Tournament: Gsu | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Najor
CP: The United States federal government should create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing missions or their heirs.

The term “operation” represents the medicalization of war—it routes militaristic violence through the comforting lens of surgical procedures—this allows militarism to establish a linguistic and psychological stranglehold on our collective consciousness

Kellner 92 (Douglas, Philosophy @ UCLA, http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/gulfwar6.htm)
The debasement of language began … patriots. How did this happen? 

This metaphorical strategy of pathologizing our enemies while simultaneously euphemizing the weapons we use to destroy them has historically paved the way for large-scale atrocity—in the nuclear age, failure to challenge these medical metaphors will result in extinction.

Bosmajian 84 (Haig, Professor of Speech Communication at the University of Washington, http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1442)
In his definitive work The … successful in defending the indefensible.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Najor
CP: The Executive Office of the President should compensate those unlawfully injured by target killing operations or their heirs and establish a cause of action for damages.  The United States Executive should negotiate international norms for conduct in drone warfare and target killing and bring them into effect upon substantial ratification.

OLC Solvency

Legal opinion solves
Clark ’10 (Kathleen, John S. Lehmann Research Professor of Law at Washington University School of Law, J.D. from Yale University, B.A. in Physics and Philosophy cum laude from Yale University, Senior Editor of the Yale Law Journal, Office of the Attorney General, District of Columbia Special Counsel, U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Counsel, 4/12/10 Brigham Young University Law Review, “The Architecture of Accountability: A Case Study of the Warrantless Surveillance Program,” http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2010/2/08Clark.FIN.pdf)

A. Accountability Mechanisms that are … the proposed action is legal). 

NSD Solvency 

NSDs solve – classified and flexible
Cooper 02 (Phillip J, Professor of Public … Action,” University of Kansas Press (2002), p. 190)

On the positive side, NSDs … they are hidden from public.

Compensation Solvency

That solves blowback and legitimacy – comprehensive public opinion surveys
Holewinski 13 – (2013, Sarah, executive director of Center for Civilians in Conflict, Senior Fellow with Truman National Security Project and a Term Member with the Council of Foreign Relations, “Do Less Harm,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb2013, Vol. 92, Issue 1, ebsco)

The Pentagonand#39;s complacency about civilian … in the conduct of war.

Norms Solvency

Unilateral efforts will fail – only multilateralism can solve
Voeten 11 (ERIK VOETEN, Peter F. Krogh Associate Professor of Geopolitics and Justice in World Affairs at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and Government Department. He is also the director of graduate studies and associate chair of the Goverment department, October 10, 2011, the Drone Arms Race, http://themonkeycage.org/2011/10/10/the-drone-arms-race/)

Anderson may be right, … no good reason to wait.

CP solves norms – better to abide by international law
Mulrine 13 (Anna Mulrine, staff writer for Christian Science Monitor, May 24, 2013, Would a US and#39;drone courtand#39; to authorize drone strikes be a good idea? (+video), http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0524/Would-a-US-drone-court-to-authorize-drone-strikes-be-a-good-idea-video)

The courts could help increase … concerns about drone strikes.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest LeDuc-Washington | Judge: Woodruff
1NC

CP: We advocate black liberation as strategic resistance to the regime of assasination.

The term targeted killing sanitizes and legitimates state lawfare in support of the drone apparatus.
Small 12 – (May, Leonard, Roundtable on Targeted Killing: Lawyering and Targeted Killing, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/4567/roundtable-on-targeted-killing_lawyering-and-targe)

The practice now commonly termed “… least plausibly, legal and permissible.

1NR

Targeted killing terminology is part of a broader government project to legitimize the war on terror and silence dissent.
Smith 12 – (1/22, “Sanitized Words,” http://ramblingtaoist.blogspot.com/2012/01/sanitized-words.html)

Targeted killingand#34; has become the … them when they assassinate people?

Rejection IS our method of resistance – exposing and calling out the public politics of lying is key to link struggles between militarism and the police state and break down the oppression of black people everywhere.
Kellner, 03 – (Douglas Kellner, PhD, Professor of Philosophy, George F. Kneller Philosophy of Education Chair, Division of Social Sciences and Comparative Education, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, UCLA, “An Orwellian Nightmare: Critical Reflections on the Bush Administration,” http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/orwelliannightmare.pdf)

In this scenario, both poles … a life worthy of a human being.

Communication is the fundamental source of power and social control – the way you have spoken in this round matters and must be contested -~-- pure repression and “targeting” by the government and oppressive actors CANNOT SUBSIST ON ITS OWN WITHOUT LINGUISTIC SUPPORT.
Castells 07 – (2007, Manuel, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Southern California, “Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society,” International Journal of Communication 1 (2007), 238-266, http://www.nabilechchaibi.com/resources/Castells20-20Communication,20Power20and20Counter-Power.pdf)
Throughout history communication and information … of social actors   in conflict.

The conceptual metaphors that dominate discourse about architecture PRECEDE and SHAPE policy making
King 93 – (ANTHONY KING is a professor 0/ Art History and a/Sociology, Binghamton, State UniU!1and#39;sity a/New YOfand#39;k. http://iaste.berkeley.edu/pdfs/04.2b-Spr93King-sml.pdf)

What I shall attempt is … discourse to policy to action. 

There is no monolithic whiteness that permits fluidity just like there is no blackness that DETERMINES the arguments you make in debate.
CCSG 92 Chicago Cultural Studies Group, “Critical Multiculturalism,” Critical Inquiry 18 (Spring 1992), JSTOR, Lauren Berlant, David Bunn, Vinay Dharwadker, Norma Field, Dilip Gaonkar, Marilyn Ivy, Benjamin Lee, Leo Ou-fan Lee, Xinmin Liu, Mathew Roberts, Sharon Stephens, Katie Trumpener, Greg Urban, Michael Warner, Jianyang Zha, and Jueliang Zhou, p. 548-550

5. Affiliated Knowledge One of … and difficult to combat systematically.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Sharpe-Khanna | Judge: Gannon
1NC

Specific decisions aren’t modeled – and other countries will interpret the plan differently
Heinz Klug, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin Law School, 2000
(Model and Anti-Model: The United States Constitution and the and#34;Rise of World Constitutionalism,and#34; 2000 Wis. L. Rev. 597)
However, instead of specific constitutional … subsequent waves of constitution-makers.  

True in Africa – it’s a counterexample not a model
Heinz Klug, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin Law School, 2000 (Model and Anti-Model: The United States Constitution and the and#34;Rise of World Constitutionalism,and#34; 2000 Wis. L. Rev. 597)

Similar efforts may be seen … , or merely distinguished as inapposite.  

