Tournament: Jesuit Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emporia Haynes  Smith | Judge: Matt Vega

1^st Off- POL- DEBT

Politics
Debt ceiling will be raised now – GOP will cave to Obama
TPM 9-27-13 (Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?)

House Republicans are taming members’ expectations ahead of the debt limit showdown, signaling that
AND
a ransom to ensure the U.S. can meet its obligations.
The plan weakens the Executive’s power which is critical to maintaining the President’s ability to control Congress
Fiscal Times 8-6-13 (The Reason Voters Choose Power-Hungry Presidents,
http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/08/06/The-One-Good-Thing-About-Power-Hungry-Presidents.aspx~~23page1-http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/08/06/The-One-Good-Thing-About-Power-Hungry-Presidents.aspx)**

The presidential preoccupation with power is not a single-minded pursuit, but its
AND
. He needs to dominate his branch of government and the whole institution.and#34;

Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy:
Davidson 9-10-13
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s and#34;Planet Money,and#34; a podcast and blog, and#34;Our Debt to Societyand#34;, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)**

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Impact is nuclear war
Broward 9 (Member of Triond. http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you-http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you)**

Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy. With
AND
the economy is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century. 

2^nd Off POL-CHINA

China PTX
Xi and Li political capital is key to successful economic reform – strong central authority is key

Pesek 8/8
(William Pesek is a Bloomberg View columnist, and#34;China’s Worst Nightmare Is Turning Japaneseand#34;, Bloomberg View, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/china-s-worst-nightmare-is-turning-japanese.html)

The problem is one of politics over economics. Around China, dozens of local
AND
-like funk, and it’s unclear if Xi and Li have it.

The plan drains political capital and erodes legitimacy – it forces controversial debate about China’s Constitutional implementation

Backer 13
(Larry Catá Backer is Professor of Law and International Affairs at Penn State University, and#34;Towards a Robust Theory of the Chinese Constitutional Stateand#34;, Penn State Law Research Paper No. 25-2013, May 8, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262555)

In a world in which regime changes are predicated on the legitimacy of the state
AND
in China are  educated in the West, mostly in the United States.  

Economic reform and party legitimacy key to prevent CCP collapse

Herd 12
(Dr Graeme Herd is a Senior Programme Advisor and Senior Fellow, Leadership in Conflict Management Programme and Security Policy at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, and#34;The Red Dynasty’s Game of Thrones: Xi Jinping’s Trilemma?and#34;, November 27, http://www.gcsp.ch/Leadership-in-Conflict-Management/Programme-News/Web-Editorial-The-Red-Dynasty-s-Game-of-Thrones-Xi-Jinping-s-Trilemma)

The resolution of Deng Xiaoping central dilemma generated a set of structural and systemic challenges
AND
the Red Dynasty’s end a certainty, and its successor a known unknown.

CCP collapse causes a nuclear civil war

Yee and Storey 2002
(Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham))

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

3^rd Off- T

A. A. Interpretation: The affirmative must present and defend the hypothetical implementation of a substantial increase financial incentives for domestic energy production or a substantial decrease in regulations on energy production. substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority

(BOTH)
and#34;Resolvedand#34; proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word and#34;resolve,and#34; given by Webster is and#34;to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;and#34; It is of similar force to the word and#34;enact,and#34; which is defined by Bouvier as meaning and#34;to establish by lawand#34;. 

The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.
Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2k http://encarta.msn.com-http:encarta.msn.com/
 and#34;The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DCand#34;

B. Violation: They don’t meet. 

C. This interpretation is best -
 A. If we win this argument, the affirmative is not topical because they do not defend the resolution, that’s a voting issue to preserve competitive equity and jurisdictional integrity
 B. Fairness – if the affirmative does not defend the resolution, there are an infinite number of non-falsifiable, unpredictable, totalizing, and personal claims they can make

CP: EXECUTIVE RESTRAINT

Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit indefinite detention.
The executive can restrain itself
Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, and#34;Self-Restrain and National Security,and#34; http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf-http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) 

Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning national security rests on the assumption that the
AND
one hand behind its back,and#34; to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4

The separation of powers in the context of presidential war powers exists in the status quo
Brecher 12 ~Aaron P., May 2013 J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations, Michigan Law Review, Volume 111, Issue 423, pgs. 423-452, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1980976, December 2012, JKE~

Applying this general scheme to war powers is especially difficult because of the uncertainty surrounding
AND
a monopoly over the use of force preclusive of congressional control is mistaken.

