Tournament: GSU | Round: Semis | Opponent: none | Judge: none
Go here for cites: http://harvarddebate.org/wiki/doku.php?id=bosu_neg

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

The 1AC operationalizes a politics of temporal exteriority reliant on false transcendetalism leaving crumbling ruins within. Vote neg on presumption.

Mellamphy 26 Mellamphy '12 (Dan, Adjunct Prof. Centre for the Study of Theory 26 Criticism @ Western U., Nandita Biswas, Associate Professor of Political Science @ Western U., LEPER CREATIVITY: CYCLONOPEDIA SYMPOSIUM, "Phileas Fogg, or the Cyclonic Passepartout: On the Alchemical Elements of War" pp. 201-211)
Each element and/or each part is open to the process of decay—
AND
of politics and economy, and finally the implosion of the State."108

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

Norms21

Norms are nothing but a justification for US military aggression on the periphery- creating "responsible drone use" norms will be the cause of the next Iraq and Afghanistan, turns the aff

De Nevers '7
RENEE DE NEVERS, Department of Public Administration, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Imposing International Norms: Great Powers and Norm Enforcement, national Studies Review (2007) 9, 53–80, March 1, 2007
The United States' prosecution of the global war on terror could reshape our¶ understanding
AND
look beyond the means and consider the¶ targets of intervention as well.

No Impact

Drones don't change the game between nations, if they're right about the structure of the international system deterrence still checks

Singh 12 (Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security. "Betting Against a Drone Arms Race," http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/)
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are all the rage since the uptake
AND
of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

AT: Preventative Self-Defense

Nu – There is already endless wars in the name of preventative self-defense, lends doctrinal coherence to expansion of empire since the end of the WW2. Iraq, Afghanistan, Vietnam, the list goes on. Drones are only one part of this broader matrix, that's the point of our first K

Plan doesn't solve

Norms Fail

Other countries will just cheat…come on now

Lerner '13
BEN LERNER-http://spectator.org/people/ben-lerner, 3.25.13, American Spectator, "Judging 'Drones' From Afar-http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar," http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar
Whatever the potential motivations for trying to codify international rules for using UAVs, such
AND
at the expense of its neighbors to see how this often plays out.

The norms don't work- they're unenforceable

Lerner '13
BEN LERNER-http://spectator.org/people/ben-lerner, 3.25.13, American Spectator, "Judging 'Drones' From Afar-http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar," http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar
And who would enforce the treaty's rules — a third party tribunal? Would it be an apparatus of the United Nations, the same U.N. that assures us that it is not coming after the United States or its allies specifically, even as its investigation takes on as its "immediate focus" UAV operations recently conducted by those countries?
The United States already conducts warfare under the norms of centuries of practice of customary
AND
countries that already use UAVs responsibly, while empowering those that do not.
America is in the midst of an important conversation about UAVs. President Obama should state unambiguously that we will not invite others to dictate its outcome.

Global drone norms are impossible

McGinnis, senior professor – Northwestern Law, '10
(John O. 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366)
It is hard to overstate the extent to which advances in robotics, which are
AND
tions no richer than colleges and perhaps would require even less substantial resources.

Norms Not Empirical

Major flaws in empirical evidence for the norm diffusion hypothesis

Gilardi '12 Fabrizio Gilardi¶, Published in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth Simmons (eds) (2012), Handbook of¶ International Relations, Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications, pp. 453~{477, Transnational diffusion: Norms, ideas, and policies
What has the diffusion literature added to these insights? A significant problem, shared
AND
return to the relationship between quantitative¶ and qualitative evidence in Section 6.

Ex Post Doesn't Solve

Ex post review fails to solve legitimacy or set up a legal framework

Crandall 12 (Carla, Law Clerk – Supreme Court of Missouri, "Ready…Fire…Aim21 A Case for Applying American Due Process Principles Before Engaging in Drone Strikes," Florida Journal of International Law, April, 24 Fla. J. Int'l L. 55, Lexis)

Despite the expanded use of drones, however, the legitimacy of these attacks remains
AND
type action as a remedy for the survivors of erroneous drone strikes. n8
As this Article explains, however, none of these approaches yield wholly satisfactory answers
AND
" before firing-and posits that such a standard is practically attainable.
In doing so, the Article proceeds as follows. Part II describes the capabilities
AND
U.S. officials engage in such actions. Part V concludes.

Ex Post fails – no lawsuits will happen

Chong '12, JANE Y. CHONG, Yale Law School, J.D. 2014; Duke University, B.A. 2009, December, 2012, Yale Law Journal, 122 Yale L.J. 724, NOTE: Targeting the Twenty-First-Century Outlaw, Lexis, jj

1. Civil Action In 2009, Professors Murphy and Radsan used the due process
   AND
   " role that civil action offers the judiciary appears to vanish to nothing.

The aff's illogical – victims won't turn the government that attacked them for relief

Radsan 26 Murphy '09, Afsheen John Radsan, William Mitchell College of Law, Richard W. Murphy, Texas Tech University School of Law, Due Process and Targeted Killing of Terrorists (March 1, 2009). Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 31, p. 405, 2009; William Mitchell Legal Studies Research Paper No. 126; Texas Tech Law School Research Paper No. 2010-06. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1349357-http://ssrn.com/abstract=1349357, jj

But as the dissenting judge in Arar noted, these special factors lose much of
AND
the mountains of Afghanistan is not likely to hire an American lawyer either.

Legal Norms Irrelevant

The faith in the rule of proper law is naïve – law inevitably breeds grey holes which render the laws themselves illusionary. They don't fiat court action

 no solve====
Vermeule 9  *Adrian, John H. Watson, Jr. Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. Harvard Law Review, 122 Harv. L. Rev. 1095, February

How do the Administrative Procedure Act 1 (APA) and the larger body of
AND
futile, because vague statutory authorizations just create grey holes in any event.

They would straight rubber stamp that ish

Vladeck 13 – (2/10/13, Stephen, professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, senior editor of the Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, "Why a "Drone Court" Won't Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…" Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)

III.  Drone Courts and the Legitimacy Problem That brings me to perhaps the biggest
AND
and practically possible, a drone court would be a very dangerous idea.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

Major flaws in empirical evidence for the norm diffusion hypothesis

Gilardi '12 Fabrizio Gilardi¶, Published in Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse and Beth Simmons (eds) (2012), Handbook of¶ International Relations, Thousand Oaks, SAGE Publications, pp. 453~{477, Transnational diffusion: Norms, ideas, and policies
What has the diffusion literature added to these insights? A significant problem, shared
AND
return to the relationship between quantitative¶ and qualitative evidence in Section 6.

Norms Bad

Norms Fail

Bernstein et al. 2k (Steven Bernstein, Associate Professor of Political Science at
AND
International Relations 2000 6:43 DOI:10.1177/1354066100006001003)

Many of the scholars responsible for the behavioral revolution in social science were European refugees
AND
, especially non-linear ones, is difficult, and often impossible.

Global drone norms are impossible

McGinnis, senior professor – Northwestern Law, '10
(John O. 104 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 366)
It is hard to overstate the extent to which advances in robotics, which are
AND
tions no richer than colleges and perhaps would require even less substantial resources.

Their Day in Court

The aff's illogical – victims won't turn the government that attacked them for relief

Radsan 26 Murphy '09, Afsheen John Radsan, William Mitchell College of Law, Richard W. Murphy, Texas Tech University School of Law, Due Process and Targeted Killing of Terrorists (March 1, 2009). Cardozo Law Review, Vol. 31, p. 405, 2009; William Mitchell Legal Studies Research Paper No. 126; Texas Tech Law School Research Paper No. 2010-06. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1349357-http://ssrn.com/abstract=1349357, jj

But as the dissenting judge in Arar noted, these special factors lose much of
AND
the mountains of Afghanistan is not likely to hire an American lawyer either.

Ex post review fails to solve legitimacy or set up a legal framework

Crandall 12 (Carla, Law Clerk – Supreme Court of Missouri, "Ready…Fire…Aim21 A Case for Applying American Due Process Principles Before Engaging in Drone Strikes," Florida Journal of International Law, April, 24 Fla. J. Int'l L. 55, Lexis)

Despite the expanded use of drones, however, the legitimacy of these attacks remains
AND
type action as a remedy for the survivors of erroneous drone strikes. n8
As this Article explains, however, none of these approaches yield wholly satisfactory answers
AND
" before firing-and posits that such a standard is practically attainable.
In doing so, the Article proceeds as follows. Part II describes the capabilities
AND
U.S. officials engage in such actions. Part V concludes.