Latin America models Europe not America
Schor 9 Miguel Schor Associate Professor of Law, Suffolk University Law School, “Designing a Judiciary: The Strange Cases of Marbury and Lochner in the Constitutional Imagination” 87 Tex. L. Rev. 1463 2009

Polities abroad generally adopted judicial … arise between democracy and constitutionalism.

Backlash – Judicial restraint of war powers in an emerging democracy would be ignored and would lead to massive backlash that would permanently destroy the judiciary and democracy
Hirschl (University of Toronto, Faculty of Law and Department of Political Science) 8
(Ran, THE JUDICIALIZATION OF MEGA-POLITICS AND THE RISE OF POLITICAL COURTS, Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2008. 11: 93-118)

Occasionally, courts may respond to … original ruling in Shah Bano. 

Spreading democracy is impossible.
Rothkopf, 10  (David, Foreign Policy, Blog, “Americaand#39;s credibility takes another blow,”
http://rothkopf.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/01/22/americas_credibility_takes_another_blow)

What was left for Americans … ? Should we embrace other models?
Admittedly, the Chinese model, which might have had a shot at greater influence given the damage done to the U.S. brand, wasnand#39;t doing itself any favors with its attempt to deny its people both basic rights of all international citizens of the 21st Century ... which would also have the effect of making Chinese workers less competitive in the global economy. Hillary Clintonand#39;s speech attacking this was forceful and utterly appropriate. The Chinese whining in response to it was a sign of weakness and with some luck, the Obama administration will ignore it, shrug off the Chinese threats of consequences in other areas of the bilateral relationship, and continue to press home this essential point.
But the argument on behalf … able to play that role.

No impact to Latin America instability. – the region has survived hundreds of wars
Hartzell 2000 (Caroline A., 4/1/2000, Middle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies Latin American Essays, “Latin Americaand#39;s civil wars: conflict resolution and institutional change.” http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28765765_ITM)

Latin America has been the … shaping post-war institutional change?

No impact to disease – burnout and empirical evidence.
Posner 2005 (Richard A., Judge U.S. Court of Appeals 7th Circuit, Professor Chicago School of Law, January 1, 2005, Skeptic, Altadena, CA, Catastrophe: Risk and Response, http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4150331/Catastrophe-the-dozen-most-significant.html#abstract) 

Yet the fact that Homo … pathogen than smallpox ever was.

S. American prolif won’t happen and no impact
Trinkunas 11 (Harold A. Trinkunas, Naval Post-Graduate School, Sept 2011, http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/whemsac/41/)

Three key states are relevant … for fear of a Venezuelan threat.

No escalation – West exaggerates
FPA 05 (2005, citing I. William Zartman, Professor Emeritus at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University, “Recently in Focus,” Foreign Policy Association, http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2482/newsletter_info_sub_list.htm?section=Ethnicity)

In Great Decisions 2001, I. William Zartman … motives have skewed its importance.

Forests aren’t LUNGS
Lomborg 01 (Bjørn, director of the Copenhagen Consensus Center, Danish author, academic, “The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World,” Cambridge University Press, originally published in Danish in 1998)

There are two primary reasons … for farming and bigger populations.

No war – recession disproves.
Barnett 09 – (8/25/09, Thomas, PhD in Political Science from Harvard, Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” Aprodex, Asset Protection Index, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis … advising and training local forces.

Winning hearts and minds is imposible
Gause 11—professor of political science … win their hearts and minds.

Human rights cred is impossible – Snowden, Benghazi, and more.
Migranyan 13
Scandals Harm U.S. Soft Power Andranik Migranyan July 5, 2013 Andranik Migranyan is the director of the Institute for Democracy and Cooperation in New York. He is also a professor at the Institute of International Relations in Moscow, a former member of the Public Chamber and a former member of the Russian Presidential Council.http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/scandals-harm-us-soft-power-8695

For the past few months, … “in the state of Denmark.” 

Squo solves – drone strikes.
Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)

NOBODY DOES IT BETTER
The Obama administration relies on … best way to eliminate them.

Don’t evaluate their terrorism impact—… combined probability is insanely low
Schneidmiller 9 (Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, 13 January 2009, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php, AMiles)
There is an and#34;almost vanishingly … one that has been stolen. 

1NR

Successful judicial change can only originate from within
Chodosh 2 Hiram E. Chodosh Professor of Law: Director. Frederick K. Cox International Law Center, Case Western Re- serve University School of Law: J.D.. Yale Law School. 1990: B.A., Weslevan University. 1985. 52 DePaul L. Rev. 351 (2002-2003)

LIMITS OF EXTERNAL (U.S.) REFORM … in- ternal reform commitments and capacities.

This is uniquely true in the American model – the greater the activism, the more likely a transitional government is to scrap the court
Garoupa and Maldonado (Professor of Law and Research Scholar, University of Illinois College of Law,  M.Sc. (Econ, University of London), Ph.D. (Econ, University of York), L.L.M. (University of London); L.L.M. (University of Illinois), J.D. (University of Illinois)) 11
(Nuno and Maria A., THE JUDICIARY IN POLITICAL TRANSITIONS: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF U.S. CONSTITUTIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICA, CARDOZO J. OF INT’L and COMP. LAW Vol. 19:593)

In our view, the influence … eagerly challenge the established courts. 

And we don’t have to win a risk of the internal link – any failure of the court’s enforcement in the shirt term tanks its effectiveness. Courts can’t be the first movers in constraining the executive
Chodosh 2 Hiram E. Chodosh Professor of Law: Director. Frederick K. Cox International Law Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Law: J.D.. Yale Law School. 1990: B.A., Weslevan University. 1985. 52 DePaul L. Rev. 351 (2002-2003)

In sum, there is a significant … substantive commitments and institutional performance? 

Judicial empowerment only happens when … – leads to undemocratic hegemonic lock in
Hirschl (Associate Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of Toronto) 4
(Ran, and#39;Juristocracyand#39; - Political, not Juridical, The Good Society 13.3 (2004) 6-11)

Following the same logic, the … losing its historical political dominance.

Specifics of U.S. constitutionalism are not modeled – Countries pick and choose things from other nations, often the U.S. is the anti-model.
Klug 2k
Heinz Klug, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin Law School. “Model and Anti-Model: The United States Constitution and the “Rise of World Constitutionalism”. 2000. 2000 Wis. L. Rev. 597. Lexis.
Thus it was only in … sought their own particular forms.