War powers are a constitutional right – executive restraint is key to SOP and executive flexibility
Yoo 8/30 
(John, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. He served as an official in the Bush Justice Department from 2001-03, 2013, Fox News, and#34;Like it or not, Constitution allows Obama to strike Syria without Congressional approval,and#34; http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/-http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/)
The White House again has decided it does not need Congress’s blessing to bomb targets
AND
they simply could have repeated this provision and applied it to the executive.¶ 

Leadership

Soft power doesn’t solve the impact- doesn’t coherently translate into success
Blechman, 2005 (Barry M, founder and president of DFI International Inc., a research and consulting company in Washington, DC (frequent consultant to the US Government),Winter 2004/ and#34;Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics,and#34; Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 119, Iss 4; pg. 680-681, proquest)
Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics by Joseph S. Nye. New York, Public Affairs, 2004. 208 pp. 2425.00.
Joseph Nye has done his usual masterful job in this elegant monograph, describing the
AND
among citizens of all nations that take place independent of government actions or inactions

-Only works short term
Paul Kennedy, Director of ISS, the J. Richardson Dilworth Professor of History, and Brady-Johnson Distinguished Fellow in Grand Strategy at Yale, 1-25-2009 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5581068.ece
The problem with and#34;soft powerand#34; is that it evaporates faster than does a
AND
most unpopular great power in the world. That was quite a feat.

Soft power high inevitably- cultural exports
Anita Kirpalani, Newsweek 6-4-2010 http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/04/winning-the-soft-power-war.html
Europe has long prided itself on the notion that, even if its cousin across
AND
That is, if Europe really wants to be part of the mainstream.

Soft power theory wrong
-Outdated
Abe Greenwald is policy adviser and online editor with the Foreign Policy Initiative in Washington, July/August 2010 http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-soft-power-fallacy-15466?page=all
Nye asserted that if a nation and#34;can establish international norms consistent with its society
AND
America by the Soviet collapse through the ramping down of American military commitments.

Torture

Torture is not immoral – it prevents the murder of many more innocent people

Bagaric, Head of Deakin Law School and Clarke, Lecturer at Deakin Law School, 2005 ~Mirko and Julie, ARTICLE: Not Enough Official Torture in the World? The Circumstances in Which Torture Is Morally Justifiable, University of San Francisco of Law Review, 39 U.S.F. L. Rev. 581, Lexis~
While a and#34;civilizedand#34; community does not typically condone such conduct, this Article
AND
we sanction in other circumstances. It should be viewed in this light.
 Torture is moral – protecting the right to life outweighs

Bagaric, Head of Deakin Law School and Clarke, Lecturer at Deakin Law School, 2005 ~Mirko and Julie, ARTICLE: Not Enough Official Torture in the World? The Circumstances in Which Torture Is Morally Justifiable, University of San Francisco of Law Review, 39 U.S.F. L. Rev. 581, Lexis~
The key consideration regarding the permissibility of torture is the magnitude of harm that is
AND
torture should be confined to situations where the right to life is imperiled.

2NC Off

The law is inherently masculine—it was written by men for men—-for women either the law does not exist does not apply, or is applied to women’s detriment
MacKinnon 05 
(Catharine, Professor of Law at the University of Michigan, Women’s Lives Man’s Law, and#34;Law in the Everyday Life of Womenand#34

 The law that is applied to them and to all women was not written
AND
lives are written beneath or between the lines, and on other pages. 

Patriarchy is at the root of all violent conflict – must solve to prevent wars and violence
Johnson, 1997. ~Allan G., professor of sociology Hartford College for Women, The Gender Knot: Unraveling our patriarchal legacy~

To support male aggression and therefore male dominance as society’s only defense against evil,
AND
violence to settle disputes, manage human relations, and affirm masculine identity.

The alternative  is to reject the aff in favor of feminist jurisprudence.
Attention to gender is key to (re)visioning world security and dealing with structural violence in and between states
Peterson 92, 
(V. Spike, Associate Professor of Political Science, Gendered States: Feminist Revisions of International Relations Theory, 1992)

That these constructions—and the understanding of security they presuppose—are profoundly gendered
AND
who we areand#34; that are then available for (re)visioning.

Tournament: Jesuit Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Weber State Alvarado-Hendrix | Judge: Izak Dunn

1^st Off

Framework 

A. Interpretation - The affirmative should be required to read a topical policy proposal and defend its implementation.  The affirmative can only weigh advantages that stem from the implementation of the plan.

B. Violation – The affirmative didn’t read a topical policy proposal, or doesn’t defend its implementation.  They leverage advantages based off of the endorsement of the discourse or theoretical content of the 1AC, not the plan.

C. Impact - Framework should be a procedural voting issue for reasons of fairness and topic specific education.

Refusal to engage in institutional reform reduces inquiry to narcissism.  There is a direct tradeoff with productive discussion and research.