Ex Post fails – no lawsuits will happen

Chong '12, JANE Y. CHONG, Yale Law School, J.D. 2014; Duke University, B.A. 2009, December, 2012, Yale Law Journal, 122 Yale L.J. 724, NOTE: Targeting the Twenty-First-Century Outlaw, Lexis, jj

Civil Action In 2009, Professors Murphy and Radsan used the due process model that
AND
" role that civil action offers the judiciary appears to vanish to nothing.

Court will defer to the executive on vague statutes relating to national security
Quint 84 (Peter E. Quint *, * Professor of Law, University of Maryland School of Law, A.B. 1961, LL.B. 1964, Harvard University; Dipl. in Law 1965, Oxford University, Texas Law Review, February, 1984, ARTICLE: The Separation of Powers Under Carter, 62 Tex. L. Rev. 785, Lexis, jj)

In Haig v. Agee, n329 the Supreme Court agreed and reversed the judgment
AND
,  ~*850~  the regulation was authorized by the Passport Act. n334

Courts will refuse to rule and will defer
Lindsay 11 (James M. Lindsay, "Is Operation Odyssey Dawn Constitutional? Part V," 4/5/11) http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2011/04/05/is-operation-odyssey-dawn-constitutional-part-v/
The modern Supreme Court, however, generally shies away from wading into war powers
AND
branches—Congress and the president—should decide the country's future course.

Court decisions won't change executive branch policy
Scheppele 12—Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs @ Princeton University ~Kim Lane Scheppele (Dir. of the Program in Law and Public Affairs @ Princeton University), "The New Judicial Deference," Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, January 2012~

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
AND
was slow and often not directly attributable to the judicial victories they won.
Does this gap between suspected terrorists' legal gains and their unchanged fates exist because administration
AND
benefit from the judgments, either immediately or eventually, was another question.
Bad though the legal plight of suspected terrorists has been, one might well have
AND
. n8 After 9/11, it appears that deference is dead.
~*93~  But, I will argue, deference is still alive and well
AND
arguments, suspected terrorists lose the practical battle to change their daily lives.
Courts may appear to be bold in these cases because they tell governments to craft
AND
that the litigation takes. This is the new face of judicial deference.
This Article will explore why and how American courts have produced so many decisions in
AND
fail to address the plights of the specific individuals who brought the cases.
This new form of judicial deference has created a slow-motion brake on the
AND
present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

The drone archipelago is a continuation and echo of the originary act of genocidal violence against the indigenous peoples – the revenant haunting of America's origin culminates in infinite violence. There's no resolution of drone violence without resolution of America's originary theft.

Pugliese 13 Joseph Pugliese is an Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney. Recent publications include the edited collection Transmediterranean: Diasporas, Histories, Geopolitical Spaces and the monograph Biometrics: Bodies, Technologies, Biopolitics which was shortlisted for the Surveillance Studies Book Prize 2010. State Violence and the Execution of Law       
  Prosthetics of empire and drone archipelagos In the conduct of its counterterror operations,
AND
, past and present, that have harrowed the homelands of Native Americans.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

Bacevich and Chandler go the opposite way, they're empire without choice: the most insidious form of empire in denial which masks violence with an apologetic sincerity that renders the worst atrocities possible. Here's Chandler critiquing your aff.

Chandler '6 (David, Professor of International Relations, Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, Empire in Denial: The Politics of Statebuilding, pp. 8-11)
Today empire is in denial. Power is exercised in a way which is transforming
AND
by developing countries without imposing our views' (DFID, 2005: iii).
Even where the power of empire is exercised in a traditional way, through invasion
AND
and Pristina, rather than by agreement between the US and the EU.
Why should empire be so coy about its new found freedoms with the end of
AND
play up the authority, rights and interests of those subordinate to them.
This book will suggest that while Empire in Denial may sound nicer than the brash
AND
governing institutions may have extensive external resourcing but lack social or political legitimacy.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

WILL NEVER HAPPEN – without even considering the absurd difficulty of a drone-struck man's friend making it to the US consulate, persuading someone to listen, getting to America, arguing his case, and winning a late settlement that eventually persuades Obama to quit drone strikes…  We'd also probably just kill him. They create more incentives for other murder.

Juridical restrictions themselves are a bankrupt strategy – the military controls the scales and weight of any particular death. We don't even acknolwedge most collateral damage as existing which wouldn't change with the aff. The incidental combat deaths will also continue as before. The K has to come first.

Gregory '11 (Derek, Peter Wall Distinguished Professor and Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, "From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War" Theory, Culture 26 Society, Vol. 28(7- 8), pp. 199-201)
Yet this is too glib by far. Beard (2009) makes it clear
AND
our' space familiar even in 'their' space – which remains obdurately Other.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

There is no drone war – there is only war. The 1AC's assumption that everything has changed is tech fetishism that obscures and makes confrontation with broader structures of violent western subjectivity impossible

Trombly '12 (Dan, Associate Analyst @ Caerus Analytics, National Security/International Affairs Analyst, "The Drone War Does Not Take Place," NOVEMBER 16, 2012, http://slouchingcolumbia.wordpress.com/2012/11/16/the-drone-war-does-not-take-place/)
I'll try to make this a bit shorter than my usual fare on the subject
AND
possibly a great deal of harm – to understanding how to move forward.

Affirmative focus on legal accidents hides the hidden necropolitical agenda that requires drones and their use inside and outside of battle. The aff treats a SYMPTOM of a STRUCTURAL LOGIC that requires the sacrifice of the periphery for the continuation of empire. This necropolitics

 extinction.====
Allinson '12 (Jamie, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Westminster, Paper Presented at the 2012 Millenium Journal Conference, http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/ 2012/10/ allinsonmillenium2012necropoliticscyborg-empire.docx-http://millenniumjournal.files.wordpress.com/ 2012/10/ allinsonmillenium2012necropoliticscyborg-empire.docx)
Ronald Arkin challenges the notion that drones cannot be programmed to act humanely?indeed
AND
objects, 'isolated from the imperial and military apparatus behind it' 69.

Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF's discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security.

Elliott '12 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his
AND
others to question the meaning and motives of what they see and hear.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern OBrien-Shakoor | Judge: Meloche, Walters, Weil

Drones are not UNIQUE but a continuation of cruise missiles, coups, and targeted killings of other sorts – we'll invent a new tactic after the plan and there will be no court to keep it in check.

Atherson 13
(Kathy,  Stop Calling It The Drone Memo, 02.11.2013, http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-02/drone-memo-about-more-just-drones)
Here's the thing: The paper hardly mentions drones. It just sets out rules
AND
may be, it's the policy that makes this kind of war new. 

In this debate, arbitrarily reverse the scales – any violence we resolve should dramatically outweigh theirs

Mignolo '7 (Walter, argentinian semiotician and prof at Duke, "The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics" online)
The rhetoric of modernity (from the Christian mission since the sixteenth century, to
AND
of human lives; that is, according to a racist classification.5

Impact Outweighs

The logic of preemption authorizes permanent war and violence everywhere

Massumi '14 (Brian, professor in the Communication Department of the University of Montreal, "The Remains of the Day," On Violence, Vol 1 2013-14)
We will always be in the position of should-have-known, because
AND
driving to speed ahead. We are affectively disposed to let it pass.
We have assumed the posture. Exceptional measures that short-circuit deliberative democracy can slip through the gaps again. Time and time again we will be hung out to dry on the circular thread of preemption's self-expanding.
Given the indeterminacy of threat and its propensity to surprise, preemptive mechanisms positively cannot
AND
and the forms it takes become just as tentacular and ever-changing.

Empirics

Reliance on positivism produces an academia devoid of ethics and sustains militarism

Soreanu '10 (Raluca, New York U. and University College London, "Metaphor in the Social Sciences: Creative Methodologies and Some Elements for and Epistemological Reconstruction", Sociologia, issue 1, Online)
But positivism is more than an idea: it is a regime of resonance with
AND
of "rehearsing" acts which enable the regime of domination over women.

