new stuff in 1AC took out pakistan scenario for terror advantage and chem weaps impact on intelligence advantage put in new cyberterror scenario for intelligence advantage same plan text as before
Charter legislation solves – creates internal precedent and deters abuse at all levels. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND are incapable of alleviating the coordination challenges between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Framework laws restrain the executive EVEN WHEN OPPOSED. Huq 12 – (2012, Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)," The University of Chicago Law Review, 79:777)
There is some merit to this story. But in my view it again understates AND legislated and nonlegislated actions even in the teeth of White House opposition.80
perm
Scenarios are key bridge the gap between theory and practice. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
The role of academics in policymaking is a cyclical debate in the IR subfield. AND new ones, while also improving the processes of teaching and theory building.
at don’t engage state
State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to mitigate racism and anti-blackness – individual action and dialogue is insufficient Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005 ~Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87~
I’m all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be AND in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life.
Can appeal to the state – key to social justice and mitigation of material oppression – true even if the leadership class is unethical Siddiqui (an advisor to Harrow Central Mosque, founding trustee of the City Circle, a grassroots network of professionals established in 1999 which runs, in addition to educational and welfare projects, weekly public events providing an outlet for debate on issues of concern for British Muslim communities and wider society) 2007 (Asim, Wednesday 12 September 2007, Beyond Hizb ut-Tahrir, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/12/beyondhizbuttahrir)
Maajid essentially argues that HT’s view cannot be implemented because there are countless other ( AND Muslims alone. And on that note I wish all readers (irrespective of faith) a very blessed Ramadan.
Incremental demands on the state are key to anti-racist praxis – the alternative causes conservative backlash and takeover. Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity For better or worse, black political solidarity has come to be associated with black AND is often mistakenly viewed as making a sharp break with liberal political philosophy.
at violent revolution
Their rev gets crushed Flaherty 5 http://cryptogon.com/docs/pirate_insurgency.html USC BA in International Relations, researcher in political affairs, activist and organic farmer in New Zealand
In order to understand the national security implications of militant electronic piracy, an examination AND eventually compromised/turned, arrested or executed. The ACS wins again.
The Alt demands a violent revolution which will be destroyed and only result in a new dictatorship Feldheim (Prof of Philosophy @ SUNY) 8 (Andrew, REPLY TO WARD CHURCHILL, dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu, GoogleScholar)
Churchill’s assumption that, when a nonviolent group becomes a viable threat to an oppressive AND prove Churchill’s argument unsound, its very nature makes it of limited utility.
at religion
Transplanting religion into the realm of politics is necessarily destructive - placing faith at the center denies the posssibility of dissent in the social sphere. McGowan 13 (Todd, Assoc. Prof. of Film and Television Studies @ U. of Vermont, Enjoying What We Don’t Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis, pp. 245-246)
Nonetheless, one cannot leave belief in its prevailing form of appear- ance. AND who is the object of the believer’s faithJ and not the subject itself.
Perms solves – embracing multiplicity of political methods and paradigms is key to challenge disparate and incommensurate instances of oppression and policing Rodríguez 11 (Dylan, Abolitionist Imaginingss, in Captive Genders, AK Press pg. 336)
DR: To begin, I would largely defer on this question to people who AND and each needs to rigorously understand what its mission is attempting to engage.
revolution in debate – reid brinkley
State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to mitigate racism and anti-blackness – individual action and dialogue is insufficient – this is particularly key for white people like me who reseasrched and read this aff Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005 ~Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87~
I’m all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be AND in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life.
Incremental demands on the state are key to anti-racist praxis – the alternative causes conservative backlash and takeover. Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity For better or worse, black political solidarity has come to be associated with black AND is often mistakenly viewed as making a sharp break with liberal political philosophy.
Their rev gets crushed Flaherty 5 http://cryptogon.com/docs/pirate_insurgency.html USC BA in International Relations, researcher in political affairs, activist and organic farmer in New Zealand
In order to understand the national security implications of militant electronic piracy, an examination AND eventually compromised/turned, arrested or executed. The ACS wins again.
perm
Scenarios are key bridge the gap between theory and practice. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
The role of academics in policymaking is a cyclical debate in the IR subfield. AND new ones, while also improving the processes of teaching and theory building.
case
Charter legislation solves – creates internal precedent and deters abuse at all levels. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND are incapable of alleviating the coordination challenges between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Framework laws restrain the executive EVEN WHEN OPPOSED. Huq 12 – (2012, Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)," The University of Chicago Law Review, 79:777)
There is some merit to this story. But in my view it again understates AND legislated and nonlegislated actions even in the teeth of White House opposition.80
at slavery/commodity
Applies the historical logic of slavery to the present day – that’s wrong Ehlers 12 – (2012, Nadine, Professor, School of Social Sciences, Media, and Communication Faculty of Law, Humanities, and Arts University of Wollongong, "Racial Imperatives: Discipline, Performativity, and Struggles against Subjection," p. 9-12, footnote from p. 145)
While I deploy these terms for analytic convenience, the study pivots on the desire AND power, they are not reducible to it, not determined by power. ~BEGIN ENDNOTE~ 14. Historian Vincent Brown, in his "Social Death and Political Life in AND epiphenomenal "black" cultural experience. ~END ENDNOTE~
Distinguishing power from authority is key to understand modern governance Sedgwick 2007 (Peter, Lecturer at the University of Wales, "Power," in Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts, ed. Sedgwick and Andrew Edgar, p. 265) Power and authority are not necessarily synonymous. Thus, for example, the seventeenth-century AND under his or her jurisdiction and thereby rules without the authority of their consent.
nothing but title 50 authorizes it, but even if it does, title 50 is still authority for TK Goldsmith 12 – (10/25, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Thoughts on the Brennan Profile," Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/thoughts-on-the-brennan-profile/)
Eliminating CIA’s Drone Capacities. Count me as skeptical that we will see drone targeting AND will more often want to rely on Title 50 authorities in that context.
I admit to being a bit puzzled myself, if for slightly different reasons. AND unthinkable as it seems, would not be without precedent for this president.
at transparency
Executive orders aren’t permanent and create a perception of incoherent and illegitimacy Ginocchio et. al. 08 – (Alaine, JD, CEES Professional Research Associate, more lawyers, "The Boundaries of Executive Authority: Using Executive Orders to Implement Federal Climate Change Policy," Center for Energy and Environmental Security, University of Colorado Law School, http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/CEES_PCAP_Report_Final_Feb_08.pdf DH)
Executive orders are not a stable vehicle for implementing policy; they can be revoked AND a reliable instrument as the sole source of authority for long term solutions.
Can’t solve legitimacy – political branches have to take the lead. Anderson 11 – (10/3, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, "Public Legitimacy for Targeted Killing Using Drones," http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/03/public-legitimacy-for-targeted-killing-using-drones/)
The public accountability and legitimacy of these vital national security operations is strengthened AND programs that can be acknowledged as existing even without comment on particular operations.
AT Follow On
Legitimacy DA to the CP Tyler and Mitchell ’94 (Tom Tyler and Gregory Mitchell, prof. of psych. @ Berkley, AND M.A. in Psychology @ Berkley, Duke Law Journal, February 1994 (Lexis) Essentially, the Court advances the proposition that unless its outcomes are viewed as principled AND the system of law, which it is our abiding mission to serve.
So far, you may ask, what is original about that? Do not AND that Congress does have the power to strip the federal courts of jurisdiction.
*politics
Ptx – Top level
More evidence delay in implementation solves Stroil 11-15 (Rebecca,- "Senate set to begin debating new Iran sanctions") "I’m not here to give you a whip count of where members of Congress AND , and that it would therefore not "short-circuit" diplomacy.
More ev it doesn’t trigger their impact —- opposition is bluffing to help negotiations anyway LaFranchi 11-14 (Howard,- "Iran nuclear deal: If Congress plays bad cop, will that help diplomacy?") Some members of Congress even suspect that the administration is privately grateful for the " AND needs more "political space" in order to negotiate a broader agreement.
Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D., Fla.) has become a major obstacle AND Wasserman Schultz did not respond to a Washington Free Beacon request for comment.
Congress kicks off new year with fight over extending jobless benefits 1.3 million AND signature health care law and the long-postponed fight over immigration reform.
IMF thumper
Obama pushing —- top of the docket Birdsall 12-30 (Nancy,- Center for Global Development’s founding president Clay Lowery,- Vice President at Rock Creek Global Advisors, an international economic policy advisory firm "We all should care about the IMF") In the next few weeks, Congress can approve at little budgetary cost to U AND an opportunity for the administration and Congress to move forward together on it.
The reforms are highly unpopular —- drain capital Callaghan ’13 (Mike,- Director of the Lowy Institute’s G20 Studies Centre, 3-18 "Is the US holding back IMF reform?") But President Obama’s attempt to have the legislation passed was rejected by Congress, being AND ’ This is a ’red rag to a bull’ to the emerging markets.
Opposition will burn up political capital Boughton ’13 (James W,- former Professor of Economics at Indiana University, 10-4 "Why We Need (but Will Not Soon Get) IMF Reform ") All that is effectively needed to complete the reform agenda is the approval by the AND to be seen whether even a strong public presidential plea could sway minds.
He’s pushing now —- top priority and drains capital Politico 12-22 ("White House pushes for IMF funds") The White House is making a year-end push to increase the U. AND vocally articulate why this is a priority in this era of limited budgets."
And even if the policy change is carried out, Obama has no intention of abandoning a tactic that his advisers say has AND war against Al-Qaeda and instead focus on its main job of gathering intelligence, another official said.
CIA charter is uniquely successful framework legislation. Koh 88 – (1988, Harold Hongju, professor and (former) dean of Yale Law School, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State for Obama (post-publication), "Why the President (Almost) Always Wins in Foreign Affairs: Lessons of the Iran-Contra Affair," Yale Law School, Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 2071, digital commons)
The overriding purposes of any charter legislation should not be to encourage congressional micromanagement or AND construed by the courts-of how national security policy should be made.
c/I – Authority is legal permission granted to conduct an act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent b. legal permission granted to a person to perform a specified act
evidence about Title 10 doesn’t say war powers it says war making – the WAR POWERS RESOLUTION is in TITLE 50 which means they’re dumb Library of Congress NO DATE – ("War Powers," http://www.loc.gov/law/help/war-powers.php)
This guide is intended to serve as an introduction to research on the War Powers Resolution, Public Law 93-148, 87 AND United States Code ("USC") in Title 50, Chapter 33, Sections 1541-48.
Paramilitary and military intelligence operations are authorized by war powers in the constitution. Manget 87 – (1987, JD, Visiting Professor Florida State University College of Law Rotunda, 25-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and will be teaching Intelligence Law at the College of Law, He served as Deputy General Counsel, Acting Director of Congressional Affairs and as legal counsel to the Directorate of Intelligence and the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Counterintelligence, Counterterrorist, and Terrorist Threat Integration Centers, Studies in Intelligence, 1987, http://media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf)
Foreign Intelligence Operations The President is authorized to conduct foreign intelligence operations by AND nature of modern armed conflict and the current state of relations between nations.
US Code title 50 is war powers and controls the CIA. Stevenson 13 – (3/6, Charles, PhD, professor of American foreign policy, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, former professor at the National War College, "Overseeing the New Ways of War," http://www.rollcall.com/news/stevenson_overseeing_the_new_ways_of_war-222773-1.html)
The situation becomes especially murky when both the CIA and the Pentagon are conducting drone AND What we need is a "Title 60" to bridge the gaps.
That’s authority Chesney 12 – (2012, Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, non-resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, "Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:539)
Title 50 is a portion of the U.S. Code that contains a AND for engaging in quintessential intelligence activities such as intelligence collection and covert action.
2AC – CP
Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these developments, President Obama promised in his recent State of the Union address "to AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of reports and recommendations made by the various commissions of the AND , for creating threats to CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Doesn’t solve the legitimacy advantage – presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND the coordination challenges between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, "The American Prospect," lexis)
The most effective check on executive orders has proven to be political. When it AND proposal — and it painted him indelibly as an anti-environmental president.
Can’t solve legitimacy – need statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
Hence, preventing abuse and lost convictions is only half the story; clarifying the AND amendment of the CIA mandate.
Can’t solve CIA shift – lack of info and limited decisions Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
Even assuming judicial will to address the CIA mandate, the nature of judicial action AND and therefore prevents greater efficiency in interagency cooperation in the fight against terrorism.
Congress backlashes Talmadge 99 (1999, Phillip, Justice ,Washington Supreme Court, Understanding the Limits of Power: Judicial Restraint in General Jurisdiction Court System" Seattle Law Review 1999, lexis)
We see today some of the consequences of the judiciary’s proceeding beyond its core functions AND compensation. Escalating judicial campaign costs only make these problems worse for judges.
2AC – WAR POWERS
No impact O’Neill 4 O’Neill 8/19/2004 ~Brendan, "Weapons of Minimum Destruction" http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CA694.htm~~ David C Rapoport, professor of political science at University of California, Los Angeles AND attacker as to the attacked’. The Tigers have not used WMD since.
syria thumps David Rothkopf, Editor-Foreign Policy, 9/4/13, "Involving Congress Could Prove a Mistake," Valley News, ~http://www.vnews.com/opinion/8335755-95/column-involving-congress-may-prove-a-mistake~~ Whatever happens with regard to Syria, the larger consequence of the president’s action will AND the imperial presidency than anything his predecessors or Congress have done for decades.
No impact – doesn’t affect military readiness David J. Barron 26 Martin S. Lederman, Law Professors - Harvard and Georgetown, 2008, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb: A Constitutional History," Harvard Law Review, Vol. 121, No. 4, p. 1101 At the same time, the history we have reviewed casts doubt on the functionalist AND what consequences might follow from a constitutional judgment in the here and now.
To put it in legal terms, drone strikes in Afghanistan fall under Title 10 AND paramilitary operations and focus more on its original tasks of espionage and analysis.
Lost tradecraft hurts focus on the middle east and arab spring. Bergen 13 – (4/23, Peter, director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, research fellow at New York University’s Center on Law and Security, former adjunct lecturer at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, former Adjunct Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, "Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony presented before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary , Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BergenTestimony.pdf)
Has the increased emphasis at the CIA on targeted killings hampered the agency’s ability to AND making them the second largest political bloc in Egypt after the Muslim Brotherhood.
Overall Estimate: So What? Together, these tools could be used to generate a summary estimate of state instability for AND American strategists what they needed to better prepare for instability in Egypt and across the Middle East.
2AC – OBAMA GOOD
—-impact
Nuclear Iran solves Middle East instability – current instability is result of Israel as lone nuclear power Waltz 12 (Kenneth N. Waltz, Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 4)
Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability The past several months have witnessed a heated debate over AND crisis that will end only when a balance of military power is restored.
No Israel strike – all political bluster. Isenberg 2/15 – (2012, David, adjunct national security fellow, Cato, "Israeli Attack on Iran’s Nuclear Facilities Easier Said than Done," Asia Times)
Despite renewed media speculation regarding possible Israeli attacks against Iran’s nuclear facilities as early as this AND inflict sufficient damage the first time — they probably will not be able to mount follow-on strikes at other facilities.
Nuclear Iran won’t trigger Middle East prolif Waltz 12 (Kenneth N. Waltz, Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 4)
Another oft-touted worry is that if Iran obtains the bomb, other states AND leading to a Middle East that is more stable than it is today.
Beyond treaty interpretation, Iran’s long record of ignoring its commitments and lying about its nuclear program AND for nothing would Iran’s likely upcoming "commitment" hold any weight.
Removing sanctions doesn’t lead to a deal. Dubowitz and Gerecht 11/10 – (2013, Mark, executive director of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, MA in International Public Policy, Johns Hopkins, and Reuel, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, former resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, former case officer at the CIA, primarily working on Middle Eastern targets, "The Case for Stronger Sanctions on Iran," http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/the-case-for-stronger-sanctions-on-iran/)
So where does that leave us? Reports out of Geneva indicate that the Obama AND are easily revoked or not much of a nuclear impediment to start with.
That’s this week MNI News 1-3 (Market News International (MNI) is a financial news organization focused on international capital markets. It is a provider of real-time news and analysis "US Budget Week: Omnibus Faces Easier Hill Climb Than Debt Hike") Congress’s two appropriations committees are now working around the clock to draft an fiscal year AND bill ready to begin moving through Congress by the end of next week.
Healthcare thumps Las Cruces Sun-News 1/2 (14, "Editorial: Still hope for immigration bill this year") Conventional wisdom holds that there’s little chance for immigration reform in an election year. AND ." The immigration reform options in 2014 are narrow, but not impossible.
The House plans to spend a chunk of January tending to unfinished business from 2013, completing a 241 trillion AND retreat and President Obama’s State of the Union address, which is set for Jan. 28.
Obama will veto – that solves Lee 12-19 (Carol E. Lee and Jay Solomon, Wall Street Journal, "Obama Issues Rare Veto Threat on Iran Bill," 12-19-2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304866904579268611658114286) The White House issued a rare veto threat in response to a bipartisan Senate bill AND its nuclear program. Iran says its program is for peaceful purposes only.
Sanctions aren’t key and negotiations will fail anyway Rajabova 12-28 (Sara,- "U.S. not likely to impose new sanctions on Iran: expert") "In the meantime, the Pentagon is investigating Anham FZCO, a large military supplier, for moving supplies through AND because the alternatives are dire for Iran and the region," Dadkhah said.
The Geneva "interim" agreement reached in November between Iran and the so- AND credible threat of future sanctions will require Iran to cooperate and act in good faith at the negotiating table."
Will pass now and won’t derail negotiations Kaminsky 1-2 (Ross,- senior fellow of the Heartland Institute http://spectator.org/articles/57310/looking-ahead) Iran will move inexorably but slowly (at least as far as inspectors can tell AND to be making money trading with the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism.
The simmering debate about the White House’s consideration of moving the drone program from the CIA to the AND the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They’re comparatively the most powerful faction. Carlic 08 (Steve Carlic, adjunct professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Editorial Opinion Specialist with Syracuse Media Group, May 25, 2008, Rep. John McHugh a contender for House Armed Services leadership spot http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/rep_john_mchugh_a_contender_fo.html
But as the top Republican on the full 62-member Armed Services panel, McHugh would see his reach extend AND most other committees because partisan differences come into play less often
2AC – K
Perm do both – declaring the terrorist illegitimate is a valid exercise of the sovereign decision – the 1ac was not the absolute positivist conception of legitimacy their link arguments presume. Kochi 06 – (2006, Tarik, "THE PARTISAN: CARL SCHMITT AND TERRORISM," Law Critique (2006) 17: 267–295, springer)
All war involves terror; the war of the state is no less terrible than AND question: what is the relation between war and the notion of right?
Framing issue – making the law SEEM legitimate is good – preserves law where it actually functions Vermeule 09 – (2009, Adrian, "OUR SCHMITTIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW," HARVARD LAW REVIEW, Vol. 122:1095)
For many rule of law theorists, black holes are objectionable. The term was AND a kind of tantrum about a temporary thinning of the rule of law.
Lawfare is INEVITABLE but Goldsmith 11 – (9/8, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Mea Culpa: Lawfare," www.lawfareblog.com/2011/09/mea-culpa-lawfare/)
In the Fall of 2002, a month or so after I started work in AND one’s best to win the war over law while controlling its many costs.
Bracketed war empirically failed to reduce violence. Brown 07 – (Chris Brown Professor of International Relations and Convenor of the International Relations Department at the London School of Economics. Writing in The international political thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror Liberal War and the Crisis of Global Order pg 63-64)
Other features of Schmitt’s rather selective account of the history of the European states- AND the ’Protestant’ side of the con?ict which hardly suggests deep religious motivations.
2/21/14
Fullerton Round 3 - 1AC
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State Leap-Messina | Judge: Shanahan
Plan
Thus the plan: The United States federal government should eliminate Title 50 authority for Central Intelligence Agency military and paramilitary operations.
Contention 1 is the CIA
The CIA is evolving into a paramilitary organization – its institutional focus on military culture ensures the covert and unchecked militarization of intelligence Mazzetti and Schmitt 11 – (4/28, Mark, and Eric, "The ’Militarization of Intelligence’ in America," http://amiddleeastblog.blogspot.com/2011/04/militarization-of-intelligence-in.html)
President Obama’s decision to send an intelligence chief to the Pentagon and a four-star general to the Central AND experiences," Mr. Crumpton said.
Institutional inertia proves that now is key to challenge this killing apparatus Scahill 12 – (11/14, Jeremy, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, an award-winning investigative journalist, author of Dirty Wars and Blackwater, "The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?" http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia~~23axzz2YPwmfs7A)
While much of the media focus on l’affaire Petraeus has centered on the CIA director’s AND as their turf," he told me. "That’s the big danger."
This process is enshrouded in secrecy – that distorts the questions asked and answers provided Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, "Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information," p. 62-3)
Most of 2010’s info-warriors will be far from the battlefield as it used AND support for the military. It is a task without an easy solution.
Estimative intelligence acknowledges complexity and uncertainty – that enables it to be mediated into productive solutions Nye 94 – (1994, Joseph, PhD in political science, University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, chairman of the National Intelligence Council, "Peering into the Future," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4, Jul/Aug 1994, pp. 82-93)
Innovations and enhancements aside, it does not matter how good the National Intelligence Council’s AND a future that will contain a more complex mix of threats and opportunities.
Our approach to foreign policy is good – emphasizes responsibility for military violence and makes diplomatic solutions more likely Kavalski 07 – (Emilian, PhD in international politics from Loughborough University, Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Western Sydney, "The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life," Cambridge Review of International Affairs Volume 20, Issue 3, p. 435-454)
As Beaumont (1994, 145) has quipped, there is something paradoxical about concluding an article on complexity, since AND is ~also~ logically impossible’ (Mathews et al 1999, 450).
Our method is a precondition – the secrecy of intelligence agencies must be broken down to realize effective resistance – the PUBLIC must be placed in opposition to SECRECY and EMERGENCY or all forms of dissent will be SILENCED Giroux 2 http://www.culturemachine.net/cm-media/interzone/giroux.htm Henry A. Giroux holds the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University. He is currently the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies at Penn State University.
The rhetoric of terrorism is important not only because it operates on many registers to AND civic engagement and ethical responsibility, and the promise of a realizable democracy.
Resisting secrecy is crucial – stopping the CIA from institutuionally controlling knowledge is key to generating the HISTORICAL resources needed to mount an effective response. Giroux 9 http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/85080:obamas-tortured-democracy Henry A. Giroux holds the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Pennsylvania State University. He is currently the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies at Penn State University.
Before the thick fog of government censorship stifled electronically mediated videos and pictures of savage AND , the International Committee of the Red Cross and most human rights organizations.
Contention 2 is Method
Scenario planning is good pedagogy – helps teach IR theories, break down preexisting assumptions and identity best research practices. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
This article introduces political scientists to scenarios—future counterfactuals—and demonstrates their value AND to explain how future counterfactuals fit into the methodological canon of the discipline.
Specifically useful in the context of issues lacking vast empirical data sets – especially true for nuclear war. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
An obvious answer to these challenges is that some scenarios are better done than others AND plausible through the data that are available (Blair 1993; Sagan 1995).
The specific way scenarios are research and debated in this space is good – gets all the net benefits of role playing with none of the negative side effects. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
Pedagogy Scenarios offer many of the same benefits as simulations, recently a hot topic in AND to bring deductive logic to bear to assess the boundaries of the scenario.
Most social scientists would like to believe that their profession contributes to solving pressing global AND to "speaking in tongues" diminishes their impact on the public sphere.
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law AND undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.
Simulating the plan creates unique pedagogical benefits by forcing us to build expertise on the details of national security policy—the simulation iself activates agency and enables change—it also builds problem-solving and decision-making skills Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf
2. Factual Chaos and Uncertainty One of the most important skills for students going into national security law is the AND their future success to give students the ability to create conditions of learning.
Our method doesn’t demand ABSOLUTE KNOWLEDGE of the future but contingency planning unqiuely desireable in the context of high magnitude low probability impacts Nye 94 – (1994, Joseph, PhD in political science, University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, chairman of the National Intelligence Council, "Peering into the Future," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4, Jul/Aug 1994, pp. 82-93)
The National Intelligence Council has tried to cope with this uncertainty in various ways. AND , outside experts may even answer key estimative questions or produce parallel estimates.
Institutions are inevitable and engaging them is key – institutional commitments entrap us and severely circumscribe the scope of our agency – studying, understanding, and reforming those institutions is the only way to prevent unchecked abuses of power and atrocities like the holocaust Marti and Fernandez 13 – (2013, Ignasi, Associate Professor Strategy and Organization, EMLYON Business School, OCE Research Centre, France, and Pablo, Professor, IESE Business School, University of Navarra, "The Institutional Work of Oppression and Resistance: Learning from the Holocaust," Organization Studies August 2013 vol. 34 no. 8 1195-1223)
Oppressive institutional work In our examination of the Holocaust, we focused initially on the purposeful everyday practices AND so that they are empowered and granted conditions and spaces for moral agency.
2/21/14
Fullerton Round 3 - 1AR
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State Leap-Messina | Judge: Shanahan Saas endorses the aff – genealogically-founded disruptions of executive violence are good Saas ’12 (William O. Saas, Pennsylvania State University, "Critique of Charismatic Violence," symploke, Vol. 20, Nos. 1-2 (2012), p. 65-67, Project Muse, Access Provided by Wayne State University at 02/28/13) ~m leap~
Violence and the State AND actually existing bureaucratic forms. Such is the task of the following section.
2/21/14
Fullerton Round 3 - 2AC
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Wayne State Leap-Messina | Judge: Shanahan Reps alone can’t explain action – need a combined approach Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.
The alt alone fails A focus on renaming replaces a focus on institutional change—masks the need for pragmatic solutions, leading to inaction Schram, 95 – prof social theory and policy @ Bryn Mawr College, (Sanford F. Schram, professor of social theory and policy at Bryn Mawr College, 1995, words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty
The sounds of silence are several in poverty research. Whereas many welfare policy analysts are constrained by AND renaming fail in their efforts to make a politics out of sanitizing language.
Aff is an instance of breaking down bureaucratic complexity and control Aff = prereq – secrecy requirements McNeal 13 – (3/14, Gregory, JD, professor at Pepperdine University, former Assistant Director of the Institute for Global Security, former legal consultant to the Chief Prosecutor of the Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, "The Politics of Accountability for Targeted Killings," Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/the-politics-of-accountability-for-targeted-killings/)
Why should the number of committees with oversight jurisdiction matter? It matters because members of Congress AND diffused authority combined with secrecy may allow the executive branch to dodge accountability.
Institutions are inevitable and engaging them is key – institutional commitments entrap us and severely circumscribe the scope of our agency – studying, understanding, and reforming those institutions is the only way to prevent unchecked abuses of power and atrocities like the holocaust Marti and Fernandez 13 – (2013, Ignasi, Associate Professor Strategy and Organization, EMLYON Business School, OCE Research Centre, France, and Pablo, Professor, IESE Business School, University of Navarra, "The Institutional Work of Oppression and Resistance: Learning from the Holocaust," Organization Studies August 2013 vol. 34 no. 8 1195-1223)
Oppressive institutional work AND so that they are empowered and granted conditions and spaces for moral agency.
Engaging bureaucratic elites is good – only way to facilitate real world political change Kurki 11 – (7/7, Milja, International Politics Department, Aberystwyth University, UK, "The Limitations of the ’Critical Edge’: Reflections on Critical and Philosophical IR Scholarship Today," Millennium)
We have yet another call to a new beginning, another meta-theoretical debate AND , we do not live in a world with- out any alternatives.
Mignolo’s theory fails and is too reductive – the singular logic of coloniality can’t explain the multiplicity of different forms of oppression in the squo – means particular forms of oppression are a NB to the aff’s political method – it relies upon a logocentrism of top-down power, and doesn’t account for the exploitative forces of globalization and labor division Cheah ’6 (Pheng Cheah, PhD, Cornell, LLB, University of Sydney Professor in the Rhetoric Department at UC Berkeley Focusing on 18th-20th century continental philosophy and critical theory Postcolonial theory and anglophone postcolonial literatures World literature Theories of globalization and transnationalism Cosmopolitanism and nationalism Human rights Social and political thought Feminist theory Contemporary Chinese film, November 2006, "The Limits of Thinking in Decolonial Strategies," http://townsendcenter.berkeley.edu/publications/limits-thinking-decolonial-strategies)
The text of Walter Mignolo’s Avenali lecture AND earth fit into this alternative cartography of global power that I have sketched?
Fracturing the solution and focusing on micropolitical struggle turns the k—fracturing the solution also fractures the problem, which means that we become incapable of articulating a universal struggle against capitalism CRITICAL THEORY 2013 (Zizek Responds to His Critics, http://www.critical-theory.com/zizek-responds-to-his-critics/, April 5, 2013)
Fuck You Walter Mignolo* AND the rest of the time making dirty Jesus jokes and concluding the presentation.
Learning the inner workings of power is critical to mounting an effective challenge Coverstone, 05 – (11/17/05, Alan, masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach, "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference)
It is very important to note that Mitchell (1998b) tries carefully to limit AND that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today.
AJE: Police have used batons and pepper spray against some protesters in New York AND play that truly frightens, in my estimation, financial and dominant elites.
The K relies on a repressive understanding of power by which those with privilege can only oppress others – this demobilizes the potential for authority to be used in creative ways to create conditions for resisting domination. Giroux, chair Global Network Television @ McMaster, 2005 ~Henry A. Border Crossings. 2nd Edition. p. 131-133~ HG: Two issues. I would reiterate that knowledge is produced rather than received AND for those who have occupied subject positions where that hasn’t been possible before.
Starting from action rather than critical is good Ortmann and Salzman 02 – (2002, Gunther, organizational theorist and Professor of Business Administration at the Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg, and Harold, Professor and Senior Faculty Fellow, John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, "Stumbling Giants The Emptiness, Fullness, and Recursiveness of Strategic Management," Soziale Systeme 8 (2002), Heft 2, S. 205-230, google scholar)
Our concept of stumbling as part of strategy formation is not to suggest that decision AND neoclassical theory would immediately lead to an inability to decide and to act.)
2/21/14
Fullerton Round 5 - 2AC
Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 5 | Opponent: Oklahoma Massey-Maddy | Judge: Turner State action to end structures that perpetuate injustice are critical to end antiblackness – individual action and dialogue is insufficient Jensen, Texas University Journalism Professor, Nowar Collective Founder, 2005 ~Robert, The Heart of Whiteness, p.78-87~
I’m all for diversity and its institutional manifestation, multiculturalism. But we should be AND in the United States. It certainly has been true in my life.
Incremental demands on the state are key to anti-racist praxis – the alternative causes conservative backlash and takeover. Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity For better or worse, black political solidarity has come to be associated with black AND is often mistakenly viewed as making a sharp break with liberal political philosophy.
Refuse the characterization of blackness as ontological death – by asserting life in the face of structures of domination, blackness exceeds its own objectification – their framework is totalizing and historically incorrect. Brar 12 – (2012, Dhanveer Singh, PhD candidate, commnications,"Blackness, radicalism, sound: Black Consciousness and Black Popular Music in the U.S.A (1955-1971)," A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Media and Communications 2012, Goldsmiths College, University of London, http://eprints.gold.ac.uk/7806/1/MED_thesis_Brar_2012.pdf)
Paying attention to phonic materiality allowed the enquiry into the blackness of the Black Consciousness AND vital for me to continue to be a student of Black studies. s
Wilderson is wrong – ontological death reifies oppression and falsely applies the historical logic of slavery to the present day ~also applies Brown’s arg explicitly to Wilderson). Ehlers 12 – (2012, Nadine, Professor, School of Social Sciences, Media, and Communication Faculty of Law, Humanities, and Arts University of Wollongong, "Racial Imperatives: Discipline, Performativity, and Struggles against Subjection," p. 9-12, footnote from p. 145)
While I deploy these terms for analytic convenience, the study pivots on the desire AND power, they are not reducible to it, not determined by power. ~BEGIN ENDNOTE~ 14. Historian Vincent Brown, in his "Social Death and Political Life in AND epiphenomenal "black" cultural experience. ~END ENDNOTE~
The montgomery evidence is problematic – assumes that your role as judges is to be pedagogues and educators to TEACH antiracism – this constitutes an attempt to know otherness that is inherently violent. Todd 01 – (2001, Sharon, Associate Professor of Education at York University, "On Not Knowing the Other, or Learning from Levinas," Philosophy of Education)
The final, but perhaps the most important approach I am outlining here, considers AND can learn from the Other as one who is absolutely different from myself.
