysis thereby destroying the potential of radical morality.
Enns ’12 /Diane, Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University, The Violence of Victimhood, Penn State University Press, pg.7-9/ It is urgent that we consider the limits of the discourse of the other and AND to moral and political dilemmas that needs no "unconditional" reference point. ?
Against the ethics of the unconditional we affirm Arendtian action and judgment. The negatives focus on morality absent the impossible maintains the possibility of political praxis absent identity claims which devolve into vengeance and recrimination. The negatives advocacy maintains agency as stemming from natality which avoids over determining the political as programmable.
Enns 2012 /Diane, Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University, The Violence of Victimhood, Penn State University Press, 10-11/ If our current political practice, arising out of these discourses on difference and otherness AND are isolated, powerless individuals. In this respect, Arendt can inspire.
The affirmatives reading of the democracy to come and the messianic in terms of the impossible renders the AFF a useless ethical system built on repetition absent change. The affirmatives insistence on openness destroys responsibility.
Enns 2007 /Diane, Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University, "Beyond Derrida: The Autoimmunity of Deconstruction," Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy 10:1, http://www.academia.edu/2128106/Beyond_Derrida_The_Autoimmunity_of_Deconstruction/ It seems Derrida protests too much on this matter of the regulative idea. Ultimately AND we need to interrogate the necessity of the unconditional in matters of justice.
1NC
Effective dissent is defined by rhetorical critique within an established and accepted framework of understanding – whether that framework is unjust or unequal is irrelevant – the role of the dissenter is that of a RHETORICAL TRICKSTER who deploys similarity as a communicative heuristic in order to ensure that critique is heard, accepted, and acted upon Ivie 05 – (2005, Robert, Professor Emeritus, Communication and Culture, University of Indiana, "Democratic Dissent and the Trick of Rhetorical Critique," Cultural Studies ? Critical Methodologies, Volume 5 Number 3, 2005 276-293, sage)
As an exercise in consubstantial rivalry (a notion adapted from Kenneth Burke), democratic AND in recent documentaries of dissent such as Uncovered: The War on Iraq. After September 11, 2001, the United States—its political elites, its AND , he spoke to a nearly empty chamber (Byrd, 2004).1 Criticism was stifled and shunted to themargins but never entirely stymied, especially when the AND tainted in the eyes of the general public with the mark of disloyalty. Dissent, in short, is not a privileged act in American political culture. It struggles for legitimacy, especially in times of war and crisis, even though it enacts democratic values. Indeed, struggle is true to the character of dissent and democracy.Neither exists except as political struggle, and both are lost without struggle. The challenge of democracy, then, is to legitimize dissent, not to put an end to polemics, disputation, controversy, and contestation. By way of example, we might turn briefly to a recently released documentary that AND dissent only to the extent that it realigned prevailing formations of common sense. Dissent in this sense operates akin to what Michael Walzer (1987) called " AND built from within, and with intimate knowledge of, a political culture. Thus, Uncovered initiated its critique of the Bush administration by assembling its own cast AND , propaganda, theatrical performances, obsessions, dirty tricks, and illegalities. Here the double gesture of dissent is revealed at a glance as a kind of AND of these three steps takes us to the intersection of democracy and war.
Their deconstructive project actively disallows the a project of humanistic rhetoric and aides a project of neo-colonialism. Humanism has been able to fuel resistance more effectively than any of the ideas that have come to replace it and a long genealogy of anti-colonial thinkers prove that a fear Eurocentric version of reactionary humanism does not justify the rejection of a radical, revolutionary humanism Pithouse (teaches politics at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa) 01 (Richard, FRANTZ FANON AND THE PERSISTENCE OF HUMANISM, from Protest and Engagement: Philosophy After Apartheid at an Historically Black South African University http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/II-7/chapter_i.htm)
Humanism was, for a long time, an idea with which radical thinkers were AND quickly dismiss it as an anachronistic ideology complicit in repressive modernity and colonialism. However, there are at least three reasons why we should defy current orthodoxy and take Fanon’s humanism seriously when we engage his thought. The first is the simple point that Fanon took his humanism very seriously, and that a serious engagement with his work must, in the interest of intellectual responsibility, do the same. The second is that Fanon, and other anti-colonial thinkers like Steve Biko AND more effectively than any of the ideas that have come to replace it.