Countermeasures and basic biology … show how absurd this impact is
Coates 2009 – former adjunct professor at George Washington University, President of the Kanawha Institute for the Study of the Future and was President of the International Association for Impact Assessment and was President of the Association for Science, Technology and Innovation, M.S., Hon D., FWAAS, FAAAS, (Joseph F., Futures 41, 694-705, and#34;Risks and threats to civilization, humankind, and the earth”, ScienceDirect, WEA)

Could diseases in animals be … effects comprising a threat to stability.

S. American prolif Won’t happen
Herz 08 (Monica Herz, Institute of International Relations at PUC – Rio, Application in Latin America and the role of the Organization of American States, http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/4/1/1/p254117_index.html)

Latin American countries have foresworn … non proliferation will be explored.

No great power involvement in African wars
Barrett 05 Robert Barrett, PhD student Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary, June 1, 2005, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID726162_code327511.pdf?abstractid=726162andmirid=1

Westerners eager to promote democracy … nation has very little interest.

Economy more resilient than predicted – has taken shocks and still growing
Eisenbeis 11 – (3/31/11, Bob, PhD, Cumberland Advisors’ Chief Monetary Economist, former Executive Vice President and Director of Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, current member of the U.S. Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee and the Financial Economist Roundtable, “This Market Is Showing Incredible Resilience In The Face Of Many Crises,” The Business Insider, lexis) 

No, not shock and awe … , the job market is lagging

 and has a long way … begin investing and hiring again.

No war – recession disproves.
Barnett 09 – (8/25/09, Thomas, PhD in Political Science from Harvard, Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis,” Aprodex, Asset Protection Index, http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx)

When the global financial crisis … advising and training local forces.

No impact or spillover – no broader environmental harm or domino effect.  Low resilience claims are false
Ridder 2008 – PhD, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania (Ben, Biodiversity And Conservation, 17.4, “Questioning the ecosystem services argument for biodiversity conservation”) *ES = environmental services
The low resilience assumption
Advocates of the conservation of … justify the conservation of biodiversity.

Forced decentralization precludes specatular/large scale WMD attacks.
Montgomery 09 – (2009, Evan Braden, Research Fellow, has published on a range of issues, including alliance politics, nuclear terrorism, military doctrine, and political revolutions, Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, MA in Foreign Affairs, PhD Candidate at UVA, “Nuclear Terrorism: Assessing the Threat, Developing a Response,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA506768)

This evolution has had a signi?cant … years of planning and training.”75

No retaliation
Smith and Herron 5, *Professor, University of Oklahoma, * University of Oklahoma Norman Campus, (Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Ph.D., and Kerry G., and#34;United States Public Response to Terrorism: Fault Lines or Bedrock?and#34; Review of Policy Research 22.5 (2005): 599-623, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=hjsmith)  
Our final contrasting set of … securely anchored in bedrock beliefs.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 8 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Kallmyer
1NC

Plan will be circumvented and Congress won’t do anything about it
Cohen 12 (Michael A. Cohen – fellow at the Century Foundation, 3/28, "Power Grab", Foreign Policy, http://www. foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/28/power_grab?page=0,1)

Running roughshod over Congress has … of the U.S. intervention in Libya.

Congress doesn’t limit the number of wars, it just chooses the wrong ones and makes us ineffective fighting them
Nzelibe and Yoo 13 (Jide Nzelibe, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School, and John Yoo, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, “Rational War and Constitutional Design,” The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115, No. 9, 12/8/13)

1. FUNCTIONAL PURPOSES OF THE … benefits claimed by its proponents. 

Congressional control of initiation of war fails – ineffective, divisive, and lacks necessary reaction time
Yoo 6 (John Yoo, “Energy in the Executive: Re-examining Presidential Power in the Midst of the War on Terrorism,” 4/24/6) http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2006/04/energy-in-the-executive-reexamining-presidential-power-in-the-midst-of-the-war-on-terrorism

But suppose we conceded that … intelligence or windows of opportunity.

No interventions forthcoming – Iraq era over
Heroux 12 (Paul Heroux, senior analyst at the Institute for Defense and Disarment Studies, Master's in International Relations from the London School of Economics and a Master's from the Harvard School of Government, “The Aftermath of Iraq: A Cautious West in Iran, Syria and Afghanistan,” 3/19/12) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/paul-heroux/the-aftermath-of-iraq-a-c_b_1363368.html

The aftermath of the war … when it may be necessary.

No accidents
Quinlan 09 – former senior fellow at the International Institute of Strategic Studies (Sir Michael, “Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects,” Oxford University Press)

Similar considerations apply to the … order-of-magnitude increase in caution. 

No retal to terror
Smith and Herron 5, *Professor, University of Oklahoma, * University of Oklahoma Norman Campus, (Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Ph.D., and Kerry G., "United States Public Response to Terrorism: Fault Lines or Bedrock?" Review of Policy Research 22.5 (2005): 599-623, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=hjsmith)  

Our final contrasting set of … securely anchored in bedrock beliefs.

Credibility is a joke
Walt 11 (Stephen M. Walt, Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” 12/05/11, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem)

A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy … resent what we do less.

President is actually more accountable to the public
Nzelibe and Yoo 13 (Jide Nzelibe, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Law School, and John Yoo, Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley School of Law, “Rational War and Constitutional Design,” The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115, No. 9, 12/8/13)

We propose three central criteria … the wishes of the electorate. 

States don’t have feelings – soft power doesn’t work
Fan 7 (Ying, Senior Lecturer in Marketing at Brunel Business School, Brunel University in London, “Soft power: Power of attraction or confusion?”, November 14)

The whole concept of soft … , and reject American culture’ ( Opelz, 2004 ). 

Soft power doesn’t influence decisionmaking
Ogoura 6 (Kazuo, President of the Japan Foundation, “The Limits of Soft Power,” http://www.cgp.org/index.php?option=articleandtask=defaultandarticleid=341)

One blind spot in the … the source of its clout.

HR cred dead – snowden, benghazi, more
Migranyan 13
Scandals Harm U.S. Soft Power Andranik Migranyan July 5, 2013 Andranik Migranyan is the director of the Institute for Democracy and Cooperation in New York. He is also a professor at the Institute of International Relations in Moscow, a former member of the Public Chamber and a former member of the Russian Presidential Council.http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/scandals-harm-us-soft-power-8695

For the past few months, … “in the state of Denmark.” 

Only internal link in their Sloane evidence is international law modeling and the constraints of customary international law – obviously non-binding and impossible – drone strikes and shit
International law is too weak to prevent conflict
AEI  5 (American enterprise inst, april, book review, inst for public policy research, “The Limits of International Law” Jack L. Goldsmith and Eric A. Posner, http://www.angelfire.com/jazz/sugimoto/law.pdf) "As the twentieth century ended, optimism about international law...degradation and human rights abuses"
As the twentieth century … degradation and human rights abuses. 