Chandler 9 ~David, Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, and#34;Questioning Global Political Activism,and#34; What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 81-82~

Today more and more people are ’doing politics’ in their academic work. This
AND
peers and colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organisation. 

Abandoning realism doesn’t eliminate global violence—alternative worldviews will be just as violent or worse

O’Callaghan, 02  (Terry, lecturer in the school of International Relations at the University of South Australia, International Relations and the third debate, ed: Jarvis, 2002, p. 79-80)
In fact, if we explore the depths of George’s writings further, we find
AND
a black-and- white picture of the study of international politics. 

2^nd Off

FOCUS ON THE VISIBLE NATURALIZES COMMODITY FETISHISM BY ERASING LABOR RELATIONS.

HENNESSY, ’00 (Rosemary, and#34;Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalismand#34;, Chapter 4, Pg. 128-129)
As in queer theory, many of the activities of Queer Nation took visibility at
AND
and consumption and the social relations they encompass are so often widely separated. 

Their methodoly refuse a modernist understanding of reality and is only about the logic of war, rejecting the idea of engaging in the reality of commodities and reduces it to a theorietical logical perspective. They make capitalism something in a text book or a computer model, not something that happens in the world and that is physical. 

of capitalism manifests itself in an expansionary global system which fuels its growth at the cost of the environment and the 3^rd world populations at the periphery of its empire. American imperialism attempts to seize total hegemonic control through military force to protect patterns of economic growth-this makes war inevitable as the U.S. seeks to eliminate the resulting antagonism that refuses to sacrifice its own needs for accumulation.

Foster, prof of sociology at U of Oregon, Sept 2005
(John Bellamy, Naked Imperialism, Monthly Review Vol 57 Iss 4, Proquest)

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the
AND
needs—by organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

Our alternative is to not do the affirmative—capitalist relations should be withdrawn from and rejected—we must stop participating in activities that constitute a limited rescue operation for capital

Herod, 2004
(James, Faculty at the University of Massachusetts at Boston, http:www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/index.htm-http://www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/index.htm)

It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and later concretely,
AND
who democratically and cooperatively self-determine the shape of their social world. 

The capitalist mode of production is responsible for the current environmental crisis – its value system dis-embeds humans from their environment, making the measurement of, deliberation on, and response to eco crisis structurally impossible

Mackenzie, School of Political Science at University of Queensland, 2003
(John, and#34;What is to be (Un)Done? Praxical Post-Marxism and Ecologismand#34;, Dialogue (2003) 1:2 pp 31-54, http:// www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/unit/psis.html?uv_category=pub26offset=2326pub=114052-http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/unit/psis.html?uv_category=pub26offset=2326pub=114052)

Ecologism is defined in this paper as the counter-hegemonic and counter-Enlightenment
AND
Rifkin 1980; Capra 1982, 1996; Schumacher 1973; et al).

They are isolating the idea that any technology driven warfare that makes a wall of separation between the killer and the death of their target is fundamentally bad.

Tournament: Jesuit Gonzaga | Round: 5 | Opponent: Weber State Auro-Mugweh | Judge: Kevin Kuswa

1^Stoff

A. Interpretation

Statutory Restrictions

Black Law Dictionary no date ~The Law Dictionary featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/; AMDG~

Limits or controls that have been placed on activities by its ruling legislation.

And 

"Judicial restrictions" can be imposed on executive war powers

Singer 7 (Jana, Professor of Law, University of Maryland School of Law, SYMPOSIUM A HAMDAN QUARTET: FOUR ESSAYS ON ASPECTS OF HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD: HAMDAN AS AN ASSERTION OF JUDICIAL POWER, Maryland Law Review 2007 66 Md. L. Rev. 759)

n25. See, e.g., Dep’t of the Navy v. Egan
AND
means to avoid judicial restrictions on presidential power in cases involving military force)

B. Violation- the Affirmative does not defend a statutory or judicial restriction

C. Voting issue

1. Fairness- Must have a predictable standard of which type of restriction that the affirmative puts on makes it impossible to predict how the aff will shift in the debate. This Justifies new Block advocacies.

2. Ground- impossible to make strategic 1NC’s and steals CP and K ground. We could read Congress CP but it is washed away with Perm Do the CP.

2nd OFF

Debt ceiling will be raised now – GOP will cave to Obama

TPM 9-27-13 (Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?)

House Republicans are taming members’ expectations ahead of the debt limit showdown, signaling that
AND
a ransom to ensure the U.S. can meet its obligations.