Thus, the alternative is an acceptance of the very communicative structures and forms the aff rejects, not as genuine self-subordination but as tactical inversion that seizes the methods of hegemonic power and reappropriates them for the project of emancipatory liberation. This exercise in consubstantial rivalry is the only effective way to actualize political change and avoid and endless cicle of recrimination, criminalziation, and violent backlash. Ivie 07 – (Robert, Professor of American Studies 26 Communication and Culture Member of the Interdepartmental Graduate Committee on Mythology Studies, Adjunct Faculty Member in the Cultural Studies Program Indiana University, "Dissent from War," p. 106-7)
This distinction between presidential strategy and citizen tactics is much like the general differentiation Michel AND , a cooperative attitude of violence or a social web of constructive contestation.
Case
The affirmative’s act of apoeretic resistance collapses into vacuous philosophical thinking incapable of actualizing any change. Endorsement of the messianic is the essence of passive nihilism.
Eagleton ’99 /Terry, Distinguished Professor of English Literature at Lancaster University; AND M. Sprinker, London: Verso, pg. 84-87/ Deconstruction has always shown the world two faces, the one prudendy reformist, the AND down by doing anything as determinate as coming. Spectres of Marxism indeed.
The theological turn in Derrida’s thought – endorsed by the 1AC –transcendentalizes resistance and destroys the political potential of deconstruction. The endorsement of the messianic de-historicizes politics and reduces the present to a political vacuum.
Bradley 2006 /Arthur, Reader in Contemporary Literature and Philosophy in the Department of English 26 Creative Writing at Lancaster University, Visiting Professor at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon and Visiting Fellow at Durham University, "Derrida’s God: A Genealogy of the Theological Turn," Paragraph 29:3, November, Project Muse/ We can also trace the impact of Derrida’s ’theological’ turn in the later ’ AND to unpack this last — admittedly polemical — claim a little more slowly.
The messianic intellectual replaces historiography with historiospectography and in the process of negating the presencing of telic history Derrida collapses into a continuous system of telic haunting. The 1AC’s attempt to bring forth the ghosts of history is a form of anti-criticism which denies any oppositional potential for the intellectual. The spirit intellectual called for in the 1AC reaffirms a transcendent before history thereby creating a metahistory beyond history; a politics of infinite deferral which denies reciprocity and opposition.
Mason 2008 /Mark, Professor of History @ University of Chichester, "Historiospectography? Sande Cohen on Derrida’s Specters of Marx," Rethinking History 2:4, December, DOI: 10.1080/13642520802439723/ While Cohen admits that Specters ’raises the ante’ on what historical consciousness could look AND ’ (Cohen 2006, 179–81; Derrida 1994, 176) ?
Derrida’s ethical openness denies the possibility of decolonial movement that necessitate an understanding of justice and power relations. The yes of Derrida’s ethics precludes resistance from those already oppressed.
Trewn ’13 /Amrit J., Paris Program in Critical Theory, Literature and Media, "(t)Racing Throught Critical Theory: In Pursuit of Opening the Darkest Doors" 12/12, Online/ Another point Crépon articulates that must be planted here is the link between injustice, AND , in the context of post/colonial Europe, do we retain?
Ethical openness is political passivity that denies the possibility of anti-colonial struggle. The yes of the AFF denies judgment necessary to fight racism.
Trewn ’13 /Amrit J., Paris Program in Critical Theory, Literature and Media, "(t)Racing Throught Critical Theory: In Pursuit of Opening the Darkest Doors" 12/12, Online/ If race is but a trace, then these questions remain: What does race AND
that is, we need to be able to conceptualize violent resistance.