The "bad faith" assertion about whiteness and the denial of productive action makes social justice impossible – also transforms debate into a series of violent authenticity tests that make racist exclusion inevitable Niemonen 10 (Jack, Department of Anthropology 26 Sociology, University of South Dakota, "Public Sociology or Partisan Sociology? The Curious Case of Whiteness Studies" Am Soc 41, pp. 65-66) The concept of racism suffers from conceptual inflation; it is used to mark any AND underpins a political project that could not succeed in the absence of reification.
"Rejecting your privilege" does nothing and the 1AC’s anti-racist speech is apolitical – reifies whiteness and makes us all feel better about our inevitably racist actions. Ahmed 04 – (Sarah, their author, their article, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm)
53. So it is not that such speech acts say ’we are anti AND the work we do, even in the work we do on privilege.
Domestic and international backlash will inevitably hamstring US drone policy and prevent effective operations in the status quo Zenko 13 – (Jan. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council on Foreign Relations, Special Report No. 65)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: "Where force AND likelihood of civilian casualties since the total number of strikes would significantly decrease). The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone use and sacrificing freedom AND percent), Japan (75 percent), and Pakistan (83 percent).67 This is significant because the United States cannot conduct drone strikes in the most critical AND the human intelligence networks on the ground that are critical for identifying targets. According to U.S. diplomats and military officials, active resistance— such AND if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Backlash is numerically inferior but growing in political strength – will make drones politically impracticable in the future DESPITE overwhelming strategic and tactical advantages. McCauley 13 – (11/28, Tom, Research Associate, Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict, Bryn Mawr College, "US public support for drone strikes against asymmetric enemies abroad: Poll trends in 2013," Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward terrorism and genocide Volume 6, Issue 1-3, 2013)
I found eight polls that could be used to look at trends in US public opinion about use of drones against terrorists in January through June of 2013. Every poll showed that drone strikes were acceptable to a majority within the US. Across all eight polls, the lowest value for approval (53) was nearly twice as large as the highest value for disapproval (28). These results for the 2013 US polls stand in marked contrast to the results from AND Muslim countries, approval of US drone strikes is often in single digits. Although the eight US polls cover only six months of 2013, it is possible to see some change in US opinion about drone strikes against terrorists. The three YouGov/Huffington Post polls indicate a slight increase in disapproval (18 opposed rising to 22), with the Wall Street Journal/NBC polls showing a similar increase (12 opposed rising to 16). Neither of these trends is particularly large. Combining the three YouGov/Huffington polls with three other polls using similar wording does AND that those who are opposed are more certain of their opinion than others. Thus drones are generally favored by the American public, and the military has found AND , no matter how convenient and cost-effective the technology may be.
Moving to Title 10 DOD authority ensures drone legitimacy – allows oversight and guarantees political backing. Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
So, moving operations to the Pentagon may modestly improve transparency and compliance with the law but — ironically for drone critics — it may also entrench targeted-killing policy for the long term. For one thing, the U.S. government will now be better able AND the broader debates about the law, ethics, and strategy of counterterrorism. Many of the criticisms of drones and targeting are fundamentally about whether it’s appropriate to AND about targeted killings and to take remedial action when it makes a mistake. Moreover, clearer legal limits and the perception of stricter oversight will make drone policy AND too, the proposed reforms would put the remaining policy on stronger footing.
Also solves international opinion and legal challenges – creates PERCEPTION of international law compliance. Nauman 12 – (2013, Joshua, JD, LLM, Commander, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, U.S. Navy, "Civilians on the Battlefield: By Using U.S. Civilians in the War on Terror, Is the Pot Calling the Kettle Black?" 91 Neb. L. Rev., google scholar)
Similarly, the prosecution of enemy belligerents by military commission for, among other things AND regard to who may, or may not, properly engage in warfare. The United States should draw and maintain clear distinctions between its service member combatants and AND the argument that the United States exhibits a limited respect for international law. The use of CIA operatives in the War on Terror is not likely to abate AND tone in the conduct of modern warfare, and the world is watching. One of the defining and most beneficial aspects of modern democracies is their state monopoly AND tribal justice or gang warfare to mete out justice or control the population. Because of this feature of our democracy, we can employ lethal force in ways AND against combatants helps to minimize the carnage and make war arguably more humane. We now return to the opening hypothetical . . . Applying Professor Corn’s functional discretion AND person or a privileged combatant, all while acting as an unprivileged belligerent. By changing how it employs civilians in the War on Terror, the United States can continue to comply with and remain a leading champion of the LOAC, while at the same time maintain a more consistent approach to civilian participation in war, regardless of whose side they are on. As a world leader, we owe nothing less.
Drone strikes solve Al-Qaeda and global terrorism. Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)
NOBODY DOES IT BETTER The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According AND special skills: passport forgers, bomb makers, recruiters, and fundraisers. Drones have also undercut terrorists’ ability to communicate and to train new recruits. In AND forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders. Critics of drone strikes often fail to take into account the fact that the alternatives AND . casualties, and possibly the deaths of the suspects and innocent civilians. Of course, it was a Navy SEAL team and not a drone strike that AND politically palatable for the United States to kill rather than detain suspected terrorists. Furthermore, although a drone strike may violate the local state’s sovereignty, it does AND thus reducing the odds that civilians will be caught in the kill zone. Finally, using drones is also far less bloody than asking allies to hunt down terrorists on the United States’ behalf. The Pakistani and Yemeni militaries, for example, are known to regularly torture and execute detainees, and they often indiscriminately bomb civilian areas or use scorched-earth tactics against militant groups. Some critics of the drone program, such as Ben Emmerson, the UN’s special AND even if achieved, they still might not reduce the allure of jihad. In some cases, the most sensible alternative to carrying out drone strikes is to do nothing at all. At times, that is the right option: if militants abroad pose little threat or if the risk of killing civilians, delegitimizing allies, or establishing the wrong precedent is too high. But sometimes imminent and intolerable threats do arise and drone strikes are the best way to eliminate them.
Disrupting safe havens is key to reduce EFFECTIVENESS – drone attacks degrade al-Qaeda core Byman 11 – (6/3, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia," Testimony for the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2011/06/03-terrorism-byman)
I. The State of the al Qaeda Core Despite claims that the al Qaeda AND to disrupt and often more a danger to themselves than to their enemies.
Disruption and denial solve nuclear terror – need to stop the planning process. Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, "Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)
The second major implication addresses the demand side of the threat. Speci?cally, a AND conduct a catastrophic attack at some point in the future has correspondingly increased.
Attacking the Al Qaeda core is key – they’re responsible for EVERY major terrorist attack since 9/11 Hoffman 13 – (7/17, Bruce, PhD, international relations, professor, Director of the Center for Security Studies and Director of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, " Al Qaeda’s Uncertain Future," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism Volume 36, Issue 8, 2013, taylor and francis)
It must also be noted that the Al Qaeda Core has stubbornly survived despite predictions AND , before more expansively declaring that "we’re close to dismantling them."12 Identically upbeat assessments were voiced following the nearly bloodless capture of Baghdad in April 2003 AND suicide bombings of seven American and Canadian passenger aircraft in August 2006.15 The airlines plot is especially instructive in this context. Rather than selecting the softer AND the late Abu Ubaydah al-Masri to press ahead with the operation. Not two years later, though, similar assertions of Al Qaeda Central’s demise were AND lot of the Islamic world pushes back on their form of Islam."19 At the time, these views fit neatly with the prevailing consensus among government officials AND of guys" and not from actual, existing identifiable terrorist organizations.20 Then, the plot to stage simultaneous suicide attacks on the New York City subway AND April 2009 in Manchester, England, and July 2010 in Scandinavia.21 May 2010 brought additional refutation of the "bottom up" argument when a naturalized AND Waziristan before sending him back to the United States on this mission.22 In sum, the same arguments made about the irrelevance or impending demise of Core AND in many contemporary analyses of the Al Qaeda Core’s longevity and supposed irrelevance.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war. Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, AND (2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals, AND involve intentional manipulation of risks from otherwise accidental or inadvertent launches.4 ) Over the years, nuclear strategy was aimed primarily at minimizing risks of intentional attack AND launch a counter-attack before suffering damage from the first attack.5 Many people believe that with the end of the Cold War and with improved relations AND remained ready to launch nuclear missiles in response to indications of attack.8 False indicators of nuclear attack could be caused in several ways. First, a AND circumvent nuclear weapon launch control safeguards or exploit holes in their security.14 It has long been argued that the probability of inadvertent nuclear war is significantly higher during U.S.-Russian crisis conditions,15 with the Cuban Missile Crisis being a prime historical example. It is possible that U.S.-Russian relations will significantly deteriorate in the future, increasing nuclear tensions. There are a variety of ways for a third party to raise tensions between the United States and Russia, making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Al Qaeda wants nuclear weapons. Bunn et al. 11 (May 2011. Matthew Bunn, associate professor, AND International Affairs and the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies.)
Obtaining high-end weapons of mass destruction has been a high priority for a AND the same examples from the former are used nearly verbatim in the latter.
Nuclear security is weak and materials are accessible. Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, "Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials," in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
In short, the threats are out there. In a world that includes terrorists AND an obvious example—need to provide even higher levels of protection.9 Unfortunately, in many countries around the world, the security measures in place today AND —has more to do to ensure that these items are effectively protected. PUNCTUATING COMPLACENT EQUILIBRIUM: THE U.S. CASE If political turmoil is not the most important driver of nuclear security problems, what AND having participants in the system offer explanations why it could never happen again.
Scenario 2 is Pakistan
Title 10 shift solves Pakistani blowback – enables effective public relations. Zenko 13 – (Apr. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, "POLICY INNOVATION MEMORANDUM NO. 31," Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
The main objection to consolidating lead executive authority in DOD is that it would eliminate AND then it would not be held responsible for airstrikes conducted by other countries.
Solves Pakistani opposition to the program. Fair et al. 13 – (1/23, C. Christine, assistant professor at Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program, Karl Kaltenthaler, professor of political science at the University of Akron, and William Miller, assistant professor of public administration at Flagler College, "You Say Pakistanis All Hate the Drone War? Prove It," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/you-say-pakistanis-all-hate-the-drone-war-prove-it/267447/)
How Obama Can Turn the Tide of Public Opinion The narrative of analysts who presume to speak on behalf of all Pakistan is vitally important. Local and international media react to it. Pakistan’s government and even the military are responsive to it. Increasingly, anti-drone commentary has influenced American views on drones and emboldened drone critics at home. The United States has avoided discussing this program publicly because it is covert. Officials AND as the means to fight it, including the use of armed drones. Washington needs to be more assertive and transparent in discussing drone strikes in Pakistan because AND be the only way to save the drone program President Obama so values.
Though drones are not ideal, they are the best means of achieving a specific AND spilled, but were for years beyond the reach of Pakistani security services. The alternatives to drones are either American special operations raids that might still cause the AND has shown army executions, torture, rape and extra-judicial deaths. Today there is little to indicate that militants in Pakistan’s tribal areas have been contained AND , 2001, and that continue to control entire tribal agencies will remain. Pakistan cannot deal with this threat alone. The insurgency is now mature, and AND highly sensitive Minhas air base, which is tied to Pakistan’s nuclear program. Neither do Pakistan’s generals want to fight them alone. For years, U. AND a military-centric approach to tackling the root causes of the insurgency. The military has ruled the FATA since independence, and on every human welfare metric AND still sees the region as crucial to projecting its strategic goals in Afghanistan. Drones fly not just because Pakistan’s military shields some militants while targeting others, but because it refuses to risk its power and enact the reforms that tackling militancy across Pakistan requires. By encouraging and legitimizing the narrative that drones lie at the heart of the FATA’s problems, it is Pakistanis themselves that continue to suffer.
Any alternative use of force against Taliban or Al Qaeda forces would be likely to cause many more civilian casualties. Even if drones continue to cause some civilian casualties and have other negative effects, the question of whether continuing the drone campaign is a good policy decision cannot be answered without carefully considering the alternatives available. There are four obvious options for dealing with the Taliban-Al Qaeda presence in the federally administered tribal areas of Pakistan. One is to accept their presence and control of that area and cease operations against them. But this course of action wouldn’t address most of the concerns about drones. Taliban control would be far more disruptive to the daily lives of those living in AND which to continue its operations against American and Afghan forces across the border. The second option would be for Pakistan’s military to assert control over the region. However, its last serious attempt to do so — the Swat Valley campaign of 2009 — utilized armored vehicles, artillery and airstrikes to try to dislodge about 5,000 Taliban fighters. This resulted in the displacement of more than 1 million civilians who fled the army’s indiscriminate firepower. Last year, mere rumors that the Pakistani military was planning a campaign in Waziristan caused thousands to flee. Pakistan lacks both the desire and the capacity to pursue another campaign to gain control of the tribal areas, and any attempt to conduct such a campaign would be a humanitarian nightmare for the civilians who live there. The third option would be for the United States to use ground troops and special forces to conduct counterinsurgency operations in the tribal areas. Even if Pakistan were willing to publicly consent to American ground forces on its territory, an issue that it has carefully finessed in the context of drone operations, it is unlikely that this option would alleviate any of the frequently voiced concerns about the use of drones. If operations in Afghanistan are any guide, using ground troops would result in as many or more civilian casualties than the current drone campaign and would be more deeply unpopular in Pakistan — not to mention that it would result in higher U.S. casualties. Ground operations in territory controlled by the Taliban would still rely heavily on drone surveillance, and most raids would occur at night. Such operations in Afghanistan were so unpopular and disruptive of daily life that President Hamid Karzai insisted that continued Afghan cooperation with the United States was contingent on Afghan control over night raids. The final option is the continued use of drones. Even according to the least AND drones have done this while consistently improving their accuracy and reducing civilian casualties. After examining the alternatives, it is clear that drones remain the best option available to minimize the negative effects of the conflict on civilians while continuing to disrupt the Taliban and deny it control of territory in the tribal areas.
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep AND to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
Pakistan’s the brink of failure – economic growth and military strength are irrelevant. Sentell 10 – (2010, David Scott, Major, US Army, "On the Brink:Instability and the Prospect of State Failure in Pakistan," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA523136)
In today’s complex global environment, many actors – state and non-state – AND in Pakistan may uncover critical evidence that impliesthat the state’s future is daunting. Essentially, Pakistan’s instability is a result of the combined effects of domestic, regional AND , and social indicators that place the state on the brink of failure. Perhaps the illusion of a democratic government, coupled with a strong security apparatus found AND state’s enduring problems emerges, the future of Pakistan may remain a mystery. Methodology State failure is a legitimate threat to both global and regional stability. As such AND . military the immediate recipient of the negative consequences associated with state failure. The initial step in developing the structure for this investigation involves an overview of past AND merely weak, in transition, or on the brink of state failure. Although the state is barely sixty-two years old, Pakistan’s short history provides AND 1979 and the advent of Islamic extremism under President Zia ul-Haq.
There’s no substantive difference between CIA and DOD control Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
Although technically "covert" and carried out under statutory and presidential authorities designed to AND is in charge because of the secrecy and impunity with which it operates. In truth, critics often underestimate oversight of CIA activities and overestimate the openness of AND Congress to speak more clearly and openly about general policy in this area. With regard to the legal rules that govern targeting, it may be that shifting AND do, on account of tradition, institutional culture, and legal requirements.
Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting the President of the United States’ Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
Meanwhile, the C.I.A. was setting up its own Pentagon at Langley, running the ever-expanding paramilitary drone operation. Spies became soldiers. Mazzetti writes that after 9/11, the C.I.A. director morphed into "a military commander running a clandestine, global war with a skeleton staff and very little oversight." Why did the C.I.A., as Gen. James Cartwright asked when he was the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, need to build "a second Air Force"? Leon Panetta made the C.I.A. far more militarized and then went to the Pentagon. When an actual military commander, David Petraeus, became head spook in 2011, he embraced the drone program, pushed to expand the fleet and conducted the first robo-targeted killing of an American citizen. "A spy agency that on September 11, 2001, had been decried as bumbling and risk-averse had, under the watchful eye of four successive C.I.A. directors, gone on a killing spree," Mazzetti writes. The C.I.A. now has a drone base in Saudi Arabia, and both the Pentagon and the spy agency are running parallel drone wars in Yemen, each fighting for resources. And the Pentagon continues its foray into human spying. As W. George Jameson, a lawyer who spent 33 years at the C.I.A., lamented: "Everything is backwards. You’ve got an intelligence agency fighting a war and a military organization trying to gather on-the-ground intelligence." Mazzetti observes that the C.I.A., playing catch-up through so much of the Arab Spring, has turned a perilous corner, where a new generation at Langley much prefers "the adrenaline rush of being at the front lines" hunting and killing to the more patient, tedious, "gentle" work of intelligence gathering and espionage. Relying on foreign spies for counterterrorism information can blind you to what is really happening on the ground. Ross Newland, a career clandestine officer, told Mazzetti that the allure of killing people by remote control is "catnip," and that the agency should have given up Predators and Reapers long ago. The death robots have turned the C.I.A. into the villain in places like Pakistan, Newland said, where the agency’s mission is supposed to be nurturing relationships to gather intelligence.
While much of the media focus on l’affaire Petraeus has centered on the CIA director’s AND to the helm of the CIA, is a symbol of this evolution. "I would not say that CIA has been taken over by the military, but I would say that the CIA has become more militarized," Philip Giraldi, a retired career CIA case officer, told The Nation. "A considerable part of the CIA budget is now no longer spying; it’s supporting paramilitaries who work closely with JSOC to kill terrorists, and to run the drone program." The CIA, he added, "is a killing machine now." As head of US Central Command in 2009, Petraeus issued execute orders that significantly AND , so that the mission could be kept secret if it went wrong. One current State Department liaison who has also worked extensively with JSOC describes the CIA AND Petraeus was trying to implement that kind of command climate at the CIA." "Petraeus wanted to be McRaven, and now that window has closed," he said. "We are firmly in the age of McRaven. There is no other titular figure with the confidence of the president that is able to articulate strategies and hold their own in rooms where everyone else has the same or greater amount of intellectual heft. McRaven is everything that Petraeus is not." Retired Army Col. W. Patrick Lang, a former senior defense intelligence official AND drag them in the covert action direction and to be a major player." As for Petraeus’s future, the State Department liaison said, "There will be a lot of profits to be made by him and his immediate circle of advisers, as they’re given a soft landing, whether it’s in academia or within the nexus of the military-industrial complex." Giraldi, the former senior CIA officer, expressed concern that in these circumstances, AND as their turf," he told me. "That’s the big danger."
After 9/11 it was convenient, and perhaps necessary, to turn to the C.I.A. for all things. They had an arsenal of unmanned drones capable of scouring the earth to watch the enemy – and, yes, they could be armed. Back then, the Air Force didn’t want them, but the C.I.A. did. And they were ready. The C.I.A. was designed to focus on figuring out what needs to be done, how it could be done and what the consequences would be. The C.I.A. had a directorate of case officers whose personality and training made them experts in getting information from reticent people. They had been taught to use the art of persuasion, not coercion, but if the president wanted sticks rather than carrots, they could and would adapt. Uniquely, the C.I.A. had a network of officers in place, worldwide, ready to do what was needed – and they were quick learners. The C.I.A. has always been willing and able to morph into whatever the policymakers of the time want it to be. It is a flexible, can-do cadre of officers, selected and trained to think outside the box, assess a problem and solve it. But by asking the C.I.A. to do all of these things, something else has to give. No matter how many resources you throw at it, the agency cannot maintain its core mission if its focus is diverted in too many directions. Since its creation, the C.I.A. has given policymakers its best estimate of the plans, intentions and capabilities of foreign nations and entities that seek to do us harm. To do that, its officers recruit human assets, develop innovative technology and apply expert analysis to the fruits of the collection. Thus, the C.I.A.’s core mission was to assess and predict. We designed the agency to focus on figuring out what needs to be done, whether and how it could be done and, most important, what the consequences of those actions would likely be. The focus of the men and women of the C.I.A. AND to a recent Times article, and to conduct operations to do so.
CIA intelligence is key to American military power – solves every impact Tenet 97 – (George, former CIA director, DCI Remarks: Does America Need the CIA? Nov 19, https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1997/dci_speech_111997.html-https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1997/dci_speech_111997.html) You will doubtless hear many views on the CIA during this conference. In stating AND CIA are still present in the world that America must live in today. The CIA was created by President Truman as an insurance policy against the kind of AND to ensure that he was not taken off guard by dangerous developments overseas. As I look at the world today, it is clear to me that the potential for dangerous surprise is as great as ever. That is true whether I look at terrorist groups whose sole purpose is to harm American interests, the biological weapons that Saddam Hussein is still trying to build and to hide in Iraq, or the programs Iran has for building intermediate range missiles and nuclear weapons. It is true when I look at the ethnic tensions that make life dangerous for US forces in Bosnia, the build up of North Korean forces near the DMZ, or the vast and unfinished transformations underway in countries with large nuclear arsenals, such as Russia and China. Against that backdrop, we can debate whether or not CIA should exist, but I must tell you that I have no doubt about what the American people expect of us as long as we do. They want us to: Protect the lives of Americans everywhere; Protect our men and women in uniform and ensure that they dominate the battlefield whenever they are called and wherever they are deployed. They want us to protect Americans from threats posed by terrorists, drug traffickers or weapons of mass destruction. They want intelligence to arm our diplomats with critical insights and foreknowledge that can help them advance American interests and avert conflicts. They want us to focus not just on threats but also on opportunities — opportunities to act before danger becomes disaster and opportunities to create circumstances favorable to America’s interests. They want us to track and give advance warning about major geopolitical transformations in the world. And, they want our reporting and analysis to add real value to what they already know about the toughest problems facing the United States. To live up to these expectations, we need to do four things very well. We need to produce outstanding all-source analysis that is timely, prescient, and persuasive. We need to mount imaginative and sophisticated clandestine human and technical operations in order to get vital information our nation cannot get in any other way. We need to be vigilant on the counterintelligence front. And, we need to sharpen CIA’s capacity to effectively employ covert action on those occasions when our nation’s leaders conclude that an important aim can be achieved through no other means. These are essentially the 4 core mission areas of our business that I do not believe can be replicated anyplace else in our government.
3. There’s a reason the CIA has the word "Central" in its AND no mistake: the CIA is vital to protecting American lives and interests.
Intel capability crucial to resolving multiple conflicts Vickers 13 STATEMENT OF DR. MICHAEL G. VICKERS, UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR INTELLIGENCE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, EMERGING THREATS AND CAPABILITIES OF THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARING HELD FEBRUARY 27, 2013
First and foremost, we seek nothing less than the strategic defeat of Al Qaeda AND and it enables precision operations. It is our front line of defense.
Human intelligence solves all existential threats – impact is WMD use and extinction. Johnson 10 – (2010, Loch, PhD, Regents Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, "Evaluating ’Humint’: The Role of Foreign Agents in U.S. Security," Comparative Strategy Volume 29, Issue 4, 2010, taylor and francis)
Intelligence is considered the first line of defense in U.S. security against AND all collection sources, with human intelligence having a valuable role to play. Introduction The world is a dangerous place, plagued by terrorist cells; failed or failing AND help advance the national interest: the opportunity side of the security equation. Through the practice of espionage—spying or clandestine human intelligence, whichever is one’s AND nuclear-armed submarines, which are vulnerable to satellite and sonar tracking. Espionage can be pursued with human agents or machines, respectively known inside America’s secret AND " concealed within sparkling cut-glass chandeliers in foreign embassies or palaces. Techint attracts the most funding in Washington, DC (machines are costly, especially AND survey data, and the author’s interviews with individuals in the espionage trade.
Key to counter assymetric threats DESPITE massive military dominance – prevents CBW use against the US and allies. Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, "Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information," p. 37-8)
American military predominance gives rise to a paradox: Because the United States is so AND the long lines of communication over which the United States must move forces. Foes will also pursue other asymmetric strategies. Desert Storm was the Cold War’s European AND body politic to dismiss the conflict as far away and of little consequence. The American mood at the new century’s beginning continues to prefer self-reliance to AND by forcing it to kill many civilians in order to attack military targets. Or, those foes will pursue several kinds of asymmetric strategies at once. Not AND if the evacuation had to be done under the shadow of chemical threats. The case for an intelligence role will be strongest for those states that are most AND on how much Moscow’s leaders were willing or able to control that program. For these threats, intelligence’s secrets will continue to matter, as will the patient puzzle solving about armies and weapons that has been the hallmark of intelligence. As the United States approaches an armed conflict, the will and vulnerabilities of possible coalition partners will be critical questions whose answers will lie mostly, but not entirely, in the domain of information that is available openly. In assessing asymmetric threats from lesser military powers, the challenge will be to move AND S. interests or respond to U.S. moves against them.
Heg solves war. Thayer 13 – (2013, Bradley, PhD, professor in the political science department at Baylor University, "Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis," in The Forum: The Decline of War, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 396–419, September 2013)
The Importance of the System and the Distribution of Power Pinker adopts a unit level approach to his study, and so the influence of AND the system in promoting and, after World War II, suppressing violence. Accordingly, while Pinker is sensitive to the importance of power in a domestic context AND Leviathan and has four major positive consequences for international politics (Thayer 2006). In addition to ensuring the security of the United States and its allies, American AND does reduce war’s likelihood—particularly the worst form—great power wars. Second, American power gives the United States the ability to spread democracy and many AND more likely to want to resolve things amicably in concurrence with US leadership. Third, along with the growth of the number of democratic states around the world has been the growth of the global economy. With its allies, the United States has labored to create an economically liberal worldwide network characterized by free trade and commerce, respect for international property rights, mobility of capital, and labor markets. The economic stability and prosperity that stems from this economic order is a global public good. Fourth, and finally, the United States has been willing to use its power AND the world’s police, the global paramedic, and the planet’s fire department. There is no other state, group of states, or international organizations that can AND of relative power changes and not to the benefit of the United States.
Engagement is comparatively the best strategy – critics ignore non-military benefits and exclude relevant data. Brooks et al. 13 – (2013, Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, "Debating American Engagement: The Future of U.S. Grand Strategy," International Security, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Fall 2013), pp. 181–199)
Avoid observational bias. Observable, experienced costs and risks are much more vivid than AND action does not mean that it lacks horns, pitchfork, and tail. For example, Friedman et al. write as if retrenchment solves the problem of AND current military capacity must remain tied down to defend its current security commitments. Retrenchment also generates new risks—notably, that coming home would lead to a AND to a status quo than to compel a reversal after the fact.10 Friedman et al.’s observational bias is also present on the benefits side. AND future, because of the provision of security by the United States.11 Eschew reductionism. It is vital to consider the interaction between the military and nonmilitary AND they have nothing to say about our arguments and findings in this area. Fixing this problem is important, because it can lead to serious misunderstanding of the AND limit the downstream consequences of such proliferation as occurs when reassuring neighboring states. Avoid dichotomies, estimate probabilities. This "all-or-nothing" problem AND costs of prestige-driven rivalries, the probability of their occurring rises. Looking forward: focus on the core Debates about grand strategy are about the future, but scholars must try to advance AND be that they would endorse every action taken by this counterfactual retrenched America? Our endorsement of deep engagement is hardly an unqualified one; we would not have AND . interests by allowing it to secure necessary interstate cooperation on favorable terms.
The plan would be CIA charter legislation – key to refocus the CIA on intelligence not paramilitary operations. Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, "The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Reviving the covert operations capability from its present atrophied state immediately raises overarching questions as AND covert operation. At the core, it is a conventional military action. The Pakistanis today complain of a drone campaign out of control and they are right AND technologically-driven covert operation has arguably reached the point of no return. This is not an intelligence approach; it is a military one. Today’s CIA AND , but increasingly the intelligence agencies are cast as adjuncts to the military. The high "operational tempo" demanded by Director Michael Hayden, Panetta’s predecessor, in fact required the CIA to work more like the military, discarding careful intelligence work in favor of "actionable intelligence," further emphasizing technical collection programs. Under Director David Petraeus, another general, it is a safe prediction that this trend will continue. Under Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, the Pentagon moved strongly to supplant CIA operations AND to say this has been made easier as the agency became more militarized. In Presidents’ Secret Wars, written amid the excesses of Reagan-era covert operations AND refine its decision devices, and be placed within a proper legal framework. This brings us to the final, legal questions. I have consistently held, and still do, that no legal authority for covert operations exists under the U.S. Constitution. The underpinning for presidential approval of covert operations rests entirely on the ambiguous "such other functions" clause of the National Security Act of 1947. The CIA’s own General Counsel concluded on multiple occasions that covert operations did not fall within the scope of that language. Should the President instead rely upon his authority as Commander in Chief of the armed AND , but the fact remains that it is the law of the land. Alternatively, were the CIA to be construed as an unofficial armed force for the purpose of conducting paramilitary action – which is, after all, an act of force – then the Constitution (Article I, Section 8) expressly reserves to the Congress all authority to issue "Letters of Marque." The eighteenth century equivalent of grants of unofficial combatant status, given to privateers, Letters of Marque authorize the use of force by private individuals (read CIA operatives). The system of "presidential findings" ("Memoranda of Notification") that exists today was cobbled together through the 1970s and 1980s by a Congress anxious to assert some sort of oversight and an Executive eager to avoid it. These presidential findings are functional equivalents of Letters of Marque. Since statutory law does not and cannot supersede the Constitution, the current system still fails to meet constitutional requirements. Congress and the Executive spent more than a decade from the 1980s into the 1990s AND issue left outstanding in the 1990s – what constituted "current" notification. The proper constitutional solution under Article I, Section 8, is to craft a mechanism for congressional approval of presidential findings. That would locate responsibility squarely and settle the matter of definitions. Congress would be entitled to whatever information is required to reach its decisions, and its affirmative action would give covert operations a degree of political cover they presently lack. The legitimate vehicle for the expression of this formula is a CIA charter, or AND long overdue, and its necessity has only been confirmed by recent excesses.
There’s no substantive difference between CIA and DOD control Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
Although technically "covert" and carried out under statutory and presidential authorities designed to AND is in charge because of the secrecy and impunity with which it operates. In truth, critics often underestimate oversight of CIA activities and overestimate the openness of AND Congress to speak more clearly and openly about general policy in this area. With regard to the legal rules that govern targeting, it may be that shifting AND do, on account of tradition, institutional culture, and legal requirements.