Norms Link

The establishment of norms of legitimate war are merely tools to probe the limits of violence – they don't just allow transgression: they require it.

Miller '13 (Steven, Associate Professor of English @ SUNY Buffalo, War After Death: On War and Its Limits, pp. 27-28)
In his essay, "What's in a War? (Politics as War,
AND
dichotomies suggests that, despite appearances, their primary function is not normative.
Although the dichotomies—as I said—are clearly value-based, and
AND
an institution, only emerges when the oppositions are inverted and displaced.22
It is worth noting that Balibar's essay forms part of his long-standing series
AND
worse but also by a disjunctive leap from one worst to another worst.

Framework

The affective politics of threat undermines deliberation and turns the case

Massumi '14 (Brian, professor in the Communication Department of the University of Montreal, "The Remains of the Day," On Violence, Vol 1 2013-14)
To get a sense of how this works, consider Bush's well-known rationales for invading Iraq: 1) Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction; 2) Iraq was a haven for Al-Qaeda and would be used as a launching pad for further attacks.
The first rationale was vigorously discounted at the time by people objectively a position to
AND
the US not invaded, he might have could-have later on.
What threat does is shift the mode of political decision from the objective to the
AND
. There's nothing to say that it couldn't. No one can know.
The only certainty is that you have to act now to do everything possible to
AND
What has not yet emerged can be nothing other than an unknown unknown.
The best way to act when faced with the unknown unknown of a felt threat
AND
He once actually said he used his advisors primarily as "mood rings."
So not only does preemption locate our actions in a realm of affect; not
AND
back reflecting on the reality, you're making it, you're producing it.
How can an approach to decision-making based on vaguely looming futurities that have
AND
– which only goes to show that the potential was there after all.
This isn't just stupidity or faulty reasoning. There is a perverse logic to it
AND
knows. This only makes the urgency of action all the more acute.
Faced with urgent need to act in the face of the unknown-unknown of
AND
-response capabilities. Make it real so you can really eliminate it.
I'm not saying that the Bush administration consciously decided to make Iraq a staging ground
AND
to "go kinetic" in response to threat something positive to attack.

Roleplaying is an addictive form of simulation steeped in slave morality and ressentiment; this politics culminates in a form of passive nihilism which paves the road to tyranny with blood.

Antonio '95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, "Nietzsche's Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History," American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic culture's most central, durable
AND
117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).

2. COOPTION DA – We must give up on the politics of hope because it creates a constant deferral to the future. Vote neg to slow down the logic of preemptive acceleration and create space for a new affective relation to emerge

Massumi '14 (Brian, professor in the Communication Department of the University of Montreal, "The Remains of the Day," On Violence, Vol 1 2013-14)
It is important to emphasize this: the tendency I am diagnosing is self-
AND
unforeseeable future is threat, and that puts us right back in the loop
Please don't misunderstand this as appeal to a more effective return to the liberal-
AND
of war by the same means. There is likely no going back.
If resistance is possible, it must engage in that full-spectrum battlespace that has become the space of life. This means engaging the operative logic of preemption on its own terrains. This in turn means, in the most literal sense, a struggle for the future (perhaps through practices of slowness, against the preemptive addiction to rapid response?). It also means engaging it on the level of affect: reclaiming legitimation in a different affective key.
Not the key of hope. Hope is more of a deferral of the present
AND
defer to the future again, eyes wet with hope all over again.
Hopefully, there's a limit to our capacity for deferral. Maybe there's an affective
AND
Not inculcated as a personal quality, but practiced as a political procedure.

Next paragraph concludes it isn't inevitable and the bigger problem is IR itself

Owen '2 (David, "Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning" Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31)
It should be noted that I am not claiming that such a vicious circle has
AND
are not the only lines of debate, but they are important ones.

Owen's Pragmatic IR agrees knowledge isn't static and requires interrogation – ignoring those questions locks IR in non-reflexive scholarship that causes failure repetition

Hynek 26 Teti '10 (Nik, Institute of International Relations, Nerudova, and Andrea, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Aberdeen, "Saving identity from postmodernism? The normalization of constructivism in International Relations" pp. 183-194)
That Pragmatism was concerned with 'practical' interventions is straight-forward: why and
AND
to understanding the reproduction of IR's infra-disciplinary centre of intellectual gravity.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Harris, Strange, Walters
THE INSISTENCE ON NORMS MERELY RENDERS CONTINUOUS ESCALATION MORE LIKELY
BENFORD and KURTZ ’87 (Robert D., Prof. of Sociology @ U. of South Florida, and Lester R., Prof. of sociology @ George Mason U., “Performing the Nuclear Ceremony: The Arms Race as a Ritual” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 23.4, pp. 468-470)
Rituals are historically based, habitual, ... of the nuclear arms race.

IMPACT TURNS THEIR BELLAMY EVIDENCE WHICH SAYS WE NEED TO CONTINUE TO APPLY JUST WAR THEORY TO DRONES - THAT INEVITABLY FAILS.
PROVOST-SMITH 13 – (Patrick, PhD in History from Johns Hopkins, Assistant Professor of the History of Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, “A DRONE’S EYE VIEW: GLOBAL ANTI-TERRORISM AND THE EXISTENTIAL CRISIS OF JUST WAR THEORY,” http://www.jcrt.org/archives/12.3/smith.pdf)
The common perception is that ... Roman gladii or English longbows.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Harris, Strange, Walters
PARTICULARLY TRUE IN THE CONTEXT OF CHINA BASHING
NYMALM ’11 (Nikola, GIGA Institute of Asian Studies, “The End of the “Liberal Theory of History”? Dissecting the U.S. Congress’ Discourse on China’s Currency Policy” GIGA Research Unit, Institute of Asian Studies, pp. 21-22)
My aim in this paper ... currency policy through legislative measures.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Harris, Strange, Walters
THE AFFIRMATIVE’S EMPHASIS ON INTERNATIONAL NORMS ARISES DUE TO WHAT THEIR BROOKS EVIDENCE, “TRADITIONAL NOTIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY” WHICH RELY ON A WESTPHALIAN SYSTEM OF SPATIAL ORGANIZATION THAT HAS BEEN DESTROYED NOT BY DRONES BUT BY GLOBALIZATION’S DESTRUCTION OF CONVENTIONAL SPATIAL CATEGORIES.
THE AFFIRMATIVE’S INVOCATION OF JURIDICAL WAR POWERS MISSES THAT THE NEW MODALITY OF CONFLICT IS ONE OF NON-STATE-DETERMINED, NON-BORDERED, UNLIMITED GLOBAL WAR DRIVEN BY AND DRIVING GLOBALIZATION. FIXING WAR POWERS LAWS LEAVES THE GLOBAL WAR INTACT, WE DIRECT OUR WEAPONS AT ACTORS WHO NO LONGER EXIST, PERMANENTLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO SPECTRAL VIOLENCE
GALLI ‘10 (Carlo, Professor of Political Philosophy @ U. of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, pp. 161-164)
The absence of modern political ... all within a new politics.

THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION – DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT HAS BECOME A GLOBAL CIVIL WAR BETWEEN PROTECTED AND UNINSURED FORMS OF LIFE THAT WILL END IN SELF-ANNIHILATION
DUFFIELD ‘8 (Mark, Dept. of Politics, U. of Bristol, “Global Civil War: The Non-Insured, International Containment and Post-Interventionary Society,” Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 161-162)
This essay began with the ... our own terms of engagement.