Ethical openness is political passivity that denies the possibility of anti-colonial struggle. The yes of the AFF denies judgment necessary to fight racism.
Trewn ’13 /Amrit J., Paris Program in Critical Theory, Literature and Media, "(t)Racing Throught Critical Theory: In Pursuit of Opening the Darkest Doors" 12/12, Online/ If race is but a trace, then these questions remain: What does race AND "double yes" to the racial Other would entail the fragile French nation /state uprooting itself. How do we move from a deconstruction of race as AND
that is, we need to be able to conceptualize violent resistance.
The affirmation of messianic justice collapses the possibility of hospitality towards the other, destroying ethical care and turning solvency.
Minister 2007 /Stephen, PhD in Philosophy @ Fordham, Assistant Professor of Philosophy @ Augustana College, "DERRIDA’S INHOSPITABLE DESERT OF THE MESSIANIC: RELIGION WITHIN THE LIMITS OF JUSTICE ALONE," HeyJ XLVIII, Blackwell/ The fact that his messianic turns out to be another messianism should not be the AND the sake of hospitality, like Abraham, take our household with us?
Derrida’s attempt to create an ethics of promise based on least violence fails to actualize its goal because he cannot articulate a reasoned framework to understand the historical and present in a way that can guide us to the least violent.
Beardsworth 2010 /Richard, Professor of Political Philosophy and Director of the Research Institute in the Division of International Politics, Economics and Public Policy, the American University of Paris, "A Brief Response to Adam Thurschwell’s ’Politics Without the Messianic or a Messianic without Messianism?’" " in The Politics to Come: Power, Modernity and The Messianic ed. Bradley and Fletcher, New York: Continuum, pg. 39-40/ Third, I miss, according to Thurschwell, the pertinence of Derrida’s formalistic account AND is a larger point here that I turn to in my fourth response.
The AFFs attempt to deconstruct the opposition between the transcendental and empirical through promise and difference remains locked in metaphysics based on the repression of finitude. The movement of the 1AC fails to account for an empirical foundation of aporia which results in a top down approach which reifies the same systems of the thought the 1AC sought to remedy.
Bradley 2006 /Arthur, Reader in Contemporary Literature and Philosophy in the Department of English 26 Creative Writing at Lancaster University, Visiting Professor at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon and Visiting Fellow at Durham University, "Derrida’s God: A Genealogy of the Theological Turn," Paragraph 29:3, November, Project Muse/ To begin with, Stiegler’s philosophy follows deconstruction in that it attempts to articulate an AND be, nothing other than its own historicizations or materializations as such.13 ?
The affirmatives emphasis on a messianic which lies outside of history mirrors the thought structure of historical messianisms by locating meaning in the transcendent. The affirmative banks on a moment of advent to come in an incalculable messianic future; this move depoliticizes history and ossifies into nothing more than a facade of logic.
Bradley 2006 /Arthur, Reader in Contemporary Literature and Philosophy in the Department of English 26 Creative Writing at Lancaster University, Visiting Professor at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon and Visiting Fellow at Durham University, "Derrida’s God: A Genealogy of the Theological Turn," Paragraph 29:3, November, Project Muse/ To begin my own reading, I want to explicate Derrida’s concept of the messianic AND obverse, and the Creator Himself cannot claim exemption from that interplay’.?
The AFF’s endorsement of an already existing promise and a messianic future erases the empirical conditions through which aporias appear. The 1AC turns the future into a passive placeholder, unable to actualize any material change here and now.
Bradley 2006 /Arthur, Reader in Contemporary Literature and Philosophy in the Department of English 26 Creative Writing at Lancaster University, Visiting Professor at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon and Visiting Fellow at Durham University, "Derrida’s God: A Genealogy of the Theological Turn," Paragraph 29:3, November, Project Muse/ What, to go back to where we started, might come after Derrida’s ’ AND idols, we might be able to glimpse a new future for deconstruction.
