Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison BM | Judge: Abe Corrigan

Advantage 1: Terrorism

Overuse of drones causes blowback—groups are gaining strength and current strategy is insufficient to prevent attacks

Cronin 2013 (Audrey, Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, July/August, "Why Drones Fail", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139454/audrey-kurth-cronin/why-drones-fail)

Like any other weapon, armed drones can be tactically useful. But are they helping advance the strategic goals of U.S.
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In this endless contest, the United States risks multiplying its enemies and heightening their incentives to attack the country.

Setting a clear precedent is key to alleviate allies—that prevents collapse of intel sharing

Human Rights First 2013 (April 13, “How to Ensure that the U.S. Drone Program does not Undermine Human Rights BLUEPRINT FOR THE NEXT ADMINISTRATION”, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/blueprints2012/HRF_Targeted_Killing_blueprint.pdf)

The Obama Administration has dramatically escalated targeted killing by drones as a central feature of its counterterrorism
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relations with its allies and thereby impeded the flow of critical intelligence about terrorist operations.

Intel sharing is key to effective counterterror efforts

McGill and Gray 2012 (Anna-Katherine and David, Summer, “Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing,” Global Security Studies, Volume 3, Issue 3, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf)

In his article “Old Allies and New Friends: Intelligence-Sharing in the War on Terror”, Derek Reveron states “the war on terror
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order to sustain current operations.

Scenario 1 is Pakistan:

Drone-based resentment collapses relations—causes Pakistan collapse, increases terrorism, undercuts indo-pak dialogue, and prevents cooperation over Pakistan arsenal security

Cavallaro et al 2012 (James, Stanford Law School, and the International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford, and the Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law, September, "Living Under Drones", http://www.livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Stanford-NYU-LIVING-UNDER-DRONES.pdf)

Despite the vast foreign aid the US has invested in Pakistan, a 2012 poll by the Pew Research Center’s Global
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consideration of a broader strategy against radicalization.” 

Indo-pak war causes nuclear escalation

Hundley 2012 (Tom, senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, September 5, "Race to the End", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3)

The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan's assurances that its nuclear arsenal is
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United States, not just India and Pakistan. Both sides acknowledge it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.

Pakistan instability causes loose nukes and multiple scenarios for nuclear escalation

Pitt 2009 (William, Author of "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know", May 8, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World", http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183)

The United States, already embroiled in a war against Taliban forces in Afghanistan, must now face the possibility
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world on a collision course with unimaginable disaster.

Scenario 2 is Yemen:

Drone backlash creates an AQAP safe haven in Yemen

Boyle 2013 (Michael, Ph.D, the Royal Institute, January, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare", International Affairs 89 : 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)

Just as in Pakistan, the result of a drone-first policy in Yemen has been to increase the ranks of the
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safe haven’ in Yemen. 

AQAP is looking to acquire and use CBWs

Baldor 2011 (Lolita C. Baldor, Associated Press, “U.S. Plans to Train Yemeni Counter-Terrorism Unit” Monday, February 14, 2011, http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/us-plans-train-yemeni-counter-terrorism)

Senior U.S. intelligence officials told Congress Thursday that AQAP is committed to obtaining weapons of mass
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of the insurgent group post persistent threats online saying they intend to continue to plot and execute attacks, and urge others to do the same.

CBW attacks cause multiple scenarios for extinction

Kellman 2008 (Barry, director of the International Weapons Control Center, “Bioviolence: A Growing Threat”, The Futurist, May-June 2008, http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf)

A looming danger confronts the world—the threat of bioviolence. It is a danger that will only grow in the future, yet
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these challenges could have dire consequences for all humanity.

And AQAP will attack Saudi oil fields

Ulrichsen 2011 (Kristian, Kuwait Research Fellow in the Kuwait Programme for Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the London SChool of Economics and Political Science, "The Geopolitics of Insecurity in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula," Middle East Policy Council, http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/geopolitics-insecurity-horn-africa-and-arabian-peninsula?print)

The reconstitution of AQAP in January 2009, following the merger of al-Qaeda's Yemeni and Saudi wings, confirmed suspicions held
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stability in the Arabian Peninsula.

Attacks would be successful and collapse the market – centralized production and global swing reserves

Gartenstein-Ross 2011 (Daveed, Directs the Center for the Study of Terrorist Radicalization at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, "Osama's Oil Obsession," Foreign Policy, May 23, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/05/23/osamas_oil_obsession)

Bin Laden long believed that undermining the U.S. economy was central to his war against the United States -- an outlook that has
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that they could reach that they didn't think about."

Oil shocks cause extinction – oil wars, economic decline, climate change, us-china war and arctic conflict

King 2008 (Neil, Researcher at the Center for New American Security and Columnist at the Wall Street Journal"Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns," Center for a New American Secuirty, Energy Security Visionaries Series, July, www.aspousa.org/aspousa4/proceedings/_CNAS_King_Peak_Oil_WorkingPaper.pdf)

Many commentators in the United States and abroad have begun to wrestle with the question of whether soaring oil prices
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both the public and their elected officials seek out those who are to blame for the country’s travails. 