Law useless—States have found moral justification for its violation.
CFR 13
Is humanitarian military intervention against international law, or are there exceptions? Question submitted by Sebastian de Armas, from Trinity Prep School, June 27, 2013 http://www.cfr.org/international-law/humanitarian-military-intervention-against-international-law-there-exceptions/p31017

As a matter of international law, … on Foreign Relations Special Report,

No China war – weak military and economic focus.
Gelb 9/9 – (2013, Leslie, PhD, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, former Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan University, and Assistant Secretary of State for President Carter, “Is a military conflict between China and the United States possible in the future?” http://www.cfr.org/china/military-conflict-between-china-united-states-possible-future/p31361)

The stakes are much too … would certainly set that back.

No war – unwinable for both sides and the costs of nuclear war are too high
Chari and Rizvi 08 – (*P. R. Chari is a research professor at the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies in New Delhi and a former member of the Indian Administrative Service. Hasan Askari Rizvi is an independent political and defense consultant in Pakistan and is currently a visiting professor with the South Asia Program of the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. “Making Borders irrelevant in Kashmir” http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr210.pdf)

The Kashmir dispute has reached … movement of people and goods. 

Tensions inev but never escalate
Weitz 11 (Richard, senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a World Politics Review senior editor 9/27/2011, “Global Insights: Putin not a Game-Changer for U.S.-Russia Ties,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/66579517/Global-Insights-Putin-not-a-Game-Changer-for-U-S-Russia-Ties)

Fifth, there will inevitably be … is in charge of Russia.

1NR

Congress will do whatever the president wants
Mitchell, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, 9
(Jonathan, Jan, “Legislating Clear-Statement Regimes in National- Security Law,” http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=jonathan_mitchell, accessed 9-17-13, CMM)

INTRODUCTION¶ Congress’s national-security legislation … vague or ambiguous statutory language.

US won’t do more mindless interventions
Mandelbaum 11 (Michael Mandelbaum, A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC; and Director, Project on East-West Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, “CFR 90th Anniversary Series on Renewing America: American Power and Profligacy,” Jan 2011) http://www.cfr.org/publication/23828/cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on_renewing_america.html?cid=rss-fullfeed-cfr_90th_anniversary_series_on-011811andutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed:+cfr_main+(CFR.org+-+Main+Site+Feed)

MANDELBAUM:  I think it is, Richard.  And I … has come to an end.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Najor
1NC

Fails – obviously drone victim won’t have access to American courts or motivation to use them AND the aff has to overturn state secrets to solve
Murphy and Radsan 09 – (2009, Richard, ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, and Afsheen John, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, general counsel at the CIA, 2002-2004, “DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 31:2, google scholar)

But as the dissenting judge … executive authority is most necessary.

Turns terrorism and heg
Turner 09 – (2009, Robert, Professor, University of Virginia (General Faculty), and Associate Director of the Center for National Security Law. Former Charles H. Stockton Professor of International Law at the Naval War College and chair of the ABA Standing Committee on National Security, “THE CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATION FOR FACT DEFERENCE IN NATIONAL SECURITY CASES,” VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW IN BRIEF VOLUME 95 DECEMBER 7,2009 PAGES 87-96)

Even where the Constitution has … our military forces at war.

Drone prolif inevitable.
Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)

Controlling the spread of drone … a wanted drug trafficker hiding there.

No Sino/Japanese war – interdependence solves
O’Neil 07 – Snr lecturer, IR, Flinders U, Australia (Andrew, Nuclear proliferation in Northeast Asia: the quest for security, 99-101)

The assumption underlying pessimistic views … reality of mutual assured destruction. 

No China war – weak military and economic focus.
Gelb 9/9 – (2013, Leslie, PhD, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, former Assistant Professor of Government at Wesleyan University, and Assistant Secretary of State for President Carter, “Is a military conflict between China and the United States possible in the future?” http://www.cfr.org/china/military-conflict-between-china-united-states-possible-future/p31361)

The stakes are much too … would certainly set that back.

No impact to hegemonic decline
Preble 10 (8/3, Christopher Preble, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, taught history at St. Cloud State University and Temple University, was a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy, Ph.D. in history from Temple University. “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” 8/3/10) http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/)

Most in Washington still embraces … security of their respective regions.

Its inevitable anyway
Kagan 12 (Robert Kagan,  senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution and a columnist for The Washington Post, “Not Fade Away,” 1/11/12) http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism?passthru=ZDkyNzQzZTk3YWY3YzE0OWM5MGRiZmIwNGQwNDBiZmIandutm_source=Editors+and+Bloggersandutm_campaign=cbaee91d9d-Edit_and_Blogsandutm_medium=email

The answer is no. Let’s start … moment has not yet arrived.

Credibility is a joke
Walt 11 (Stephen M. Walt, Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” 12/05/11, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem)

A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy … resent what we do less.

Heg doesn’t solve war
Fettweis 11
Christopher, Professor of Political Science @ Tulane, Dangerous Times?: The International Politics of Great Power Peace, pg. 172-174

The primary attack on restraint, … States was no less safe.

Actually your evidence overestimates the unpopularity of drones on the ground
Byman 13 – (2013, Daniel, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2013)

A 2012 poll found that 74 … the United States more popular.

Tons of alt causes – their evidence.
Jacqueline Manning 12, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9 2012, “Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen,” http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450

Earlier this year White House … to families of the victims.

No Terrorist Threat or Accidental Launches – new security measures check
Jaspal 2/23/2013 (Dr. Zafar Nawaz, director and associate professor at the School of Politics and International Relations at Quaid-i-Azam University and advisor on non-proliferation at the South Asian Strategic Stability Institute in London, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Safety and Security”, Online, http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/23-Feb-2013/pakistan-s-nuclear-weapons-safety-and-security)

Needless to say, Pakistan has … and under constant monitoring process.

No war – unwinable for both sides and the costs of nuclear war are too high
Chari and Rizvi 08 – (*P. R. Chari is a research professor at the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies in New Delhi and a former member of the Indian Administrative Service. Hasan Askari Rizvi is an independent political and defense consultant in Pakistan and is currently a visiting professor with the South Asia Program of the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. “Making Borders irrelevant in Kashmir” http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr210.pdf)

The Kashmir dispute has reached … movement of people and goods. 