OUR ALTERNATIVE IS TO PREFER NOT TO EMBRACE THE 1AC’S SPATIAL ASSUMPTIONS
THIS REFUSAL INTERRUPTS THE ENDLESS CYCLE OF ACTING SO THAT NOTHING CHANGES AND OPENS UP SPACE CONTRA IDEOLOGY FOR NEW FORMS OF ASSISTANCE.
ŽIŽEK ‘10 (Slavoj, Prof. of European Graduate School, Intl. Director of the Birkbeck Inst. for Humanities, U. of London, and Senior Researcher @ Inst. of Sociology, U. of Ljubljiana, Living in the End Times, pgs. 399-402)
Indeed, was not Khrushchev's later ... is, change) one's Destiny itself.50

Tournament: GSU | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Harris, Strange, Walters
ROLEPLAYING DA – REINFORCES BUNKER SECURITY, CULMINATES IN EXTINCTION, TEACHES BAD DECISIONMAKING
DUFFIELD ‘11 (Mark, “Total War as Environmental Terror:?Linking Liberalism, Resilience, and the Bunker” South Atlantic Quarterly, Against the Day, pp. 760-762)
In the emergence of environmental ... while still retaining system functionality.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Atchison, Miller, Weil
Our alternative is to affirm our impotentiality
The “What should we do?” question has the political situation backwards: contemporary governance and capitalism force us to constantly act, taking our impotentiality away from us. The most radical position is to reverse the question: “Can this be an instance of our not doing anything?” The impact is an infinite ressentiment and Eichmann.
Snoek ‘12 (Anke, PhD in Philosophy Department @ Macquarie U., Agamben’s Joyful Kafka)
Given the preceding sketch Agamben ... resistance, to reverse political situations.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Atchison, Miller, Weil
OPEN WAR HAS BEEN REPLACED BY UNSTOPPABLE INSTABILITY, A PERMANENT GLOBAL ZONE OF EXCEPTION WITH A BIOPOLITICAL MUTUALLY ASSURED DESTRUCTION – THAT’S EXTINCTION.
DUFFIELD ‘7 (Mark, Dept. of Politics, U. of Bristol, “Conclusion: From Containment to Solidarity,” Development, security and unending war: governing the world of peoples, pp. 223-232)
The biopolitics of unending war ... practical solidarity of the governed.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Atchison, Miller, Weil
THE AFF SIMPLY WORKS TO SHORE UP THE CRUMBLING MYTH OF US MORAL VIRTUE THAT ENABLES ENDLESS WAR, GLOBAL STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AND SIMPLY SHIFTS THE PRISON TO THE GLOBAL SCALE
MCCULLOCH 10 (Jude, Professor of Criminology at Monash University, Melbourne, From garrison state to garrison planet: state terror, the War on Terror and the rise of a global carceral complex, Contemporary State Terrorism Theory and practice, 196-213)
In the same way that ... garrison state to garrison planet.

Tournament: GSU | Round: Octas | Opponent: Minnesota CE | Judge: Atchison, Miller, Weil
MEANS THE K IS A PRIOR QUESTION.
SITZE ‘10 (Adam, Assist. professor of law, jurisprudence, and social thought @ Amherst College, Political Spaces and Global War, pp. lix-lx)
This has significant implications for ... mobilization has set into motion.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Jeff Roberts
RE-ASSERTING HEGEMONY IS A RESPONSE TO THE EVACUATION OF CONCRETE POLITICAL DISTINCTIONS BY POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION – AN ENDLESS STRING OF ENEMY CREATION, PERMANENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOBE, AND CONVERSION OF POLITICS TO POLICING. YOU MAY BE RIGHT THAT HEGEMONY ISN’T COLLAPSING, BUT IT’S ONLY BECAUSE THE AFFIRMATIVE’S POLITICS DOOMS AMERICA TO WINNING A PERMANENT WAR OF ATTRITION
GALLI ‘10 (Carlo, Professor of Political Philosophy @ U. of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, pp. 175-179)
Of course, even if there ... an immediate and unthinking way.

THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION – DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT HAS BECOME A GLOBAL CIVIL WAR BETWEEN PROTECTED AND UNINSURED FORMS OF LIFE THAT WILL END IN SELF-ANNIHILATION
DUFFIELD ‘8 (Mark, Dept. of Politics, U. of Bristol, “Global Civil War: The Non-Insured, International Containment and Post-Interventionary Society,” Journal of Refugee Studies Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 161-162)
This essay began with the ... our own terms of engagement.

WE EXIST IN A CONDITION OF GLOBAL WAR – MAKING WAR MORE “MANAGEABLE” RE-CREATES VIOLENCE BY FAILING TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE CONFUSION OF FRIENDS AND ENEMIES IS AN INEVITABLE ASPECT OF A GLOBALIZED WORLD CANNIBALIZING ITS OUTSIDE AND LEAVING PHANTOMENEMIES IN THAT PLACE
DEBRIX and BARDER ’12 (François, Professor of Political Science @ Virginia Tech, Director of the Alliance for Social, Political, Ethical, and Cultural Thought, and Alexander, Dept. of Political Science @ American U. of Beirut, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, violence, and horror in world politics, pp. 105-106)
While McClintock insists on the ... by the gray global twilight.54

THE AFFIRMATIVE’S ATTEMPT TO JURIDICALLY LIMIT DRONE DEPLOYMENT IGNORES THAT DRONE WARFARE IS PART OF A BROADER CONCEPTUAL SHIFT IN AMERICAN GEOSTRATEGY DISSOLVING TRADITIONAL WAR, REPLACING THE HEROIC MODEL OF BATTLE WITH AN ANXIOUS ATTEMPT TO ASSURE IMMORTALITY ON THE SIDE OF THE FIGHTER. THE US STATE HAS BECOME A HUNTING STATE – A CYNEGETIC STATE – LOST IN A NEVER-ENDING MANHUNT THAT INEVITABLY CREATES VIOLENT BACKLASH
CHAMAYOU ’11 (Grégoire, Philosophy and Medicine @ CERSES, researcher at the Max-Planck institute in Berlin, “The manhunt doctrine” Radical Philosophy 169, http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/commentary/the-manhunt-doctrine)
In cynegetic war, armed violence seeks to pursue the prey wherever it might be. The place of hostilities is ... the same conclusion for themselves.

OUR ALTERNATIVE IS TO DEFUSE HUNTING POLITICS
ANY COMBINATION WITH THE AFF MERELY INVERTS THE DIALECTIC BETWEEN HUNTER AND HUNTED: MAINTAINING THE RELATIONSHIP ON DIFFERENT TERMS. AN ETHIC OF PROTECTION GUTS CYNEGETIC POWER FROM INSIDE AND RE-CREATES THE POSSIBILITY FOR MORAL EXISTENCE
CHAMAYOU ’12 (Grégoire, Philosophy and Medicine @ CERSES, researcher at the Max-Planck institute in Berlin, Manhunts: A Philosophical History, pp. 153-154)
The other great obstacle to ... protection against interhuman predatory relationships.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan AP | Judge: Jeff Roberts
MANHUNT CREATES A WORLD OF INFINITE FEAR THAT DESTROYS THE MEANINGFULNESS OF THE LIVES OF BOTH THE HUNTERS AND HUNTED
DEBRIX and BARDER ’12 (François, Professor of Political Science @ Virginia Tech, Director of the Alliance for Social, Political, Ethical, and Cultural Thought, and Alexander, Dept. of Political Science @ American U. of Beirut, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, violence, and horror in world politics, pp. 66)
Among other things, what Dillon's ... to fear but fear itself.

FRAMEWORK

POLITICS HAS SHIFTED AND THE STATE HAS LOST ITS PRINCIPAL ROLE IN CONTROLLING WORLD AFFAIRS – WE NEED TO BEGIN WITH A NEW POLITICS OF SPACE OR ELSE BE CONDEMNED TO VIOLENT STATE REACTIONS AND REACTIONARY MOVEMENTS
GALLI ‘10 (Carlo, Professor of Political Philosophy @ U. of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, pp. 105-108)
In the age of globalization, ... we will address this later) .

EMPIRICISM

EMPIRICIST STUDIES PLAY BACK INTO THE FAILED CATEGORIES OF SPACE THAT THE K CRITICIZES – WE HAVE TO INVENT NEW CONCEPTUAL SCHEMATA FROM THE GROUND UP.
SITZE ‘10 (Adam, Assist. professor of law, jurisprudence, and social thought @ Amherst College, Political Spaces and Global War, pp. lxxiv-lxxv)
The various figures of political ... no relation to the global age.

PERM

3. CLEAR THE GROUND FIRST – ONLY RADICALLY DECONSTRUCTING THE OUTDATED CONCEPTS WE STILL APPLY TO WORLD AND STARTING AFRESH SOLVES, OTHERWISE OUR OLD REMEDIES BECOME HEGEMONIC
GALLI ‘10 (Carlo, Professor of Political Philosophy @ U. of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, p. 188)
Rather than denying the theoretico-political ... hinders more than it helps.