How do you define "violence"? I don’t. I use the term in its standard sense, more or less AND includes war, genocide, corporal and capital punishment, and deliberate famines. What about metaphorical violence, like verbal aggression? No, physical violence is a big enough topic for one book (as the length of Better Angels makes clear). Just as a book on cancer needn’t have a chapter on metaphorical cancer, a coherent book on violence can’t lump together genocide with catty remarks as if they were a single phenomenon. Isn’t economic inequality a form of violence? No; the fact that Bill Gates has a bigger house than I do may AND you can’t write a coherent book on the topic of "bad things."
at no nuke terror
Theft is large scale and ongoing Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, "Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials," in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
Theft of highly enriched uranium and plutonium, the essential ingredients of nuclear weapons, AND stocks available to the smugglers—as smugglers often claim is the case. Unfortunately, after 2008, the IAEA stopped issuing public updates of this list of AND smugglers’ hands, making it potentially the most serious case in years.3 In addition to these cases confirmed to the IAEA, there is strong evidence that AND .S. Government regards a significant number of additional cases as confirmed. To these cases of actual theft and smuggling of plutonium and HEU must be added AND struggle, and departing without ever being engaged by site security forces).8
at blowback
Plan causes backlash against Al Qaeda not against the US Llenza 11 – (2011, Michael, Diplomacy Department, Norwich University, US Navy fellow at the Atlantic Council’s Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, "Targeted Killings in Pakistan: A Defense," Global Security Studies, Spring, 2011, Volume 2, Issue 2)
In the end, what matters to the policy makers is whether the targeted killings AND is not an effective means of going after the terrorists themselves (ibid.). A former CIA officer compared the Predator strikes to attacking a beehive one bee at AND end make it more difficult for the terror machinery to function (ibid.). Taliban spokesperson Tariq Azam has stated that their meetings within the FATA no longer take AND government to stabilize the regions will only result in their return (ibid.)
util good
Util good – need to save lives Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Spring 2002, Dissent, Vol. 49, No. 2 As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Perm do both – declaring the terrorist illegitimate is a valid exercise of the sovereign decision – the 1ac was not the absolute positivist conception of legitimacy their link arguments presume. Kochi 06 – (2006, Tarik, "THE PARTISAN: CARL SCHMITT AND TERRORISM," Law Critique (2006) 17: 267–295, springer)
All war involves terror; the war of the state is no less terrible than AND acknowledgement of this political ’reality’ is continually suppressed by international legal ordering. In one interpretation of Schmitt’s account lies, perhaps, the expectation of the fracturing AND political pressures open onto new partisan wars over human dignity and human happiness. Such a possibility would not involve the disappearance of international legal ordering. In the AND question: what is the relation between war and the notion of right?
Critiquing state violence and preventing terrorism can be combined – need to focus on policy. English 09 – (2009, Richard, PhD, professor of history, University of St Andrews, "The future of terrorism studies," Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 2, Issue 2, 2009, taylor and francis)
Second, there must be an attention to the practical, policy-related dimension AND is vital that CTS scholars do not shirk this kind of research challenge.
Shouldn’t reject "embedded research" – burns bridges and falsely asserts bias. Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, "babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies," European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
For obvious reasons, ’embedded’ terrorism scholars and traditional think-tanks have enjoyed a AND or state-related actors (Halliday, 1996: 211-13).
Framing issue – making the law SEEM legitimate is good – preserves law where it actually functions Vermeule 09 – (2009, Adrian, "OUR SCHMITTIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW," HARVARD LAW REVIEW, Vol. 122:1095)
For many rule of law theorists, black holes are objectionable. The term was AND fool at least some of the people, some of the time.180 However, it is not at all clear that grey holes really are worse, AND a veil of decency over behavior that everyone knows is going on.181 Relatedly, the judges who cooperate in the creation of administrative law’s grey holes may AND a kind of tantrum about a temporary thinning of the rule of law.
Lawfare is INEVITABLE but Goldsmith 11 – (9/8, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Mea Culpa: Lawfare," www.lawfareblog.com/2011/09/mea-culpa-lawfare/)
In the Fall of 2002, a month or so after I started work in AND , and that lawyers were integral in ensuring that this did not happen. That conversation was the beginning of my decade-long education about the complex but AND guide commanders and defend the legality of controversial war decisions to the public. Relatedly, my views on lawfare have changed. I started the decade in the AND in many respects the opposite of the manipulative original connotation of the term." There is no escaping the strategic use of law in war because law defines and AND one’s best to win the war over law while controlling its many costs.
Drones good
Biased and flawed methodology – also ignore Pakistani government military actions. Fair 13 – (11/12, C. Christine, assistant professor at Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program, "Drones, Spies, Terrorists and Second Class Citizenship in Pakistan - A Review Essay," Small Wars and Insurgencies, 25.1, working draft, ssrn)
Irrespective of what the data say or cannot say, the specter of civilian casualties AND it is worth reviewing their data collection and handling in some detail here. First and foremost, this report is the result of advocacy-driven investigation. AND arranging interviews" (Stanford-NYU Law Schools, p. i). The report is based upon a meager 130 "interviews with victims and witnesses of AND information provided since they … provided the logistical support that enabled their travel. Given that Reprieve and FFR are staunch drone foes, it is doubtful that the AND evil than the militants ensconced in Waziristan and other tribal agencies of FATA. While the authors were apparently oblivious to this fundamental conflict of interest and likely ensuing AND possible although it adds a layer of difficulty and cost to the exercise. Expecting researchers to prove that persons who were killed actually existed in the first instance AND observations much less attempt to disambiguate the potential sources of harm they experienced.
Structural factors mean the transatlantic partnership will inevitably fall – and that’s ok – the plan can’t change this Walt 11 (Stephen M. Walt, professor of international affairs at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, "The coming erosion of the European Union," 8/18/11) http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/08/18/the_coming_erosion_of_the_european_union Third, I argued that the glory days of transatlantic security cooperation also lie in the past, and we will see less cooperative and intimate security partnership between Europe and America in the future. Why do I think so? One obvious reason is the lack of common external enemy. Historically, that is the only reason why the United States was willing to commit troops to Europe, and it is therefore no surprise that America’s military presence in Europe has declined steadily ever since the Soviet Union broke up. Simply put: there is no threat to Europe that the Europeans cannot cope with on their own, and thus little role for Americans to play. In addition, the various imperial adventures that NATO has engaged in since 1992 haven’t AND positive that the alliance can accomplish anywhere else, then what’s it for? Lastly, transatlantic security cooperation will decline because the United States will be shifting its AND U.S. foreign policy establishment, and Europe will get less. This trend will be reinforced by demographic and generational changes on both sides of the Atlantic, as the percentage of Americans with strong ancestral connections to Europe declines and as the generation that waged the Cold War leaves the stage. So in addition to shifting strategic interests, some of the social glue that held Europe and America together is likely to weaken as well. It is important not to overstate this trend — Europe and America won’t become enemies AND in the decades ahead, at least not the way it once was. This will be a rather different world than the one we’ve been accustomed to for AND of engaging in a futile effort to hold back the tides of history.
The atlantic alliance has demonstrated remarkable resilience over the past two decades. Most alliances AND coherent West to help guide it through the coming redistribution of global power.
THUMPERS IMF reform thumpers losers lose Tomasky 3-26 (Michael,- American columnist, journalist and author. He is the editor in chief of Democracy, a special correspondent for Newsweek / The Daily Beast "The GOP Just Screwed Ukraine Out of Billions to Hurt Obama") And so, it emerged this week that the Obama administration and Senate Democrats apparently AND gets less money because of that, well, tough cheese for them.
TPA thumps PC and Dem unity VerWay 3-1 (John,- Program Assistant at the American Enterprise Institute "Trans-Pacific Partnership in the Balance") Asserting that the U.S. "cannot afford to stand on the sidelines AND in April is widely seen as the next significant deadline for the TPP.
Budget thumps bipart Mason 3-4 (Jeff,- White House Correspondent for Reuters "Obama budget sets up election-year clash with Republicans") The 243.9 trillion blueprint for the fiscal year that begins on October AND spending to be paid for by closing tax loopholes and cutting mandatory spending.
Sunset means uniqueness overwhelms or squo solves the case Sasso 3-25 (Brenden,- technology correspondent for National Journal "Why Obama and His NSA Defenders Changed Their Minds") But now, Obama’s full-speed ahead has turned into a hasty retreat: AND think that more than anything else, that is galvanizing us into action."
A senior US lawmaker intends to renew his fight to require the Obama administration to fully shift its armed drone program from the CIA to the Defense Department. Sen. John McCain, R-Ariz., a senior Armed Services Committee member, told Defense News on Wednesday, just before Congress left for a weeklong recess, that he will push the issue when the panel crafts its 2015 Pentagon policy bill in coming months. "We’re going to have that debate," McCain said in a brief interview. "There is no doubt about it." McCain’s comments come weeks after he expressed disgust with language reportedly inserted into the classified portion of a Pentagon-funding section of an omnibus spending bill blocking the shift of the drone program from the CIA to the military. The administration of President Barack Obama last year signaled it wanted to move most — or all — of the program from the spy agency to the military. But that plan hit a number of legal and operational snags, and was not fully completed before Congress passed the omnibus. But McCain says the fight isn’t over. "I would like to make sure they are cooperating with other countries," McCain said, referring to concerns among some lawmakers and analysts that the Obama administration avoids getting clearance from leaders of countries before flying drones into their airspace. "Mostly, I want to see it moved over to DoD. That’s my primary goal," McCain said. Many analysts say that other than possibly taking up a new immigration reform measure, Congress likely is finished with major legislation this year. The mid-term election cycle is in full swing, and both parties seem content to battle it out back home after five years of bitter partisan fights here. But Congress is expected, as it has for 52 consecutive years, to pass a defense authorization bill. And McCain’s intentions will revive a battle between two powerful camps on Capitol Hill. Lawmakers on both sides of the debate have strong opinions about whether it is the job of the military or intelligence community to kill al-Qaida leaders and operatives. And behind the issue of whether the CIA should be firing missiles from remotely piloted aircraft is a simmering congressional turf war between the chambers’ Armed Services and Intelligence committees. If the Defense Department is handed control of the CIA’s armed drone fleet and strike missions against al-Qaida targets, it would also gain what intelligence analysts say is the program’s sizable budget and control over one of the White House’s primary tactics for combating the terrorist group. On one side are pro-military lawmakers like McCain. They believe the military should be the US entity charged with killing America’s foes, and that the CIA should get back to collecting and analyzing intelligence. On the other side are members like Senate Intelligence Committee Chairwoman Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif. These members, largely Democrats, are skeptical of the military’s ability to use what they see as the CIA’s rigorous decision process before carrying out armed strikes. ?
Obama is currently losing – gets blamed for Congress’ reversal
Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these developments, President Obama promised in his recent State of the Union address "to engage with Congress to ensure not only that our targeting, detention, and prosecution of terrorists remains consistent with our laws and system of checks and balances, but that our efforts are even more transparent to the American people and to the world." So far, this promise, like similar previous ones, remains unfulfilled. The administration has floated the idea of "~shifting~ the CIA’s lethal targeting program AND CIA’s, and its congressional oversight is, if anything, less robust. A bigger problem with this proposed fix is that it contemplates executive branch reorganization followed AND , even if it means that secret war abroad is harder to conduct. Administration officials resist this route because they worry about the outcome of the public debate AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of reports and recommendations made by the various commissions of the AND ward off bad-faith directives intended to serve personal or political ends. Vague statutory language proved all too malleable in the face of the nation’s overriding fear AND the National Security Act in 1947 until the congressional inquiries ofthe 1970s.64 Such a national security environment allowed the CIA to justify domestic and law enforcement activities AND , for creating threats to CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Doesn’t solve the legitimacy advantage – presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND prohibitions is a distant "second best" to clarifying the prohibitions themselves. The guidance provided by executive orders as to CIA authority is also less predictable and AND guideposts for congressional oversight and executive branch officials such as inspectors general.210 A statute would also be more effective than an executive order because it would better entrench the guidance and clarified boundaries of authority within everyday CIA activity. Statutory amendment would most clearly and forcefully state the limits of CIA authority, thereby assisting the decisions of CIA officials and lawyers. This clear statement of norms of behavior (in this case clarification of prohibited activity) could also further the internalization of these norms among CIA officials.211 For reasons similar to those discussed above, reliance on advisory boards, inspectors general AND are incapable of alleviating the coordination challenges between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, "The American Prospect," lexis)
The most effective check on executive orders has proven to be political. When it AND proposal — and it painted him indelibly as an anti-environmental president.
The remarks from Jeh Johnson come five weeks after John Brennan, who oversaw the CIA’s expansion of the targeted killing, was forced to defend the drone programme during his confirmation hearings to become CIA director. With the legal process around targeted killings, especially of Americans, "shrouded in secrecy ... many in the public fill the void by envisioning the worst", Mr Johnson said in a speech at a national security conference at New York’s Fordham University on Monday. He said the public saw "dark images" of officials "in the basement of the White House acting … as prosecutor, judge, jury and executioner". Instead, he proposed that the military should take control of all drone and targeted-killing operations, rather than the CIA, because this would make the process more transparent and address legal concerns. As the Department of Defence general counsel until the end of last year, Mr Johnson signed off on every targeted killing by the military throughout president Barack Obama’s first term. As a supporter of the use of drone strikes under the framework of Congress-approved war powers, his speech offered a rare window into the thinking among those in the administration’s inner circles. There is growing consensus across the political spectrum, among civil liberties groups as well as conservatives in Washington, that something must be done to assuage fears about unchecked executive killing power.
That’s key – military rules and institutional culture is transparent and trusted. Vogel 10 – (2010, Ryan, JD, Foreign Affairs Specialist, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense, LLM Candidate, "DRONE WARFARE AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT," DENV. J. INT’L L. 26 POL’Y VOL. 39:1, google scholar)
A number of critics also point to the lack of accountability for CIA drone strikes AND contrast to the military’s requirement for transparency in promulgating its rules and regulations.
Also creates a rally around the flag effect for drones. Hudson et al. 12 – (2012, Leila, associate professor of anthropology AND Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 142–156, Fall 2012)
This shift to drones plays out in a transition of operational responsibility to JSOC and AND removes any traces of a campaign that seeks to win hearts and minds.
As I have written elsewhere, U.S. officials interviewed as well as Pakistani military and civilian officials have confirmed to this author that drones kill very few "innocent civilians." Indeed, it was these interviews that led me to revise my opinion about the drone program: I had been a drone opponent until 2008. I know believe that they are best option. In March of 2011, Maj. Gen. Mehmood Ghayur of the army’s Seventh AND personal assessment" and further opined that they were reported without proper context. What is clear is that the strategic effects of this program create more enemies. AND drones offer strategic advantages that mitigate in. some measure. the costs.
nuke terrir
Physicists conclude that it’s easy, material is available – terrorist weapons don’t require the same high standards that make regular weapons so complex Zimmerman and Pluta 06 – (2006, Peter, PhD, experimental nuclear and elementary particle physics, Emeritus Professor of Science and Security at King’s College London, former Chief Scientist of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and Anna, researcher, Center for Science and Security at King’s College London, PhD candidate, "Nuclear terrorism: A disheartening dissent," Survival: Global Politics and Strategy Volume 48, Issue 2, 2006, taylor and francis)
It seems certain that at some price nuclear explosive material is available to well funded AND scientists of the calibre of those at Los Alamos from 1942 to 1945. Time has shown that states can go nuclear with smaller projects, and certainly with AND .33 Many details can now be found in the physics literature.34 There are crucial differences between nuclear weapons built by a state for use in a AND must not detonate with nuclear yield when the detonation has not been authorised). A bomb built by a terrorist need not be especially reliable, and it certainly AND even could attempt to reach the safety levels demanded of an American weapon 35 In 1977 the US Congress’s Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) studied nuclear proliferation AND stressing, scenario that has been explored in some detail in fiction.37
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years AND that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.
Empirically proven – unipolar systems have had fewer wars than the westphalian nomos. Wohlforth, 8 - Daniel Webster Professor of Government, Dartmouth. BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in pol sci, Yale (William, Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War, October 2008, World Politics Vol. 61, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 31 pgs, Proquest)
Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of status seeking in human behavior, AND are also consistent with power transition and other rationalist theories of hegemonic war.
Domestic and international backlash will inevitably hamstring US drone policy and prevent effective operations in the status quo
Zenko 13 – (Jan. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council on Foreign Relations, Special Report No. 65)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: "Where force AND if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Backlash is numerically inferior but growing in political strength – will make drones politically impracticable in the future DESPITE overwhelming strategic and tactical advantages.
McCauley 13 – (11/28, Tom, Research Associate, Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict, Bryn Mawr College, "US public support for drone strikes against asymmetric enemies abroad: Poll trends in 2013," Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward terrorism and genocide Volume 6, Issue 1-3, 2013)
I found eight polls that could be used to look at trends in US public opinion about use of drones against terrorists in January through June of 2013. Every poll showed that drone strikes were acceptable to a majority within the US. Across all eight polls, the lowest value for approval (53) was nearly twice as large as the highest value for disapproval (28).¶ These results for the 2013 US polls stand in marked contrast to the results from nineteen other countries polled in 2012 by Pew Research’s Global Attitudes Project. In no other country is there majority support for US drone strikes. In the UK and India, opinion is close to evenly split, but all other countries show strong majorities opposed to the drone strikes. In predominantly Muslim countries, approval of US drone strikes is often in single digits.¶ Although the eight US polls cover only six months of 2013, it is possible to see some change in US opinion about drone strikes against terrorists. The three YouGov/Huffington Post polls indicate a slight increase in disapproval (18 opposed rising to 22), with the Wall Street Journal/NBC polls showing a similar increase (12 opposed rising to 16). Neither of these trends is particularly large.¶ Combining the three YouGov/Huffington polls with three other polls using similar wording does show an increase over time in the percentage of respondents who disapprove of the drone strikes (18 rising to 28). It is interesting to note that neither the Approve nor Unsure responses show anywhere near this clear a trend; the Unsure and Approve categories fluctuate considerably (having ranges of 24 points and 23 points, respectively). The consistent trend for Disapprove percentages, compared with the inconsistent fluctuations of Unsure and Approve percentages, hints that those who are opposed are more certain of their opinion than others.¶ Thus drones are generally favored by the American public, and the military has found them to be the weapon of choice for asymmetric warfare. However, opposition to drone attacks is high in other countries, and there seems to be growing segment of the US population that is against the use of drones to kill suspected terrorists. The greater consistency of US opponents of drone strikes may give them a political strength beyond their numbers in comparison to the supporters, whose polling numbers fluctuate more. Should drones’ unpopularity in the United States continue to increase, and their unpopularity in other countries persist, they may well become politically impractical, no matter how convenient and cost-effective the technology may be.
Moving to Title 10 DOD authority ensures drone legitimacy – allows oversight and guarantees political backing.
Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
So, moving operations to the Pentagon may modestly improve transparency and compliance with the AND too, the proposed reforms would put the remaining policy on stronger footing.
Also solves international opinion and legal challenges – creates PERCEPTION of international law compliance.
Nauman 12 – (2013, Joshua, JD, LLM, Commander, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, U.S. Navy, "Civilians on the Battlefield: By Using U.S. Civilians in the War on Terror, Is the Pot Calling the Kettle Black?" 91 Neb. L. Rev., google scholar)
Similarly, the prosecution of enemy belligerents by military commission for, among other things AND they are on. As a world leader, we owe nothing less.
Drone strikes solve Al-Qaeda and global terrorism.
Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)
NOBODY DOES IT BETTER¶ The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason AND threats do arise and drone strikes are the best way to eliminate them.
Disrupting safe havens is key to reduce EFFECTIVENESS – drone attacks degrade al-Qaeda core
Byman 11 – (6/3, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia," Testimony for the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2011/06/03-terrorism-byman)
I. The State of the al Qaeda Core Despite claims that the al Qaeda AND to disrupt and often more a danger to themselves than to their enemies.
Disruption and denial solve nuclear terror – need to stop the planning process.
Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, "Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)
The second major implication addresses the demand side of the threat. Speci?cally, a critical component of a broader strategy to prevent a nuclear terrorist attack will involve measures directed at weakening al Qaeda’s leaders and eliminating — or at the very least restricting — their sanctuary in the FATA. Because obtaining or building a nuclear device and delivering it to a target would be a dif?cult and expensive operation,89 it is highly likely that any credible plot will originate with al Qaeda’s central leadership, whether its operatives attempt to carry out such an attack on their own or instead ?nance, organize, and coordinate the efforts of one or more af?liates. By themselves, al Qaeda’s various franchises and especially local extremists would likely ?nd an attack of this scale beyond their abilities. In fact, the group’s franchises might not even be tasked to help with such a large and important operation, beyond providing limited logistical support. According to Bruce Hoffman, "high value, ’spectacular’ attacks are entrusted only to al Qaeda’s professional cadre: the most dedicated, committed, and absolutely reliable elements of the movement."90 Therefore, to the extent that its sanctuary in the FATA has allowed al Qaeda’s leadership to regain its strength and plan future operations, the probability that the group might be able to conduct a catastrophic attack at some point in the future has correspondingly increased.
Attacking the Al Qaeda core is key – they’re responsible for EVERY major terrorist attack since 9/11
Hoffman 13 – (7/17, Bruce, PhD, international relations, professor, Director of the Center for Security Studies and Director of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, " Al Qaeda’s Uncertain Future," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism Volume 36, Issue 8, 2013, taylor and francis)
It must also be noted that the Al Qaeda Core has stubbornly survived despite predictions AND in many contemporary analyses of the Al Qaeda Core’s longevity and supposed irrelevance.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war.
Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Director of Research, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, Seth Baum, PhD, Geography, Pennsylvania State University, Executive Director, GCRI, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, former Visiting Scholar position at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, and Kelly Hostetler, Research Assistant, GCRI, "Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia," Science and Global Security 21(2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals, which are by far the largest of any nations, could have globally catastrophic effects such as severely reducing food production for years,1 potentially leading to collapse of modern civilization worldwide and even the extinction of humanity.2 Nuclear war between the United States and Russia could occur by various routes, including accidental or unauthorized launch; deliberate first attack by one nation; and inadvertent attack. In an accidental or unauthorized launch or detonation, system safeguards or procedures to maintain control over nuclear weapons fail in such a way that a nuclear weapon or missile launches or explodes without direction from leaders. In a deliberate first attack, the attacking nation decides to attack based on accurate information about the state of affairs. In an inadvertent attack, the attacking nation mistakenly concludes that it is under attack and launches nuclear weapons in what it believes is a counterattack.3 (Brinkmanship strategies incorporate elements of all of the above, in that they involve intentional manipulation of risks from otherwise accidental or inadvertent launches.4 ) ¶ Over the years, nuclear strategy was aimed primarily at minimizing risks of intentional attack through development of deterrence capabilities, though numerous measures were also taken to reduce probabilities of accidents, unauthorized attack, and inadvertent war. For purposes of deterrence, both U.S. and Soviet/Russian forces have maintained significant capabilities to have some forces survive a first attack by the other side and to launch a subsequent counterattack. However, concerns about the extreme disruptions that a first attack would cause in the other side’s forces and command-and-control capabilities led to both sides’ development of capabilities to detect a first attack and launch a counter-attack before suffering damage from the first attack.5¶ Many people believe that with the end of the Cold War and with improved relations between the United States and Russia, the risk of East-West nuclear war was significantly reduced.6 However, it has also been argued that inadvertent nuclear war between the United States and Russia has continued to present a substantial risk.7 While the United States and Russia are not actively threatening each other with war, they have remained ready to launch nuclear missiles in response to indications of attack.8¶ False indicators of nuclear attack could be caused in several ways. First, a wide range of events have already been mistakenly interpreted as indicators of attack, including weather phenomena, a faulty computer chip, wild animal activity, and control-room training tapes loaded at the wrong time.9 Second, terrorist groups or other actors might cause attacks on either the United States or Russia that resemble some kind of nuclear attack by the other nation by actions such as exploding a stolen or improvised nuclear bomb,10 especially if such an event occurs during a crisis between the United States and Russia.11 A variety of nuclear terrorism scenarios are possible.12 Al Qaeda has sought to obtain or construct nuclear weapons and to use them against the United States.13 Other methods could involve attempts to circumvent nuclear weapon launch control safeguards or exploit holes in their security.14¶ It has long been argued that the probability of inadvertent nuclear war is significantly higher during U.S.-Russian crisis conditions,15 with the Cuban Missile Crisis being a prime historical example. It is possible that U.S.-Russian relations will significantly deteriorate in the future, increasing nuclear tensions. There are a variety of ways for a third party to raise tensions between the United States and Russia, making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Al Qaeda wants nuclear weapons.
Bunn et al. 11 (May 2011. Matthew Bunn, associate professor, at Harvard Kennedy School and Co- Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Colonel Yuri Morozov, prof @ Russian Academy of Military Sciences former chief of General Staff of the Russian military; Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. Senior fellow at Belfer Center, fmr. director of Intelligence at DoE; Simon Saradzhyan, senior fellow at Belfer Center; William Tobey, senior fellow at Belfer Center 26 director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, fmr. deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the NNSA; Colonel General Viktor I. Yesin, senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, fmr. chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces; Major General Pavel S. Zolotarev, deputy director of the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and fmr. head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense. "The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism." The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies.) ¶ Obtaining high-end weapons of mass destruction has been a high priority for AND the same examples from the former are used nearly verbatim in the latter.
Nuclear security is weak and materials are accessible.
Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, "Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials," in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
In short, the threats are out there. In a world that includes terrorists with global reach, effective nuclear security and accounting measures are needed wherever nuclear weapons, plutonium, or HEU exist. All countries with such stockpiles on their soil should ensure that they are at least protected against a modest group of well-armed, well-trained outsiders; a wellplaced insider; and both outsiders and an insider working together, using a broad range of tactics. Countries that face more substantial adversary threats—Pakistan being an obvious example—need to provide even higher levels of protection.9¶ Unfortunately, in many countries around the world, the security measures in place today are demonstrably not sufficient to protect against the kinds of threats terrorists and thieves have already shown they can pose. For example, a U.S. team visiting a foreign site with a Category I quantity of HEU from 2005 to 2010 found that there were no fences around the perimeter, no sensors to detect intrusions, no video surveillance systems to help guards assess the cause of alarms generated by sensors, and no vehicle barriers.10 (It is a reasonable bet that this facility also did not have an on-site armed response team to protect it from armed attackers.) The U.S. team recommended that all of these basic security measures be put in place, which the country agreed to do. But when a team of congressional auditors visited in 2010-11, some of the improvements were still under way. The fact that such glaring weaknesses still existed at a site with Category I materials years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11), attacks speaks volumes about the urgent work still ahead to plug nuclear security weak points around the world. Indeed, I would argue that every country with nuclear weapons or weapons-usable nuclear materials—including the United States—has more to do to ensure that these items are effectively protected.¶ PUNCTUATING COMPLACENT EQUILIBRIUM: THE U.S. CASE¶ If political turmoil is not the most important driver of nuclear security problems, what is? In a word, complacency—the belief that nuclear terrorism is not a serious threat, and that whatever security measures are in place today are already sufficient. The history of nuclear security is a story of punctuated equilibrium, with long stretches of complacency and little change punctuated by moments when something—typically, a major incident of some kind—made it possible to move the system to a higher-security state, from which it would then begin to drift slowly into complacency again. The results of incidents and other events are mediated by the different political cultures and institutions in different countries, so that one country might react to an incident by establishing substantial new security rules, while another might react by having participants in the system offer explanations why it could never happen again.
Scenario 2 is Pakistan
Title 10 shift solves Pakistani blowback – enables effective public relations.
Zenko 13 – (Apr. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, "POLICY INNOVATION MEMORANDUM NO. 31," Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434) ¶ The main objection to consolidating lead executive authority in DOD is that it would eliminate the possibility of deniability for U.S. covert operations. However, any diplomatic or public relations advantages from deniability that once existed are minimal or even nonexistent given the widely reported targeted killings in Pakistan and Yemen. For instance, because CIA drone strikes cannot be acknowledged, the United States has effectively ceded its strategic communications efforts to the Pakistani army and intelligence service, nongovernmental organizations, and the Taliban. Moreover, Pakistani and Yemeni militaries have often taken advantage of this communications vacuum by shifting the blame of civilian casualties caused by their own airstrikes (or others, like those reportedly conducted by Saudi Arabia in Yemen) to the U.S. government. This perpetuates and exacerbates animosity in civilian populations toward the United States. If the United States acknowledged its drone strikes and collateral damage—only possible under DOD Title 10 authorities—then it would not be held responsible for airstrikes conducted by other countries.
How Obama Can Turn the Tide of Public Opinion¶ The narrative of analysts who AND be the only way to save the drone program President Obama so values.
Drones solve Pakistani militancy – stopping strikes revives the insurgency.
Vira 12 – (10/12, Varun, researcher and anayst, Small Wars Journal, author of an extensive report on Pakistan by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, "Anti-Drone Hysteria in Pakistan Obscures Governance Failures," World Politics Review, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12415/anti-drone-hysteria-in-pakistan-obscures-governance-failures) ¶ Though drones are not ideal, they are the best means of achieving a AND of the FATA’s problems, it is Pakistanis themselves that continue to suffer.
Drones are the only option – all alternatives fail.
Any alternative use of force against Taliban or Al Qaeda forces would be likely to cause many more civilian casualties.¶ Even if drones continue to cause some civilian casualties and have other negative effects, the question of whether continuing the drone campaign is a good policy decision cannot be answered without carefully considering the alternatives available.¶ There are four obvious options for dealing with the Taliban-Al Qaeda presence in the federally administered tribal areas of Pakistan.¶ One is to accept their presence and control of that area and cease operations against them. But this course of action wouldn’t address most of the concerns about drones.¶ Taliban control would be far more disruptive to the daily lives of those living in the tribal region than drones are. Public meetings, unless authorized by the Taliban, would be rare and extremely dangerous. The Taliban’s shooting of a 14-year-old girl for attending school speaks volumes about access to education under Taliban rule. And the detention and execution of undesirable individuals would continue, albeit under the guise of heresy rather than spying. Also, ceding the territory to Taliban control would provide the Afghan Taliban with a safe haven from which to continue its operations against American and Afghan forces across the border.¶ The second option would be for Pakistan’s military to assert control over the region. However, its last serious attempt to do so — the Swat Valley campaign of 2009 — utilized armored vehicles, artillery and airstrikes to try to dislodge about 5,000 Taliban fighters. This resulted in the displacement of more than 1 million civilians who fled the army’s indiscriminate firepower.¶ Last year, mere rumors that the Pakistani military was planning a campaign in Waziristan caused thousands to flee. Pakistan lacks both the desire and the capacity to pursue another campaign to gain control of the tribal areas, and any attempt to conduct such a campaign would be a humanitarian nightmare for the civilians who live there.¶ The third option would be for the United States to use ground troops and special forces to conduct counterinsurgency operations in the tribal areas. Even if Pakistan were willing to publicly consent to American ground forces on its territory, an issue that it has carefully finessed in the context of drone operations, it is unlikely that this option would alleviate any of the frequently voiced concerns about the use of drones.¶ If operations in Afghanistan are any guide, using ground troops would result in as many or more civilian casualties than the current drone campaign and would be more deeply unpopular in Pakistan — not to mention that it would result in higher U.S. casualties. Ground operations in territory controlled by the Taliban would still rely heavily on drone surveillance, and most raids would occur at night.¶ Such operations in Afghanistan were so unpopular and disruptive of daily life that President Hamid Karzai insisted that continued Afghan cooperation with the United States was contingent on Afghan control over night raids.¶ The final option is the continued use of drones. Even according to the least favorable numbers presented by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, drones have effectively disrupted the leadership structure of the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Pakistan by killing scores of senior leaders and operational commanders. And the drones’ constant presence continues to deny the Taliban a safe haven in which it can train and organize its forces for operations in Afghanistan. Most important, drones have done this while consistently improving their accuracy and reducing civilian casualties.¶ After examining the alternatives, it is clear that drones remain the best option available to minimize the negative effects of the conflict on civilians while continuing to disrupt the Taliban and deny it control of territory in the tribal areas.
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep AND to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
Pakistan’s the brink of failure – economic growth and military strength are irrelevant.