No risk of Middle East war
Maloney and Takeyh 07 – *senior fellow for Middle East Policy at the Saban Center for Middle East Studies at the Brookings Institution AND senior fellow for Middle East Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (Susan and Ray, International Herald Tribune, 6/28, “Why the Iraq War Wonand#39;t Engulf the Mideast”, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0628iraq_maloney.aspx)

Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, … enveloping the entire Middle East.

No escalation – great powers won’t get involved
Gelb, 10 – President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations. He was a senior official in the U.S. Defense Department from 1967 to 1969 and in the State Department from 1977 to 1979 (Leslie, Foreign Affairs, “GDP Now Matters More Than Force: A U.S. Foreign Policy for the Age of Economic Power,” November/December, proquest)

Also reducing the likelihood of … well short of direct confrontation.

Don’t evaluate their terrorism impact—… combined probability is insanely low
Schneidmiller 9 (Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, 13 January 2009, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php, AMiles)

There is an and#34;almost vanishingly … one that has been stolen. 

No retaliation
Smith and Herron 5, *Professor, University of Oklahoma, * University of Oklahoma Norman Campus, (Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Ph.D., and Kerry G., and#34;United States Public Response to Terrorism: Fault Lines or Bedrock?and#34; Review of Policy Research 22.5 (2005): 599-623, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000andcontext=hjsmith)  

Our final contrasting set of … securely anchored in bedrock beliefs.

1NR

State secrets key to US intelligence gathering
Barnsby 12 – (2012, Robert, JD, Major and Judge Advocate, U.S. Army, Professor, Int’l and Operational Law Dep’t, The Judge Advocate General’s (JAG) Legal Ctr. and Sch., U.S. Army, “SO LONG, AND THANKS FOR ALL THE SECRETS: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR TELMAN,” Alabama Law Review, Vol. 63:4:667)

Obviously, if discovery reveals state … killing Osama bin Laden in 2011. 

Intelligence solves all existential threats – impact is WMD use and extinction.
Johnson 10 – (2010, Loch, PhD, Regents Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, “Evaluating ‘Humint’: The Role of Foreign Agents in U.S. Security,” Comparative Strategy Volume 29, Issue 4, 2010, taylor and francis)

Intelligence is considered the first … having a valuable role to play.
Introduction
The world is a dangerous place, … to satellite and sonar tracking.

Key to stop CBW use against the US and allies.
Treverton 01 – (2001, Gregory, PhD in economics and politics, Harvard, Director, RAND Center for Global Risk and Security, “Reshaping national intelligence for an age of information,” p. 37-8)

American military predominance gives rise … respond to U.S. moves against them.

Chemical weapons use against US troops causes nuclear war.
Schneider 97 (Barry, Director of the USAF Counterproliferation Center at Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, and an Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of Future Conflict Studies at the U.S. Air War College., Future War and Counterproliferation, 72-73
As a result, today, in the … might demand harsh nuclear retribution.

Bioweapons cause extinction
Baum and Wilson 13 – (6/28, Seth, PhD, Geography, Pennsylvania State University, Executive Director, Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, former Visiting Scholar position at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University, and Grant, JD, Deputy Director, GCRI, “The Ethics of Global Catastrophic Risk from Dual-Use Bioengineering,” Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine, forthcoming, http://sethbaum.com/ac/fc_BioengineeringGCR.pdf)
*GCR = Global Catastrophic Risk

While bioengineering has many benefits, … utilize bioengineered organisms pose a GCR.

Focused intel key to prevent and respond to middle east instability
Margolis 12 – (2012, J. Eli, Defense Intelligence Agency officer stationed in East Asia, “Estimating State Instability,” Studies in Intelligence Vol. 56, No. 1 (March 2012), https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-56-no.-1/pdfs-vol-56.-no.-1/Estimating20State20Instability20-Extracts-Mar12-20Apr12.pdf)

Overall Estimate: So What? Together, … and across the Middle East.

Key to US diplomacy and soft power
Adams and Sims 12 – (12/3, Gordon, professor of international relations at the School of International Service, American University, former senior White House official for national security budgets from 1993 to 1997, Jennifer, senior fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, former deputy assistant secretary of state for intelligence coordination and as coordinator for intelligence resources and planning at the Department of State, “Demilitarize the C.I.A.” NYT http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/12/03/a-new-director-or-a-new-direction-for-the-cia/demilitarize-the-cia)

Improved intelligence support to military … cost U.S. companies money and jobs.

Single court decisions can result in drastic revisions of state secrets
Barnsby 12 – (2012, Robert, JD, Major and Judge Advocate, U.S. Army, Professor, Int’l and Operational Law Dep’t, The Judge Advocate General’s (JAG) Legal Ctr. and Sch., U.S. Army, “SO LONG, AND THANKS FOR ALL THE SECRETS: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR TELMAN,” Alabama Law Review, Vol. 63:4:667)

Again, when the government has … often disfavored by the law.
The logical shortcomings of certain key arguments, along with overreactions in important areas,112 undermine Telman’s arguments considerably. Moreover, a path of non-citizen, civil court litigation rights placed above vital national security in ways suggested by Telman may indeed become a significant liability for a nation at war. Again, national security outweighs the need to preserve the “rights” of non-U.S. citizens in civil court.
Ultimately, some of Telman’s claims … that might expose sensitive information.

No escalation in central asia – shared interests
Collins and Wohlforth 4 (Kathleen, Prof PoliSci–Notre Dame and William, Prof Government–Dartmouth, “Defying ‘Great Game’ Expectations”, Strategic Asia 2003-4: Fragility and Crisis, p. 312-3)

Conclusion The popular great game … domestic stability in Central Asia.

Zero chance of indo-pak nuke war
Enders, 2002 – quoting lots of professors (David, Daily News Editor for the Michigan Daily, “Experts say nuclear war still unlikely,” http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2002/01/30/News/Experts.Say.Nuclear.War.Still.Unlikely-1404620.shtml)  

University political science Prof. Ashutosh … the current tension,and#34; Lieberthal said.

Pakistani military is strong and ensures stability
Pillar 11 – (1/3/11, Paul, Professor of Security studies at Georgetown University, 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency, member of the Center for Peace and Security Studies, “Politicking in Pakistan” http://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/politicking-pakistan-4661)

Thereand#39;s no doubt that Pakistan … their hands on the nukes.