4. THIS ISN’T SIMPLY “CAN WE COMBINE TWO PERSPECTIVES”: ONLY RADICALLY STARING INTO THE HORROR OF CONTEMPORARY WARFIGHTING ALLOWS US TO RESOLVE THE CHALLENGES OF ENMITY. THE PERMUTATION MAKES THE AFF PALATABLE: OUR POINT IS TO STAIN IT WITH HORROR
DEBRIX and BARDER ’12 (François, Professor of Political Science @ Virginia Tech, Director of the Alliance for Social, Political, Ethical, and Cultural Thought, and Alexander, Dept. of Political Science @ American U. of Beirut, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, violence, and horror in world politics, pp. 46-47)
In concluding this chapter, and ... in a context of horror.

ORIENTALISM

BANNERJEE and LING ‘6 (Payal, Prof. @ Syracuse U., and L. H. M., Prof. @ The New School, “HYPERMASCULINE WAR GAMES: Triangulating US-India-China” International Affairs Working Paper http://www.gpia.info/files/u1/wp/2006-12.pdf bb)
We do not suggest that ... radical re-envisioning of India and China. 

HYPE POWER

THE IMPACT IS INFINITE WAR.
LUKE ‘9 (Timothy, University Distinguished Professor of Political Science in the College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences as well as Program Chair of the Government and International Affairs Program @ Virginia Tech U., “Hyper-Power or Hype-Power?” The Geopolitics of American Insecurity: Terror, power and foreign policy pp. 30-31)
The hyper-power's spectacle of ... long war over the world.

DRONE PHILOSOPHERS

THIS IS NOT SIMPLY MENTAL DEPUTY POLITICS, IT IS THE LITERAL MILITARIZATION OF DEBATE, THE DRONIZATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE.
ROTH ’13 (Marco, Co-founder and Editor of N+1, “The Drone Philosopher” http://nplusonemag.com/the-drone-philosopher)
It turns out, by the ... starry heavens to guide them.

THE IMPACT IS AN EVISCERATION OF OUR ETHICAL CAPABILITIES. THIS IS OUR OPPORTUNITY TO LET THE DRONE PHILOSOPHERS FROM MICHIGAN COME FACE TO FACE WITH THE ENEMY THEY WILL NEVER ADDRESS – THE ONE WHO REMAINS ONLY A SPECTER IN THE 1AC’S DISCUSSION OF LEGITIMACY.
ROTH ’13 (Marco, Co-founder and Editor of N+1, “The Drone Philosopher” http://nplusonemag.com/the-drone-philosopher)
Yet something stops me. I ... begin with this unfortunate reality.

A2 MAY

THE ALTERNATIVE IS A PREREQUISITE TO THE TYPE OF CHANGE THAT MAY CALLS FOR—OUR LINKS SHOULD BE EVALUATED FIRST.
MAY ‘5 (Todd, Clemson U, “To change the world, to celebrate life: Merleau-Ponty and Foucault on the body”, Philosophy Social Criticism 2005; 31; 517)
To change the world and ... to all of us by now.

OUR SUBJECT LINKS COME FIRST
MAY ‘5 (Todd, Clemson U, “To change the world, to celebrate life: Merleau-Ponty and Foucault on the body”, Philosophy Social Criticism 2005; 31; 517)
The ontology Merleau-Ponty offers ... opening to what is intolerable.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: USC | Judge:
1nc
K
America is a tragic Rome: The response to terrorism consists both in infinite war against spectral terrorist Others AND reinvocation of ruined spatial concepts like the nation-state. The spatial metamorphosis of globalization makes terrorism inevitable and threatens to spiral into unlimited, self-destructive violence
Galli ‘10 (Carlo, Professor of Political Philosophy @ U. of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, pp. 137-141)
Now, as then, the understanding of ... we will find that nothing is as it seems.

Asserting hegemony is a response to the evacuation of concrete political distinctions by political and economic globalization – an endless string of enemy creation, permanent development of the globe, and conversion of politics to policing. You may be right that hegemony isn’t collapsing, but it’s only because the affirmative’s politics dooms America to winning a permanent war of attrition
Galli ‘10 (Carlo, Professor of Political Philosophy @ U. of Bologna, Politics Spaces and Global War, trans. Adam Sitze, pp. 175-179)
Of course, even if there is no single focal ... in an immediate and unthinking way.

Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security.
Elliott ‘12 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his ... meaning and motives of what they see and hear.

Azathoth, Daemon-Sultan
The 1AC operationalizes a politics of temporal exteriority reliant on false transcendentalism leaving crumbling state ruins within. Vote neg on presumption.
Mellamphy and Mellamphy ‘12 (Dan, Adjunct Prof. Centre for the Study of Theory and Criticism @ Western U., Nandita Biswas, Associate Professor of Political Science @ Western U., LEPER CREATIVITY: CYCLONOPEDIA SYMPOSIUM, “Phileas Fogg, or the Cyclonic Passepartout: On the Alchemical Elements of War” pp. 201-211)
Each element and/or each part is open to the ... and finally the implosion of the State.”108
T
A- Any use of the law is an act of war
Sabbagh-Khoury ‘12 / Areej, born and raised in the Galilee, Israel.She earned a B.A. in Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science from Tel Aviv University in 2002, and an MA in Sociology and Anthropology in 2006. Her master’s thesis was entitled “Between the ‘Law of Return’ and the Right of Return; Reflections on Palestinian discourse in Israel.” Now, she is a PhD candidate at Tel Aviv University. Her work focuses on the Israeli Zionist left in the context of colonialism, socialism, and nationalism, as well as on Palestinian collective activism and memory. Since 2002, she has been a Research Fellow at Mada and since 2008 an Academic Coordinator of the Political Participation Project of the Palestinians in Israel at Mada al-Carmel—Arab Center for Applied Social Research. Her most recent publication is The Palestinians in Israel: Readings in History, Politics, and Society, “War by Other Means Against the Palestinians in Israel” http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/6065/war-by-other-means-against-the-palestinians-in-isr/
“Politics is the continuation of war .... s interpretation, I hope to show how the war waged on Palestinians in Israel rages on.

2 – Thus, the AFF increases war powers authority
Edwards ’12 /Jason “Foucault and the Continuation of War” The Metamorphoses of War ed. A Plaw (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2012) pg. 24/
For Foucault, then, we cannot understand power ... continuation, rather than the repression, of war. 

Z- VOTE NEG

1 – ANTI-TOPICAL - They dejustify the resolution by strengthening WPA, voting issue for fairness, jurisdiction and freedom … AND, it’s a RULE at the NDT.

2 – NEG on Presumption – All AFF solvency relies on decreasing WPA, they don’t, they lose.

Case

Terror
Obama ignores statutory limits on war powers – even if they directly prohibit him from acting
Greenwald 11
Glen, “Obama’s new view of his own war powers” http://www.salon.com/2011/03/31/executive_power_2/ March 31mtc
That was the heart and soul of Bush lawlessness: no “statute ... the President alone to make.”

1NC Inevitable
Inevitable – their evidence that says Britain and Germany won’t cooperate on intel because of drone strikes and difference in international law jurisprudence
Parker ‘12 Tom Parker, formerly policy director for Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights at Amnesty International USA. He is also a former officer in the British Security Service, “U.S. Tactics Threaten NATO” 9-17-12, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/us-tactics-threaten-nato-7461, 8-03-13

Britain, Poland, Italy and Germany are among America’s ... between states and criminal gangs, but its allies have not.
 
Their evidence literally says that they will not change their minds
Parker ‘12 Tom Parker, formerly policy director for Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights at Amnesty International USA. He is also a former officer in the British Security Service, “U.S. Tactics Threaten NATO” 9-17-12, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/us-tactics-threaten-nato-7461, 8-03-13

European attitudes are not ... may just be the Atlantic alliance.

True of their Germany scenario too – death penalty is the biggest problem for extradiction and intel-sharing – their evidence
Miko 4  Francis T. Miko, Specialist in International Relations, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, CRS Report for Congress, Received through the CRS Web, Order Code RL32710, 12-27

Sharply different perspectives on ... related to the case of Zacarias Moussaoui, the so-called 20th hijacker.