In today’s complex global environment, many actors – state and non-state – demand the attention of the United States. Insurgencies and terrorist organizations dominate the media and U.S. security concerns driving national policy and U.S. troop deployments. One problem state that is demanding more U.S. policy and military attention is Pakistan. Since Pakistan’s partition from India in 1947, the state has remained rife with instability. During these six decades, Pakistan has endured the death and assassination of key leaders, weak governmental institutions, four military coups, the emergence of radical Islam, civil war, and conventional conflicts with India. Today, terrorism, insurgency, and the state’s possession of nuclear weapons reinforce the significance of ensuring Pakistan’s long-term stability. Yet, it remains unclear whetherthese events and characteristics will eventually lead to state failure in Pakistan. As a result, a pressing need exists to identify and examine the primary sources of instability in Pakistan. Therefore, an analysis of domestic, regional, and international events in Pakistan may uncover critical evidence that impliesthat the state’s future is daunting. ¶ Essentially, Pakistan’s instability is a result of the combined effects of domestic, regional, and international hardships that have affected the state’s political stability, economic performance, and security. These unrelenting problems lie at the foundation of a state whose welfare is directly linked to U.S. interests in the region. Unfortunately, much of the evidence suggests that Pakistan is currently a fragile state, exhibiting the political, economic, and social indicators that place the state on the brink of failure.¶ Perhaps the illusion of a democratic government, coupled with a strong security apparatus found in the Pakistani Army keep U.S. concerns at a manageable level. In reality, however, these characteristics merely create a façade that hides a threat that is perhaps more dangerous than any we currently face. Therefore, this study attempts to highlight and explain many of Pakistan’s problems under the framework of assessing the likelihood of state failure. Until there is a shared understanding of Pakistan’sturbulent history, and a clear image of the state’s enduring problems emerges, the future of Pakistan may remain a mystery.¶ Methodology¶ State failure is a legitimate threat to both global and regional stability. As such, Pakistan’s geo-political situation creates a unique challenge in that this unstable state is a vital link between Central and South Asia. Given its regional importance and the state’s historical and current problems, this monograph seeks to determine the likelihood of state failure in Pakistan. This task requires a detailed analysis of Pakistan in the years prior to partition through the state’s current or ongoing troubles. From this, a single-country case study methodology provides the best "contextual description" of the state and may be useful in explaining specific causal mechanisms of instability in Pakistan. 1 Specifically, an overview of the existing literature on the characteristics of state failure, a historical description of the various hardships – domestic, regional, and international - encountered by Pakistan, and an analysis of several key drivers of the state’s instability will help the author build a plausible argument that leads to only one conclusion: that Pakistan is on the brink of failure. Yet, if state failure is in fact a likely scenario in Pakistan’s future, this phenomenon would certainly create additional problems that extend well beyond the state’s borders. Most importantly, the success of ongoing military operations in Afghanistan relies heavily on stability in Pakistan leaving the U.S. military the immediate recipient of the negative consequences associated with state failure.¶ The initial step in developing the structure for this investigation involves an overview of past scholarly research on state failure. This review will provide a theoretical foundation to frame the subsequent analysis of Pakistan as a fragile orfailing state. Numerous definitions of state failure exist, including varying levels of failure such as weak, fragile, and collapsed states. In addition, examining the indicators of failure as well as the criteria and methods for measuring failure will help to explain why some states fail while others may only possess the possibility of failure. Various resources, including numerous books, professional journals, and other electronic or web-based resources add to the body of literature concerning failed states. Ultimately, this literature review will provide the essential basis for comparison when attempting to determine whether Pakistan is merely weak, in transition, or on the brink of state failure.¶ Although the state is barely sixty-two years old, Pakistan’s short history provides ample evidence that suggests a potentially bleak outlook. In order to solidify this claim, a description of Pakistan’s turbulent history may reveal why this adolescent state is "one of the least stable polities in the world."2 The section entitled "A History of Instability: Pakistan’s Troubled Past," provides a detailed description of various domestic, regional, and international events that set the conditions for instability in the state. Specifically, this historical analysis will describe Pakistan’s partition with India and this event’s associated problems, the state’s difficulty with drafting and maintaining a constitution, Pakistan’s ongoing conflict with India over control of the Kashmir region, and finally the consequences of foreign state influence focusing primarily on the significance of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the advent of Islamic extremism under President Zia ul-Haq.
There’s no substantive difference between CIA and DOD control
Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0) ¶ Although technically "covert" and carried out under statutory and presidential authorities designed AND do, on account of tradition, institutional culture, and legal requirements.
Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting the President of the United States’ Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
Adv 2 is Intelligence
Giving up drones is key to preserve CIA analytic culture and global reputation – key to traditional intelligence gathering.
After 9/11 it was convenient, and perhaps necessary, to turn to the C.I.A. for all things. They had an arsenal of unmanned drones capable of scouring the earth to watch the enemy – and, yes, they could be armed. Back then, the Air Force didn’t want them, but the C.I.A. did. And they were ready.¶ The C.I.A. was designed to focus on figuring out what needs to be done, how it could be done and what the consequences would be.¶ The C.I.A. had a directorate of case officers whose personality and training made them experts in getting information from reticent people. They had been taught to use the art of persuasion, not coercion, but if the president wanted sticks rather than carrots, they could and would adapt.¶ Uniquely, the C.I.A. had a network of officers in place, worldwide, ready to do what was needed – and they were quick learners. The C.I.A. has always been willing and able to morph into whatever the policymakers of the time want it to be. It is a flexible, can-do cadre of officers, selected and trained to think outside the box, assess a problem and solve it.¶ But by asking the C.I.A. to do all of these things, something else has to give. No matter how many resources you throw at it, the agency cannot maintain its core mission if its focus is diverted in too many directions.¶ Since its creation, the C.I.A. has given policymakers its best estimate of the plans, intentions and capabilities of foreign nations and entities that seek to do us harm. To do that, its officers recruit human assets, develop innovative technology and apply expert analysis to the fruits of the collection.¶ Thus, the C.I.A.’s core mission was to assess and predict. We designed the agency to focus on figuring out what needs to be done, whether and how it could be done and, most important, what the consequences of those actions would likely be.¶ The focus of the men and women of the C.I.A. – indeed, the entire culture of the agency – has been hijacked for purposes that are contrary to its original mission. It does not take an intelligence expert to imagine the vast amount of human and technical resources it has taken to identify and locate 2,500 people that were found to have met the standards to justify killing them, according to a recent Times article, and to conduct operations to do so.
CIA intelligence is key to American military power – solves every impact
3. There’s a reason the CIA has the word "Central" in its name. It was created in 1947 to integrate all the disparate pieces of intelligence floating around military intelligence agencies, the State Dept. and the Justice Dept. In 1941, clues to the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor were scattered throughout the U.S. government, but no one agency had the job of putting them together. That became CIA’s mission. It may not have performed that mission well, but it’s the best we’ve got. 4. CIA is also the lead agency for human intelligence collection. And let’s face it, human intelligence is more important than ever. In the Cold War, most good intelligence involved counting things like Soviet missiles. Today, good intelligence requires getting inside our enemies’ heads. It doesn’t help much to know how many box cutters or truck bombs al Qaeda owns. President Obama seems to get what Yglesias does not: he needs the CIA now more than ever. He’s got the fullest plate in modern history, with two wars, one whopper economic crisis, terrorists, nuclear proliferators, and failing states. Intelligence does not predict the future, but it bounds the uncertainty of it to help the president make better decisions. Sometimes the CIA is tragically wrong. Sometimes it’s ugly. But make no mistake: the CIA is vital to protecting American lives and interests.
Intel capability crucial to resolving multiple conflicts
Vickers 13 STATEMENT OF DR. MICHAEL G. VICKERS, UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR INTELLIGENCE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, EMERGING THREATS AND CAPABILITIES OF THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARING HELD FEBRUARY 27, 2013
First and foremost, we seek nothing less than the strategic defeat of Al Qaeda AND and it enables precision operations. It is our front line of defense.
Human intelligence solves all existential threats – impact is WMD use and extinction.
Johnson 10 – (2010, Loch, PhD, Regents Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, "Evaluating ’Humint’: The Role of Foreign Agents in U.S. Security," Comparative Strategy Volume 29, Issue 4, 2010, taylor and francis)
Intelligence is considered the first line of defense in U.S. security against AND survey data, and the author’s interviews with individuals in the espionage trade.
Key to counter assymetric threats DESPITE massive military dominance – prevents CBW use against the US and allies.
Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, "Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information," p. 37-8)
American military predominance gives rise to a paradox: Because the United States is so AND S. interests or respond to U.S. moves against them.
Heg solves war.
Thayer 13 – (2013, Bradley, PhD, professor in the political science department at Baylor University, "Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis," in The Forum: The Decline of War, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 396–419, September 2013)
The Importance of the System and the Distribution of Power¶ Pinker adopts a unit level approach to his study, and so the influence of the system is neglected in his approach. He does not recognize, first, the impact of the distribution of power and, second and related, the value of US power. The impact of the system on violence is significant (Waltz 1979). Including changes in the distribution of power and alliance problems that contributed to World Wars I and II, the bipolarity of the Cold War, and most importantly, the rise of China, Pinker largely misses the influence of the system in promoting and, after World War II, suppressing violence.¶ Accordingly, while Pinker is sensitive to the importance of power in a domestic context—the Leviathan is good for safety and the decline of violence—he neglects the role of power in the international context, specifically he neglects US power as a force for stability. So, if a liberal Leviathan is good for domestic politics, a liberal Leviathan should be as well for international politics. The primacy of the United States provides the world with that liberal Leviathan and has four major positive consequences for international politics (Thayer 2006).¶ In addition to ensuring the security of the United States and its allies, American primacy within the international system causes many positive outcomes for the world. The first has been a more peaceful world. During the Cold War, US leadership reduced friction among many states that were historical antagonists, most notably France and West Germany. Today, American primacy and the security blanket it provides reduce nuclear proliferation incentives and help keep a number of complicated relationships stable such as between Greece and Turkey, Israel and Egypt, South Korea and Japan, India and Pakistan, Indonesia and Australia. Wars still occur where Washington’s interests are not seriously threatened, such as in Darfur, but a Pax Americana does reduce war’s likelihood—particularly the worst form—great power wars.¶ Second, American power gives the United States the ability to spread democracy and many of the other positive forces Pinker identifies. Doing so is a source of much good for the countries concerned as well as the United States because liberal democracies are more likely to align with the United States and be sympathetic to the American worldview. In addition, once states are governed democratically, the likelihood of any type of conflict is significantly reduced. This is not because democracies do not have clashing interests. Rather, it is because they are more transparent, more likely to want to resolve things amicably in concurrence with US leadership.¶ Third, along with the growth of the number of democratic states around the world has been the growth of the global economy. With its allies, the United States has labored to create an economically liberal worldwide network characterized by free trade and commerce, respect for international property rights, mobility of capital, and labor markets. The economic stability and prosperity that stems from this economic order is a global public good.¶ Fourth, and finally, the United States has been willing to use its power not only to advance its interests but to also promote the welfare of people all over the globe. The United States is the earth’s leading source of positive externalities for the world. The US military has participated in over 50 operations since the end of the Cold War—and most of those missions have been humanitarian in nature. Indeed, the US military is the earth’s "911 force"—it serves, de facto, as the world’s police, the global paramedic, and the planet’s fire department.¶ There is no other state, group of states, or international organizations that can provide these global benefits. Without US power, the liberal order created by the United States will end just as assuredly. But, the waning of US power, at least in relative terms, introduces additional problems for Pinker concerning the decline of violence in the international realm. Given the importance of the distribution of power in international politics, and specifically US power for stability, there is reason to be concerned about the future as the distribution of relative power changes and not to the benefit of the United States.
Engagement is comparatively the best strategy – critics ignore non-military benefits and exclude relevant data.
Brooks et al. 13 – (2013, Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, "Debating American Engagement: The Future of U.S. Grand Strategy," International Security, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Fall 2013), pp. 181–199)
Avoid observational bias. Observable, experienced costs and risks are much more vivid than AND . interests by allowing it to secure necessary interstate cooperation on favorable terms.
The plan would be CIA charter legislation – key to refocus the CIA on intelligence not paramilitary operations.
Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, "The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Reviving the covert operations capability from its present atrophied state immediately raises overarching questions as AND long overdue, and its necessity has only been confirmed by recent excesses.
There’s no substantive difference between CIA and DOD control
Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
Although technically "covert" and carried out under statutory and presidential authorities designed to preserve "plausible deniability," it’s an open secret that the CIA has been conducting counterterrorism strikes in places like Pakistan and Yemen. The U.S. military conducts similar strikes, usually through Joint Special Operations Command, including in Yemen and Somalia. Many argue that these strikes are illegal or counterproductive — regardless of who conducts them — because they deny targeted suspects legal process, violate national sovereignty, cause collateral damage, and fuel radicalism. Others believe, however, that these problems are compounded when the CIA is in charge because of the secrecy and impunity with which it operates.¶ In truth, critics often underestimate oversight of CIA activities and overestimate the openness of military operations. Even if the Pentagon conducts all U.S. drone strikes, the operational details will still be shrouded in secrecy, the CIA will still provide targeting information, and much of the congressional oversight will still be conducted behind closed doors (though it will shift from the intelligence committees to the armed services committees). The CIA is also subject to some statutory congressional reporting requirements that the Defense Department is not. That said, moving all strikes under Defense Department control and eliminating their officially covert status will probably allow executive branch officials and members of Congress to speak more clearly and openly about general policy in this area.¶ With regard to the legal rules that govern targeting, it may be that shifting operations to the Defense Department will promote stricter compliance. In a 2012 speech, the CIA general counsel stated that the agency conducts its operations "in a manner consistent with the...basic principles in the law of armed conflict" — not that the CIA is legally required to comply with the rules — which led many to wonder whether the agency was operating outside their bounds. The military is also much better practiced than the CIA in applying the law of armed conflict and assessing collateral damage. Even if the CIA has in reality been fully compliant, it is in the U.S. interest to promote these international legal rules by communicating unambiguously and demonstrating its own normative commitment to them. Those are things that the military is much better able to do, on account of tradition, institutional culture, and legal requirements.
Doesn’t actually solve war – only works for humanitarian interventions not the really fucked up ones. Anderson 12 – (2012, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, "EFFICIENCY IN BELLO AND AD BELLUM: MAKING THE USE OF FORCE TOO EASY?" in Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World, eds. Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin, and Andrew Altman, online)
But it might be said that this misses the point. It might be true AND a decisive weapon for risk-averse NATO powers in Samantha Power’s War.
Turns civilian casualties – can’t make cool calculated decisions when you’re in the line of fire. Anderson 12 – (2012, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, "EFFICIENCY IN BELLO AND AD BELLUM: MAKING THE USE OF FORCE TOO EASY?" in Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World, eds. Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin, and Andrew Altman, online)
The anodyne expression of a point on a graph of efficiency where jus in bello AND forces allows greater planning to reduce the harms and effects of military operations.
at enviro
Ecosystems are resilient – disasters don’t cause lasting damage. Bosselman 07 – (Fred, Professor of Law Emeritus, Chicago-Kent College of Law, "The New Power Generation: Environmental Law and Electricity Innovation: Colloquium Article: The Ecological Advantages of Nuclear Power," 15 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 1, 2007)
Ecologists today recognize that disturbance is a natural part of ecological processes. Ecological change AND for economic gain, to sustain recreation, or to facilitate development." 271
His views deviate sharply from those of most experts, who don’t view climate change AND crop yields, so we’re essentially doing an experiment whose result remains uncertain."
Climate change is essentially irreversible, according to a sobering new scientific study. AND ocean. And that will take place for many hundreds of years.
at zizek
Nietzschean individualism is wrong – ressentiment isn’t the root cause and is the wrong way to describe the world Winchester 94 James J. Winchester teaches Philosophy at Spelman College Nietzsche’s Aesthetic Turn
As uninformed as it is to assume that there is an easy connec- tion AND is the level of interconnectedness that the technological age has pressed upon us.
Affirming survival doesn’t devalue life – life is complex and malleable and can be celebrated even when it seems oppressive Fassin, 10 - James D. Wolfensohn Professor in the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, as well as directeur d’études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (Didier, Fall, "Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life" Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse)
Conclusion Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last interview AND in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.
at terrorism
existence=
Terrorism is methodologically distinct from other forms of violence and should be considered analytically separate. Edelmann 11 – (2011, Florian, PhD Candidate, International Politics, Aberystwyth University, Diplom-Jurist (German law degree), MA political science, "The Dialectic of ConstructionDeconstruction II: A Critical Assessment of the Research Agenda of Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) Approaches," FRP Working Paper 12/2011, Institute for Political Science at the University of Regensburg)
Having established these criteria of CTS discourses, the aim of a first order or AND tactics by governments (Jackson et al. 2011: 116-118).
*BURKE*
—-fwork
Policy relevance is key to emancipation – need explicit engagement with the state and elites. Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, "babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies," European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
At the heart of the critical project lies the notion of ’emancipation’. As McDonald AND the goal is to combat both political terror and political structures encouraging terror.
Turns the alt – policymakers reject abstract research agendas. Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, "babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies," European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
Engagement is facilitated by the fact that, as counter-terrorism projects flounder, AND between critical academics and policy-makers, the advice becomes too diluted.
Specifically means they can’t solve state terror. English 09 – (2009, Richard, PhD, professor of history, University of St Andrews, "The future of terrorism studies," Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 2, Issue 2, 2009, taylor and francis)
Second, there must be an attention to the practical, policy-related dimension AND is vital that CTS scholars do not shirk this kind of research challenge.
Scenarios analysis is key for the aff’s impact scenarios Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
Scenarios are a useful method for theory building and research design for topics that, AND low-probability process if it begins to happen in the real world.
—-ontology
Ontology is never a preexisting reality, but is always produced in context – time pressures and interpersonal responsibilities means action must come before ontological criticism Kratochwil 08 (2008, Friedrich, professor of international relations – European University Institute, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213)
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of "fuzzy boundaries", when AND Besides, "timing" seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
As this chapter has noted, Levinas’s emphasis on "the reality of persecuted AND In this sense, Heidegger’s rectorship merely repeats the Marxist tragedy as farce.
Extinction comes first—it destroys being-in-the-world-with-others—turns the K Kennedy 07 (Greg, PhD U of Ottowa, An Ontology of Trash, pg. 170-1)
The phenomenon of extinction is the technological ersatz for death. But our being- AND time, the extermination, that is, the detemporalization of human being.
—-at empiricism bad
Empiricism and concrete political alternatives are key to convince elites to change – only way to solve real world oppression Kurki 11 – (7/7, Milja, International Politics Department, Aberystwyth University, UK, "The Limitations of the ’Critical Edge’: Reflections on Critical and Philosophical IR Scholarship Today," Millennium)
We have yet another call to a new beginning, another meta-theoretical debate AND , we do not live in a world with- out any alternatives.
—-at terrorism false
Claims of threat construction are offensively oversimplified Jones 06 (David Martin, PhD, Associate Professor and Reader in Political Science, University of Queensland, and L. R. Smith, "The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia," International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100)
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism AND -national constellation, represents the only secure basis for liberal democratic order.
—-alt fails
Terror attack turns the alt. Arbatov et al. 08 – (2008, Alexei, Doctor of History, AND . 1, January–February 2008, pp. 50–78)
In terms of consequences, an act of nuclear terrorism seems to be the most AND international terrorism an indirect victory in its attempts to destroy the civilized world.
at root cause
No root cause of war Goldstein 01 – (2001, Joshua, Professor Emeritus of International Relations, American University (Washington, DC) Research Scholar, University of Massachusetts and Nonresident Sadat Senior Fellow, CIDCM, University of Maryland, Professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender, 412)
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
No root causes – human nature is too complex Hutchison 04 ~Fred, M.A. from Cleveland State University, intellectual and author, "American innovation and the culture war: A golden age of American innovation," March 22, http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/hutchison/040322~~
Reductionist ideas reduce man to a simplistic caricature. When man looks in the mirror AND with ideas of multiculturalism — which is grounded on theories of cultural determinism.
—-precision targeting DA
Detachment from materiality and simulated nature of warfare is creating a more PRECISE form of war that is less violent Brooks 12 – (9/5, Rosa, Schwartz Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation and a law professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, former Counselor to Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Michèle Flournoy at the U.S. Department of Defense, "What’s Not Wrong With Drones?" Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/whats_not_wrong_with_drones?page=0,1)
2. Drones strikes are bad because killing at a distance is unsavory. AND "burnout," with 17 percent "clinically distressed."
Reduces civilian casualties Anderson 12 – (2012, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, "EFFICIENCY IN BELLO AND AD BELLUM: MAKING THE USE OF FORCE TOO EASY?" in Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World, eds. Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin, and Andrew Altman, online)
The anodyne expression of a point on a graph of efficiency where jus in bello AND forces allows greater planning to reduce the harms and effects of military operations.
The essence of politics is itself nothing political, as Heidegger might rightly say. AND struggles and powers. Heidegger passed beyond the political—and never returned.
Plan: The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting the President of the United States’ Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
Adv 1 is Terror
Domestic and international backlash will inevitably hamstring US drone policy and prevent effective operations in the status quo Zenko 13 – (Jan. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council on Foreign Relations, Special Report No. 65)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: "Where force AND if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash deters drone use even if legal challenges never materialize. Goldsmith 12 – (Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, P. 199-201)
Clive Stafford Smith, a former CCR attorney who was instrumental in its early GTMO AND deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.
Moving to Title 10 DOD authority ensures drone legitimacy – allows oversight and guarantees political backing. Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
So, moving operations to the Pentagon may modestly improve transparency and compliance with AND too, the proposed reforms would put the remaining policy on stronger footing.
Also solves international opinion and legal challenges – creates PERCEPTION of international law compliance. Nauman 12 – (2013, Joshua, JD, LLM, Commander, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, U.S. Navy, "Civilians on the Battlefield: By Using U.S. Civilians in the War on Terror, Is the Pot Calling the Kettle Black?" 91 Neb. L. Rev., google scholar)
Similarly, the prosecution of enemy belligerents by military commission for, among other things AND war, regardless of whose side they are on. As a world leader, we owe nothing less.
Drone strikes solve Al-Qaeda and global terrorism. Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)
NOBODY DOES IT BETTER AND way to eliminate them.
Disrupting safe havens is key to reduce EFFECTIVENESS – drone attacks degrade al-Qaeda core Byman 11 – (6/3, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia," Testimony for the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2011/06/03-terrorism-byman)
I. The State of the al Qaeda Core Despite claims that the al Qaeda AND to disrupt and often more a danger to themselves than to their enemies.
Disruption and denial solve nuclear terror – need to stop the planning process. Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, "Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)
The second major implication addresses the demand side of the threat. Speci?cally, a AND conduct a catastrophic attack at some point in the future has correspondingly increased.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war. Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, AND (2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals, AND likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Al Qaeda wants nuclear weapons. Bunn et al. 11 (May 2011. Matthew Bunn, associate professor, at Harvard Kennedy School and Co- Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Colonel Yuri Morozov, prof @ Russian Academy of Military Sciences former chief of General Staff of the Russian military; Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. Senior fellow at Belfer Center, fmr. director of Intelligence at DoE; Simon Saradzhyan, senior fellow at Belfer Center; William Tobey, senior fellow at Belfer Center and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, fmr. deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the NNSA; Colonel General Viktor I. Yesin, senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, fmr. chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces; Major General Pavel S. Zolotarev, deputy director of the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and fmr. head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense. “The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism.” The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies.)
Obtaining high-end weapons of mass destruction has been a high priority for a AND the same examples from the former are used nearly verbatim in the latter.
Nuclear security is weak and materials are accessible. Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, "Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials," in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
In short, the threats are out there. In a world that includes terrorists AND having participants in the system offer explanations why it could never happen again.
After 9/11 it was convenient, and perhaps necessary, to AND to a recent Times article, and to conduct operations to do so.
CIA effectiveness key to intelligence – central and lead human intel agency Zegart 4/16/9 http://www.samefacts.com/2009/04/everything-else/dont-kill-the-cia/ Amy B. Zegart is co-director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, and professor of political economy at Stanford’s Graduate School of Business
3. There’s a reason the CIA has the word "Central" in its AND no mistake: the CIA is vital to protecting American lives and interests.
Intelligence capacity key to stop cyberterrorism – only proactive approach solves Rudner 13 Martin Rudner (2013) Cyber-Threats to Critical National Infrastructure: An Intelligence Challenge, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 26:3, 453-481, DOI: 10.1080/08850607.2013.78055 Martin Rudner is Distinguished Resea rch Professor Emeritus at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. This study formed part of a larger research project he undertook with Angela Gendron on Assessing Cyber Threats to Canadian Infrastructure for the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and completed in March 2012.
COUNTERING CYBER-THREATS THROUGH INTELLIGENCE Cyber-security is typically AND attacks on the U.S. government and private computer networks. 87
Intel capability crucial to resolving multiple conflicts Vickers 2/27/13 STATEMENT OF DR. MICHAEL G. VICKERS, UNDER SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR INTELLIGENCE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, EMERGING THREATS AND CAPABILITIES OF THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARING HELD FEBRUARY 27, 2013
First and foremost, we seek nothing less than the strategic defeat of Al Qaeda AND and it enables precision operations. It is our front line of defense.
The age of conventional war is over – all conflicts will originate with cyberwarfare Salhani 11/14/13 (Claude Salhani, former editor of the Middle East Times and a long-time contributor to the Commentary pages of the Washington Times, former International Editor with United Press International and also ran UPI’s Terrorism 26 Security Desks, nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, studied in the Master’s in Conflict Resolution program at Royal Roads University, in Victoria, Canada, political analyst and senior editor with Trend News Agency in Baku, Azerbaijan, "How Prepared is the Oil Industry for a Cyber War," http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/How-Prepared-is-the-Oil-Industry-for-a-Cyber-War.html)
The next major conflict, if there is ever going to be one, will AND the computers safe, struggling to remain one step ahead of potential disaster.
Successful attacks on critical infrastructure are inevitable – the degree and nature of our response determines whether it’ll escalate Wolff 7/23/13 (Josephine Wolff is a PhD candidate in the Engineering Systems Division at Massachusetts Institute of Technology studying cybersecurity and Internet policy, reporting for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, "Is a cyber attack on US infrastructure inevitable," http://www.salon.com/2013/07/23/is_a_doomsday_cyber_attack_on_the_us_inevitable_partner/)
Is a cyber attack on US infrastructure inevitable? Participants in the Model U. AND year, you won’t have to be so imaginative in creating the scenario."
Nuclear war Lawson ’9 (Sean Lawson, Professor of Communication at Utah, Cross-Domain Response to Cyber Attacks and the Threat of Conflict, 5/13, http://www.seanlawson.net/?p=477)
At a time when it seems impossible to avoid the seemingly growing hysteria over the AND lethal agent is regarded with the same or greater seriousness." ~7~
The risk of cyberwar outweighs and turns nuclear war – empirically validated by geopolitical trends and likely to proliferate uncontrollably Gross ’13 (Michael Joseph Gross, contributing editor to Vanity Fair, where he covers topics including politics, technology, and national security, has also written extensively for publications such as The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and GQ, attended Williams College, and later studied at Princeton Theological Seminary, July 2013, "Silent War," http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2013/07/new-cyberwar-victims-american-business
On the hidden battlefields of history’s first known cyber-war, the casualties are AND this," he says. "You just have to be really smart."
The overall resilience of intelligence analysis trumps specific event prediction Wirtz 13 Dr. James J. Wirtz is Dean of the School of International Graduate Studies and former Chairman of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, AND -562, DOI: 10.1080/08850607.2013.780558
Indications and warning intelligence is an important and time-tested methodology employed by intelligenc AND to contemporary threat s posed by non-state actors or rogue regimes.
Key to counter assymetric threats DESPITE massive military dominance – prevents CBW use against the US and allies. Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, "Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information," p. 37-8)
American military predominance gives rise to a paradox: Because the United States is so AND interests or respond to U.S. moves against them.
Heg solves war. Thayer 13 – (2013, Bradley, PhD, professor in the political science department at Baylor University, "Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis," in The Forum: The Decline of War, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 396–419, September 2013)
The Importance of the System and the Distribution of Power AND of relative power changes and not to the benefit of the United States.
Engagement is comparatively the best strategy – critics ignore non-military benefits and exclude relevant data. Brooks et al. 13 – (2013, Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, "Debating American Engagement: The Future of U.S. Grand Strategy," International Security, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Fall 2013), pp. 181–199)
Avoid observational bias. Observable, experienced costs and risks are much more vivid than AND interests by allowing it to secure necessary interstate cooperation on favorable terms.
The plan would be CIA charter legislation – key to refocus the CIA on intelligence not paramilitary operations. Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, "The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Reviving the covert operations capability from its present atrophied state immediately raises overarching questions as AND long overdue, and its necessity has only been confirmed by recent excesses.
Two new papers published in the latest volume of Dynamics of AND about military use of drones that will likely grow in years to come.
at mueller (20 things)
Mueller’s a tool – manipulates numbers to gain a persuasive effect and doesn’t understand nuclear physics. Zimmerman 09 – (2009, Peter, PhD, experimental nuclear and elementary particle physics, Emeritus Professor of Science and Security at King’s College London, former Chief Scientist of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, "Do We Really Need to Worry? Some Reflections on the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism," Defence Against Terrorism Review Vol. 2, No. 2, Fall 2009, 1-14)
Mueller chooses another set of criteria by which to judge the plausibility of improvised nuclear AND range from a severe beating to barbaric torture followed by a gruesome death.
Beyond treaty interpretation, Iran’s AND "commitment" hold any weight.
Removing sanctions doesn’t lead to a deal. Dubowitz and Gerecht 11/10 – (2013, Mark, executive director of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, MA in International Public Policy, Johns Hopkins, and Reuel, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, former resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, former case officer at the CIA, primarily working on Middle Eastern targets, "The Case for Stronger Sanctions on Iran," http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/the-case-for-stronger-sanctions-on-iran/)
So where does that leave us? Reports out of Geneva indicate that the Obama AND are easily revoked or not much of a nuclear impediment to start with.
=uniqueness overwhelms=
No chance of passing —- the recent push their ev cites alienated even more supporters JTA 2-6 ("Reversing course, AIPAC says now is not the time for new sanctions") Following the lead of Sen. Robert Menendez, the top sponsor of new Iran AND a vote on the bill. AIPAC studiously avoids any appearance of partisanship.
=thumpers=
====Trade comes first and will drain more PC as opposition grows ==== AFP 2-4 ("US Congress is barrier to huge Atlantic, Pacific trade deals") President Barack Obama is running into stiff opposition from Democrats in the US Congress to AND the US Trade Representative, in charge of the negotiations, told AFP.
Uniqueness overwhelms —- no push for a vote WSJ 2-4 ("Congress Eases Standoff With White House Over Iran Sanctions") WASHINGTON—The Obama administration appeared to be prevailing in its effort to persuade lawmakers AND ," she said, calling the two sides’ positions a difference over tactics.
The simmering debate about the White House’s AND D-Calif., who chairs the Senate Intelligence Committee.
The status quo is an explicit loss for Obama
McDuffee 1/16/14 (Allen, reports on defense and national security for Wired and is currently working on a book about the influence of think tanks in Washington, "Congress Blocks Plan to Transfer Drone Control From CIA to Pentagon," http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2014/01/drone-strikes-likely-stay-cia/ An effort by President Obama to transfer America’s lethal, highly classified drone program from AND closed to a small circle because of the classified nature of the addendum.
Mueller’s studies are flawed 26 academically lazy Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, "Atomic Escapism?" book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and interesting part of the book is the last third AND supporting his point of view, but he ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
2ac case – CIA is key
CIA is key to cyber intelligence – proactive approach is key to detection and defense, only a demilitarization of intelligence solves Zegart and Rudner
Intelligence services could provide significant support for such initiatives by virtue of their access to AND attacks on the U.S. government and private computer networks. 87
And even if the policy change is carried out, Obama has no intention of abandoning a tactic that his AND gathering intelligence, another official said.
CIA charter is uniquely successful framework legislation. Koh 88 – (1988, Harold Hongju, professor and (former) dean of Yale Law School, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State for Obama (post-publication), "Why the President (Almost) Always Wins in Foreign Affairs: Lessons of the Iran-Contra Affair," Yale Law School, Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 2071, digital commons)
The overriding purposes of any charter legislation should not be to encourage AND construed by the courts-of how national security policy should be made.
Authority is legal permission act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent b. legal permission granted to a person to perform a specified act
US Code title 50 is war powers and controls the CIA. Stevenson 13 – (3/6, Charles, PhD, professor of American foreign policy, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, former professor at the National War College, "Overseeing the New Ways of War," http://www.rollcall.com/news/stevenson_overseeing_the_new_ways_of_war-222773-1.html)
The situation becomes especially murky when both the CIA and the Pentagon are conducting drone AND What we need is a "Title 60" to bridge the gaps.