Justice does not need to be deferred into the future. All of Derrida’s political examples prove the counter advocacy can access the pragmatic aspects of affirmative without risking transcendentalism. Enns 2007 /Diane, Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University, "Beyond Derrida: The Autoimmunity of Deconstruction," Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy 10:1, http://www.academia.edu/2128106/Beyond_Derrida_The_Autoimmunity_of_Deconstruction/ There is no testament to the incommensurability of the other or impossibility of justice in AND , a task not many of us are prepared or equipped to do.
The alternatives rethinking of politics ruptures our current activity which makes catastrophe inevitable. The alternative reshapes judgment into a fluid form, allowing action to exist in the world without affirming a transcendental exterior ethics like the AFF. Schiff ’11 /Jacob, Visiting Scholar in Politics @ University of Toronto and Assistant Professor of Politics @ Oberlin, "From Global Justice and Global Governance to Global Judgment and Global Action: Rereading Hannah Arendt for International Relations," http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2011/Schiff.pdf/ Arendt held that judgement was impossible without thought. Thinking for her entails neither philosophy AND —suggests that such contexts cannot count as foundations in any straightforward sense.
The alternatives emphasis on Arendtian action and judgment shatters the normative framework which confines thought to a predictable and manageable set of outcomes. Only the alternative radically reconfigures politics away from the instrumental without sacrificing action in the process. Schiff ’11 /Jacob, Visiting Scholar in Politics @ University of Toronto and Assistant Professor of Politics @ Oberlin, "From Global Justice and Global Governance to Global Judgment and Global Action: Rereading Hannah Arendt for International Relations," http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2011/Schiff.pdf/ There are at least two reasons to be suspicious of attempts to construe global governance AND governance scholars point become the background conditions against which such judgments are made.
The permutation attempts to stand outside of politics by refusing the yes or no and affirming absolute difference, by saying they recognize the inevitability of their ethical failure. This destroys the possibility of meaningful decisions in a time of crisis. The affirmatives ethics obscures the necessary focus on concrete suffering and possibility as the basis of action. Enns 07 /Diane, Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University, "Beyond Derrida: The Autoimmunity of Deconstruction," Canadian Journal of Continental Philosophy 10:1, http://www.academia.edu/2128106/Beyond_Derrida_The_Autoimmunity_of_Deconstruction/ This reading of actualities, of events, is something that political practitioners and actors AND , commonality rather than difference, and the conditional rather than the unconditional.
Security based policy analyses occludes complex and non-linear phenomenon and relifies ideological, militarized policymaking – makes war and environmental degradation inevitable Ahmed 11 – (2011, Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex, "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society," Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis)
Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches are … destruction, if not planetary annihilation?61
Peaceful American leadershp is a fiction—they perpetuate racist violence Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5
I think that we have … than military and financial shift.
the pursuit of legal restraint and norm setting creates a façade of legal legitimacy that absolves decisionmakers of ethical responsibility for their actions – removes moral complexity from our understanding of conflict and replaces it with ontological certainty in the power and righteousness of the law – also creates a practical distancing effect that makes violence substnatially easier to escalate and maintain. Smith 02 – (2002, Thomas, professor of philosophy, University of South Florida, “The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence,” International Studies Quarterly 46) The role of military lawyers … politics will be dim indeed.
The ontology of security creates a reinforcing cycle of insecure anticipation and violent action – predictions like rational deterrence take rely on a flawed enframing of the international system and ignore complex, nonlinear relationships that make conflict spirals inevitable. Burke 07 – (Anthony, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney, and author of many books, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, Truth and Existence, 10:2)
My argument here, whilst normatively … , however ineffective, dysfunctional or chaotic.
The alternative is to non-violently refuse the 1AC’s call to action – an approach of “letting be” is the only possible negation of ontologically grounded violence and allows us to coexist peacefully with both nature and human others. Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
The historical emergence of the … earth-site(s) of abyssal being.