Even their plan key card mentions renditions not just detention
IISS 6 Strategic Comments, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, is a London-based independent think-tank, 6-11, http://www.worldsecuritynetwork.com/Other/no_author/Cooperative-Intelligence

But for it to survive popular political ... have to be kept discreet and infrequent.
1NC Spying Alt Cause
Spying is a larger internal link to collapse of allied coop on CT
Skinner 10/25/13—Kiron K. Skinner is the director of the Center for International Relations and Politics at Carnegie Mellon University and a research fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution October 25, 2013, “Diplomacy Requires Trust Among Allies,” http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/10/24/if-were-spying-are-we-still-allies/diplomacy-requires-trust-among-allies

Trust is so central to maintaining a ... phone with his European counterparts this week. U.S. credibility is on the line.

We tapped Angela Merkel’s phone, which probably makes her more mad than detention
Betty Medsger, 2014, Books 03.23.14 The Domestic Spying of Hoover’s FBI Is an Eerie Prequel to the NSA’s Snooping Today, The Daily Beast, http://thebea.st/1dDu66n
In addition to speaking out against some aspects of the phone metadata ... when they live in fear that their leaders know everything about them.

NSA scandal makes counter-terror distrust inevitable
AP ’13 Associated Press, “US counterterrorism officials defend Internet and phone surveillance to skeptical lawmakers,” June 12, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/06/12/us-counterterrorism-officials-defend-internet-and-phone-surveillance-to/

Lawmakers voiced their confusion ...  advocates who long have accused the government of being too invasive in the name of national security.

SOF D
Their impact is a thought experiment about a world where we don’t have a navy, cool story bro but not an impact
Special operations don’t solve irregular threats- budget shortfall and wrong operational focus
Linda Robinson, Senior International Policy Analyst, RAND Corporation, Council on Foreign Relations, The Future of U.S. Special Operations Forces, April 2013
Over the past decade, special operations forces have ... confronting terrorism, insurgencies, and other irregular threats.

Spec ops are useless without major changes to organization, institution and overall combat theory
Linda Robinson, Senior International Policy Analyst, RAND Corporation, Council on Foreign Relations, The Future of U.S. Special Operations Forces, April 2013
For special operations forces to progress ...  and operate in this manner.

Spec Ops Bad
SOF causes blowback and undermines irregular warfare
Scahill ‘10 Jeremy Scahill, October 27, 2010, Killing Reconciliation, The Nation, http://www.thenation.com/article/155622/killing-reconciliation#
On March 26, 2009, Mullah Sahib Jan, a militant Taliban imam from ...  intensified US targeted-killing operations and night raids.

Night Raids Turn
Night raid tactics cause massive blowback and mean the US loses to the Taliban
Scahill ‘10 Jeremy Scahill, October 27, 2010, Killing Reconciliation, The Nation, http://www.thenation.com/article/155622/killing-reconciliation#
Zaeef, the former senior Taliban official, who spent four years in Guantánamo ...  supply convoys—may withdraw that support.

“Better intel” doesn’t solve the turn- the US hijacks our intel relationship with NATO to force through counterproductive night raids
Scahill ‘10
Jeremy Scahill, October 27, 2010, Killing Reconciliation, The Nation, http://www.thenation.com/article/155622/killing-reconciliation#
In the weeks leading up to Sahib Jan's killing, Logar officials say, ... campaign incapable of stopping a civil war.

AT: Safe Havens
Allied co-op doesn’t solve safe havens – Iran
Zarif 11 (Maseh Zarif, Deputy Director and Iran Team Lead for the Critical Threats Project at AEI. His research focuses on the security threat from Iran. He received an M.A. from Georgetown University and a B.B.A. from James Madison University.  July 29, 2011, “Al Qaeda's Safe Haven in Iran”, http://www.criticalthreats.org/al-qaeda/zarif-qaeda-safe-haven-iran-july-29-2011

The Treasury Department yesterday identified six al Qaeda ... the militant sanctuary in Pakistan.

1NC Nuke Terror D
No risk of nuclear terrorism---too many obstacles
Mearsheimer 14 (R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, “America Unhinged”, January 2, nationalinterest.org/article/america-unhinged-9639?page=show)
Am I overlooking the obvious threat that ... help other states to place nuclear materials in highly secure custody.

Terrorists are goofballs
John Mueller and Mark Stuart, Summer 2012 (International Security, “The Terrorism Delusion,” Mueller is Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute; Mark G. Stewart is Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle in Australia. Their book, Terror, Security, and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security, p. 88

To assess the danger presented by ... unity, trust, cohesion, and ability to act collectively.

Conjunctive risk is nearly zero
Schneidmiller 9 (1/13, Chris, Experts Debate Threat of Nuclear, Biological Terrorism, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20090113_7105.php)

There is an "almost vanishingly small" ... in seeking out the bomb, and that it would be difficult to build a weapon or use one that has been stolen. 

Small impact to nuke terror, artificially inflating threat is dangerous
Mueller 9 (John Mueller is Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center, Professor of Political Science, Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, 2009, Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda, pub. Oxford University Press.

Many (though not all) of those proclaiming the struggle ... as their main recruiting agent by suggesting that they have the slightest potential for success.”45
1NC No Retaliation
No nuclear retaliation to terrorist attacks – yes this card is about nuclear terrorrism
Neely 13 (Meggaen Neely, is a research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues. The views expressed above are her own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Center for Strategic and International Studies or the Project on Nuclear Issues., "Doubting Deterrence of Nuclear Terorrism," CSIS, March 21, csis.org/blog/doubting-deterrence-nuclear-terrorism
Yet, let’s think about the series of events that would play out if a terrorist ... under deterrence of nuclear terrorism is missing. 

Russia will be cautious because they know we don’t plan on randomly nuking them
Karas 1 (Thomas H., Advanced Concepts Group for Sandia National Laboratories, prepared for the DOE, "De-alerting and De-activating Strategic Nuclear Weapons")

Nevertheless, interpretation of warning ... nuclear response seems unlikely.

1NC Reactor Terror D
No capacity for a terrorist attack on nuclear reactors
Charles Ferguson, scientist-in-residence at Monterey Institute of International Studies, and William Potter, professor and director of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2004, The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism, p. 192-193
Despite these benefits to the attackers, causing a significant ..., that these abilities could be within the grasp of a well-organized and well-trained terrorist group.

Containment structure prevent power plant terrorism from escalating
Charles Ferguson, scientist-in-residence at Monterey Institute of International Studies, and William Potter, professor and director of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2004, The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism, p. 235-236
Despite fears that most nuclear accidents or even terrorist ... would approach that of the Chernobyl accident. 

Safety regulations prevents the impact from getting out of hand
Charles Ferguson, scientist-in-residence at Monterey Institute of International Studies, and William Potter, professor and director of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2004, The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism, p. 210-211
Nuclear power plant operators have ... likely be resilient to terrorist attack or sabotage.

Leadership
Jokes: their Roberts evidence cites the following reasons why US leadership is collapsing:
- Obama is embracing new isolationism
- Failure in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Jordan, Bahrain
- Public backlash against US engagement abroad

US global cred in the shitter – Syria, debt default, canceled trip to Asia, political intransience, abandoning Mubarak, perceptions of isolationism
Steven R. Hurst, 10-5, 13, The Associated Press' international political writer in Washington, has covered foreign affairs for 35 years, including extended assignments in Russia and the Middle East, Analysis: US Reliability Questioned Overseas, http://www.seattlepi.com/news/politics/article/Analysis-US-reliability-questioned-overseas-4871123.php#page-2
An unmistakable sense of unease is growing in ... what U.S. officials say, even if the officials mean it."
AT: EU Co-Op
Not one card says detention will destroy all multilateral cooperation between the US and EU, which is obviously CRAZY
Hendrickson 2007 – political science professor at the University of Eastern Illinois (Ryan, Parameters, 37.1, “The miscalculation of NATO’s death”, EBSCO)

Besides these three major crises, the NATO ....  a pattern of dispute resolution and effective adaptation. 

If they’re right it’s that fragile, NSA cards on the other flow apply here – terminal alt cause to co-op

Transatlantic partnership is resilient but worthless
Walt 10 – (Steven, a realist in an ideological age… lol, professor of international affairs at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, “Is NATO Irrelevant,” Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/24/is_nato_irrelevant DH)

Nonetheless, I share William Pfaff's view .... , however, is that it won't matter very much if it does.

AT: Pakistan Nukes
No uniqueness – why would we lose monitoring capabilities?