That’s authority Chesney 12 – (2012, Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, non-resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, "Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:539)
Title 50 is a portion of the U.S. Code that contains a AND for engaging in quintessential intelligence activities such as intelligence collection and covert action.
2ac – prez powers
DECISION TO CONSULT CONGRESS RESTRICTS PRESIDENTIAL WAR POWER REGARDLESS OF HOW CONGRESS VOTES - in intro of forces, offensive cyber 26 drone strikes David Rothkopf, Editor-Foreign Policy, 9/4/13, "Involving Congress Could Prove a Mistake," Valley News, ~http://www.vnews.com/opinion/8335755-95/column-involving-congress-may-prove-a-mistake~~ Whatever happens with regard to Syria, the larger consequence of the president’s action will AND what consequences might follow from a constitutional judgment in the here and now.
2AC – CP
Transparency DA – Congress is key to public trust Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these developments, President Obama promised in his recent State of the AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
The threshold for CP solvency should be comparative evidence – we meet, they don’t Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
Hence, preventing abuse and lost convictions is only half the story; clarifying the AND This Section then examines the possible drawbacks to formal amendment of the CIA mandate.
Intel DA – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of reports and recommendations made by the various commissions of the AND for creating threats to CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Legitimacy – presidential directives are perceived as weak and unpredictable Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, "The American Prospect," lexis)
The most effective check on executive orders has proven to be political. When it AND proposal — and it painted him indelibly as an anti-environmental president.
The budget is big enough – that’s not the problem – losing key elements of tradecraft – bad for the CIA. Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, "The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Apart from their special characteristics and unpredictable consequences, AND private company situation in order to avoid the danger of rogue intelligence operations.
2ac ptx – generic
Plan solves a better internal link Bergen 13 – (4/23, Peter, director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, research fellow at New York University’s Center on Law and Security, former adjunct lecturer at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, former Adjunct Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, "Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing," Testimony presented before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary , Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BergenTestimony.pdf)
Has the increased emphasis at the CIA on targeted killings hampered the agency’s ability to AND making them the second largest political bloc in Egypt after the Muslim Brotherhood.
Overall Estimate: So What? Together, these tools could be used to generate AND for instability in Egypt and across the Middle East.
The bill never had a chance —- AIPAC overreached Haaretz 2-8 ("AIPAC’s self-inflicted wounds in Iran sanctions campaign puncture its power of deterrence") So it is with AIPAC’s all-out support for the Senate’s misconceived Iran sanctions AND political goodwill and political impact on petulant sideshows and roads that lead nowhere.
====Tons of thumpers ==== WSJ 2-3 ("Fractures Emerge Between Obama, Congressional Democrats") WASHINGTON—Democrats in Congress are parting ways with President Barack Obama on issues including AND such as a flood-insurance bill has been a point of tension.
UI thumps losers lose Huey-Burns 2-6 (Caitlin,- Political Reporter for RealClearPolitics. Before joining RealClearPolitics, she wrote for the politics and policy channel of U.S. News "Jobless Benefits Extension Fails in Senate") A second attempt to restore benefits for the long-term unemployed failed in the AND pushed for an extension in his State of the Union address last month.
====Drone reformism builds capital==== Schwartz ’13 (Yaron,- Fulbright Scholar, LSE/Yale graduate) The Obama administration recently lifted its veil of secrecy about its drone usage by providing AND .S. counterterrorism policies. Now that would be fun to watch.
2AC – Liberalism K
Perm do both – declaring the terrorist illegitimate is a valid exercise of the sovereign decision – the 1ac was not the absolute positivist conception of legitimacy their link arguments presume. Kochi 06 – (2006, Tarik, "THE PARTISAN: CARL SCHMITT AND TERRORISM," Law Critique (2006) 17: 267–295, springer)
All war involves terror; the war of the state is no less terrible than AND question: what is the relation between war and the notion of right?
Framing issue – making the law SEEM legitimate is good – preserves law where it actually functions Vermeule 09 – (2009, Adrian, "OUR SCHMITTIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW," HARVARD LAW REVIEW, Vol. 122:1095)
For many rule of law theorists, black holes are objectionable. The term was AND a kind of tantrum about a temporary thinning of the rule of law.
Lawfare is INEVITABLE but Goldsmith 11 – (9/8, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Mea Culpa: Lawfare," www.lawfareblog.com/2011/09/mea-culpa-lawfare/)
In the Fall of 2002, a month or so after I started work in AND one’s best to win the war over law while controlling its many costs.
Claims of threat construction are offensively oversimplified Jones 06 (David Martin, PhD, Associate Professor and Reader in Political Science, University of Queensland, and L. R. Smith, "The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia," International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100)
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism AND secure basis for liberal democratic order.
No shift now – 2AC said intel wasn’t being demilitarized bc of institutional inertia, means there’s a structural reason it’s NOT happening in STAGES Here’s more evidence Schmitt 1/16/14 (Eric, NYT, "Congress Restricts Drones Program Shift," http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/17/us/politics/congress-restricts-drones-program-shift.html?_r=0) WASHINGTON — In an unusual move, Congress is placing restrictions on the Obama administration’s AND shifting control to the military was being revised — if not shelved. "
at mueller
Mueller is a tool Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, "Atomic Escapism?" book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and interesting part of the book is the last third AND supporting his point of view, but he ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
yes extinction
Yes extinction—-even a small fraction of weapon use sparks famine and ecological, global climate catastrophe, and kill the oceans – turns the 1AC impacts Star, 09 – University of Sydney, 8/2/09, (Stephen Starr and Peter King, "Nuclear suicide", Sunday, 02 August 2009, http://www.sciencealert.com.au/opinions/20090208-19496.html)
But there is little evidence yet that either the government or the Commission is fully AND the populations of any nation dependent upon grain imports would be at risk.
Util
Moral absolutism makes them complicit in injustice – unintended consequences matter just as much as intentions Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Spring 2002, Dissent, Vol. 49, No. 2 As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah AND not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
Root Cause
No root cause of war Joshua Goldstein, 2001, Professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender, 412 First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working AND on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.
Demilitarizing CIA intel k/t US diplomacy Adams and Sims 12 – (12/3, Gordon, professor of international relations at the School of International Service, American University, former senior White House official for national security budgets from 1993 to 1997, Jennifer, senior fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence coordination and as coordinator for intelligence resources and planning at the Department of State, "Demilitarize the C.I.A." NYT http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/12/03/a-new-director-or-a-new-direction-for-the-cia/demilitarize-the-cia)
The agency should be rededicated to support diplomatic operations. Our ambassadors need robust intelligence to AND support civilian decision-making.
Case
Extinction comes first – outweighs ongoing systemic impacts Matheny 07 – (Jason, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, "Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction," Risk Analysis, Vol 27, No 5)
We may be poorly equipped to recognize or plan for extinction risks (Yudkowsky, AND on the extinction risks we face and the costs of mitigating them.20
Their conception of violence is reductive and can’t be solved Boulding 77 Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung Author(s): Kenneth E. AND the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement.
Finally, we come to the great Galtung metaphors of ’structural violence’ ’and ’positive AND it may have d’one a disservice in preventing us from finding the answer.
Cp
No evidence that language is MORE important than substance – the judge has to vote aff or neg which makes language focus an opp cost to the consequences of plan implementation Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.
A focus on renaming replaces a focus on institutional change—masks the need for pragmatic solutions, leading to inaction Schram, 95 – prof social theory and policy @ Bryn Mawr College, (Sanford F. Schram, professor of social theory and policy at Bryn Mawr College, 1995, words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty
The sounds of silence are several in poverty research. Whereas many welfare policy analysts are constrained by AND renaming fail in their efforts to make a politics out of sanitizing language.
If it’s torture, why call it a "harsh interrogation technique"? If it’s premeditated assassination, why call it a "targeted AND happening, if a bit clinical.
That’s key to solve the aff. Goldsmith 11 – (9/8, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Mea Culpa: Lawfare," www.lawfareblog.com/2011/09/mea-culpa-lawfare/)
In the Fall of 2002, a month or so after I started work in AND one’s best to win the war over law while controlling its many costs.
K
K can’t turn case – recruitment now and inevitable religious ideology means it’s impossible to generate uniqueness for blowback arguments – no impact to slightly increasing recruitment – Detailed data driven analysis indicates that drones are associated with fewer and less violent terrorist attacks. Johnston and Sarbahi 13 – (July 2013, Patrick, PhD, Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation, former Research Fellow in the International Security Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, and Anoop, PhD, Postdoctoral Scholar, Empirical Studies of Conflict Center, UCLA, "The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan," google scholar)
Drone strikes are not the only instrument the U.S. can use to AND Pakistan appear to be credible and should not be dismissed out of hand.
We can evaluate competing epistemologies through the lens of intelligence solutions without devolving into constructivism
LilBacka13 (Dr. Ralf G. V. Lillbacka is a Senior Lecturer in quantitative methodology and statistical analysis in the Sector of Social Services and Health Care at Novia, the University of Applied Sciences, in Vasa, Finland, where he has taught since 2004. Holder of an M.A. and Ph.D. in Political Science from Finland’s A ? bo Akademi University, he served as a social science researcher at the school from 1997–2004. He has previously published studies concerning intelligence matters in Northern Europe Ralf G. V. Lillbacka (2013) Realism, Constructivism, and Intelligence Analysis, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 26:2, 304-331, DOI: 10.1080/08850607.2013.732450
I do not argue that Intelligence Studies should avoid the rest of ’’academia’’ or AND my examination of three recent works on intelligence analysis to be detailed herein.
Heg decreases structural violence Barnett 11 – (Thomas P.M. Barnett 11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, September 12, 2011, "The New Rules: The Rise of the Rest Spells U.S. Strategic Victory," World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9973/the-new-rules-the-rise-of-the-rest-spells-u-s-strategic-victory)
First the absurdity: A few of the most over-the-top Bush AND what’s yet to come. ¶ As always, the choice is ours.
The world is getting better now – heg is the root cause Busby 12 – (Josh Busby 12, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html)
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years AND that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.
The Alt demands a violent revolution which will be destroyed and only result in a new dictatorship Feldheim (Prof of Philosophy @ SUNY) 8 (Andrew, REPLY TO WARD CHURCHILL, dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu, GoogleScholar)
Churchill’s assumption that, when a nonviolent group becomes a viable threat to an oppressive AND prove Churchill’s argument unsound, its very nature makes it of limited utility.
And this true in North America too – The immediate effect of the alternative would be a massive increase in direct anti-Black and anti-Indian violence violence Fire Rider (advocate from the Northern Ontario Ojibwe and American Indian Movement) 5 (Marty, Why Churchill Political Agenda is Wrong for Indians, February 2005, http://aimfireca.tripod.com/id44.html)
I think we can agree that Churchill’s political philosophy is liberal socialism regarding foreign AND environment where Indians would be subject to further violence, racism and discriminating.
The affirmative’s nostalgic retrieval of native culture and spirituality plays into capitalist commodification of identity and continues a vicious cycle of stealing Native identity to create Western community – according to the aff, we can only reclaim nativity by building some panels on their lands==== Aldred 2k (Lisa, Assoc. Prof. in the Center for Native American Studies @ Montana State U., "Plastic Shamans and Astroturf Sun Dances: New Age Commercialization of Native American Spirituality" The American Indian Quarterly 24.3)
The subjectivities of human experience produced under capitalism leads to feelings of alienation. Yet AND of their own historical and social complicity in the oppression of indigenous peoples.
The August 15th editorial for SF Bayview concluded that the only way to stop gentrification AND at it’s strongest point, a suicidal Pickett’s Charge, if you will.
Plan: The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting the President of the United States’ Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
Terror
Domestic and international backlash will inevitably hamstring US drone policy and prevent effective operations in the status quo Zenko 13 – (Jan. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies," Council on Foreign Relations, Special Report No. 65)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: "Where force AND if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash deters drone use even if legal challenges never materialize. Goldsmith 12 – (Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, P. 199-201)
Clive Stafford Smith, a former CCR attorney who was instrumental in its early GTMO AND deemed to be in the interest of U.S. national security.
Moving to Title 10 DOD authority ensures drone legitimacy – allows oversight and guarantees political backing. Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "Going Clear," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
So, moving operations to the Pentagon may modestly improve transparency and compliance with the AND too, the proposed reforms would put the remaining policy on stronger footing.
Also solves international opinion and legal challenges – creates PERCEPTION of international law compliance. Nauman 12 – (2013, Joshua, JD, LLM, Commander, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, U.S. Navy, "Civilians on the Battlefield: By Using U.S. Civilians in the War on Terror, Is the Pot Calling the Kettle Black?" 91 Neb. L. Rev., google scholar)
Similarly, the prosecution of enemy belligerents by military commission for, among other things AND As a world leader, we owe nothing less.
Drone strikes solve Al-Qaeda and global terrorism. Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Why Drones Work," Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)
NOBODY DOES IT BETTER The Obama administration relies on drones for one simple reason: they work. According AND intolerable threats do arise and drone strikes are the best way to eliminate them.
Disrupting safe havens is key to reduce EFFECTIVENESS – drone attacks degrade al-Qaeda core Byman 11 – (6/3, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, "Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia," Testimony for the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2011/06/03-terrorism-byman)
I. The State of the al Qaeda Core Despite claims that the al Qaeda AND to disrupt and often more a danger to themselves than to their enemies.
Disruption and denial solve nuclear terror – need to stop the planning process. Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, "Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)
The second major implication addresses the demand side of the threat. Speci?cally, a AND conduct a catastrophic attack at some point in the future has correspondingly increased.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war. Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, AND (2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals, AND Russia, making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Al Qaeda wants nuclear weapons. Bunn et al. 11 (May 2011. Matthew Bunn, associate professor, AND International Affairs and the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies.)
Obtaining high-end weapons of mass destruction has been a high priority for a AND the same examples from the former are used nearly verbatim in the latter.
Nuclear security is weak and materials are accessible Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, "Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials," in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
In short, the threats are out there. In a world that includes terrorists AND having participants in the system offer explanations why it could never happen again.
Nuclear motive exists and will only increase – our ev is predictive and empirical Phillips 12 – (2012, Andrew, PhD, Senior Lecturer in the School of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Queensland, "Horsemen of the apocalypse? Jihadist strategy and nuclear instability in South Asia," International Politics (2012) 49, 297–317)
Jihadism and the enduring appeal of nuclear weapons AND from the ensuing chaos. This reasoning supporting this assessment is outlined below.
Physicists conclude that it’s easy, material is available – weapons don’t require complexity Zimmerman and Pluta 06 – (2006, Peter, PhD, experimental nuclear and elementary particle physics, Emeritus Professor of Science and Security at King’s College London, former Chief Scientist of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and Anna, researcher, Center for Science and Security at King’s College London, PhD candidate, "Nuclear terrorism: A disheartening dissent," Survival: Global Politics and Strategy Volume 48, Issue 2, 2006, taylor and francis)
It seems certain that at some price nuclear explosive material is available to well funded AND stressing, scenario that has been explored in some detail in fiction.37
Theft is large scale and ongoing Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, "Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials," in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
Theft of highly enriched uranium and plutonium, the essential ingredients of nuclear weapons, AND struggle, and departing without ever being engaged by site security forces).8
Scenario 2 is Pakistan
Title 10 shift solves Pakistani blowback – enables effective public relations. Zenko 13 – (Apr. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, "POLICY INNOVATION MEMORANDUM NO. 31," Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
The main objection to consolidating lead executive authority in DOD is that it would eliminate AND then it would not be held responsible for airstrikes conducted by other countries.
Solves Pakistani opposition to the program. Fair et al. 13 – (1/23, C. Christine, assistant professor at Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program, Karl Kaltenthaler, professor of political science at the University of Akron, and William Miller, assistant professor of public administration at Flagler College, "You Say Pakistanis All Hate the Drone War? Prove It," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/you-say-pakistanis-all-hate-the-drone-war-prove-it/267447/)
How Obama Can Turn the Tide of Public Opinion AND be the only way to save the drone program President Obama so values.
Any alternative use of force against Taliban or Al Qaeda forces would be likely to cause many AND control of territory in the tribal areas.
Detailed data driven analysis indicates that drones are associated with fewer and less violent terrorist attacks. Johnston and Sarbahi 13 – (July 2013, Patrick, PhD, Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation, former Research Fellow in the International Security Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, and Anoop, PhD, Postdoctoral Scholar, Empirical Studies of Conflict Center, UCLA, "The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan," google scholar)
Drone strikes are not the only instrument the U.S. can use to AND Pakistan appear to be credible and should not be dismissed out of hand.
Blowback is inevitable and there’s no impact. Anderson 13 – (5/24, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, "The Case for Drones," Real Clear Politics)
The most prominent critique today, however, is that drone warfare is counterproductive because it AND had not been replaced by Abraham Lincoln, the Union would have lost the Civil War.
Pakistani instability escalates to nuclear war. Pitt 09 – a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn’t Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World," http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=commentary26article=2183)
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan rammed a car packed with explosives into a jeep AND to be gravely serious about addressing the situation. So should we all.
Pakistan’s the brink of failure – economic growth and military strength are irrelevant. Sentell 10 – (2010, David Scott, Major, US Army, "On the Brink:Instability and the Prospect of State Failure in Pakistan," http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA523136)
In today’s complex global environment, many actors – state and non-state – AND 1979 and the advent of Islamic extremism under President Zia ul-Haq.
Pakistan can’t exert internal control over militants Kapur and Ganguly 12 – (2012, S. Paul, Professor in the National Security Affairs Department at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and a faculty affiliate at Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, and Sumit, Professor of Political Science and holds the Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations at Indiana University, Bloomington. He is also Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, “The Jihad Paradox,” International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Summer 2012), pp. 111–141)
Pakistan’s militant strategy has thus not been an abject failure. To the contrary, AND stop it—be it the U.S. or Musharraf."92
Method
Scenario planning is good pedagogy – helps teach IR theories, break down preexisting assumptions and identity best research practices. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
This article introduces political scientists to scenarios—future counterfactuals—and demonstrates AND to explain how future counterfactuals fit into the methodological canon of the discipline.
Specifically useful in the context of issues lacking vast empirical data sets – especially true for nuclear war. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
An obvious answer to these challenges is that some scenarios are better done than others AND plausible through the data that are available (Blair 1993; Sagan 1995).
The specific way scenarios are research and debated in this space is good – gets all the net benefits of role playing with none of the negative side effects. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
Pedagogy Scenarios offer many of the same benefits as simulations, recently a hot topic in AND to bring deductive logic to bear to assess the boundaries of the scenario.
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law AND undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.
Just because research comes from a "policy" think tank or government bureaucracy doesn’t mean it’s Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, "babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies," European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
For obvious reasons, ’embedded’ terrorism scholars and traditional think-tanks have enjoyed a AND or state-related actors (Halliday, 1996: 211-13).
Plenty of oppositional research in the squo – government funding bias is overstated. Weinberg and Eubank 08 – (2008, Leonard, PhD, Foundation Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Reno, senior fellow at the National Security Studies Center at the University of Haifa, and William, PhD, associate professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, "Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism," Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 1, Issue 2, 2008, taylor and francis)
The critics also complain about the funding of terrorism research as well as its quality AND on to become orthodox terrorism specialists working at Washington area think-tanks.
at mueller
Mueller’s studies are flawed 26 academically lazy Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, "Atomic Escapism?" book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and interesting part of the book is the last third AND supporting his point of view, but he ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
at no accidents
Russia will retaliate – dead hand system and response delegation Morgan 09 (Dennis, full professor at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, "World on fire: two scenarios of the destruction of human civilization and possible extinction of the human race," Futures, November, Science Direct)
In a remarkable website on nuclear war, Carol Moore asks the question ’’Is AND protocol, an all-out nuclear war would surely have taken place.
at root cause of terror
Terrorism isn’t ideologicall motivated – means they can’t solve Arbatov et al. 08 – (2008, Alexei, Doctor of History, AND . 1, January–February 2008, pp. 50–78)
In pursuit of their goals, terrorists make skillful use of the information, communications AND in the world, hated or worshipped by tens of millions of people.
The remarks from Jeh Johnson come five weeks after John Brennan, who oversaw the CIA’s expansion of the AND Washington, that something must be done to assuage fears about unchecked executive killing power.
That’s key – military rules and institutional culture is transparent and trusted. Vogel 10 – (2010, Ryan, JD, Foreign Affairs Specialist, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense, LLM Candidate, "DRONE WARFARE AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT," DENV. J. INT’L L. 26 POL’Y VOL. 39:1, google scholar)
A number of critics also point to the lack of accountability for CIA drone strikes AND contrast to the military’s requirement for transparency in promulgating its rules and regulations.
Also creates a rally around the flag effect for drones. Hudson et al. 12 – (2012, Leila, associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts, Colin S. Owens, and Matt Flannes, graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona, research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts, “Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates through Counterterrorism?” Volume 19, Issue 3, pages 142–156, Fall 2012)
This shift to drones plays out in a transition of operational responsibility to JSOC and AND removes any traces of a campaign that seeks to win hearts and minds.
at jackson
CTS argues against a straw man – orthodox terror studies doesn’t exist. Horgan and Boyle 08 (John and Michael, Associate Professor of Psychology at Penn State and Assistant Professor of Political Science at LaSalle University, "A Case Against ’Critical Terrorism Studies’" Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2008, pages 51-64)
The straw man of ’Orthodox Terrorism Studies’ AND well ask then what is so different about ’terrorism studies’ and CTS?
Definitional problem is overstated Weinberg and Eubank 08 – (2008, Leonard, PhD, Foundation Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Reno, senior fellow at the National Security Studies Center at the University of Haifa, and William, PhD, associate professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, "Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism," Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 1, Issue 2, 2008, taylor and francis)
The situation may not be as bleak as it seems at first glance. While there is no consensus as yet, over the years AND in other areas of political inquiry as these areas have changed over time.
Terrorism is methodologically distinct from other forms of violence and should be considered analytically separate. Edelmann 11 – (2011, Florian, PhD Candidate, International Politics, Aberystwyth University, Diplom-Jurist (German law degree), MA political science, "The Dialectic of ConstructionDeconstruction II: A Critical Assessment of the Research Agenda of Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS) Approaches," FRP Working Paper 12/2011, Institute for Political Science at the University of Regensburg)
Having established these criteria of CTS discourses, the aim of a first order or AND tactics by governments (Jackson et al. 2011: 116-118).
at precision bad
Doesn’t actually solve war – only works for humanitarian interventions not the really fucked up ones. Anderson 12 – (2012, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, "EFFICIENCY IN BELLO AND AD BELLUM: MAKING THE USE OF FORCE TOO EASY?" in Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World, eds. Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin, and Andrew Altman, online)
But it might be said that this misses the point. It might be true AND a decisive weapon for risk-averse NATO powers in Samantha Power’s War.
Turns civilian casualties – can’t make cool calculated decisions when you’re in the line of fire. Anderson 12 – (2012, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, "EFFICIENCY IN BELLO AND AD BELLUM: MAKING THE USE OF FORCE TOO EASY?" in Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World, eds. Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin, and Andrew Altman, online)
The anodyne expression of a point on a graph of efficiency where jus in bello AND forces allows greater planning to reduce the harms and effects of military operations.
at empirics
This arg is stupid – they probably have one but can’t use it because THEIR WHOLE ORGANIZATION IS IN FUCKING HIDING. Mowatt-Larssen 10 – (2010, Rolf, Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, former Director of Intelligence and Counterintelligence at the U.S. Department of Energy, 23 years as a CIA intelligence officer, "Nightmares of nuclear terrorism," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, ebsco)
Another dangerous bias in assessing the threat is the belief that once terrorists obtain a AND that its leaders follow predictable patterns concerning the means and timing of attacks.
at mueller
Mueller is a tool. Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, "Atomic Escapism?" book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and interesting part of the book is the last third AND supporting his point of view, but he ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
AT: Pakistan Link
Pakistan has a historic and strategic commitment to support militancy – can’t solve on their own. Fair 11 – (2011, C. Christine, Assistant Professor in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, and a Research Fellow of the National Asia Research Program, "The Militant Challenge in Pakistan," asia policy, number 11 (january 2011), 105–37, http://relooney.fatcow.com/SI_Expeditionary/Fair_16.pdf)
This article has argued that Pakistan’s use of Islamist militancy as a tool of foreign AND , the international community has few choices but to prepare for the worst.
*ANTHROPOCENE*
at inev
Ecosystems are resilient – disasters don’t cause lasting damage. Bosselman 07 – (Fred, Professor of Law Emeritus, Chicago-Kent College of Law, "The New Power Generation: Environmental Law and Electricity Innovation: Colloquium Article: The Ecological Advantages of Nuclear Power," 15 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 1, 2007)
Ecologists today recognize that disturbance is a natural part of ecological processes. Ecological change AND for economic gain, to sustain recreation, or to facilitate development." 271
Environmental alarmism isn’t a justification for taking action —- they polarize debates and prevent sound policy formation based on truth Kaleita 07 – (2007, Amy, PHD, Assistant Professor Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, "Hysteria’s History" Environmental Alarmism in Context", http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf)
Apocalyptic stories about the irreparable, catastrophic damage that humans are doing to the natural AND real problem exists, solutions should be based on reality, not hysteria.
at dying good
Death precedes all other impacts – it ontologically destroys the subject and prevents any alternative way of knowing the world Paterson 03 – (Craig, Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island, "A Life Not Worth Living?" Studies in Christian Ethics,http://sce.sagepub.com)
Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that AND destroy the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.
I could say that if I didn’t do it, someone else would, but AND require in order to become peaceful enough to survive our future technological breakthroughs.
Affirming survival doesn’t devalue life – life is complex and malleable and can be celebrated even when it seems oppressive Fassin, 10 - James D. Wolfensohn Professor in the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, as well as directeur d’études at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris. (Didier, Fall, "Ethics of Survival: A Democratic Approach to the Politics of Life" Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol 1 No 1, Project Muse)
Conclusion Survival, in the sense Jacques Derrida attributed to the concept in his last interview AND in its multiple forms but also in its everyday expression of the human.
world improving
Yo the world is getting better – Evans is empirically wrong Barnett 11 – (Thomas P.M. Barnett 11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, September 12, 2011, "The New Rules: The Rise of the Rest Spells U.S. Strategic Victory," World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9973/the-new-rules-the-rise-of-the-rest-spells-u-s-strategic-victory)
First the absurdity: A few of the most over-the-top Bush AND what’s yet to come. ¶ As always, the choice is ours.
The world is getting better now – heg is the root cause Busby 12 – (Josh Busby 12, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html)
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years AND that makes other states insecure, even though they can’t balance against it.
*OTHER K*
fwork
Policy relevance is key to emancipation – need explicit engagement with the state and elites. Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, "babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies," European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
At the heart of the critical project lies the notion of ’emancipation’. As McDonald AND the goal is to combat both political terror and political structures encouraging terror.
Turns the alt – policymakers reject abstract research agendas. Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, "babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies," European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
Engagement is facilitated by the fact that, as counter-terrorism projects flounder, AND between critical academics and policy-makers, the advice becomes too diluted.
Specifically means they can’t solve state terror. English 09 – (2009, Richard, PhD, professor of history, University of St Andrews, "The future of terrorism studies," Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 2, Issue 2, 2009, taylor and francis)
Second, there must be an attention to the practical, policy-related dimension AND is vital that CTS scholars do not shirk this kind of research challenge.
Scenarios analysis is key for the aff’s impact scenarios Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
Scenarios are a useful method for theory building and research design for topics that, AND low-probability process if it begins to happen in the real world.
at law thing
Perm do both – declaring the terrorist illegitimate is a valid exercise of the sovereign decision – the 1ac was not the absolute positivist conception of legitimacy their link arguments presume. Kochi 06 – (2006, Tarik, "THE PARTISAN: CARL SCHMITT AND TERRORISM," Law Critique (2006) 17: 267–295, springer)
All war involves terror; the war of the state is no less terrible than AND question: what is the relation between war and the notion of right?
Framing issue – making the law SEEM legitimate is good – preserves law where it actually functions Vermeule 09 – (2009, Adrian, "OUR SCHMITTIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW," HARVARD LAW REVIEW, Vol. 122:1095)
For many rule of law theorists, black holes are objectionable. The term was AND a kind of tantrum about a temporary thinning of the rule of law.
2/21/14
Texas Round 8 - 1AR
Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Liberty Bobbitt-Murray | Judge: Green
at author bias
Plenty of oppositional research in the squo – government funding bias is overstated. Weinberg and Eubank 08 – (2008, Leonard, PhD, Foundation Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Reno, senior fellow at the National Security Studies Center at the University of Haifa, and William, PhD, associate professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, "Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism," Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 1, Issue 2, 2008, taylor and francis)
The critics also complain about the funding of terrorism research as well as its quality AND on to become orthodox terrorism specialists working at Washington area think-tanks.
at heg bad
Heg decreases structural violence Barnett 11 – (Thomas P.M. Barnett 11, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, September 12, 2011, "The New Rules: The Rise of the Rest Spells U.S. Strategic Victory," World Politics Review, online: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9973/the-new-rules-the-rise-of-the-rest-spells-u-s-strategic-victory)
First the absurdity: A few of the most over-the-top Bush AND what’s yet to come. ¶ As always, the choice is ours.
This potential of drones to vastly reduce civilian casualties was not fully realized at first, but it has been dramatically AND . Drones did not cause him or the Afghan people any appreciable concern.
at complexity
Alt fails – no way to make policies and causes worse backlash in the future. Rosenau 97 – (James, professor emeritus of international affairs – George Washington University, "Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs," in Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, eds. David S. Alberts and Thomas J. Czerwinski, National Defense University)
In this emergent epoch of multiple contradictions that I have labeled "fragmegration" in AND be reasonably expected to clarify from those that are likely to remain obscure.
at root cause
No root causes – human nature is too complex Hutchison 04 ~Fred, M.A. from Cleveland State University, intellectual and author, "American innovation and the culture war: A golden age of American innovation," March 22, http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/hutchison/040322~~
Reductionist ideas reduce man to a simplistic caricature. When man looks in the mirror AND with ideas of multiculturalism — which is grounded on theories of cultural determinism.
at reps
Reps alone can’t explain action – need a combined approach Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates at academic conferences are important to academics, the discourse and concerns AND needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is human history.
2/21/14
Texas Round 8 - 2AC
Tournament: Texas | Round: 8 | Opponent: Liberty Bobbitt-Murray | Judge: Green
And even if the policy change is carried out, Obama has no intention of abandoning a tactic that his AND its main job of gathering intelligence, another official said.
CIA charter is uniquely successful framework legislation. Koh 88 – (1988, Harold Hongju, professor and (former) dean of Yale Law School, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State for Obama (post-publication), "Why the President (Almost) Always Wins in Foreign Affairs: Lessons of the Iran-Contra Affair," Yale Law School, Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 2071, digital commons)
The overriding purposes of any charter legislation should not be to encourage congressional AND construed by the courts-of how national security policy should be made.
2ac case – a2 terror defense
Mueller’s studies are flawed 26 academically lazy Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, "Atomic Escapism?" book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and interesting part of the book is the last third AND supporting his point of view, but he ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
As I have written elsewhere, U.S. officials interviewed as well as Pakistani military and civilian officials AND drones offer strategic advantages that mitigate in. some measure. the costs.
Authority is legal permission act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent b. legal permission granted to a person to perform a specified act
(used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits): walking in the park.
2AC – CP
Transparency DA – Congress is key to public trust Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these developments, President Obama promised in his recent State of the AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Legitimacy – presidential directives are perceived as weak and unpredictable, circumvention Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, "The American Prospect," lexis)
The most effective check on executive orders has proven to be political. When it AND proposal — and it painted him indelibly as an anti-environmental president.
2ac ptx – generic
Uniqueness overwhelms —- no push for a vote WSJ 2-4 ("Congress Eases Standoff With White House Over Iran Sanctions") WASHINGTON—The Obama administration appeared to be prevailing in its AND ," she said, calling the two sides’ positions a difference over tactics.