No middle easy escalation – great powers won’t get involved
Gelb, 10 – President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations. He was a senior official in the U.S. Defense Department from 1967 to 1969 and in the State Department from 1977 to 1979 (Leslie, Foreign Affairs, “GDP Now Matters More Than Force: A U.S. Foreign Policy for the Age of Economic Power,” November/December, proquest)

Also reducing the likelihood of … well short of direct confrontation.

legitimacy and credibility is a joke
Walt 11 (Stephen M. Walt, Professor of International Affairs at Harvard, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” 12/05/11, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem)
A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy … resent what we do less.

structural factors are a better predictor of decline
Kagan 12 (Robert Kagan,  senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution and a columnist for The Washington Post, “Not Fade Away,” 1/11/12) http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/magazine/99521/america-world-power-declinism?passthru=ZDkyNzQzZTk3YWY3YzE0OWM5MGRiZmIwNGQwNDBiZmIandutm_source=Editors+and+Bloggersandutm_campaign=cbaee91d9d-Edit_and_Blogsandutm_medium=email
Powerful as this sense of … , and a culmination, of a longer process.

China conflict impossible – past incidents prove
Cohen and Zenko 12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow for Conflict Prevention at the CFR, and Michael A Cohen, Senior Fellow at the American Security Project, serves on the board of the National Security Network and has taught at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, served in the U.S. Department of State, former Senior Vice President at the strategic communications firm of Robinson, Lerer and Montgomery, bachelor’s degree in international relations from American University and a master’s degree from Columbia University,  Foreign Affairds, “National Insecurity: Just How Safe Is the United States?” 

Finally, Miller argues that and#34;a militarized … did during the Cold War.and#34;

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest LeDuc-Washington | Judge: Woodruff
Round 2 GSU

1NC

Prez circumvents without statutory clarification
Harris 05 – (2005, Grant, JD candidate at time of publication, expected same year, post-graduation: Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, former Deputy Chief of Staff and Counselor to Susan E. Rice, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and a member of President Obama’s Cabinet, “The CIA Mandate and the War on Terror,” Yale Law and Policy Review Vol. 23:529, 2005)

The thousands of pages of … CIA installations, recruiters, or contractors.and#34;67

Can’t do it without engaging Congress – internal bureaucratic reforms won’t carry over.
Goldsmith 12 – (10/25, Jack, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, former Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, “Thoughts on the Brennan Profile,” Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/thoughts-on-the-brennan-profile/)

Tying Hands of Future Administrations.  … administration has resolutely refused to do.

Tying demands for black liberation to pragmatic policy reform is good
Shelby 7 – Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity

But African American philosophy does … which many scholars have overlooked.

Inclusion of pragmatic, reformist coalitions is the only way to make radical critiques of white supremacy politically effective-~--the alt alone fails and generates backlash
Winant 97 – Howard Winant, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for New racial Studies at UC Santa Barbara, September-October 1997, “Behind Blue Eyes: Contemporary White Racial Politics,” online: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/winant/whitness.html

Although the differences and indeed … how American you areand#34; (Thompson 1995, 429).

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Sharpe-Khanna | Judge: Gannon
1NC

Deference key to heg – 5 reasons
Knowles 9 – Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law (Robert, Spring, “American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution”, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, Lexis Law)

1. Flexibility Because the world … individual liberties, even for citizens.

Impact is nuclear war
Knowles 9 – Acting Assistant Professor, New York University School of Law (Robert, Spring, “American Hegemony and the Foreign Affairs Constitution”, 41 Ariz. St. L.J. 87, Lexis Law)

Nonetheless, foreign relations remain special, … Presidentand#39;s textually-specified Article I powers. 

Causes terrorism.
Turner 09 – (2009, Robert, Professor, University of Virginia (General Faculty), and Associate Director of the Center for National Security Law. Former Charles H. Stockton Professor of International Law at the Naval War College and chair of the ABA Standing Committee on National Security, “THE CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATION FOR FACT DEFERENCE IN NATIONAL SECURITY CASES,” VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW IN BRIEF VOLUME 95 DECEMBER 7,2009 PAGES 87-96)

Even where the Constitution has … our military forces at war.

Heg solves extinction – empirics prove
Barnett, 11 – chief analyst at Wikistrat, former visiting scholar at the University of Tennessee’s Howard Baker Center for Public Policy and a visiting strategist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies (Thomas, World Politics Review, “The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads,” 3/7, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

It is worth first … in the geometry to come.

2NC - Deference

Best statistical studies prove heg solves war – violence is declining and heg maintains free trade, deterrence, democracy and other proximate checks
Owen 11 – John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard and#34;DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONYand#34; Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues… United States as the global hegemon.

Judicial involvement is incompatible with military decisionmaking – aff causes the Court to substitute itself as battlefield commander

VFW 10 (The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, Brief of The veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States As amicus curiae in support of defendants and dismissal, 09/30/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/VFW_Brief_PACER.pdf)
C. Military Leadership And … which have no place on the battlefield.

Judicial intervention into war powers undermines military chain of command – key to national security and US operations overseas
VFW 10 (The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, Brief of The veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States As amicus curiae in support of defendants and dismissal, 09/30/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/VFW_Brief_PACER.pdf)

ALLOWING THIS TYPE OF … military forces in good stead since the Civil War.

Court intervention into targeted killing undermines unit cohesion and the fight against terrorism  
VFW 10 (The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, Brief of The veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States As amicus curiae in support of defendants and dismissal, 09/30/10, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/VFW_Brief_PACER.pdf)

B. Adjudication Also Would … effectiveness and our national security.

Obama is multilateral
Sofae 10, George P. Shultz Distinguished Scholar at Sanford University’s Hoover Institution, (Abraham, and#34;Obama: Dropping the War on Terror, preemption, preventative force - Adopting and#39;Multilateralismand#39;,and#34; May 3, www.aipnews.com/talk/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=13876andposts=1andstart=1

 The Gates’ Pentagon will … rejected to secure such agreements.

He’ll change the overall strategy
Ikenberry 10, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, (G. John, and#34;The Right Grand Strategy,and#34; January-February, www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=760

President Obama inherited the most …beginning the process of gaining it back.

1NR - State Secrets

Single court decisions can result in drastic revisions of state secrets
Barnsby 12 – (2012, Robert, JD, Major and Judge Advocate, U.S. Army, Professor, Int’l and Operational Law Dep’t, The Judge Advocate General’s (JAG) Legal Ctr. and Sch., U.S. Army, “SO LONG, AND THANKS FOR ALL THE SECRETS: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR TELMAN,” Alabama Law Review, Vol. 63:4:667)

Again, when the government has … that might expose sensitive information.

state secrets key to US intelligence gathering
Barnsby 12 – (2012, Robert, JD, Major and Judge Advocate, U.S. Army, Professor, Int’l and Operational Law Dep’t, The Judge Advocate General’s (JAG) Legal Ctr. and Sch., U.S. Army, “SO LONG, AND THANKS FOR ALL THE SECRETS: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR TELMAN,” Alabama Law Review, Vol. 63:4:667)

Obviously, if discovery reveals state … killing Osama bin Laden in 2011. 