Their impact assumes total collapse of Pakistani political structures

No nuclear theft
Innocent, 10 – foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute (Malou, “Away from McChrystal and Back to the Basics,” Huffington Post, 6/28, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11934)

Pakistan has an elaborate command ... in some Rambo-like scenario remains highly unlikely. 

Even if they get Pakistan’s nukes, they can’t use them
Asia Times 10 Asia Times Online, 4/16/10, “Terrorism: The nuclear summit’s ‘straw man’”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LD16Ak02.html

That leaves the option of stealing a weapon. But pilfering a ... and setting off a nuclear bomb.
AT: Afghan Stability
German reconstruction probably doesn’t solve, we’ve been throwing money at the problem for like 10 years, occupation by Germans hasn’t really gone well for people in the past.

Regional cooperation will prevent escalation
Innocent and Carpenter, 9 – *foreign policy analyst at Cato who focuses on Afghanistan and Pakistan AND vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at Cato (Malou and Ted, “Escaping the Graveyard of Empires: A Strategy to Exit Afghanistan,”  http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/escaping-graveyard-empires-strategy-exit-afghanistan.pdf)

Additionally, regional stakeholders, ... engaging stakeholders may lead to tighter regional security.

2nc
Azathoth
OV
The logic of preemption authorizes permanent war and violence everywhere
Massumi ‘14 (Brian, professor in the Communication Department of the University of Montreal, “The Remains of the Day,” On Violence, Vol 1 2013-14)
We will always be in the position of ... just as tentacular and ever-changing.

The AFF is merely a comestic change to the war, not a radical reevaluation, which means the bodies of the periphery will continue to be sacrificed ad infinitum. In this debate, arbitrarily reverse the scales – any violence we resolve should dramatically outweigh theirs
Mignolo ‘7 (Walter, argentinian semiotician and prof at Duke, “The De-Colonial Option and the Meaning of Identity in Politics” online)
The rhetoric of modernity (from ... is, according to a racist classification.5

Positivism
Reliance on positivism produces an academia devoid of ethics and sustains militarism
Soreanu ‘10 (Raluca, New York U. and University College London, “Metaphor in the Social Sciences: Creative Methodologies and Some Elements for and Epistemological Reconstruction”, Sociologia, issue 1, Online)
But positivism is more than an idea: it ... the regime of domination over women.
Framework
The affective politics of threat undermines deliberation and turns the case
Massumi ‘14 (Brian, professor in the Communication Department of the University of Montreal, “The Remains of the Day,” On Violence, Vol 1 2013-14)
To get a sense of how this works, ... to threat something positive to attack.

Roleplaying is an addictive form of simulation steeped in slave morality and ressentiment; this politics culminates in a form of passive nihilism which paves the road to tyranny with blood.
Antonio ‘95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is ... for a new type of tyrant (Nietzsche 1986, pp. 137, 168; 1974, pp. 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).

Ontology/Discourse
Owen ‘2 (David, “Re-orienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism and Practical Reasoning” Millennium - Journal of International Studies, Vol. 31)
It should be noted that I am ... only lines of debate, but they are important ones.

Hynek and Teti ‘10 (Nik, Institute of International Relations, Nerudova, and Andrea, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Aberdeen, “Saving identity from postmodernism? The normalization of constructivism in International Relations” pp. 183-194)
Pragmatism is used to address ontological ... infra-disciplinary centre of intellectual gravity.

Perm
2. COOPTION DA – We must give up on the politics of hope because it creates a constant deferral to the future. Vote neg to slow down the logic of preemptive acceleration and create space for a new affective relation to emerge
Massumi ‘14 (Brian, professor in the Communication Department of the University of Montreal, “The Remains of the Day,” On Violence, Vol 1 2013-14)
It is important to emphasize this: the ... personal quality, but practiced as a political procedure.

Terror True
Each of their scenarios is a Labyrinth of convoluted conditions for an unlikely impact – the Syrian refugees are coming to Britain and they maybe know how to build a WMD and even though most are getting stopped at the airports maybe one of them can get through and perhaps they’ll steal a WMD and then get on a plane to America, YOU GET WHAT I’M SAYING – If we win defense to one impact it should be interpreted as reason to be skeptical of the entire affirmative project which is self-justifying and not self-reflexive
Masco ‘9 /Joseph P., Professor of Anthropology and of the Social Sciences @ The University of Chicago, 2008 Rachel Carson Prize from the Society for the Social Studies of Science and the 2006 Robert K. Merton Prize from the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology of the American Sociology Association. His work as been supported by the American Council of Learned Societies, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Wenner-Gren Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, “Life Underground: Building the Bunker Society” Anthropology Now, Vol. 1, No. 2, SPECIAL ATOMIC ISSUE (September 2009), pp. 13-29/
What has become of the Cold War ..., and re-enter the world in all its bright and messy insecurity.

Makes Hegemony Legit
hegemony is impossible because of global trade
Hegemony only exists in Kagan’s mind – system is de-centralized, applying hegemonic mythology to policy causes blowback and destroys cooperation. Their author.
Doran ‘9 (Charles F., Andrew W. Mellon Prof. of International Relations, Director of the Global Theory and History Program, Director of the Center for Canadian Studies @ Johns Hopkins U., “Fooling Oneself: The Mythology of Hegemony” International Studies Review, Vol. 11.1)
More than a catalogue of techniques ..., self-enforcing, and self-sufficient.

1nr
It’s safe

WNA 13 (World Nuclear Assoc. “Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors” http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Safety-of-Nuclear-Power-Reactors/

European "stress tests" and US response following Fukushima .... An EC report is to be presented to the EU Council in mid October.  

WNA 13 (World Nuclear Assoc. “Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors” http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Safety-of-Nuclear-Power-Reactors/

 As long ago as the late 1970s, the UK Central ... plants and extremely low for the newer ones.

AT: Retaliation
No nuclear retaliation to terrorist attacks – yes this card is about nuclear terrorrism
Neely 13 (Meggaen Neely, is a research intern for the Project on Nuclear Issues. The views expressed above are her own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Center for Strategic and International Studies or the Project on Nuclear Issues., "Doubting Deterrence of Nuclear Terorrism," CSIS, March 21, csis.org/blog/doubting-deterrence-nuclear-terrorism
Yet, let’s think about the series of events that would play out if ... under deterrence of nuclear terrorism is missing.

Russia will be cautious because they know we don’t plan on randomly nuking them
Karas 1 (Thomas H., Advanced Concepts Group for Sandia National Laboratories, prepared for the DOE, "De-alerting and De-activating Strategic Nuclear Weapons")

Nevertheless, interpretation of ... attack, a rapid nuclear response seems unlikely.

Retaliation won’t cause global war
Schuyler 2007 (Dave, “Restating the U.S. Policy of Nuclear Deterrence,” Last Mod Nov 13)

A recent post on nuclear deterrence on American Future drew several ... in no position to do anything about it.

They don’t assume Obama’s nuclear doctrine
Sanger and Baker 10 (David E. and Peter, April, New York Times “Obama Limits When U.S. Would Use Nuclear Arms”.  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/06/world/06arms.html)

WASHINGTON — President Obama ..., or launched a crippling cyberattack.

We have quantitative studies
Jenkins-Smith 4 – professor of government at Texas AandM (Hank, “U.S. Public Response to Terrorism: Fault Lines or Bedrock,” http://www.spp.gatech.edu/current-students/exams/Fall-2004_reviewmanuscript.pdf)

Our final contrasting set of ... significantly over the following year.

AT: EU Co-Op
Not one card says detention will destroy all multilateral cooperation between the US and EU, which is obviously CRAZY
Hendrickson 2007 – political science professor at the University of Eastern Illinois (Ryan, Parameters, 37.1, “The miscalculation of NATO’s death”, EBSCO)

Besides these three major crises, the NATO ... dispute resolution and effective adaptation. 

Transatlantic partnership is resilient but worthless
Walt 10 – (Steven, a realist in an ideological age… lol, professor of international affairs at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, “Is NATO Irrelevant,” Foreign Policy, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/24/is_nato_irrelevant DH)

Nonetheless, I share William Pfaff's view that ...it won't matter very much if it does.