Opposition to the bill is resilient —- no chance of passage Sargent 2-3 (Greg,- Political writer for the Washington Post "Another big blow to the Iran sanctions bill") The push for a new Iran sanctions bill may have stalled in the Senate, AND the closest we’ve ever been to preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon."
====Tons of thumpers ==== WSJ 2-3 ("Fractures Emerge Between Obama, Congressional Democrats") WASHINGTON—Democrats in Congress are parting ways with President Barack Obama on issues including AND such as a flood-insurance bill has been a point of tension.
====Trade comes first and will drain more PC as opposition grows ==== AFP 2-4 ("US Congress is barrier to huge Atlantic, Pacific trade deals") President Barack Obama is running into stiff opposition from Democrats in the US Congress to AND the US Trade Representative, in charge of the negotiations, told AFP.
====Drone reformism builds capital==== Schwartz ’13 (Yaron,- Fulbright Scholar, LSE/Yale graduate) The Obama administration recently lifted its veil of secrecy about its drone usage by providing AND .S. counterterrorism policies. Now that would be fun to watch.
2ac – security K
Terror attack turns the alt. Arbatov et al. 08 – (2008, Alexei, Doctor of History, AND . 1, January–February 2008, pp. 50–78)
In terms of consequences, an act of nuclear terrorism seems to be the most AND international terrorism an indirect victory in its attempts to destroy the civilized world.
Long term historical studies prove unipolarity is peaceful Wohlforth, 8 - Daniel Webster Professor of Government, Dartmouth. BA in IR, MA in IR and MPhil and PhD in pol sci, Yale (William, Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War, October 2008, World Politics Vol. 61, Iss. 1; pg. 28, 31 pgs, Proquest)
Despite increasingly compelling findings concerning the importance of AND are also consistent with power transition and other rationalist theories of hegemonic war.
Claims of threat construction are offensively oversimplified Jones 06 (David Martin, PhD, Associate Professor and Reader in Political Science, University of Queensland, and L. R. Smith, "The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia," International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100)
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism AND -national constellation, represents the only secure basis for liberal democratic order.
Ontology is never a preexisting reality, but is always produced in context – time pressures and interpersonal responsibilities means action must come before ontological criticism Kratochwil 08 (2008, Friedrich, professor of international relations – European University Institute, "The Puzzles of Politics," pg. 200-213)
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of "fuzzy boundaries", when AND Besides, "timing" seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Critiquing state violence and preventing terrorism can be combined – need to focus on policy. English 09 – (2009, Richard, PhD, professor of history, University of St Andrews, "The future of terrorism studies," Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 2, Issue 2, 2009, taylor and francis)
Second, there must be an attention to the practical, policy-related dimension AND is vital that CTS scholars do not shirk this kind of research challenge.
Shouldn’t reject "embedded research" – burns bridges and falsely asserts bias. Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, "babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies," European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
For obvious reasons, ’embedded’ terrorism scholars and traditional think-tanks have enjoyed a AND or state-related actors (Halliday, 1996: 211-13).
2/21/14
USC Doubles - 1AC
Tournament: Usc | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Oklahoma Maddy-Massey | Judge: Miller, Dunn, Saunders Plan: The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting the Central Intelligence Agency’s Title 50 authority for targeted killing using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
President Obama’s decision to send … reflect their experiences,” Mr. Crumpton said.
Tactical vs. strategic decision-making is the core distinction. Goodman 09 – (10/20, Melvin, adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, director, National Security Project, Center for International Policy, former division chief and senior analyst at the Office of Soviet Affairs, Central Intelligence Agency (1976-1986), former senior analyst at the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, State Department, (1974-1976), former intelligence adviser to the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks in Vienna and Washington, “The Urgent Need to Demilitarize the National Security State,” http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/86502:the-urgent-need-to-demilitarize-the-national-security-state)
The Pentagon dominates the intelligence … the traditional tools of statecraft.
Militarization distorts the questions asked and answers provided – we need to return to the original organizational culture. Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, “Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information,” p. 62-3)
Most of 2010’s info-warriors … a task without an easy solution.
Demilitarizing CIA intelligence is good – it makes the recourse to force less likely and enables diplomatic solutions Adams and Sims 12 – (12/3, Gordon, professor of international relations at the School of International Service, American University, former senior White House official for national security budgets from 1993 to 1997, Jennifer, senior fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence coordination and as coordinator for intelligence resources and planning at the Department of State, “Demilitarize the C.I.A.” NYT http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/12/03/a-new-director-or-a-new-direction-for-the-cia/demilitarize-the-cia)
The agency should be rededicated … to support civilian decision-making.
Smart power is the ability … and funding a smart power strategy.
Estimative intelligence acknowledges complexity and uncertainty but is the best way to mediate that into useful policy. Nye 94 – (1994, Joseph, PhD in political science, University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, chairman of the National Intelligence Council, “Peering into the Future,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4, Jul/Aug 1994, pp. 82-93)
Innovations and enhancements aside, it … mix of threats and opportunities.
Our approach to foreign policy is good – emphasizes responsibility for military violence and makes diplomatic solutions more likely. Kavalski 07 – (Emilian, PhD in international politics from Loughborough University, Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Western Sydney, “The fifth debate and the emergence of complex international relations theory: notes on the application of complexity theory to the study of international life,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs Volume 20, Issue 3, p. 435-454)
As Beaumont (1994, 145) has quipped, there … logically impossible’ (Mathews et al 1999, 450).
The plan would be CIA charter legislation – key to refocus the CIA on intelligence not paramilitary operations. Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, “The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations,” JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Reviving the covert operations capability … been confirmed by recent excesses.
Contention 2 is Method
Scenario planning is good pedagogy – helps teach IR theories, break down preexisting assumptions and identity best research practices. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
This article introduces political scientists … methodological canon of the discipline.
Specifically useful in the context of issues lacking vast empirical data sets – especially true for nuclear war. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
An obvious answer to these … that are available (Blair 1993; Sagan 1995).
The specific way scenarios are research and debated in this space is good – gets all the net benefits of role playing with none of the negative side effects. Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
Pedagogy Scenarios offer many of the … the boundaries of the scenario.
2. Factual Chaos and Uncertainty One of the most important … to create conditions of learning.
Our method doesn’t demand ABSOLUTE KNOWLEDGE of the future but contingency planning unqiuely desireable in the context of high magnitude low probability impacts Nye 94 – (1994, Joseph, PhD in political science, University Distinguished Service Professor at Harvard University, chairman of the National Intelligence Council, “Peering into the Future,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4, Jul/Aug 1994, pp. 82-93)
The National Intelligence Council has … questions or produce parallel estimates.
analyzing the ontic at the ontological level reifies the closure of colonialism and makes pessimism a self-fulfilling prophecy Hudson (Political Studies Department, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg) 13 (Peter, Social Dynamics (2013): The state and the colonial unconscious, Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies, DOI: 10.1080/02533952.2013.802867) BEGIN FOOTNOTE My foil here is the … closure of colonialism is absolute. END FOOTNOTE “Whiteness” as whiteness – the … constitutive axis, its “ontological” differential.
Tournament: Usc | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Oklahoma Maddy-Massey | Judge: Miller, Dunn, Saunders at aff bad
cia is bad Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The lessons of the Cold … essentially unchanged to this day.
And even if the policy … gathering intelligence, another official said.
Aff = prereq – secrecy requirements McNeal 13 – (3/14, Gregory, JD, professor at Pepperdine University, former Assistant Director of the Institute for Global Security, former legal consultant to the Chief Prosecutor of the Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, “The Politics of Accountability for Targeted Killings,” Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/the-politics-of-accountability-for-targeted-killings/)
Why should the number of … executive branch to dodge accountability.
wilderson
Refuse the characterization of blackness as ontological death – by asserting life in the face of structures of domination, blackness exceeds its own objectification – their framework is totalizing and historically incorrect. Brar 12 – (2012, Dhanveer Singh, PhD candidate, commnications,“Blackness, radicalism, sound: Black Consciousness and Black Popular Music in the U.S.A (1955-1971),” A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Media and Communications 2012, Goldsmiths College, University of London, http://eprints.gold.ac.uk/7806/1/MED_thesis_Brar_2012.pdf)
Paying attention to phonic materiality … be a student of Black studies. s
Wilderson is wrong – ontological death reifies oppression and falsely applies the historical logic of slavery to the present day also applies Brown’s arg explicitly to Wilderson). Ehlers 12 – (2012, Nadine, Professor, School of Social Sciences, Media, and Communication Faculty of Law, Humanities, and Arts University of Wollongong, “Racial Imperatives: Discipline, Performativity, and Struggles against Subjection,” p. 9-12, footnote from p. 145)
While I deploy these terms for … to it, not determined by power. BEGIN ENDNOTE 14. Historian Vincent Brown, in … , ahistorical, epiphenomenal "black" cultural experience. END ENDNOTE
perm
Institutions are inevitable and engaging them is key – institutional commitments entrap us and severely circumscribe the scope of our agency – studying, understanding, and reforming those institutions is the only way to prevent unchecked abuses of power and atrocities like the holocaust Marti and Fernandez 13 – (2013, Ignasi, Associate Professor Strategy and Organization, EMLYON Business School, OCE Research Centre, France, and Pablo, Professor, IESE Business School, University of Navarra, “The Institutional Work of Oppression and Resistance: Learning from the Holocaust,” Organization Studies August 2013 vol. 34 no. 8 1195-1223)
Oppressive institutional work In our examination of the … and spaces for moral agency.
at disclosure
The politics of personal investment and disclosure isn’t always possible, and to force people to disclose is both violent to their identity and dangerous to their livelihood—they ignore the privilege of disclosing itself Vila 05 Pablo, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Texas at San Antonio, “Border Ethnographies,” Ethnography at the Border, Ed. Pablo Vila, p. xxviii-xxxiii
At the same time, some … intertwine them with their ethnographies.
2/21/14
USC Round 1 - 1AC
Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman College Emlet-King | Judge: Malsin Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting the President of the United States’ Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
Adv 1 is Terror
Domestic and international backlash will inevitably hamstring US drone policy and prevent effective operations in the status quo Zenko 13 – (Jan. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign Relations, Special Report No. 65)
In his Nobel Peace Prize … in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash deters drone use even if legal challenges never materialize. Goldsmith 12 – (Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, P. 199-201)
Clive Stafford Smith, a former CCR … the interest of U.S. national security.
Moving to Title 10 DOD authority ensures drone legitimacy – allows oversight and guarantees political backing. Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “Going Clear,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
So, moving operations to the … remaining policy on stronger footing.
Also solves international opinion and legal challenges – creates PERCEPTION of international law compliance. Nauman 12 – (2013, Joshua, JD, LLM, Commander, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, U.S. Navy, “Civilians on the Battlefield: By Using U.S. Civilians in the War on Terror, Is the Pot Calling the Kettle Black?” 91 Neb. L. Rev., google scholar)
Similarly, the prosecution of enemy … leader, we owe nothing less.
Drone strikes solve Al-Qaeda and global terrorism. Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)
NOBODY DOES IT BETTER The Obama administration relies on … best way to eliminate them.
Disrupting safe havens is key to reduce EFFECTIVENESS – drone attacks degrade al-Qaeda core Byman 11 – (6/3, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia,” Testimony for the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2011/06/03-terrorism-byman)
I. The State of the … themselves than to their enemies.
Disruption and denial solve nuclear terror – need to stop the planning process. Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, “Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)
The second major implication addresses … the future has correspondingly increased.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war. Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Director of Research, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, Seth Baum, PhD, Geography, Pennsylvania State University, Executive Director, GCRI, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, former Visiting Scholar position at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, and Kelly Hostetler, Research Assistant, GCRI, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,” Science and Global Security 21(2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of … to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Al Qaeda wants nuclear weapons. Bunn et al. 11 (May 2011. Matthew Bunn, associate professor, at Harvard Kennedy School and Co- Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Colonel Yuri Morozov, prof @ Russian Academy of Military Sciences former chief of General Staff of the Russian military; Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. Senior fellow at Belfer Center, fmr. director of Intelligence at DoE; Simon Saradzhyan, senior fellow at Belfer Center; William Tobey, senior fellow at Belfer Center and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, fmr. deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the NNSA; Colonel General Viktor I. Yesin, senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, fmr. chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces; Major General Pavel S. Zolotarev, deputy director of the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and fmr. head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense. “The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism.” The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies.)
Obtaining high-end weapons of … nearly verbatim in the latter.
Nuclear security is weak and materials are accessible. Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, “Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials,” in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
In short, the threats are … these items are effectively protected. PUNCTUATING COMPLACENT EQUILIBRIUM: THE U.S. CASE If political turmoil is not … it could never happen again.
Scenario 2 is Pakistan
Title 10 shift solves Pakistani blowback – enables effective public relations. Zenko 13 – (Apr. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, “POLICY INNOVATION MEMORANDUM NO. 31,” Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
The main objection to consolidating … airstrikes conducted by other countries.
Solves Pakistani opposition to the program. Fair et al. 13 – (1/23, C. Christine, assistant professor at Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program, Karl Kaltenthaler, professor of political science at the University of Akron, and William Miller, assistant professor of public administration at Flagler College, “You Say Pakistanis All Hate the Drone War? Prove It,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/you-say-pakistanis-all-hate-the-drone-war-prove-it/267447/)
How Obama Can Turn the … program President Obama so values.
Any alternative use of force against Taliban … territory in the tribal areas.
Pakistani instability escalates to nuclear war. Pitt 09 – a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183)
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan … situation. So should we all.
Pakistan’s the brink of failure – economic growth and military strength are irrelevant. Sentell 10 – (2010, David Scott, Major, US Army, “On the Brink:Instability and the Prospect of State Failure in Pakistan,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA523136)
In today’s complex global environment, … extremism under President Zia ul-Haq.
There’s no substantive difference between CIA and DOD control Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “Going Clear,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
Although technically "covert" and carried … , institutional culture, and legal requirements.
Human intelligence solves all existential threats – impact is WMD use and extinction. Johnson 10 – (2010, Loch, PhD, Regents Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, “Evaluating ‘Humint’: The Role of Foreign Agents in U.S. Security,” Comparative Strategy Volume 29, Issue 4, 2010, taylor and francis)
Intelligence is considered the first … individuals in the espionage trade.
Key to counter assymetric threats DESPITE massive military dominance – prevents CBW use against the US and allies. Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, “Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information,” p. 37-8)
American military predominance gives rise … respond to U.S. moves against them.
Chemical weapons use against US troops causes nuclear war. Schneider 97 (Barry, Director of the USAF Counterproliferation Center at Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and an Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of Future Conflict Studies at the U.S. Air War College., Future War and Counterproliferation, 72-73 As a result, today, in the … might demand harsh nuclear retribution.
Heg solves war. Thayer 13 – (2013, Bradley, PhD, professor in the political science department at Baylor University, “Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis,” in The Forum: The Decline of War, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 396–419, September 2013)
The Importance of the System and the Distribution of Power Pinker adopts a unit level approach … benefit of the United States.
Engagement is comparatively the best strategy – critics ignore non-military benefits and exclude relevant data. Brooks et al. 13 – (2013, Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, “Debating American Engagement: The Future of U.S. Grand Strategy,” International Security, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Fall 2013), pp. 181–199)
The plan would be CIA charter legislation – key to refocus the CIA on intelligence not paramilitary operations. Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, “The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations,” JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Reviving the covert operations capability … been confirmed by recent excesses.
To that, we can add … transition really will look like.
2/21/14
USC Round 1 - 1AR
Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman College Emlet-King | Judge: Malsin at mueller
Mueller is a tool. Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, “Atomic Escapism?” book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and … ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
at epist first
Epistemology doesn’t come first – pragmatic action is essential despite epistemological flaws Branstetter 11 (John, Dept. of Poly Sci @ Washington St. U, “Bridging the divide: Normatively anchored, problem-driven research in political communication”, French Politics, 9)
Although I hope to show that … normatively anchored and problem driven.
root cause
No root cause of war Joshua Goldstein, 2001, Professor of International Relations at American University, War and Gender, 412 First, peace activists face a dilemma … seems to be empirically inadequate.
no root cause of terror and problem solving approach is key Weinberg and Eubank 08 – (2008, Leonard, PhD, Foundation Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Reno, senior fellow at the National Security Studies Center at the University of Haifa, and William, PhD, associate professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, “Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism,” Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 1, Issue 2, 2008, taylor and francis)
Finally, there is the criticism … of multiple ‘problem solving’ investigations.
2/21/14
USC Round 1 - 2AC
Tournament: Usc | Round: 1 | Opponent: Whitman College Emlet-King | Judge: Malsin CASE
Critics argue that drone strikes … more than they were hurting it.
Actually causes backlash against AQ and the Taliban – frees up population to fight back Llenza 11 – (2011, Michael, Diplomacy Department, Norwich University, US Navy fellow at the Atlantic Council’s Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, “Targeted Killings in Pakistan: A Defense,” Global Security Studies, Spring, 2011, Volume 2, Issue 2)
In the end, what matters … result in their return (ibid.)
(3) Relatedly, one cost of … believe we can keep secrets. ”
No impact or uniqueness – Pakistan already hates us and concessions don’t get anything in return. Miller 12 – (2012, Paul, PhD, Assistant Professor of International Security Affairs at the National Defense University, former Director for Afghanistan and Pakistan on the National Security Council, “How to Exercise U.S. Leverage Over Pakistan,” The Washington Quarterly • 35:4 pp. 37-52)
A critic may respond that … which militancy has no part. Turning Options into Strategy Any one of these policy … deterioration in the U.S.— Pakistan relationship.
2ac – self-restraint cp
Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these … , is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of … CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Doesn’t solve the legitimacy advantage – presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this … to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to … intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, “The American Prospect,” lexis)
The most effective check on … as an anti-environmental president.
2AC – OBAMA GOOD DA
-~--impact
No Israel strike – all political bluster. Isenberg 2/15 – (2012, David, adjunct national security fellow, Cato, “Israeli Attack on Iran's Nuclear Facilities Easier Said than Done,” Asia Times)
Despite renewed media speculation regarding … -on strikes at other facilities.
Beyond treaty interpretation, Iran's long … upcoming "commitment" hold any weight.
Removing sanctions doesn’t lead to a deal. Dubowitz and Gerecht 11/10 – (2013, Mark, executive director of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, MA in International Public Policy, Johns Hopkins, and Reuel, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, former resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, former case officer at the CIA, primarily working on Middle Eastern targets, “The Case for Stronger Sanctions on Iran,” http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/the-case-for-stronger-sanctions-on-iran/)
So where does that leave us? … a nuclear impediment to start with.
-~--thump
The link isn’t unique ----
(A) Healthcare -~-- also means capital isn’t key Politico 12-30 (“2014: The year to 'go small'”) Lawmakers had already lost their … harder after Obama leaves office.
(B) Laundry list -~-- capital fails Boyer 12-31 (“Obama’s liberal wish list for Congress likely to stall in election year”) If President Obama thought 2013 was … in that category,” Mr. Feehery said.
Sanctions aren’t key and negotiations will fail anyway Rajabova 12-28 (Sara,- “U.S. not likely to impose new sanctions on Iran: expert”) "In the meantime, the … Iran and the region," Dadkhah said.
The Geneva “interim” agreement reached … faith at the negotiating table.”
Will pass now and won’t derail negotiations Kaminsky 1-2 (Ross,- senior fellow of the Heartland Institute http://spectator.org/articles/57310/looking-ahead) Iran will move inexorably but … leading state sponsor of terrorism.
2AC – SECURITY K
Detailed data driven analysis indicates that drones are associated with fewer and less violent terrorist attacks. Johnston and Sarbahi 13 – (July 2013, Patrick, PhD, Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation, former Research Fellow in the International Security Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, and Anoop, PhD, Postdoctoral Scholar, Empirical Studies of Conflict Center, UCLA, “The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan,” google scholar)
Drone strikes are not the … be dismissed out of hand.
no root cause of terror Weinberg and Eubank 08 – (2008, Leonard, PhD, Foundation Professor of Political Science at the University of Nevada, Reno, senior fellow at the National Security Studies Center at the University of Haifa, and William, PhD, associate professor of political science, University of Nevada, Reno, “Problems with the critical studies approach to the study of terrorism,” Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 1, Issue 2, 2008, taylor and francis)
Finally, there is the criticism … of multiple ‘problem solving’ investigations.
Claims of threat construction are offensively oversimplified Jones 06 (David Martin, PhD, Associate Professor and Reader in Political Science, University of Queensland, and L. R. Smith, “The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia,” International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100)
Rather than accept the existence … basis for liberal democratic order.
Shouldn’t reject “embedded research” – burns bridges and falsely asserts bias. Gunning 07 – (2007, Jeroen, PhD, Reader in Middle East Politics, and Conflict Studies in the School of Government and International Affairs, Durham University, “babies and bathwaters: reflecting on the pitfalls of critical terrorism studies,” European Political Science: EPS6.3 (Sep 2007): 236-243, proquest)
For obvious reasons, 'embedded' terrorism … or state-related actors (Halliday, 1996: 211-13).
DA to leaving ambiguity in the statutory charter – means they’re sneak around the cp’s restrictions. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The lessons of the Cold … essentially unchanged to this day.
They stuff they’re talking about in the cold war didn’t work!!!!!!!!! Gottesman 82 – (1982, Lawrence, JD, Bryan Cave LLP, “Note, The Intelligence Identities Protection Act of I982: An Assessment of the Constitutionality of Section 60I(c),” 49 BROOK. L. REv. 479, 501 n.ll7)
117 In recent years, Congress … present Congress with a fait accompli.
Secrecy requirements mean no oversight. McNeal 13 – (3/14, Gregory, JD, professor at Pepperdine University, former Assistant Director of the Institute for Global Security, former legal consultant to the Chief Prosecutor of the Department of Defense Office of Military Commissions, “The Politics of Accountability for Targeted Killings,” Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/the-politics-of-accountability-for-targeted-killings/)
Why should the number of … executive branch to dodge accountability.
And even if the policy … gathering intelligence, another official said.
thumper – unemployment top of docket
He’ll spend capital Tuesday -~-- the vote is at the top of the docket Reuters 1-3 (“Obama to speak on unemployment benefits extension Tuesday”) President Barack Obama will ratchet … cuts elsewhere in the budget.
Top of the docket and a litmus test for the rest of the agenda Press 1-2 (“First test of the post-gridlock Congress”) That agreement was only struck, … of $23,550 for a family of four.
Previous fights prove -~-- it’ll be a massive fight CNN 1-3 (“New year, same old fight over jobless benefits”) Congress will start the new … economy rebounds and unemployment declines.
Drains capital -~-- it’ll be a massive fight NYT 12-30 (“Democrats turn to minimum wage as 2014 strategy”) In the capital, Mr. Obama and … official involved in the discussions.
GOP will oppose Montanaro 1-2 (Domenico,- Deputy Political Editor @ NBC “Inside the crosstabs: Why Republicans don't support a minimum-wage hike”) Democrats are vowing to make … with 50 against and 47 in favor.
Immigration bills may take … floor “over the next few months.”
healthcare – PC isn’t key
Capital isn’t key Politico 12-30 (“2014: The year to 'go small'”) Lawmakers had already lost their … harder after Obama leaves office.
healthcare – PC drain inev
Imminent rollout problems will drain capital -~-- prefer predictive ev Krauskopf 1-2 (Lewis is a correspondent and U.S. health team leader for Reuters and Julie Steenhuysen,- Health and Science Correspondent for Reuters “Doctors, hospitals expect confusion as Obamacare plans start”) Hospitals and medical practices across … signature domestic achievement.
Framework laws restrain the executive EVEN WHEN OPPOSED. Huq 12 – (2012, Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, “Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics),” The University of Chicago Law Review, 79:777)
There is some merit to … teeth of White House opposition.80
at mueller (generic)
Mueller’s studies are flawed and academically lazy Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, “Atomic Escapism?” book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and … ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
(3) Relatedly, one cost of … believe we can keep secrets. ”
Aff solves – military allows compensation and legal defense Bergen 13 – (4/23, Peter, director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, research fellow at New York University's Center on Law and Security, former adjunct lecturer at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, former Adjunct Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, “Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing,” Testimony presented before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary , Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BergenTestimony.pdf)
Should Washington transfer responsibility for … cannot be finished without Islamabad.
2AC – T Military
Rizzo evidence about Title 10 doesn’t say war powers it says war making – the WAR POWERS RESOLUTION is in TITLE 50 which means they’re dumb Library of Congress NO DATE – (“War Powers,” http://www.loc.gov/law/help/war-powers.php)
This guide is intended to … ("USC") in Title 50, Chapter 33, Sections 1541-48.
C/I – War power is constitutional grant of commander in chief power. Lin 2000 (Alexander, International Security and the War Powers Resolution, William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol 8 Iss 3, http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1391andcontext=wmborj) ' "War Power" is defined … -in-chief (U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1)." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1578-79 (7th ed. 1999).
Paramilitary and military intelligence operations are authorized by war powers in the constitution. Manget 87 – (1987, JD, Visiting Professor Florida State University College of Law Rotunda, 25-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and will be teaching Intelligence Law at the College of Law, He served as Deputy General Counsel, Acting Director of Congressional Affairs and as legal counsel to the Directorate of Intelligence and the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Counterintelligence, Counterterrorist, and Terrorist Threat Integration Centers, Studies in Intelligence, 1987, http://media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf)
Foreign Intelligence Operations The President … state of relations between nations.
Judiciary agrees – all CIA activity derives from constitutional war powers Manget 87 – (1987, JD, Visiting Professor Florida State University College of Law Rotunda, 25-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and will be teaching Intelligence Law at the College of Law, He served as Deputy General Counsel, Acting Director of Congressional Affairs and as legal counsel to the Directorate of Intelligence and the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Counterintelligence, Counterterrorist, and Terrorist Threat Integration Centers, Studies in Intelligence, 1987, http://media.nara.gov/dc-metro/rg-263/6922330/Box-10-114-7/263-a1-27-box-10-114-7.pdf)
Foreign Intelligence Operations The President … state of relations between nations.
2AC – T Restrict
c/I – Statutory Restriction = legislation to limit or control Black’s Law Dictionary 2013 (Date is date accessed, Aug 13, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/#ixzz2bsSCuBEj) Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
c/I – Authority is legal permission granted to conduct an act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or … a person to perform a specified act
US Code title 50 is war powers and controls the CIA. Stevenson 13 – (3/6, Charles, PhD, professor of American foreign policy, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, former professor at the National War College, “Overseeing the New Ways of War,” http://www.rollcall.com/news/stevenson_overseeing_the_new_ways_of_war-222773-1.html)
The situation becomes especially murky … a “Title 60” to bridge the gaps.
That’s authority Chesney 12 – (2012, Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, non-resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, “Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate,” JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY, Vol. 5:539)
Title 50 is a portion of the U.S. … intelligence collection and covert action.
2AC – COUNTERPLAN
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of … CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
DA to leaving ambiguity in the statutory charter – means they’re sneak around the cp’s restrictions. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The lessons of the Cold … essentially unchanged to this day.
Can’t solve legitimacy – need statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
Hence, preventing abuse and lost … authorities for their own sake. C. Alternatives to and Disadvantages of Statutory Amendment A review of the alternatives … amendment of the CIA mandate.
Congress needs to vote on a bill – Means it solves NONE of the aff – destroys the sustainability of the drone program in the future. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
For official secrecy abroad to … sustained domestic and international support."
Separation of appropriations and authorization makes oversight fail. Wall 11 – (2011, Andru, Senior Associate with Alston and Bird LLP; former senior legal advisor for U.S. Special Operations Command Central, “Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, Intelligence Activities and Covert Action,” Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 3)
Intelligence committee oversight is weakened … on just two occasions—1983 and 1989.
2AC – OBAMA GOOD
-~--impact
Relative competitiveness is inevitable Bremmer 12 (Ian Bremmer, American political scientist specializing in US foreign policy, states in transition, and global political risk. He is the president and founder of Eurasia Group, a leading global political risk research and consulting firm, and a professor at Columbia University, “Five myths about America’s decline,” 5/3/12) http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-americas-decline/2012/05/03/gIQAvlnvzT_print.html
But while the U.S. economic outlook … labor force is already contracting.
No war impact – self-interest Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425 Even if war is still … will not make war thinkable.
Econ resilient Eisenbeis 11 – (3/31/11, Bob, PhD, Cumberland Advisors’ Chief Monetary Economist, former Executive Vice President and Director of Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, current member of the U.S. Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee and the Financial Economist Roundtable, “This Market Is Showing Incredible Resilience In The Face Of Many Crises,” The Business Insider, lexis)
No, not shock and awe … begin investing and hiring again.
The Congressional Budget Office issued a … to state and local governments.
-~--substance
Healthcare thumps Las Cruces Sun-News 14 (1-2, “Editorial: Still hope for immigration bill this year”) Conventional wisdom holds that there's … 2014 are narrow, but not impossible.
The House plans to spend a … which is set for Jan. 28.
CIR won’t pass:
a) Hastert rule TPR 14 (1-2, Texas Public Radio,- “Castro Sees Challenges Ahead For Congress On Immigration and Farm Bill”) U.S. Congressman Joaquín Castro of … the entire conference of Republicans.
b) not on the docket Bump 14 (1-2Philip,- staff writer at The Atlantic Wire “Congress' 2014 Could Be Even Worse Than Its 2013”) When Congress returns from its (… sluggishness, at least at first.
c) primary elections Kaplan 12-26 (Rebecca,- political reporter for CBSNews.com “Can immigration reform pass in 2014?”) A recent survey from Pew … to do something on immigration.”
It’ll pass later this year – now isn’t key NYT 14 (1-1, Boehner Is Said to Back Change on Immigration”) If a comprehensive overhaul is … immigration legislation in the Senate.
PC doesn’t affect House decisions. Politico 11-10 (“White House seeks Republican immigration help”) White House press secretary Jay … about it all the time.”
The simmering debate about the … chairs the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They’re comparatively the most powerful faction. Carlic 08 (Steve Carlic, adjunct professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Editorial Opinion Specialist with Syracuse Media Group, May 25, 2008, Rep. John McHugh a contender for House Armed Services leadership spot http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/rep_john_mchugh_a_contender_fo.html
But as the top Republican … come into play less often
No unique link – Obama looks like a loser now Young 1-2 (J.T.,- served in the Treasury Department and the Office of Management and Budget from 2001 to 2004 and as a Congressional staff member from 1987 to 2000 “The Luck Of Congressional Democrats Has Run Out, And They're No Longer Playing With House Money” What a difference a year makes. When 2103 … been politically bankrolling the administration.
SSP is strong now – their ev is about FOIA Bazzle 12 (Timothy, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, M.I.A., School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, “Shutting the Courthouse Doors: Invoking the State Secrets Privilege to Thwart Judicial Review in the Age of Terror,” George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal, Fall 2012, 23 Geo. Mason U. Civ. Rts. L.J. 29, Lexis)
The war on terror has … n6 - as its predecessor. n7
Kills all cases – they have to overturn – they concede the 2AC evidence that only congress can do this which means it links to politics at best Rosen 11 (Richard D. Rosen, Professor of Law and Director, Center for Military Law and Policy, Texas Tech University School of Law, “Drones and the U.S. Courts,” 2011, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5280, Lexis)
V. State Secrets: The Death … under which drones are employed.
Can’t solve legitimacy – representative branches have to take the lead. Anderson 11 – (10/3, Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University Member, Task Force on National Security and Law, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, “Public Legitimacy for Targeted Killing Using Drones,” http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/03/public-legitimacy-for-targeted-killing-using-drones/)
The public accountability and legitimacy … without comment on particular operations.
And it won’t pass there either – super charges our thumpers Mitchell 12-28 (Corey,- Reporter | Washington Bureau for the Star Tribune “Congress set to debate long-term unemployment benefits in new year”) Support for a three-month extension … : passing blame instead of bills.
Won’t pass -~-- GOP opposition and house won’t vote Baker 1-4 (Peter,- political correspondent for the NYT “Obama Urges Congress to Restore Benefits to the Long-Term Unemployed”) Some Republicans, including Speaker John A. … to the Senate for consideration.