T
Interpretation: statutory restrictions are placed … Congress has to do them Black’s Law Dictionary 2013 (Date is date accessed, Aug 13, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/#ixzz2bsSCuBEj) Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
And authority is legal permission granted to conduct an act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or … a person to perform a specified act
Violation: The Ottowa convention is not self-executing which means that it has zero domestic effect absent implementing legislation – that means the aff is 100 not a restriction The Monitor 9 ("LANDMINES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: RATIFICATION AND NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION," www.the-monitor.org/index.php/publications/display?url=lm/1999/appendices/international_law.html) The Relationship between International Obligations … be challenged on several grounds.¶
Multilateralism
Conflict over legitimacy and authority is the root cause of great power war – Great Game, Cold War, and China rise. Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
Status is a club good that, … in the twentieth-first century.
IR isn’t a popularity contest and states act in self-interest – norm building and legitimacy have ZERO effect on foreign policy. Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 71)
Since Joseph Nye first coined … or induce them to do so.
Legitimacy doesn’t create benevolent hegemony or solve counterbalancing – US imposed virtue is resented not accepted. Layne 10 – (2010, Christopher, PhD, Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, “The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power,” in Soft Power and US Foreign Policy, ed. Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox, p. 64)
Contrary to what its proponents … of US power is tangible.
Creates the most intense forms of great power competition and turns case Lake 10 – (10/23, David, Jerri-Ann and Gary E. Jacobs Professor of Social Sciences and Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, “Authority, Status, and the End of the American Century,” http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeStatusandAuthoritypaper.pdf)
After 1945, status was accorded to … greater competition and sometimes conflict.
Future Weapons
No miscalc or accidents – every crisis ever disproves and neither side would launch Quinlan 9 (Michael, Former Permanent Under-Sec. State – UK Ministry of Defense, “Thinking about Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects”, p. 63-69) Even if initial nuclear use … way belongs to science fiction.
International law is too weak to prevent conflict AEI 5 (American enterprise inst, april, book review, inst for public policy research, “The Limits of International Law” Jack L. Goldsmith and Eric A. Posner, http://www.angelfire.com/jazz/sugimoto/law.pdf) "As the twentieth century ended, optimism about international law...degradation and human rights abuses"
As the twentieth century … degradation and human rights abuses.
International legal norms create opposing domains of legitimate and illeglitimate violence – in the context of the aff it is telling that “reporting requirements” create a veil of legal authority around US use of weapons but do nothing to prohibit or equalize the domain – constructs the law as a centralized elite system for the promotion of western interests Mattei 03 – (Ugo Mattei, Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of International and Comparative Law, U.C. Hastings; Professore Ordinario di Diritto Civile, Universita di Torino. J.D. University of Turin (1983); LLM, Boalt Hall U.C. Berkeley (1989) 2k3, Indiana Journal of GLobal Legal Studies 10.1 (2003) 383-448) There is no doubt that … as used in this article.
Their evidence says drones are key, not landmines 1AC EV Jensen 14 (Eric Talbot Jensen, Associate Professor, Brigham Young University Law School, “THE FUTURE OF THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT: OSTRICHES, BUTTERFLIES, AND NANOBOTS”, 35 Michigan Journal of International Law (forthcoming 2014) This issue is amply illustrated … been designated as the “battlefield.”
No space weapons use Moore, 6 -- contributing editor of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, a peace-and-security magazine (Mike, not to be confused with Michael, “A New Cold War?.” SAIS Review 26.1 (2006) 175-188. Project MUSE) we do not endorse gendered language The kindest thing that can … up during the Cold War.
Nanotechnology is nowhere close to being weaponized and self-replication is impossible – prefer peer-reviewed scientific literature Moscatelli 13 (Alberto Moscatelli, first degree in environmental sciences from the University of Urbino in Italy and a PhD in chemistry from Columbia University. He has also worked as a postdoc at Columbia (where he used paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopies to study spin interactions in supramolecular systems) and Carnegie Mellon University (where he worked on fluorescent polymers for organic LEDs). He is associate editor of Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Nanotechnology 8, 888–890 (2013)) *qualifications for Richard Smalley added to text of cards in brackets and italics - GT
Drexler first put forward his grand vision … than the initial promise of Drexler.