US global cred in the shitter – Syria, debt default, canceled trip to Asia, political intransience, abandoning Mubarak, perceptions of isolationism
Steven R. Hurst, 10-5, 13, The Associated Press' international political writer in Washington, has covered foreign affairs for 35 years, including extended assignments in Russia and the Middle East, Analysis: US Reliability Questioned Overseas, http://www.seattlepi.com/news/politics/article/Analysis-US-reliability-questioned-overseas-4871123.php#page-2
An unmistakable sense of unease is ... trust what U.S. officials say, even if the officials mean it."

AT: Pakistan Nukes
No nuclear theft
Innocent, 10 – foreign policy analyst at the Cato Institute (Malou, “Away from McChrystal and Back to the Basics,” Huffington Post, 6/28, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=11934)

Pakistan has an elaborate ... in some Rambo-like scenario remains highly unlikely. 

Even if they get Pakistan’s nukes, they can’t use them
Asia Times 10 Asia Times Online, 4/16/10, “Terrorism: The nuclear summit’s ‘straw man’”, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/LD16Ak02.html

That leaves the option of stealing a weapon. But ... off a nuclear bomb.
AT: Afghan Stability
Regional cooperation will prevent escalation
Innocent and Carpenter, 9 – *foreign policy analyst at Cato who focuses on Afghanistan and Pakistan AND vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at Cato (Malou and Ted, “Escaping the Graveyard of Empires: A Strategy to Exit Afghanistan,”  http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/escaping-graveyard-empires-strategy-exit-afghanistan.pdf)

Additionally, regional stakeholders, ... may lead to tighter regional security.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity RoYo | Judge: Montee
First off is Network:

The 1AC has failed to produce an account of Drones that takes into account the vast array of actors and actants that build the systems it discusses. About the operators, but also the computers and keyboards they use, the screens, the manufacturers of those devices, the training required to operate a drone, the psychology of its operation, the individuals on the ground, the technology required for accurate aiming – the more we think about it, the less they’ve really told us, except that it’s “imperialist.”

Our interpretation is that a non-plan affirmative must trace a network via the presentation of the 1AC.

Failure to faithfully trace the connections between social actors at every “level” of our world produces simplistic accounts with “explanations” that lack any actual content or political possibility
Latour ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, pp. 128-133)
But what is a good … rather ‘objectfullness’ to be achieved.

We’ve got to do network analysis of drones in particular – otherwise our old conceptual categories will fail to grasp new complexities.
Latour ’11 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), “Networks, Societies, Spheres: Reflections of an Actor-Network Theorist” International Journal of Communication, V. 5, p. 802)
But what I like most … to change the social theory.
The tendency to over-explain and under¬-describe shows us totalizing entities. They jump to “empire” and “imperialism” by totalizing them. Through that, there is no possible resistance against it, entrenching a violent ressentiment. If we trace these connections, we open up new avenues for resistance.
Latour ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, pp. 249-253)
But no matter how respectable … what we should aim for.

It’s not enough to add further explanation in the 2AC: the affirmative sets itself up as a priori correct: it provides little space for genuine disagreement or dialogue, which performs politics without allowing politics to continue.
Latour ’13 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), An Inquiry into Modes of Existence, pp. 344-345)
What makes it almost impossible … on which we could rest.

Only a politics beginning with and centered around diplomatic network analysis can mobilize action necessary to combat a climate crisis that exceeds every possible “social” explanation.
Latour ’13 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), An Inquiry into Modes of Existence, pp. 485-486)
But it is the second … to ward off the worst.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity RoYo | Judge: Montee
LATOUR

1. IS THERE A MEANINGFUL ROLE PROVIDED FOR NON-HUMANS
   2. IS THEIR SOCIAL UNSTABLE
   3. DOES IT AIM AT A COLLECTIVE RE-CONSTRUCTION?
   LATOUR ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, pp. 10-11)
   Since then it has moved … reconnect the social (Callon et al. 2001; Latour 2004b).

NO END
YOU’RE RIGHT, YOU CAN’T DO A PERFECT JOB, BUT YOU’VE TRIED TO: WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE LIMITS THAT THE FORMAT AND POSSIBILITIES OF DEBATE PROVIDES TO US AND THEN FIT OUR DESCRIPTIONS INSIDE OF THAT FORM.
LATOUR ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, p. 148)
S: But that’s exactly my … an ANT tenet, if any.

PERM
SECOND, DON’T FALL FOR THE FAILED COMPROMISE – TOSSING A LITTLE OF OUR INSIGHT INTO THE PRE-EXISTING SOCIAL FRAMEWORKS RENDERS THEM MOOT. WE HAVE TO START OVER, START SLOWLY, AND TRACE THE CONNECTIONS THAT MAKE THEIR THEORY ITSELF CAPABLE OF MOVEMENT AT ALL.
LATOUR ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, pp. 24-25)
Metaphors borrowed from cartography or … ticket, and prepare for delays.

STARTING POINT – THESE ARE FUNDAMENTALLY DISTINCT BEGINNINGS OF ANALYSIS: THEY START WITH SOCIAL AGGREGATES AND EXPLAIN OUR WORLD; WE START WITH THE WORLD AND ASK HOW AGGREGATES GET CONSTRUCTED AND MOVE
LATOUR ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, pp. 5-8)
If they are so different, … associations instead of resuming it.

TRACE IT
STARTING WITH THE “SOCIAL” IS BAD.
LATOUR ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, pp. 160-164)
If you confuse the second … able to collect the collective.

THE URGE TO SYSTEMATICALLY EXPLAIN THE WORLD CAN BE USEFUL, BUT ONLY IF WE DON’T CONFUSE IT FOR POLITICS. THEIR THEORY IS FALSELY COHERENT – WE HAVE TO LOCALIZE IT AND ASK HOW IT CAN FIT IN THE BROADER STRUGGLE TO COMPOSE A COMMON WORLD, OTHERWISE IT BECOMES A LIMITING AND DEPOLITICIZING WORLDVIEW
LATOUR ‘5 (Bruno, Prof. @ Sciences Po and director of the TARDE program (Theory of Actor-network and Research in Digital Environments), Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory, pp. 186-190
I agree that the point … had not been fathomed first?

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity RoYo | Judge: Montee
TO BE “AGAINST” AUTHORITY IS TO SITUATE YOURSELF “FOR” IT – THE PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUE OF AUTHORITY MERELY LEAVES THE EDIFICE AND INEVITABILITY OF AUTHORITY IN A QUESTIONED STABILITY
RONELL ’10 (Avital, University Professor and Professor of German, Comparative Literature and English at New York University, “Have I Been Destroyed?: Answering to Authority and the Politics of the Father” differences, Vol. 21.1, pp. 55-57)
Authority also turns Hannah Arendt ... Let us not be intimidated.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity RoYo | Judge: Montee
Study
The affirmative interrupts its intriguing study for the moment we’re waiting for: the ADVOCACY. What should we do? We should….
But the “What should we do?” question has the political situation backwards: contemporary governance and capitalism force us to constantly act, taking our impotentiality away from us. The most radical position is to reverse the question: “Can this be an instance of our not doing anything?” The impact is an infinite ressentiment and Eichmann.
Snoek ‘12 (Anke, PhD in Philosophy Department @ Macquarie U., Agamben’s Joyful Kafka)
Given the preceding sketch Agamben … resistance, to reverse political situations.

Rather than attempt to mobilize the productive research of debate into some outward facing advocacy statement that sets its sights on the big ole government out there, we should perform a cautious, continuous study with no goal or end in sight. Only this activates a true politics that breaks with the biopolitical control of the status quo.
Snoek ‘12 (Anke, PhD in Philosophy Department @ Macquarie U., Agamben’s Joyful Kafka)
Study as a strategy
According to Agamben, study is … them from it for good. (SE, 64)

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Trinity RoYo | Judge: Montee
WE HAVE TO PROFANE THE DRONES, STOP TREATING THEM SO DARN SERIOUSLY AND START PLAYING WITH THEIR POSSIBILITIES, WHICH OPENS UP A NEW WORLD WITH DRONES. THE FAILURE OF THE AFF IS THAT IT ALREADY DETERMINES THAT WORLD.
AGAMBEN ‘8 (Giorgio, Prof. of Aesthetics, Accademia di Architettura, Mendrisio @ Università della Svizzera Italiana, Profanations, pp. 85-86)
It is, however, possible that … old use, rendering it inoperative.