Intelligence solves all existential threats – impact is WMD use and extinction.
Johnson 10 – (2010, Loch, PhD, Regents Professor of Political Science at the University of Georgia, “Evaluating ‘Humint’: The Role of Foreign Agents in U.S. Security,” Comparative Strategy Volume 29, Issue 4, 2010, taylor and francis)

Intelligence is considered the first … individuals in the espionage trade.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Sharpe-Khanna | Judge: Gannon
1NC

US-Israeli rapport high – both Syria and Egypt policies reassure Israel vis-à-vis Iran
Rudoren 9/5/13
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/world/middleeast/israel-backs-limited-strike-against-syria.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0
Jerusalem bureau chief of NYT,

But Israel’s national security concerns … United States for a deep involvement.”

Strong pres key to deter Iran – commander in chief must be in control
Kramer 9/17/13
http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/
Martin Kramer is President of Shalem College, a new undergraduate liberal arts college in Jerusalem. An authority on contemporary Islam and Arab politics, Kramer earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University. During a twenty-five-year academic career at Tel Aviv University, he directed the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. Kramer has taught as a visiting professor at Brandeis University, the University of Chicago, Cornell University, Georgetown University, and The Johns Hopkins University (SAIS). He has served as a visiting fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and Harvard Universityand#39;s Olin Institute for Strategic Studies.

Israel Likes Its U.S. Presidents Strong … But I focused instead on Obama’s … of trouble at the top.

Only trust in US stops Israeli attack on Iran
Birnbaum 9/12/13
http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114691/israel-strike-iran-how-obamas-syria-waffling-makes-it-more-likely
Ben Birnbaum is a writer living in Israel.

The second misconception is that … window of military opportunity closes.

Extinction
Hindustan Times 9/24/12
http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/RestOfAsia/World-War-III-may-erupt-if-Israel-attacks-Iran-official/Article1-934709.aspx

World War III may erupt … a war breaks out,and#34; he added.

2NC

Russia deal bailed out Israel
Lister 9/20/13
http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/20/world/meast/israel-iran-syria/index.html, CNN staff
cnn staff

So the Russian-U.S. deal … the hands of Hezbollah.

Israelis believe the threat of force spurred the Russia deal
Oren 9/19/13
Israel’s outgoing US Ambassador Michael Oren rcise machine.
http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/20/world/meast/israel-iran-syria/index.html

We agreed with Obama … open to the possibility of diplomacy.

Russia deal mitigated any damage from Syria flipflops
Reuters 9/10/13
http://forward.com/articles/183691/israel-remains-skeptical-on-syria-but-sees-positiv/

But Syria’s acquiescence to … to give up poison gas.

Russia deal chilled out Israel on Iran
Reuters 9/10/13
http://forward.com/articles/183691/israel-remains-skeptical-on-syria-but-sees-positiv/

A skeptical Israel saw …  about its nuclear project.

Restricting ability to use force causes Israeli panic
Malka 11 Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf

Ongoing Israeli mistrust of President … but for U.S. interests as well.

The plan’s perception of non-commitment radicalizes Israeli foreign policy and causes greater self-reliance
Malka 11 Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf

More broadly, U.S. indecision and passivity … Israel and the United States.
Unilateral military action – taking the threat of war off the table causes Israel to radicalize
Malka 11 Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf

Israelis believe the United … the burden of a nuclear Iran.
cautious declarations – Israel equates perceptions of US weakness with its own image
Malka 11 Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf

What is frustrating for many … military prowess has eroded.
That ensures miscalc and triggers biological and nuclear war
Beres 11 Louis René Beres is a professor of Political Science at Purdue University, an expert on Israeli security matters and the author of 10 major books and several hundred journal articles on international relations and international law. "The unforeseen risks of Palestinian statehood" 6/9/11www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/the-unforeseen-risks-of-palestinian-statehood-1.382766

In turn, such self-reliance would … enemy nuclear counterstrikes.

Extinction
Ochs 2 Richard, Naturalist – Grand Teton National park with Masters in Natural Resource Management – Rutgers, “Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately” 6-9, http://www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html

Of all the weapons of mass … EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.  

It collapses relations and turns case – Israel will resort to aggressive military campaigns to shore up its deterrent
Malka 11 Haim Malka is deputy director and senior fellow in the Middle East Program at CSIS "Uncertain Commitment: Israeli Assessments of US Power" csis.org/files/publication/110613_malka_CapacityResolve_Web.pdf

To restore its image … campaign to delegitimize Israel.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 8 | Opponent: Michigan State Caporal-Zemel | Judge: Kallmyer
Executive flexibility and speed key to nulcear deterrence – extinction
Li 09 – (2009, Zheyao, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, “War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare,” 7 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE)

A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors … -generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgia Sharpe-Khanna | Judge: Gannon
The Aff’s reform of indefinite … endless war and structural violence
McCulloch (Professor of Criminology at Monash University, Melbourne) 10
(Jude, From garrison state to garrison planet: state terror, the War on Terror and the rise of a global carceral complex, Contemporary State Terrorism Theory and practice, 196-213) 

In the same way that … garrison state to garrison planet.

Our alternative is that the judge should embrace abolition as a pedagogical method.
The Aff’s gesture towards reform … the new center of debate
Rodríguez 10
(Dylan, The Disorientation of the Teaching Act:  Abolition as Pedagogical Position, Radical Teacher, Number 88, Summer 2010, MUSE)

I have had little trouble “… this form of pedagogical audacity.

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest LeDuc-Washington | Judge: Woodruff
Round 2 GSU v. Wake LM

1NC

“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum
Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following… council petition the mayor.

And, “United States Federal Government should” means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means
Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy … action that you propose. 

Finally, resolved is the object of affirmation – it is their burden to prove the words in the resolution true.
Websters 11 – (Miriam-Webster Dictionary, 2011, “affirm,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/affirm)

Definition of AFFIRM … dedication to affirm life

Targeted killings are personaliyt and sig strikes
Rushforth 12 – (2012, Elinor June, J.D. candidate, University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law, Class of 2013 (graduated since publication), currently Law Clerk, U.S. Attorneyand#39;s Office-District of Arizona, “NOTE: THERE’S AN APP FOR T HAT: IMPLICATIONS OF ARMED DRONE ATTACKS AND PERSONAL ITY STRIKES BY THE U NITED STATES AGAINST NON CITIZENS, 2004 – 2012,” Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law Vol. 29, No. 3)

42 . Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman and … terrorists or associates of terrorists. Id.