Won’t pass -~-- dems won’t agree to an offset Fischler 1-3 (Jacob,- “House Still Divided On Unemployment Benefits Extension”) WASHINGTON — As Congress returns to … obvious issue, which is Obamacare.”
Reid pushing to expand benefits -~-- kills passage Sargent 1-3 (Greg,- writer for the Washington Post “Reid: Let’s not just extend unemployment insurance. Let’s expand it.”) But the broader point is that this is another reminder of just how far to the right the debate on these matters has drifted. A mere three month extension … entirely out of the question.
imf thumper
Obama pushing -~-- top of the docket Birdsall 12-30 (Nancy,- Center for Global Development's founding president Clay Lowery,- Vice President at Rock Creek Global Advisors, an international economic policy advisory firm “We all should care about the IMF”) In the next few weeks, … to move forward together on it.
The reforms are highly unpopular -~-- drain capital Callaghan ‘13 (Mike,- Director of the Lowy Institute's G20 Studies Centre, 3-18 “Is the US holding back IMF reform?”) But President Obama's attempt to … a bull' to the emerging markets.
A2: Econ Impact
Not key to the economy Foley ’13 (Meghan,- Feature Writer at Wall St. Cheat Sheet. She holds a Bachelor’s degree from the University of California at Berkeley and a Master’s degree from Boston University “Jobless Benefits Extension: To Pass or Not To Pass?”) Of course, the headline numbers, … from first-quarter economic growth.
Mueller’s a tool Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, “Atomic Escapism?” book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and … ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
Two weeks after President Obama …— would only strengthen that commitment.
2AC – T
c/I – Statutory Restriction = legislation to limit or control Black’s Law Dictionary 2013 (Date is date accessed, Aug 13, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/#ixzz2bsSCuBEj) Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
c/I – Authority is legal permission granted to conduct an act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or … a person to perform a specified act
US Code title 50 is war powers and controls the CIA. Stevenson 13 – (3/6, Charles, PhD, professor of American foreign policy, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, former professor at the National War College, “Overseeing the New Ways of War,” http://www.rollcall.com/news/stevenson_overseeing_the_new_ways_of_war-222773-1.html)
The situation becomes especially murky … a “Title 60” to bridge the gaps.
That’s authority Chesney 12 – (2012, Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, non-resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, “Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate,” JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY, Vol. 5:539)
Title 50 is a portion of the U.S. … intelligence collection and covert action.
2AC – SELF RESTRAINT
Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these … , is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of … CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Doesn’t solve the legitimacy advantage – presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this … to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to … intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, “The American Prospect,” lexis)
The most effective check on … as an anti-environmental president. 2AC – COURTS
Can’t solve CIA shift – lack of info and limited decisions Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
Even assuming judicial will to … in the fight against terrorism.
State secrets prevents litigation. Alston 11 – (Sept. 2011, Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010.“The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” draft version, Harvard National Security Journal (2011), google scholar)
While these cases illustrate the … risking divulgence of state secrets.410
Means congressional action is a prerequisite. Harvard Law Review 90 – (1990, unsigned note, Harvard Law Review, “KEEPING SECRETS: CONGRESS, THE COURTS, AND NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION,” Feb90, Vol. 103 Issue 4, p906. 20p)
That the President must have … propriety of executive classification decisions.
Means it links to politics. Alston 11 – (Sept. 2011, Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010.“The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” draft version, Harvard National Security Journal (2011), google scholar)
Many scholars have proposed amendments … Congressional oversight in its defense.
SSP key to counterterror and intelligence Barnsby 12 – (2012, Robert, JD, Major and Judge Advocate, U.S. Army, Professor, Int’l and Operational Law Dep’t, The Judge Advocate General’s (JAG) Legal Ctr. and Sch., U.S. Army, “SO LONG, AND THANKS FOR ALL THE SECRETS: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR TELMAN,” Alabama Law Review, Vol. 63:4:667)
Obviously, if discovery reveals state … killing Osama bin Laden in 2011.
2AC – WARFIGHTING
that’s worse Kibbe 12 – (2012, Jennifer, Associate Professor of Government, Franklin and Marshall College, “Conducting Shadow Wars,” JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY, Vol. 5:373)
Former DNI Blair has floated … there are not clear rules.”78
To put it in legal … tasks of espionage and analysis.
2AC – OBAMA GOOD
-~--impact
No war impact – self-interest Robert Jervis 11, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425 Even if war is still … will not make war thinkable.
Econ resilient Eisenbeis 11 – (3/31/11, Bob, PhD, Cumberland Advisors’ Chief Monetary Economist, former Executive Vice President and Director of Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, current member of the U.S. Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee and the Financial Economist Roundtable, “This Market Is Showing Incredible Resilience In The Face Of Many Crises,” The Business Insider, lexis)
No, not shock and awe … begin investing and hiring again.
-~--substance
IMF reforms thump WSJ 12-27 (“http:online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304753504579284800125597142) WASHINGTON—The White House is … subcommittee that oversees the IMF.
That’s the top of the docket MNI News 1-3 (Market News International (MNI) is a financial news organization focused on international capital markets. It is a provider of real-time news and analysis “US Budget Week: Omnibus Faces Easier Hill Climb Than Debt Hike”) Congress's two appropriations committees are … the end of next week.
Healthcare thumps Las Cruces Sun-News 1/2 (14, “Editorial: Still hope for immigration bill this year”) Conventional wisdom holds that there's … 2014 are narrow, but not impossible.
The House plans to spend a … which is set for Jan. 28.
a) no house vote Huffington Post 1-3 (Quoting Roll Call,- the Huffington Post has 25M monthly readers and was acquired for $315M by AOL Time Warner, so more legit than you think http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/03/huffpost-hill_n_4538713.html) CANTOR OUTLINES JANUARY VOTES - Sadly … ): unemployment benefits.Hang in there!
b) capital fails Delaney 1-3 (Arthur,- “The Huffington Post’s Arthur Delaney is becoming a prominent voice on the unemployment debate consuming the Capitol. Referred to by his boss, Arianna Huffington, as the site’s “Economic Impact Correspondent,” Delaney has reported extensively on arguments over the extension of unemployment benefits, the movement of related bills through Congress, and the political machinations of D.C., the city in which he was born, raised, and educated.” –Columbia Journalism Review, 2010 “Democrats Basically Out Of Options For Passing Unemployment Insurance”) WASHINGTON -- If the number of … table for a discussion on this."
c) GOP opposition Baker 1-4 (Peter,- political correspondent for the NYT “Obama Urges Congress to Restore Benefits to the Long-Term Unemployed”) Some Republicans, including Speaker John A. … to the Senate for consideration.
d) Dems won’t offset costs Fischler 1-3 (Jacob,- “House Still Divided On Unemployment Benefits Extension”) WASHINGTON — As Congress returns to … obvious issue, which is Obamacare.”
e) Reid is too aggressive Sargent 1-3 (Greg,- writer for the Washington Post “Reid: Let’s not just extend unemployment insurance. Let’s expand it.”) But the broader point is that this is another reminder of just how far to the right the debate on these matters has drifted. A mere three month extension … entirely out of the question.
The simmering debate about the … chairs the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They’re comparatively the most powerful faction. Carlic 08 (Steve Carlic, adjunct professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Editorial Opinion Specialist with Syracuse Media Group, May 25, 2008, Rep. John McHugh a contender for House Armed Services leadership spot http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/rep_john_mchugh_a_contender_fo.html
But as the top Republican … come into play less often
Concessions on drones builds capital Schwartz ’13 (Yaron,- Fulbright Scholar, LSE/Yale graduate) The Obama administration recently lifted … would be fun to watch
No unique link – Obama looks like a loser now Young 1-2 (J.T.,- served in the Treasury Department and the Office of Management and Budget from 2001 to 2004 and as a Congressional staff member from 1987 to 2000 “The Luck Of Congressional Democrats Has Run Out, And They're No Longer Playing With House Money” What a difference a year makes. When 2103 … been politically bankrolling the administration.
2/21/14
Wake Doubles - 1AR
Tournament: Shirley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: North Texas Quinn-McCullough | Judge: Allen, Gannon, Layton, Najor, Weil
Uniqueness Overwhelms 1AR
Supports of sanctions are massively overwhelmed —- no way enough switch votes in the next couple of days Brown 11-15 (Hayes,- National Security Reporter/Blogger with ThinkProgress.org. Prior to joining ThinkProgress, Hayes worked as a contractor at the Department of Homeland Security. He’s been a blogger since 2011, and had his writing on international affairs appear at Foreign Policy, UN Dispatch, and the blog Gunpowder 26 Lead "Push For More Sanctions On Iran Draws Scant Support In Congress") Push For More Sanctions On Iran Draws Scant Support In Congress AND Senate Intelligence Committee, on Friday became the latest senator to do so.
No chance sanctions can even get voted on in time to derail negotiations Tobin 11-14 (Jonathan,- Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine "Vitter an Unwitting Ally of Obama on Iran") David Vitter may not have made as much of a splash in terms of publicity AND get an all-too-eager Kerry back at the negotiating table.
No Impact 1AR
More evidence delay in implementation solves Stroil 11-15 (Rebecca,- "Senate set to begin debating new Iran sanctions") "I’m not here to give you a whip count of where members of Congress AND , and that it would therefore not "short-circuit" diplomacy.
More ev it doesn’t trigger their impact —- opposition is bluffing to help negotiations anyway LaFranchi 11-14 (Howard,- "Iran nuclear deal: If Congress plays bad cop, will that help diplomacy?") Some members of Congress even suspect that the administration is privately grateful for the " AND needs more "political space" in order to negotiate a broader agreement.
Vitter 1AR
The only shot to pass sanctions in time to derail negotiations is through the Defense Authorization —- Vitter’s amendment guarantees to delay the vote until its too late —- that’s Tobin
Concensus of insiders say it’s highly unlikely the Bill could be voted on this month – that’s Lobe
Reid ensures Vitter delays the vote on any sanction bill Lesniewski 11-14 (Niels,- staff writer at CQ Roll Call. "McCain: Reid Might Use Vitter Dispute to Keep Iran Sanctions Off Floor") Sen. John McCain suggested Thursday that the Senate’s majority leader may have an ulterior AND Listen, Vitter wants an amendment on everything," the Illinois Democrat said.
More evidence Politico 11-14 ("David Vitter amendment could delay Iran sanctions") In his quest to keep Congress from enacting new sanctions on Iran, President Barack AND Administration over pharmaceutical production. Senate Democrats believe either breakthrough is a longshot.
Hc thumper
There is no pol cap —- it’s a complete KO Milbank 11-15 (Dana,- politics writer for the Washington Post "Does the health-care fumble mean game over for Obama?") But on the broader question of whether Obama can rebuild an effective presidency after this AND morning quarterbacking? Maybe the president does understand that the game is over.
Obamacare swamps the plan Halloran 11-15 (Liz,- Washington Correspondent for NPR "Friday Political Mix: Obama’s Health Care Fallout Writ Large") Halloran came to NPR from US News 26 World Report, where she followed politics AND provide. But in 2013, it will doom the country to inaction."
Tanks the agenda – triggering GOP backlash Wilson 11-13 (Scott,- chief White House correspondent "For Obama, loss of trust over health-care law poses major problems for his agenda, legacy") WASHINGTON - Essential elements of Brand Obama in 2008 were trustworthiness and competence, virtues AND 36 percent saying they approve of how he has handled his signature issue.
Media spin overwhelms the plan Leetaru 11-14 (Kalev,- University Fellow at the University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science "Red in the face") As front page headlines chronicle the ever-growing daily drumbeat of Obamacare woes, AND frightening collection of stormclouds that have thrown a shadow over American foreign policy.
And even if the policy change is carried out, Obama has no intention of abandoning a tactic that his AND Al-Qaeda and instead focus on its main job of gathering intelligence, another official said.
2/21/14
Wake Doubles - 2AC
Tournament: Shirley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: North Texas Quinn-McCullough | Judge: Allen, Gannon, Layton, Najor, Weil
The remarks from Jeh Johnson come five weeks after John Brennan, who oversaw the CIA’s expansion of the AND Washington, that something must be done to assuage fears about unchecked executive killing power.
—-at TK bad
Detailed data driven analysis indicates that drones are associated with fewer and less violent terrorist attacks. Johnston and Sarbahi 13 – (July 2013, Patrick, PhD, Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation, former Research Fellow in the International Security Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, and Anoop, PhD, Postdoctoral Scholar, Empirical Studies of Conflict Center, UCLA, "The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistan," google scholar)
Drone strikes are not the only instrument the U.S. can use to AND Pakistan appear to be credible and should not be dismissed out of hand.
As I have written elsewhere, U.S. officials interviewed as well as Pakistani military and civilian officials have confirmed AND drones offer strategic advantages that mitigate in. some measure. the costs.
To that, we can add this afternoon’s dispatch from the New York Times’ Scott Shane and Mark Mazetti. According AND it is hard to know what the interagency transition really will look like.
To put it in legal terms, drone strikes in Afghanistan fall under Title 10 AND paramilitary operations and focus more on its original tasks of espionage and analysis.
c/I – Authority is legal permission granted to conduct an act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent b. legal permission granted to a person to perform a specified act
US Code title 50 is war powers and controls the CIA. Stevenson 13 – (3/6, Charles, PhD, professor of American foreign policy, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, former professor at the National War College, "Overseeing the New Ways of War," http://www.rollcall.com/news/stevenson_overseeing_the_new_ways_of_war-222773-1.html)
The situation becomes especially murky when both the CIA and the Pentagon are conducting drone AND What we need is a "Title 60" to bridge the gaps.
2AC – Self Restraint CP
Legitimacy – Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these developments, President Obama promised in his recent State of the Union address "to AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND are incapable of alleviating the coordination challenges between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Obama commits to negotiations but no evidence about how those negotiations would shake out
Internal enforcement mechanisms fail Alston 11 – (Sept. 2011, Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," draft version, Harvard National Security Journal (2011), google scholar)
The picture that emerges from this review of executive oversight bodies with the potential to AND oversight has been exercised in any way for the past decade or more.
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of reports and recommendations made by the various commissions of the AND , for creating threats to CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, "The American Prospect," lexis)
The most effective check on executive orders has proven to be political. When it AND proposal — and it painted him indelibly as an anti-environmental president.
2AC – Obama Good
—-Impact
No impact to prolif. Waltz 12 (Kenneth N. Waltz, Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 4)
Another oft-touted worry is that if Iran obtains the bomb, other states AND leading to a Middle East that is more stable than it is today.
Negotiations fail. Dubowitz and Gerecht 11/10 – (2013, Mark, executive director of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, MA in International Public Policy, Johns Hopkins, and Reuel, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, former resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, former case officer at the CIA, primarily working on Middle Eastern targets, "The Case for Stronger Sanctions on Iran," http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/the-case-for-stronger-sanctions-on-iran/)
So where does that leave us? Reports out of Geneva indicate that the Obama AND are easily revoked or not much of a nuclear impediment to start with.
Iran has been relentlessly provoking America for the last 10 days. Its military recently threatened to close the Strait of AND oil prices, potentially plunging the global economy into full-blown recession.
—-Substance
Capital isn’t key and can’t pass until after negotiations Keck 11-8 (Zachary,- Associate Editor of The Diplomat http://thediplomat.com/the-editor/2013/11/08/an-offer-the-u-s-cant-refuse/) While a deal seems almost certain, then, what its contents are is not AND so, however, given the repercussions of failing to honor America’s commitments.
Obama already won support in Congress —- no more pushing is necessary Lobe 11-17 —- THEIR EV
No chance sanctions can even get voted on in time to derail negotiations Tobin 11-14 (Jonathan,- Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine "Vitter an Unwitting Ally of Obama on Iran") David Vitter may not have made as much of a splash in terms of publicity AND get an all-too-eager Kerry back at the negotiating table.
Doesn’t disrupt negotiations Small 10-28 (Jay Newton,- congressional correspondent for TIME "White House Spars With Congress Over New Iran Sanctions") If the bill passes, Obama may be put in the awkward position of vetoing AND And it will need help from Congress and Israel as the talks proceed."
The simmering debate about the White House’s consideration of moving the drone program from the CIA to the AND the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They’re comparatively the most powerful faction. Carlic 08 (Steve Carlic, adjunct professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Editorial Opinion Specialist with Syracuse Media Group, May 25, 2008, Rep. John McHugh a contender for House Armed Services leadership spot http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/rep_john_mchugh_a_contender_fo.html
But as the top Republican on the full 62-member Armed Services panel, McHugh would see his reach extend AND most other committees because partisan differences come into play less often
Graham does not serve on the Banking Committee, but is an influential defense hawk AND we want them to do, that would be more helpful than harmful."
2AC – Kritik
And just because it hasn’t happened doesn’t mean they don’t have a nuke Mowatt-Larssen 10 – (2010, Rolf, Senior Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, former Director of Intelligence and Counterintelligence at the U.S. Department of Energy, 23 years as a CIA intelligence officer, "Nightmares of nuclear terrorism," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, ebsco)
Another dangerous bias in assessing the threat is the belief that once terrorists obtain a AND that its leaders follow predictable patterns concerning the means and timing of attacks.
Another attack turns the alt. Arbatov et al. 08 – (2008, Alexei, Doctor of History, AND . 1, January–February 2008, pp. 50–78)
In terms of consequences, an act of nuclear terrorism seems to be the most AND international terrorism an indirect victory in its attempts to destroy the civilized world.
Claims of threat construction are offensively oversimplified Jones 06 (David Martin, PhD, Associate Professor and Reader in Political Science, University of Queensland, and L. R. Smith, "The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia," International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100)
Rather than accept the existence of a clear and present Islamist threat to western secularism AND -national constellation, represents the only secure basis for liberal democratic order.
Perm do both
Perm do the plan and reject warmaking and interventionism
Violence works—Japan proves there’s no cycle of violence as long as intervention succeeds ELSHTAIN 2003 (Jean Bethke, Prof of Social and Political Ethics at U Chicago, Just War Against Terrorism, p. 53-54)
Peace is a good, and so is justice, but neither is an absolute AND violent world was regarded by the Japanese as daft and nigh-unintelligible.
There is no compromise solution with terrorism – makes non-violence ethically intolerable ELSHTAIN 2007 (Jean Bethke Elshtain is the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics at the University of Chicago, The Price Of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Century, Edited by Charles Reed and David Ryall)
’Terrorism’ is twisted beyond recognition if we claim that it applies to anyone anywhere AND of generating political power to struggle for doable social and political change.5
2/21/14
Wake Round 1 - 1AC
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Indiana Murphy-Patel | Judge: Gannon Plan: The United States federal government should enact legislation restricting the President of the United States’ Title 50 authority for targeted killing by the Central Intelligence Agency using remotely piloted aircraft systems.
Adv 1
Domestic and international backlash against US drone policy is inevitable in the squo – will hamstring the program and prevent effective operations. Zenko 13 – (Jan. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign Relations, Special Report No. 65)
In his Nobel Peace Prize … in the ways suggested below.
Public backlash deters drone use even if legal challenges never materialize. Goldsmith 12 – (Jack, Harvard Law School Professor, focus on national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, and conflict of laws, Former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense, Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, March 2012, Power and Constraint, P. 199-201)
Clive Stafford Smith, a former CCR … the interest of U.S. national security.
Moving to Title 10 DOD authority ensures drone legitimacy – allows oversight and guarantees political backing. Waxman 13 – (3/20, Matthew, law professor at Columbia Law School, co-chair, Roger Hertog Program on Law and National Security, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “Going Clear,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear?wp_login_redirect=0)
So, moving operations to the … remaining policy on stronger footing.
Also solves international opinion and legal challenges – creates PERCEPTION of international law compliance. Nauman 12 – (2013, Joshua, JD, LLM, Commander, Judge Advocate General’s Corps, U.S. Navy, “Civilians on the Battlefield: By Using U.S. Civilians in the War on Terror, Is the Pot Calling the Kettle Black?” 91 Neb. L. Rev., google scholar)
Similarly, the prosecution of enemy … leader, we owe nothing less.
Drone strikes solve Al-Qaeda and global terrorism. Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)
NOBODY DOES IT BETTER The Obama administration relies on … best way to eliminate them.
Disrupting safe havens is key to reduce EFFECTIVENESS – drone attacks degrade al-Qaeda core Byman 11 – (6/3, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Denying Terrorist Safe Havens: Homeland Security Efforts to Counter Threats from Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia,” Testimony for the House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations and Management, http://www.brookings.edu/research/testimony/2011/06/03-terrorism-byman)
I. The State of the … themselves than to their enemies.
Disruption and denial solve nuclear terror – need to stop the planning process. Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, “Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)
The second major implication addresses … the future has correspondingly increased.
Nuclear terror causes accidental US-Russia nuclear war. Barrett et al. 2013 – (6/28, Anthony, PhD, Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Director of Research, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, Seth Baum, PhD, Geography, Pennsylvania State University, Executive Director, GCRI, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, former Visiting Scholar position at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, and Kelly Hostetler, Research Assistant, GCRI, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia,” Science and Global Security 21(2): 106-133, pre-print, available online)
War involving significant fractions of … to misinterpret events as attacks.16
Al Qaeda wants nuclear weapons. Bunn et al. 11 (May 2011. Matthew Bunn, associate professor, at Harvard Kennedy School and Co- Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; Colonel Yuri Morozov, prof @ Russian Academy of Military Sciences former chief of General Staff of the Russian military; Rolf Mowatt-Larssen. Senior fellow at Belfer Center, fmr. director of Intelligence at DoE; Simon Saradzhyan, senior fellow at Belfer Center; William Tobey, senior fellow at Belfer Center and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, fmr. deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the NNSA; Colonel General Viktor I. Yesin, senior fellow at the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, fmr. chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces; Major General Pavel S. Zolotarev, deputy director of the U.S.A and Canada Studies Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and fmr. head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense. “The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism.” The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies.)
Obtaining high-end weapons of … nearly verbatim in the latter.
Nuclear security is weak and materials are accessible. Bunn 13 – (2013, Matthew, PhD, Professor of Practice; Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, “Beyond Crises: The Unending Challenge of Controlling Nuclear Weapons and Materials,” in Nuclear Weapons Security Crises: What Does History Teach? Ed. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 253-278)
In short, the threats are … it could never happen again.
Scenario 2 is Pakistan
Title 10 shift solves Pakistani blowback – enables effective public relations. Zenko 13 – (Apr. 2013, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, “POLICY INNOVATION MEMORANDUM NO. 31,” Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434)
The main objection to consolidating … airstrikes conducted by other countries.
Solves Pakistani opposition to the program. Fair et al. 13 – (1/23, C. Christine, assistant professor at Georgetown University’s Security Studies Program, Karl Kaltenthaler, professor of political science at the University of Akron, and William Miller, assistant professor of public administration at Flagler College, “You Say Pakistanis All Hate the Drone War? Prove It,” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/you-say-pakistanis-all-hate-the-drone-war-prove-it/267447/)
How Obama Can Turn the … program President Obama so values.
Any alternative use of force against Taliban … territory in the tribal areas.
Pakistani instability escalates to nuclear war. Pitt 09 – a New York Times and internationally bestselling author of two books: "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know" and "The Greatest Sedition Is Silence." (5/8/09, William, “Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World,” http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183)
But a suicide bomber in Pakistan … situation. So should we all.
Pakistan’s the brink of failure – economic growth and military strength are irrelevant. Sentell 10 – (2010, David Scott, Major, US Army, “On the Brink:Instability and the Prospect of State Failure in Pakistan,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA523136)
In today’s complex global environment, … extremism under President Zia ul-Haq.
Meanwhile, the C.I.A. was setting up … nurturing relationships to gather intelligence.
Institutional inertia means reversing the trend now is key Scahill 12 – (11/14, Jeremy, Puffin Foundation Writing Fellow at The Nation Institute, an award-winning investigative journalist, author of Dirty Wars and Blackwater, “The Petraeus Legacy: A Paramilitary CIA?” http://www.thenation.com/article/171247/petraeus-legacy-paramilitary-cia#axzz2YPwmfs7A)
While much of the media … told me. “That’s the big danger.”
Human intelligence solves all existential threats – impact is WMD use and extinction. Johnson 10 – (2010, Loch, PhD, Regents Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, “Evaluating ‘Humint’: The Role of Foreign Agents in U.S. Security,” Comparative Strategy Volume 29, Issue 4, 2010, taylor and francis)
Intelligence is considered the first … individuals in the espionage trade.
Key to counter assymetric threats DESPITE massive military dominance – prevents CBW use against the US and allies. Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, “Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information,” p. 37-8)
American military predominance gives rise … respond to U.S. moves against them.
Chemical weapons use against US troops causes nuclear war. Schneider 97 (Barry, Director of the USAF Counterproliferation Center at Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and an Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of Future Conflict Studies at the U.S. Air War College., Future War and Counterproliferation, 72-73 As a result, today, in the … might demand harsh nuclear retribution.
Heg solves war. Thayer 13 – (2013, Bradley, PhD, professor in the political science department at Baylor University, “Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis,” in The Forum: The Decline of War, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 396–419, September 2013)
The Importance of the System and the Distribution of Power Pinker adopts a unit level approach … benefit of the United States.
Engagement is comparatively the best strategy – critics ignore non-military benefits and exclude relevant data. Brooks et al. 13 – (2013, Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, “Debating American Engagement: The Future of U.S. Grand Strategy,” International Security, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Fall 2013), pp. 181–199)
The plan would be CIA charter legislation – key to refocus the CIA on intelligence not paramilitary operations. Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, “The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations,” JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Reviving the covert operations capability … been confirmed by recent excesses.
Obviously Obama trusted his own … CIA gets what it wants."
DA to leaving ambiguity in the statutory charter – means they’re sneak around the cp’s restrictions. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The lessons of the Cold … essentially unchanged to this day.
2/21/14
Wake Round 1 - 2AC
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Indiana Murphy-Patel | Judge: Gannon Demilitarizing CIA intel k/t US diplomacy -syria -afghanistan -libya -resource conflicts -trade Adams and Sims 12 – (12/3, Gordon, professor of international relations at the School of International Service, American University, former senior White House official for national security budgets from 1993 to 1997, Jennifer, senior fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence coordination and as coordinator for intelligence resources and planning at the Department of State, “Demilitarize the C.I.A.” NYT http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/12/03/a-new-director-or-a-new-direction-for-the-cia/demilitarize-the-cia)
The agency should be rededicated … to support civilian decision-making.
Drones tradeoff with CIA attention to China Zenko 13 – (4/16, Micah, PhD, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, formerly at the Harvard Kennedy School and the Brookings Institution, “Clip the Agency’s Wings,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?page=0,0)
Second, it would focus the … not sustainable or strategically wise.
Public diplomacy k/t China relations – gov to gov contact is the key internal link. Cohen et al. 09 – (Mar. 2009, William, co-chair, CSIS Commission on China, JD, former senator and representative from Maine, expert on China, member of the US-China Business Board, trustee and counselor, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Maurice R. Greenberg, co-chair, CSIS Commission on China, JD, American business executive and former chairman and CEO of American International Group, Carola McGiffert, MA in Chinese Studies and International Economics, Johns Hopkins, former Senior Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, Senior Advisor and Director, 100,000 Strong Initiative, U.S. Department of State, “Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations,” available online)
A new narrative is part … as on Chinese public opinion.
Extinction. Hachigian and Peng 10 (Nina, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress for US-China relations, for senior political scientist at RAND J.D. Stanford. Yaun, Director of the Institute for American Studies at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations. ‘The US-China Expectations Gap: An Exchange” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, vol. 52, no. 4, August-September 2010, pg 62-86)
We find ourselves at a transitional … the consequences could be disastrous.
The remarks from Jeh Johnson come five weeks after John Brennan, who oversaw the CIA's expansion of the targeted killing, was forced to defend the drone programme during his confirmation hearings to become CIA director. With the legal process around … about unchecked executive killing power.
That’s key – military rules and institutional culture is transparent and trusted. Vogel 10 – (2010, Ryan, JD, Foreign Affairs Specialist, Office of the Secretary of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense, LLM Candidate, “DRONE WARFARE AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT,” DENV. J. INT’L L. and POL’Y VOL. 39:1, google scholar)
A number of critics also … promulgating its rules and regulations.
AT: Gusterson
Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, “Atomic Escapism?” book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and … ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
To put it in legal … tasks of espionage and analysis.
AT: Prolif Turn
None of their evidence is about drones – plan specifies that we only transition special operations using remotely piloted aircraft systems – the plan also doesn’t say covert action so there’s no place to draw this from
The plan also doesn’t INCREASE drones which means they don’t trade off with any future special operations actions, especially since drones can’t be used to disarm proliferators
No prolif impact Sechser 09 Todd, Assistant Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia, “The Stabilizing Effects of Nuclear Proliferation”, http://faculty.virginia.edu/ tsechser/Sechser-Haas-2009.pdf
So it is with the … those risks against potential rewards
US intelligence is key to control the rate of nuclear weapons proliferation globally – empirically proven Graham and Hansen 09 – (2009, Thomas, JD, former General Counsel and Acting Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, involved in negotiations for every major arms control and nonproliferation agreement from 1970 to 1997, including START, SALT, the CTBT, the INF Treaty, and the ABM Treaty, former member of the United Arab Emirates’ International Advisory Board, helping to guide that country’s nuclear energy program, and Keith, “PREVENTING CATASTROPHE: The Use and Misuse of Intelligence in Efforts to Halt the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Stanford Security Studies, p. 187-94)
This book has attempted to … WMD proliferation, especially to terrorists.
It should be noted that … targeted killing was a signature strike.
Anderson evidence is about military WARFARE with drones not the aff
At worst a solvency question – plan text says targeted killings
C/I – targeted killing is the planned direct killing of an individual because of perceived membership of a terrorist movement. No consensus – our interp best balances wide and narrow while allowing some drone affs. Carvin 12 – (2012, Stephanie, PhD, Lecturer in International Relations, Royal Holloway, University of London, “The Trouble with Targeted Killing,” Security Studies, 21:3, 529-555, taylor and francis)
As many studies on targeted … arguments such as drone strikes.
That includes personality and signature strikes Rushforth 12 – (2012, Elinor June, J.D. candidate, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law, Class of 2013 (graduated since publication), currently Law Clerk, U.S. Attorney's Office-District of Arizona, “NOTE: THERE’S AN APP FOR T HAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONAL ITY STRIKES BY THE U NITED STATES AGAINST NON CITIZENS, 2004 – 2012,” Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law Vol. 29, No. 3)
42 . Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman and … terrorists or associates of terrorists. Id.
Individuals can be targeted without being named – still targeted killing Agarwal 13 – (5/3, AK, Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation, United Service Institution, India, “US Drone Attacks and Targeted Killings: Legal Issues,” http://www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic20Perspectiveandpubno=36andano=1668)
After the 11 September 2001 attack on … carried out through dynamic targeting.
2AC CP
2ac – self-restraint cp
Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these … , is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Means executive transparency fails – destroys the sustainability of the drone program in the future. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
For official secrecy abroad to … sustained domestic and international support."
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of … CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, “The American Prospect,” lexis)
The most effective check on … as an anti-environmental president.
Internal oversight boards fail Alston 11 – (Sept. 2011, Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, “The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders,” draft version, Harvard National Security Journal (2011), google scholar)
The picture that emerges from … the past decade or more.
2AC – Politics
No war Zakaria 09 – (12/12/09, Fareed, Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard, Editor of Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability,” Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425)
Others predicted that these economic … have not materialized at all.
Economy resilient Eisenbeis 11 – (3/31/11, Bob, PhD, Cumberland Advisors’ Chief Monetary Economist, former Executive Vice President and Director of Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, current member of the U.S. Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee and the Financial Economist Roundtable, “This Market Is Showing Incredible Resilience In The Face Of Many Crises,” The Business Insider, lexis)
No, not shock and awe … begin investing and hiring again.