The plan weakens the Executive’s power which is critical to maintaining the President’s ability to control Congress

Fiscal Times 8-6-13 (The Reason Voters Choose Power-Hungry Presidents,
http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/08/06/The-One-Good-Thing-About-Power-Hungry-Presidents.aspx~~23page1-http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/08/06/The-One-Good-Thing-About-Power-Hungry-Presidents.aspx)**

The presidential preoccupation with power is not a single-minded pursuit, but its
AND
. He needs to dominate his branch of government and the whole institution."

Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy:

Davidson 9-10-13
Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," a podcast and blog, "Our Debt to Society", http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)**

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Impact is nuclear war

Broward 9 (Member of Triond. http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you-http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you)**

Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy. With
AND
the economy is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century. 

3rd OFF

Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit the banning of drone usage for targeted killings.

The executive can restrain itself

Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, "Self-Restrain and National Security," http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf-http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) 

Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning national security rests on the assumption that the
AND
one hand behind its back," to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4

The separation of powers in the context of presidential war powers exists in the status quo

Brecher 12 ~Aaron P., May 2013 J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations, Michigan Law Review, Volume 111, Issue 423, pgs. 423-452, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1980976, December 2012, JKE~

Applying this general scheme to war powers is especially difficult because of the uncertainty surrounding
AND
a monopoly over the use of force preclusive of congressional control is mistaken.

War powers are a constitutional right – executive restraint is key to SOP and executive flexibility

Yoo 8/30 
(John, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. He served as an official in the Bush Justice Department from 2001-03, 2013, Fox News, "Like it or not, Constitution allows Obama to strike Syria without Congressional approval," http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/-http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/)
The White House again has decided it does not need Congress’s blessing to bomb targets
AND
they simply could have repeated this provision and applied it to the executive.¶ 

Leadership

Domestic issues make supremacy unsustainable

Cohen 2012(Michael, ow at the Century Foundation, February 21, "Rotting from the Inside Out", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/02/21/rotting_from_the_inside_out?page=full)jn
There is, however, one serious problem with this analysis. Any discussion of
AND
our leaders will shy away from the large things that must be done." 

Heg causes terrorism and Mideast instability

Gholz Press and Valentino 6 (Eugene, Professor of Public Affairs at the University of Texas, Professors of Government at Dartmouth, Daryl G. and Benjamin "Time to Offshore Our Troops" The New York Times, December 12th (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/opinion/12press.html?_r=226oref=slogin26pagewanted=print)

Maintaining a large military presence in the region has been the cornerstone of American policy
AND
Ocean and at bases outside the Middle East — can address both threats.

Mideast instability causes nuclear war

Steinbach 02 D.C. Iraq Coalition – Centre for Research on Globalisation
~John, "Israeli Weapons of Mass Destruction: a Threat of Peace," Global Peace, http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/STE203A.html~~

Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass destruction in such an unstable region
AND
the deepening Middle East conflict could trigger a world conflagration." (44)

Solvency

The U.S. is ending strikes in Pakistan

Levine and Karimi 2013(Adam and Faith, CNN Staff, August 2, "Kerry says Pakistan drone strikes to end ’very soon’", http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/01/politics/pakistan-drones)

Following talks with the Pakistani government, Secretary of State John Kerry said the United
AND
eliminated most of the threat and continue to eliminate it," Kerry said.

Strikes are declining now—and that solves relations

AP 2013(July 26, "US drastically scales back drone strikes in Pakistan", http://dawn.com/news/1032045/us-drastically-scales-back-drone-strikes-in-pakistan)

The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone attacks against militants in
AND
Pakistan, or at least from the army, to conduct drone strikes.

Alternatives are worse for credibility and the plan can’t solve

Etzioni 2012(Amitai, Professor of International Relations at George Washington University, April 2, "In Defense of Drones", http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715)

In addition, Rohde argues that drones are bad for public relations. He says
AND
do if we are going to fight terrorists and those who harbor them.

Drones are key to defeat al Qaeda—it’s comparatively the best option

Lewis 2013(Michael, teaches international law and the law of war at Ohio Northern University’s College of Law, February 5, "The case for drone strikes", http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/05/opinion/la-oe-lewis-defending-drones-20130205/2)

The report’s discussion of civilian casualties adopts the highest estimate offered by any of the
AND
disrupt the Taliban and deny it control of territory in the tribal areas. 

Drones are the ONLY tool we have to combat Pakistani insurgents—and they’re successful

Bergen and Tiedemann 2011(Peter, Director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, and Katherine, Research Fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, doctoral student in political science at George Washington University, July/August, "Washington’s Phantom War: The Effects of the U.S. Drone Program in Pakistan", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67939/peter-bergen-and-katherine-tiedemann/washingtons-phantom-war)

Despite the drone program’s shortcomings, it is likely to continue-put simply,
AND
once said, the drone program is "the only game in town."