It’ s a common place that human … irreversible changes in natural environment.
Their appeal to objectivity and real world policy is a trojan horse– technological enframing violently excludes alternate interpretations of reality Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
As is apparent, metaphysics is … of “being as machination”, grows.
Rhetoric of utilitarian good occludes the cognitive biases that render objective calculation impossible – only those who can be measured against our own lives are considered Mignolo 07 (Walter, argentinian semiotician and prof at Duke, “The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics” online)
The rhetoric of modernity (from … ; that is, according to a racist classification.5
no modeling – Turns case and leads to global wars over enforcement. De Nevers ‘7 RENEE DE NEVERS, Department of Public Administration, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Imposing International Norms: Great Powers and Norm Enforcement, national Studies Review (2007) 9, 53–80, March 1, 2007 The United States’ prosecution of … ¶ targets of intervention as well.
The critical theory of IHL … name is essential in war.
The idea that we can manage environmental problems detaches us from being and allows nuclear war and the destruction of the natural world. McWhorter 92 – (Ladelle, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Northeast Missouri State University, :Heidegger and the Earth,” p. 4-5)
What is most illustrative is … it forgetfulness of `the mystery'. It would be easy to imagine that by `the mystery' Heidegger means some sort of entity, some thing, temporarily hidden or permanently ineffable. But `the mystery' is not the name of some thing; it is the event of the occurring together of revealing and concealing. Every academic discipline, whether it … , then we can manage, everything.
Passive non-violence is political praxis – “letting be” has historically produced effective and non-manipulative forms of political action around the world Joronen 11 – (2011, Mikko, PhD, Department of Geography, University of Turku, “Dwelling in the Sites of Finitude: Resisting the Violence of the Metaphysical Globe,” Antipode Volume 43, Issue 4, pages 1127–1154, September 2011, wiley)
In spite of the revolutionary … and finitude (see also Irwin 2008:170, 188–189).
The falsity of security is its largest vulnerability – negativity and dissent can crack open fissures in security logic and break its domination at the level of individual subjects Burke 02 (Anthony, School of Political Science and International Studies, University of Queensland, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 27.1)
It is perhaps easy to … what its shimmering possibilities might be.
In addition to the above-… targets, proportionality and military objectives.
Status quo solves – demining, U.S. remediation, trade bans, and an exponentially decrease in landmine Lineback 3/10/14 (Neal, “Geography in the News: The Scourge of Landmines,” Posted by Neal Lineback and Mandy Lineback Gritzner, Geography in the NewsTM of Geography in the NewsTM on March 10, 2014, http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/03/10/geography-in-the-news-the-scourge-of-landmines/
According to the … just over a decade is commendable.
Signal arguments are wrong --- nations won’t perceive it Douglas Kriner 10, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 81-2 First, in many cases congressional … more impervious to congressional signals.
Securitization of space justifies American dominance and military intervention Grondin 09 – (2009, David, assistant professor in International Relations and American Studies at the School of Political Studies of the University of Ottawa, “Ch. 7: The (power) politics of Space The US astropolitical discourse of global dominance in the War on Terror,” published in Securing Outer Space, edited by Natalie Bormann and Michael Sheehan, pdf)
The reterritorialization of the US … Hobbesian “state of nature” (Lord 2005: 4).
Functional nanotechnology is highly unlikely and if it’s made it won’t be broadly usable – biology and mechanics mean self-destruction and min impact Jones 13 (Richard Jones has a first degree and PhD in Physics from Cambridge University. After postdoctoral work at Cornell University, he was a lecturer in physics at Cambridge for eight years before moving to Sheffield University as a Professor of Physics He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and is a Council member of EPSRC, the UK government body that funds physical science and engineering. November 2013, Going Soft on Nanotech, http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/11/23/going-soft-on-nanotech/)
H+: You're a critic of Eric Drexler--… to damage to the structures.