Won’t pass -~-- Boehner Sargent 11-13 (Greg,- politics writer for the Washington Post “John Boehner just put immigration reform on life support”) John Boehner, at a presser just … term costs to the party.
Not enough time -~-- Obamacare thumps Sherman 11-11 (Jake,- covers Congress for POLITICO “Congress seems to be done legislating for the year”) It’s just mid-November, but … complete immigration reform this year
Your pol cap key ev is a joke Politico 11-10 (“White House seeks Republican immigration help”) White House press secretary Jay … about it all the time.”
Won’t pass -~-- not enough time, Obamacare and midterms thump Nowicki 11-15 (Dan,- Arizona Republic's national political reporter “Migrant reform all but dead”) Immigration reform appears to be … -care funding will only worsen.
The simmering debate about the … chairs the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They’re comparatively the most powerful faction. Carlic 08 (Steve Carlic, adjunct professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Editorial Opinion Specialist with Syracuse Media Group, May 25, 2008, Rep. John McHugh a contender for House Armed Services leadership spot http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/rep_john_mchugh_a_contender_fo.html
But as the top Republican … come into play less often
Can’t solve legitimacy – need statutory clarification to pacify civil libertarians. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
Hence, preventing abuse and lost … amendment of the CIA mandate.
1ar ptx
Diversionary theory is wrong Bennett and Nordstrom 2k – (Feb. 2000, D. Scott Bennett and Timothy Nordstrom, Professors of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, “Foreign Policy Substitutability and Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, proquest)
Conflict settlement is also a distinct … economically with the United States.
Since the 1990s, Russia has … when the worldwide crisis subsides.
Innovation and competitiveness is inevitable and a dumb internal link Zakaria 08 – Newsweek editor, IR badass (Fareed, The Future of American Power, Foreign Affairs, May/June,)
This difference between the United … captured by Apple, in California.
O/v
There is NO POSSIBLE universe in which Obama would be the engineer of GOP compromise – the only reason the GOP would pass immigration reform is because of party preservation in light of the last election – this disproves the political capital internal link Jones 11-11 (Allie,- Editorial Fellow, The Atlantic Wire “Obama Administration Doesn't Know How to Pass Immigration Reform”) House Republicans don't want to … , you’re going to take inaction."
U/q
Gridlock O’Keefe 11-11 (Ed,- congressional reporter with The Washington Post “Bills left in limbo are just part of the choreography of Congress”) At the top of the … 278 bills ignored by the House.
And even if the policy … gathering intelligence, another official said.
2/21/14
Wake Round 4 - 2AC
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan State Ramesh-Thur | Judge: Katsulas 2ac case
circumvent
CIA charter is uniquely successful framework legislation. Koh 88 – (1988, Harold Hongju, professor and (former) dean of Yale Law School, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State for Obama (post-publication), “Why the President (Almost) Always Wins in Foreign Affairs: Lessons of the Iran-Contra Affair,” Yale Law School, Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 2071, digital commons)
The overriding purposes of any … security policy should be made.
Framework laws restrain the executive EVEN WHEN OPPOSED. Huq 12 – (2012, Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, “Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics),” The University of Chicago Law Review, 79:777)
There is some merit to … teeth of White House opposition.80 backlash
(3) Relatedly, one cost of … believe we can keep secrets. ”
at mueller (generic)
Mueller’s studies are flawed and academically lazy Gusterson 11 (Hugh Gusterson, professor of anthropology and sociology at George Mason University, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of America’s Nuclear Complex, January/February 2011, “Atomic Escapism?” book review of Mueller’s Atomic Obsession, American Scientist, http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/atomic-escapism)
The most original, incisive and … ignores inconvenient facts and arguments.
2AC – CP
Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these … , is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Means it solves NONE of the aff – destroys the sustainability of the drone program in the future. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “How Obama Undermined the War on Terror,” http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
For official secrecy abroad to … sustained domestic and international support."
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of … CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Doesn’t solve the legitimacy advantage – presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this … to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to … intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, “The American Prospect,” lexis)
The most effective check on … as an anti-environmental president.
2ac ptx
No war Zakaria 09 – (12/12/09, Fareed, Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard, Editor of Newsweek, “The Secrets of Stability,” Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425)
Others predicted that these economic … have not materialized at all.
Economy resilient Eisenbeis 11 – (3/31/11, Bob, PhD, Cumberland Advisors’ Chief Monetary Economist, former Executive Vice President and Director of Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, current member of the U.S. Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee and the Financial Economist Roundtable, “This Market Is Showing Incredible Resilience In The Face Of Many Crises,” The Business Insider, lexis)
No, not shock and awe … begin investing and hiring again.
The Congressional Budget Office issued a … to state and local governments.
Won’t pass -~-- Boehner Sargent 11-13 (Greg,- politics writer for the Washington Post “John Boehner just put immigration reform on life support”) John Boehner, at a presser just … term costs to the party.
Obamacare swamps the plan Epstein 11-13 (Jennifer,- White House reporter at POLITICO, Edward-Isaac Dovere is a senior White House reporter “President Obama's trust gap”) But the crisis numbers for … Campaign Committee Chairman Michael Bennet.
The simmering debate about the … chairs the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They’re comparatively the most powerful faction. Carlic 08 (Steve Carlic, adjunct professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Editorial Opinion Specialist with Syracuse Media Group, May 25, 2008, Rep. John McHugh a contender for House Armed Services leadership spot http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/rep_john_mchugh_a_contender_fo.html
But as the top Republican … come into play less often
What was left for Americans … able to play that role.
Democracy strong globally, their uniqueness claims are flawed from every angle and there’s no impact anyway. Deudney and Ikenberry 9 (Daniel Deudney, Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University and the author of Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory From the Polis to the Global Village. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, a Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University, and the author of After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars, Foreign Affairs Jan/Feb 2009, "The Myth of the Autocratic Revival"http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63721/daniel-deudney-and-g-john-ikenberry/the-myth-of-the-autocratic-revival)
How compatible are authoritarian political … of international integration and cooperation.
Can’t solve legitimacy – need statutory clarification to pacify civil libertarians. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
Hence, preventing abuse and lost … amendment of the CIA mandate.
1ar ptx
Diversionary theory is wrong Bennett and Nordstrom 2k – (Feb. 2000, D. Scott Bennett and Timothy Nordstrom, Professors of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, “Foreign Policy Substitutability and Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, proquest)
Conflict settlement is also a distinct … economically with the United States.
Since the 1990s, Russia has … when the worldwide crisis subsides.
Innovation and competitiveness is inevitable and a dumb internal link Zakaria 08 – Newsweek editor, IR badass (Fareed, The Future of American Power, Foreign Affairs, May/June,)
This difference between the United … captured by Apple, in California.
O/v
There is NO POSSIBLE universe in which Obama would be the engineer of GOP compromise – the only reason the GOP would pass immigration reform is because of party preservation in light of the last election – this disproves the political capital internal link Jones 11-11 (Allie,- Editorial Fellow, The Atlantic Wire “Obama Administration Doesn't Know How to Pass Immigration Reform”) House Republicans don't want to … , you’re going to take inaction."
U/q
Gridlock O’Keefe 11-11 (Ed,- congressional reporter with The Washington Post “Bills left in limbo are just part of the choreography of Congress”) At the top of the … 278 bills ignored by the House.
Backlash growing – Rand Paul, April anti-drone movmeents, and congressional reaction Benjamin and Mir 13 – (3/26, Medea, political activist and founder of Code Pink: Women for Peace, and Global Exchange, and Noor, anti-drone campaign coordinator for Code Pink, "10 Ways the Public Backlash Against Killer Drones Is Taking Off," AlterNet, http://www.alternet.org/world/10-ways-public-backlash-against-killer-drones-taking?page=02C026paging=off)
Rand Paul’s marathon 13-hour filibuster AND , and restructuring the drone program "within the framework of international law."
at debt
Debt not screwing over our economy or military Cohen 12 (Michael Cohen, Senior Fellow at the American Security Project, serves on the board of the National Security Network and has taught at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, served in the U.S. Department of State, former Senior Vice President at the strategic communications firm of Robinson, Lerer and Montgomery, bachelor’s degree in international relations from American University and a master’s degree from Columbia University, "This Week In Threat Mongering - The Debt Version ," 7/13/12) http://www.democracyarsenal.org/2012/07/this-week-in-threat-mongering-the-debt-version.html The argument that debt is a national security threat is based on the notion that AND defense wonks and Naval officers should stay away from economic analysis in general.
2ac – obama good
No war Zakaria 09 – (12/12/09, Fareed, Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard, Editor of Newsweek, "The Secrets of Stability," Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/id/226425)
Others predicted that these economic shocks would lead to political instability and violence in the AND . The predictions of economic and political collapse have not materialized at all.
Div theory wrong. Bennett and Nordstrom 2k – (Feb. 2000, D. Scott Bennett and Timothy Nordstrom, Professors of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, "Foreign Policy Substitutability and Internal Economic Problems in Enduring Rivalries," Journal of Conflict Resolution, proquest)
Conflict settlement is also a distinct route to dealing with internal problems that leaders in AND of Soviet Socialist Republics could no longer compete economically with the United States.
Economy resilient Eisenbeis 11 – (3/31/11, Bob, PhD, Cumberland Advisors’ Chief Monetary Economist, former Executive Vice President and Director of Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, current member of the U.S. Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee and the Financial Economist Roundtable, "This Market Is Showing Incredible Resilience In The Face Of Many Crises," The Business Insider, lexis)
No, not shock and awe as in how the military uses the terms, AND reduced and risks clarified. Then businesses can begin investing and hiring again.
The link isn’t unique —-
(A) Obamacare —- Swamps the plan Epstein 11-13 (Jennifer,- White House reporter at POLITICO, Edward-Isaac Dovere is a senior White House reporter "President Obama’s trust gap") But the crisis numbers for the White House are the ones that show people’s trust AND for reelection next year, plus Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee Chairman Michael Bennet.
(B) Iran sanctions Ackerman 11-8 (Spencer,- national security editor for Guardian US. A former senior writer for Wired, he won the 2012 National Magazine Award for Digital Reporting "White House ambitions on Iran deal face challenge from hawks in Congress") As soon as the Obama administration reaches an anticipated deal with Iran over its nuclear AND of weeks has been effective on the consequences of damaging a nuclear deal."
Won’t pass, not pushing, not top of the docket Politico 11-14 ("Tom Vilsack: More than agriculture at stake in farm bill") But reaching an agreement will be difficult as lawmakers continue to tussle over contentious provisions AND needed to get the measure through Congress by the end of the year.
Won’t pass, not top of the docket O’Keefe 11-11 (Ed,- congressional reporter with The Washington Post "Bills left in limbo are just part of the choreography of Congress") This is Washington gridlock as pantomime — frenetic gestures and dramatic poses that quickly fade AND Senate after weeks of debate, vote-counting and horse-trading.
It’s an idea rooted in the last food stamp fight: In June, the AND for a yes vote, a compromise farm bill could go down again.
Won’t pass and extension solves anyway Zulauf 11-14 (Carl,- Ohio State University ag economist and University of Illinois policy specialist Jonathan Coppess "2013 Farm Bill Update - November 2013") In considering the potential key differences between the House and Senate bills below, it AND federal budget deficit and concurrent spending resolution that must be passed by Congress.
But as the top Republican AND differences come into play less often
2ac – counterplan
Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these AND increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND are incapable of alleviating the coordination challenges between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Outside court crushes effectiveness of drones - delay Oliphant 13 — National Journal deputy magazine editor; citing Gregory McNeal, a counterterrorism expert at Pepperdine University ~James, "Vetting the Kill List," 5-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404, accessed 8-16-13, mss~
But even among supporters, no consensus exists on what questions a drone court would AND and reassess these two questions up until the last minute of the operation."
The budget is big enough – that’s not the problem – losing key elements of tradecraft – bad for the CIA. Prados 12 – (2012, John, Senior Fellow and Co-Director of the Iraq Documentation Project, and Director of the Vietnam Project at the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, "The Continuing Quandary of Covert Operations," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:359)
Apart from their special characteristics and unpredictable consequences, covert operations are subject to serious AND private company situation in order to avoid the danger of rogue intelligence operations.
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of reports and recommendations made by the various commissions of the AND for creating threats to CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Moreover, just as importantly AND rationalizing the need for the attacks.
That solves blowback – comprehensive public opinion surveys Holewinski 13 – (2013, Sarah, executive director of Center for Civilians in Conflict, Senior Fellow with Truman National Security Project and a Term Member with the Council of Foreign Relations, "Do Less Harm," Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb2013, Vol. 92, Issue 1, ebsco)
The Pentagon’s complacency about civilian harm was reflected in its initial decision not to compensate AND improvements in the conduct of war.
2ac – pacfism k
Another attack turns the alt. Arbatov et al. 08 – (2008, Alexei, Doctor of History, director of the Center for International Security, Institute of the World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO RAN), Aleksandr Pikaev, PhD, heads a department at IMEMO RAN, and Vladimir Dvorkin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, is senior research fellow at IMEMO RAN and honored scientist of the Russian Federation, “Nuclear Terrorism,” Russian Politics and Law, vol. 46, no. 1, January–February 2008, pp. 50–78)
In terms of consequences AND to destroy the civilized world.
Claims of threat construction are offensively oversimplified Jones 06 (David Martin, PhD, Associate Professor and Reader in Political Science, University of Queensland, and L. R. Smith, “The commentariat and discourse failure: language and atrocity in Cool Britannia,” International Aff airs 82: 6 (2006) 1077–1100)
Rather than accept the AND for liberal democratic order.
Critiquing state violence and preventing terrorism can be combined – need to focus on policy. English 09 – (2009, Richard, PhD, professor of history, University of St Andrews, “The future of terrorism studies,” Critical Studies on Terrorism Volume 2, Issue 2, 2009, taylor and francis)
Second, there must be an AND kind of research challenge.
It should be noted that AND killing was a signature strike.
That includes personality and signature strikes Rushforth 12 – (2012, Elinor June, J.D. candidate, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law, Class of 2013 (graduated since publication), currently Law Clerk, U.S. Attorney’s Office-District of Arizona, "NOTE: THERE’S AN APP FOR T HAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONAL ITY STRIKES BY THE U NITED STATES AGAINST NON CITIZENS, 2004 – 2012," Arizona Journal of International 26 Comparative Law Vol. 29, No. 3)
42 . Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman 26 Julian E. Barnes, U. AND but who are believed to be terrorists or associates of terrorists. Id.
CP
Means it solves NONE of the aff – Congress has to vote or no more drones. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
For official secrecy abroad to work, the secrets must be kept at home as AND and unfamiliar war for which he would need sustained domestic and international support."
More evidence – Legal legitimacy is key – CP doesn’t resolve it Wagner and Burt 12 – (2012, Alex, Special Advisor for Rule of Law and Detainee Policy, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and Adjunct Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, and Andrew, Yale Law, JD expected 2014, "Blurred Lines: An Argument for a More Robust Legal Framework Governing the CIA Drone Program," The Yale Journal of International Law Online, Vol. 38, Fall 2012)
Two principal problems arise from this uncomfortable similarity in legal status between CIA civilians and AND program’s continued viability necessitates a stronger grounding in both international and domestic law.
Court is a rubber stamp Vladeck 13 – (2/27/13, Stephen, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, "Drones and the War on Terror: When Can the US Target Alleged American Terrorists Overseas?" Hearing Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, google scholar)
That brings me to perhaps the biggest problem we should all have with a "drone court"–the extent to which, even if one could design a legally and practically workable regime in which such a tribunals could operate, its existence would put irresistible pressure on federal judges to sign off even on those cases in which they have doubts. As a purely practical matter, it would be next to impossible meaningfully to assess AND -the-fact record. Judges, after all, are humans.
Obviously Obama trusted his own administration to control the drone program without these rules. AND its drone fleet, Obama replied "The CIA gets what it wants."
Not enough time Farm Gate 11-15 ("Farm bill: When and how will it be completed?") The Farm Bill has been in negotiation for the past three years. While it AND for an outcome, they are not representative of typical Farm Bill deliberations.
Won’t pass, not top of the docket Schlageck 11-14 (John,- writer for the Winfield Daily Courier "Where is the farm bill?") To say the farm bill has moved like molasses through Congress the past three years AND are tough. Republicans believe it should be focused on the neediest people.
Won’t Pass and not pushing AP 10-28 ("Congress Eyes Milk Prices, Politics in Farm Talks") There could be political ramifications, too. The House and Senate are far apart AND to resolve," says Roger Johnson, president of the National Farmers Union.
There is no pol cap —- it’s a complete KO Milbank 11-15 (Dana,- politics writer for the Washington Post "Does the health-care fumble mean game over for Obama?") But on the broader question of whether Obama can rebuild an effective presidency after this AND morning quarterbacking? Maybe the president does understand that the game is over.
2/21/14
Wake Round 8 - 1AR
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason Kwon-Lastovica | Judge: Stone
A2 turns case
Uniqueness Overwhelms 1AR
Supports of sanctions are massively overwhelmed —- no way enough switch votes in the next couple of days Brown 11-15 (Hayes,- National Security Reporter/Blogger with ThinkProgress.org. Prior to joining ThinkProgress, Hayes worked as a contractor at the Department of Homeland Security. He’s been a blogger since 2011, and had his writing on international affairs appear at Foreign Policy, UN Dispatch, and the blog Gunpowder 26 Lead "Push For More Sanctions On Iran Draws Scant Support In Congress") Push For More Sanctions On Iran Draws Scant Support In Congress AND Senate Intelligence Committee, on Friday became the latest senator to do so.
Obama already won support in Congress —- no more pushing is necessary Lobe 11-17 (Jim,- Washington bureau chief for Inter Press Service) The administration of President Barack Obama appears to have succeeded in preventing Congress AND to give the administration a couple of months" to reach an accord.
No chance sanctions can even get voted on in time to derail negotiations Tobin 11-14 (Jonathan,- Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine "Vitter an Unwitting Ally of Obama on Iran") David Vitter may not have made as much of a splash in terms of publicity AND get an all-too-eager Kerry back at the negotiating table.
No Impact 1AR
More evidence delay in implementation solves Stroil 11-15 (Rebecca,- "Senate set to begin debating new Iran sanctions") "I’m not here to give you a whip count of where members of Congress AND , and that it would therefore not "short-circuit" diplomacy.
More ev it doesn’t trigger their impact —- opposition is bluffing to help negotiations anyway LaFranchi 11-14 (Howard,- "Iran nuclear deal: If Congress plays bad cop, will that help diplomacy?") Some members of Congress even suspect that the administration is privately grateful for the " AND needs more "political space" in order to negotiate a broader agreement.
Hc thumper
There is no pol cap —- it’s a complete KO Milbank 11-15 (Dana,- politics writer for the Washington Post "Does the health-care fumble mean game over for Obama?") But on the broader question of whether Obama can rebuild an effective presidency after this AND morning quarterbacking? Maybe the president does understand that the game is over.
Obamacare swamps the plan Halloran 11-15 (Liz,- Washington Correspondent for NPR "Friday Political Mix: Obama’s Health Care Fallout Writ Large") Halloran came to NPR from US News 26 World Report, where she followed politics AND provide. But in 2013, it will doom the country to inaction."
Tanks the agenda – triggering GOP backlash Wilson 11-13 (Scott,- chief White House correspondent "For Obama, loss of trust over health-care law poses major problems for his agenda, legacy") WASHINGTON - Essential elements of Brand Obama in 2008 were trustworthiness and competence, virtues AND 36 percent saying they approve of how he has handled his signature issue.
Media spin overwhelms the plan Leetaru 11-14 (Kalev,- University Fellow at the University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science "Red in the face") As front page headlines chronicle the ever-growing daily drumbeat of Obamacare woes, AND frightening collection of stormclouds that have thrown a shadow over American foreign policy.
2/21/14
Wake Round 8 - 2AC
Tournament: Shirley | Round: 8 | Opponent: George Mason Kwon-Lastovica | Judge: Stone
Solvency
—-circumvention
CIA charter is uniquely successful framework legislation. Koh 88 – (1988, Harold Hongju, professor and (former) dean of Yale Law School, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State for Obama (post-publication), "Why the President (Almost) Always Wins in Foreign Affairs: Lessons of the Iran-Contra Affair," Yale Law School, Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 2071, digital commons)
The overriding purposes of any charter legislation should not be to encourage congressional micromanagement or AND construed by the courts-of how national security policy should be made.
Framework laws restrain the executive EVEN WHEN OPPOSED. Huq 12 – (2012, Aziz, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)," The University of Chicago Law Review, 79:777)
There is some merit to this story. But in my view it again understates AND legislated and nonlegislated actions even in the teeth of White House opposition.80
Intelligence
—-analysis not intel
Tactical vs. strategic decisionmaking is the core distinction. Goodman 09 – (10/20, Melvin, adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, director, National Security Project, Center for International Policy, former division chief and senior analyst at the Office of Soviet Affairs, Central Intelligence Agency (1976-1986), former senior analyst at the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, State Department, (1974-1976), former intelligence adviser to the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks in Vienna and Washington, "The Urgent Need to Demilitarize the National Security State," http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/86502:the-urgent-need-to-demilitarize-the-national-security-state)
The Pentagon dominates the intelligence community with the control of most intelligence spending and intelligence AND needs to replace some of the hammers with the traditional tools of statecraft.
—-at military intel
DIA intel bad Boot 12 – (12/6, Max, Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, consultant to the U.S. military, regular lecturer at the Army War College and the Command and General Staff College, "Better Spies, Not More," Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/intelligence/better-spies-not-more/p29619?cid=rss-defense_homelandsecurity-better_spies,_not_more-120612)
The Defense Intelligence Agency is planning to dramatically expand the ranks of its covert "collectors" — a.k.a. case AND , of 22 CIA employees who left their fingerprints all over the operation.
It should be noted that while no government official will acknowledge or defend the practice, anonymous officials AND In fact, the very first targeted killing was a signature strike.
C/I – targeted killing is the planned direct killing of an individual because of perceived membership of a terrorist movement. Carvin 12 – (2012, Stephanie, PhD, Lecturer in International Relations, Royal Holloway, University of London, "The Trouble with Targeted Killing," Security Studies, 21:3, 529-555, taylor and francis)
As many studies on targeted killing note, there is no consensus as to what AND to make various points or to describe certain arguments such as drone strikes.
That includes personality and signature strikes Rushforth 12 – (2012, Elinor June, J.D. candidate, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law, Class of 2013 (graduated since publication), currently Law Clerk, U.S. Attorney’s Office-District of Arizona, "NOTE: THERE’S AN APP FOR T HAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONAL ITY STRIKES BY THE U NITED STATES AGAINST NON CITIZENS, 2004 – 2012," Arizona Journal of International 26 Comparative Law Vol. 29, No. 3)
42 . Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman 26 Julian E. Barnes, U. AND but who are believed to be terrorists or associates of terrorists. Id.
Individuals can be targeted without being named – still targeted killing Agarwal 13 – (5/3, AK, Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation, United Service Institution, India, "US Drone Attacks and Targeted Killings: Legal Issues," http://www.usiofindia.org/Article/?pub=Strategic20Perspective26pubno=3626ano=1668)
After the 11 September 2001 attack on the Twin Towers in New York, the AND to time. Both personality and signature strikes are carried out through dynamic targetin
Predictability – all their evidence is advocating a NORMATIVE change in current definitions – they ignore squo government and public usage Govern 12 – (2/11, Kevin, Associate Professor, Ave Maria School of Law, Advisory Board Member and Affiliated Faculty for the Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, former Army Judge Advocate, former Assistant Professor of Law at the United States Military Academy, "Drone Operations in Current US Counterterrorism Strategy in Africa," http://jurist.org/forum/2013/02/kevin-govern-drones-counterterrorism.php)
Currently, the US has about 7,000 aerial drones of various nomenclature and AND , and "signature strikes" against groups of suspected, unknown militants.
Education – need a flexible approach to understand the way the term actually gets used and deployed in policy. Alston 11 – (Sept. 2011, Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," draft version, Harvard National Security Journal (2011), google scholar)
A more flexible approach is needed in order to reflect the fact that "targeted AND broad range of situations in relation to which it has regularly been applied.
c/I – Authority is legal permission granted to conduct an act, not the act itself Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority) 10. (Law) Law a. a judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent b. legal permission granted to a person to perform a specified act
War power is constitutional grant of commander in chief authoity. Lin 2000 (Alexander, International Security and the War Powers Resolution, William 26 Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol 8 Iss 3, http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=139126context=wmborj) ’ "War Power" is defined as "~t~he constitutional authority of Congress to declare war and maintain armed forces (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cls. 11-14), and of the President to conduct war as commander-in-chief (U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1)." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1578-79 (7th ed. 1999).
Increase is to make greater Carol-June Cassidy, (Editor), CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH, 2nd Ed., 2008, 441. Increase: to become or make something larger or greater
substantially means large in size or importance Cambridge Dictionary of American English 2000 Substantial /adj large in size, value or importance He took a substantial amount of money. They do a substantial portion of their business by phone.
US Code title 50 is war powers and controls the CIA. Stevenson 13 – (3/6, Charles, PhD, professor of American foreign policy, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, former professor at the National War College, "Overseeing the New Ways of War," http://www.rollcall.com/news/stevenson_overseeing_the_new_ways_of_war-222773-1.html)
The situation becomes especially murky when both the CIA and the Pentagon are conducting drone AND What we need is a "Title 60" to bridge the gaps.
That’s authority Chesney 12 – (2012, Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas School of Law, non-resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, "Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate," JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW 26POLICY, Vol. 5:539)
Title 50 is a portion of the U.S. Code that contains a AND for engaging in quintessential intelligence activities such as intelligence collection and covert action.
2AC – Self Restraint
Legitimacy – Only only Congress solves public trust. Goldsmith 13 – (5/1, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, "How Obama Undermined the War on Terror," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112964/obamas-secrecy-destroying-american-support-counterterrorism)
Feeling the heat from these developments, President Obama promised in his recent State of the Union address "to AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Presidential directives are preceived as weak and unpredictable. Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
*FOOTNOTE* 205. The analysis of this Section often refers to Executive Order 12,333 but would apply with equal force to any unilateral presidential directive. *TEXT* Reliance on presidential directives to shed light on the CIA mandate and the "handoff’ AND are incapable of alleviating the coordination challenges between intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
Only functions as an enabler not a constraint. Posner 11 (Eric A. Posner, Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, "DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THEUNITED STATES AFTER9/11: CONGRESS, THECOURTS AND THEOFFICE OFLEGALCOUNSEL," September 2011, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/363-eap-deference.pdf)
A number of scholars have argued that OLC can serve as an important constraint on AND will be ignored. In no circumstance could it be a "constraint."
President ignores the OLC. Posner 11 (Eric A. Posner, Kirkland 26 Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School, "DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THEUNITED STATES AFTER9/11: CONGRESS, THECOURTS AND THEOFFICE OFLEGALCOUNSEL," September 2011, http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/363-eap-deference.pdf)
In the early years of the Bush administration, the Office of Legal Counsel, AND him for adverse reactions from the courts, Congress, and the public.
Doesn’t solve CIA tradeoff – they’ll circumvent without statutory clarification Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, "The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror," Yale Law 26 Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)
The thousands of pages of reports and recommendations made by the various commissions of the AND , for creating threats to CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors."67
Internal enforcement mechanisms fail Alston 11 – (Sept. 2011, Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders," draft version, Harvard National Security Journal (2011), google scholar)
The picture that emerges from this review of executive oversight bodies with the potential to AND oversight has been exercised in any way for the past decade or more.
Links to politics Risen 04 – (Aug. 2004, Clay, Assistant Editor – New Republic, editor at the New York Times, "The American Prospect," lexis)
The most effective check on executive orders has proven to be political. When it AND proposal — and it painted him indelibly as an anti-environmental president.
Perm do the cp
2AC – Obama Good
—-Impact
Nuclear Iran solves Middle East instability – current instability is result of Israel as lone nuclear power Waltz 12 (Kenneth N. Waltz, Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 4)
Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability The past several months have witnessed a heated debate over AND crisis that will end only when a balance of military power is restored.
Nuclear Iran won’t trigger Middle East prolif Waltz 12 (Kenneth N. Waltz, Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2012, Vol. 91, Issue 4)
Another oft-touted worry is that if Iran obtains the bomb, other states AND leading to a Middle East that is more stable than it is today.
Beyond treaty interpretation, Iran’s long record of ignoring its commitments and lying about its nuclear program AND for nothing would Iran’s likely upcoming "commitment" hold any weight.
Removing sanctions doesn’t lead to a deal. Dubowitz and Gerecht 11/10 – (2013, Mark, executive director of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, MA in International Public Policy, Johns Hopkins, and Reuel, senior fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, former resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, former case officer at the CIA, primarily working on Middle Eastern targets, "The Case for Stronger Sanctions on Iran," http://www.defenddemocracy.org/media-hit/the-case-for-stronger-sanctions-on-iran/)
So where does that leave us? Reports out of Geneva indicate that the Obama AND are easily revoked or not much of a nuclear impediment to start with.
—-Substance
Capital isn’t key and can’t pass until after negotiations. Keck 11-8 (Zachary,- Associate Editor of The Diplomat http://thediplomat.com/the-editor/2013/11/08/an-offer-the-u-s-cant-refuse/) While a deal seems almost certain, then, what its contents are is not AND so, however, given the repercussions of failing to honor America’s commitments.
Obama already won support in Congress —- no more pushing is necessary Lobe 11-17 (Jim,- Washington bureau chief for Inter Press Service) The administration of President Barack Obama appears to have succeeded in preventing Congress from enacting AND to give the administration a couple of months" to reach an accord.
No chance sanctions can even get voted on in time to derail negotiations Tobin 11-14 (Jonathan,- Senior Online Editor of Commentary magazine "Vitter an Unwitting Ally of Obama on Iran") David Vitter may not have made as much of a splash in terms of publicity AND get an all-too-eager Kerry back at the negotiating table.
Doesn’t disrupt negotiations Small 10-28 (Jay Newton,- congressional correspondent for TIME "White House Spars With Congress Over New Iran Sanctions") If the bill passes, Obama may be put in the awkward position of vetoing AND And it will need help from Congress and Israel as the talks proceed."
No spillover on Iran – everyone already hates and distrusts obama. Rothkopf 11-12 ("This Deal Won’t Seal Itself") In other words, it doesn’t really matter who threw the monkey wrench. There AND would amount to simply papering over one of the Middle East’s great problems.
The simmering debate about the White House’s consideration of moving the drone program from the CIA to the AND the Senate Intelligence Committee.
They’re comparatively the most powerful faction. Carlic 08 (Steve Carlic, adjunct professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Editorial Opinion Specialist with Syracuse Media Group, May 25, 2008, Rep. John McHugh a contender for House Armed Services leadership spot http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/05/rep_john_mchugh_a_contender_fo.html
But as the top Republican on the full 62-member Armed Services panel, McHugh would see his reach extend AND most other committees because partisan differences come into play less often
2AC – Prez Powers
DECISION TO CONSULT CONGRESS RESTRICTS PRESIDENTIAL WAR POWER REGARDLESS OF HOW CONGRESS VOTES - in intro of forces, offensive cyber 26 drone strikes David Rothkopf, Editor-Foreign Policy, 9/4/13, "Involving Congress Could Prove a Mistake," Valley News, ~http://www.vnews.com/opinion/8335755-95/column-involving-congress-may-prove-a-mistake~~ Whatever happens with regard to Syria, the larger consequence of the president’s action will AND the imperial presidency than anything his predecessors or Congress have done for decades.
No impact – doesn’t affect military readiness David J. Barron 26 Martin S. Lederman, Law Professors - Harvard and Georgetown, 2008, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb: A Constitutional History," Harvard Law Review, Vol. 121, No. 4, p. 1101 At the same time, the history we have reviewed casts doubt on the functionalist AND what consequences might follow from a constitutional judgment in the here and now.
To put it in legal terms, drone strikes in Afghanistan fall under Title 10 AND paramilitary operations and focus more on its original tasks of espionage and analysis.