We’ll argue for a framework premised on an interactive universalism based in communicative action. This framework produces a vision of debate that rejects domination and that embraces plurality and the intrinsic dignity of every person. This framework is a precondition for a political standpoint that rejects racism, violence, and that produces the conditions for deep equality. Achieving this vision of debate requires reasoned argumentation, fairness and reciprocity as governing norms for discourse.
Anderson, English, Johns Hopkins, 2006 (Amanda, The Way We Argue Now)
Interactive universalism acknowledges the plurality … underpin democratic institutions and practices.

Embracing this framework for debate requires that we speak and think beyond our social locations so that we can achieve a form of dialog based on a compassionate embrace of others in their plurality and uniqueness. The arguments that they will make to deny this possibility do not take into account the basic social and cognitive capacities that make democratic association possible—and these capacities are a precondition for achieving the political goals that they outline. To persuade you to vote for them, they are already validating the existence of the capacities that we think make democratic deliberation possible.
Thomas A. Spragens, Professor of Polisci at Duke, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 86-8
The strong form of the … dynamics of all against all. 

They do three things that make achieving this framework in the context of this debate impossible.

They skirt the resolution—avoiding a common starting point for debate makes it impossible for us to cooperatively test ideas. It is an implicit denial that the voice or input of the other side deserves a fair hearing, and it disables the possibilities for meaningful collective change.
Galloway, Communication, Samford, 2007 (CAD, v28)
Debate as a dialogue sets an … dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Dodging a common starting point also ensures that they lose the crucial benefits of testing and modifying their position. Running  a topical version of their argument would improve it, and would increase the possibility of a public coalition around achieving the best benefits of their project.
Galloway, Communication, Samford, 2007 (CAD, v28)
In addition to the basic … and observers of such debates.

They don’t read a policy based plan text—this destroys the possibility for meaningful deliberation in the context of plurality, and it eviscerates the possibility that their claims have any democratic authority
Waldron, Law, Berkeley, 1995 (Jeremy, 54 MD Law Review 633)
Those familiar with parliamentary procedure, … auspices of text-based formality.

They eschew policy debate’s traditional focus on simulating the interaction between public choices and systemic risk—deliberation in the context of national security issues is crucial to connecting foreign affairs to local struggles, and to claiming citizen agency as the ultimate policymakers in a democracy
Eijkman, Fellow, Austrialian Defense Force Academy, U of New South Wales, 2012 (Henk, The role of simulations in authentic learning for national security policy development, National Security College Occasional Paper No. 4 May 2012, http://nsc.anu.edu.au/documents/occasional-4-eijkman.pdf)
As Bruner (1960/1977:14) reminds us, in authentic … to local national security struggles’.  

THIS DOESM’T MEAN ROLEPLAYING AS THE OPPRESSOR
Mahnken and Junio 13 – (2013, Thomas, PhD, Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Timothy, Predoctoral Fellow, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, PhD in Political Science expected 2013, “Conceiving of Future War: The Promise of Scenario Analysis for International Relations,” International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 374–395, September 2013)
Pedagogy
Scenarios offer many of the … held hostage by a foreign power.

Our framework is better than theirs, and out evidence makes an on-balance assessment of the comparative benefits of each side’s framework—all of their arguments are premised on descriptions of what has gone wrong in the past with the ontology of  race, with structures of domination, or even with debate. The point of our framework is that debate is fundamentally revisable, and we should do what we can to perfect it. Thus, even if real democracy is not already here, we are arguing that we should debate it into existence on the basis of the communicative norms we are outlining.
Lundberg, Communication, UNC, 2010 (Christian, in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century ed. Louden)
Debate shares this commitment… imperfect modes of democratic talk.

Debate can solve antagonism by producing the conditions for democracy—the impact is extinction
Lundberg 10 – (2010, Christian, Professor of Communications, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, former debate coach, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century, Allan D. Louden, p. 311)
The second major problem with … democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

2NC

Fairness, including the reciprocal right to ground generated by the resolution, is a precondition to debate as a meaningful conversation between the two sides
Galloway, Communication, Samford, 2007 (CAD, v28)
While affirmative teams often accuse … contribute to an ongoing conversation.

Forcing transcendence of personal beliefs nurtures democratic deliberation – the alternative is unending social conflict
Thomas A. Spragens, Professor of Polisci at Duke, 2000 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p. 90
I have argued here that a … in this form of discourse

Tournament: Gsu | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Najor
1NC

Statutory Restriction is legislation to … , plan doesn’t directly limit strikes
Black’s Law Dictionary 2013 (Date is date accessed, Aug 13, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/#ixzz2bsSCuBEj)
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Conditions must be a formal prohibition, not an INDUCEMENT or informal directive
Groves 97 Sourcebook on Intellectual Property Law Dr Peter J Groves, LLB, MA, PhD, MITMA, Solicitor

 Then I come to the … advance what the effect will be.

Authority refers to powers legally ascribed to the president
Collins English Dictionary 2003 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/authority)
10. (Law) Law
b.  legal permission granted to a … person to perform a specified act

Targeted killing is extra-judicial killing of a specifically identified person not in custody
Murphy and Radsan 09 – (2009, Richard, ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, and Afsheen John, Professor, William Mitchell College of Law, general counsel at the CIA, 2002-2004, “DUE PROCESS AND TARGETED KILLING OF TERRORISTS,” Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 31:2, google scholar)
“Targeted killing” is extra-… continued into the Obama Administration.

2NC

Authority is the key topical limit—war powers authority means legally acceptable Presidential actions, the aff must make the list of legally acceptable actions smaller, it does not do this, it just creates a financial disincentive for him to do DRONES, a financial restriction on AUTHORITY makes no sense
Jenkins 2012 (Rob, associate professor of English at Georgia Perimeter College, “Authority vs. Power,” Chronicle of Higher Education blog, March 19, http://chronicle.com/blogs/onhiring/authority-vs-power/30621)
Anytime the President of … their properly ceded authority.

“Restrict” means “prohibit”
Oxford English Dictionary 1989 (Second Edition, 1989)
b. To restrain by prohibition.

Even if thye win its not just Prohibit distinction goes our way, they must LIMIT his available actions, require approval, or oversight, not just allow ex post punishment IF the court rules a certain way
CALIFORNIA COURT OF APPEAL 2007 (Court of Appeal of the State of California, Third Appellate District, Opinion in The People v. Raif Lee Matye, March 3, www.courtinfo.ca.gov/opinions/revpub/C050332A.PDF)
In the published part of … the victim in this case.