Advantage 2: Norms

United States drone use is setting a destabilizing precedent—the plan is key to setting a stable international precedent

Zenko 2013(Micah, Council on Foreign Relations, January, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies", Council Special Report No. 65)

Over the past decade, the use of
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If we want other nations to use these technologies responsibly, we must use them responsibly.

U.S. precedent from drone use causes multiple scenarios for miscalculation—risks escalation in every global hotspot

Dowd 2013 (Alan, Writes on National Defense and Foreign Policy for Parameters, Spring, "Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings," http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf)

Second, power-projecting nations are following America’s lead and developing their own drones
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It would be ironic if the promise of risk-free war presented by drones spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Chinese modeling causes conflict over the Senkakus and South China Sea

AP 2013 (May 3, "China emerges as new force in drone warfare," http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/)

China's move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military's growing sophistication and could challenge
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guiding home an anti-ship ballistic missile known in military circles as a "carrier killer," the Pentagon said in its 2012 report on China's military.

That causes nuclear escalation and U.S. draw in

Blaxland and Kersten 2013(Dr. John, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Center at the Australian National University, and Rikki, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University, February 6, "History Repeating", http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/news-events/all-stories/history-repeating#.UgS921OoWzc)

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around
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the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Unrestricted drone use causes nuclear war in the Caucasus

Clayton 2012 (Nick, senior editor of Kanal PIK TV's English Service, October 23, "Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war," www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war)

Armenia and Azerbaijan could soon be at war if drone proliferation on both sides of the border
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war will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of.” 

Codified restrictions are key to effective modeling

Daskal 2013(Jennifer, Fellow and Adjunct Professor at the Georgetown Center on National Security and Law, April, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for the Detention and Targeting Outside the "Hot" Conflict Zone", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161, No. 5, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2049532) 

Fifth, and critically, while the United States might be confident that it will exercise its authorities
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international consensus as to the rules that apply to detention and targeted¶ killings outside the conflict zone.

Independently causes self defense justifications—causes modeling for preemptive attacks

ACLU et al 2013 (American Civil Liberties Union, Amnesty International; Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, NYU School of Law; Center for Civilians in Conflict; Center for Constitutional Rights; Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law; Human Rights First; Human Rights Institute; Columbia Law School Human Rights Watch; Open Society Foundations, Aprill 11, " Joint Letter to President Obama on US Drone Strikes and Targeted Killings", http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/11/joint-letter-president-obama-us-drone-strikes-and-targeted-killings)

Senior officials have claimed that the administration applies international humanitarian law to its targeted killing program.
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targeting operations of other states.

Those justifications spill over

Barnes 2012 (Beau, J.D. from Boston University School of Law, "Reauthorizing the 'War on Terror': The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF'S Coming Obsolescence", Military Law Review, 211:57)

This approach also would inevitably lead to dangerous “slippery slopes.” Once the President authorizes AND
based authority that the United States does, to¶ kill people anywhere, anytime, the result would be chaos."

Causes escalation of multiple hotspots

Obayemi 2006 (Olumide, Taxation Law Professor at East Bay Law School, Lawyer, "Legal Standards Governing Pre-Emptive Strikes and Forcible Measures of Anticipatory Self-Defense under the U.N. Charter and General International Law", Annual Survey of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 12, Iss. 1, 3, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100andcontext=annlsurvey)

The United States must abide by the rigorous standards set out above that are meant to govern the
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within all legal boundaries. This is the essence of the preamble to the United Nations Charter.

Plan: The United States Federal Government should restrict the President’s war powers authority for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities.

Contention 3: Solvency

Distinguishing zones of active hostilities are key—sets an international norm and solves U.S. legitimacy

Daskal 2013 (Jennifer, Fellow and Adjunct Professor at the Georgetown Center on National Security and Law, April, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for the Detention and Targeting Outside the "Hot" Conflict Zone", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161, No. 5, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2049532) 

Legal scholars, policymakers, and state actors are embroiled in a heated debate about whether the
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conflict, but to future conflicts. The likely reputational, security, and foreign policy gains make acceptance of this framework a worthy endeavor.

Congressional restriction key to credibility and signal

Anderson 2009(Kenneth, Professor of Law at Washington College of Law at American university, and Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, May 11, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law”, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf)

What Should Congress Do? Does this analysis offer any practical policy prescriptions for Congress and the administration?
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hostilities and armed conflict.

Congressional review is key—unilateral action creates mistrust preventing cooperation and won’t set a precedent for modeling—only review solves skepticism

Goldsmith 2013 (Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, “Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School”, Lawfare Blog, March 7, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/)

I disagree with Steve’s claim that we don’t know how the government conceives of its authority or the limits on it. The
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the pain of engaging Congress, and at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: Mary Washington SY | Judge: Jake Weiner

See "1AC- Drones- Navy Round 1"

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: Pittsburgh JL | Judge: Jeff Roberts

Unrestricted drone warfare causes indiscriminate attacks on civilians

Weber 7 (Jutta Weber, professor for media studies at the University of Paderborn, March 19, 2007, “Robotic Warfare, Human Rights and the Rhetorics of Ethical Machines,” http://www.gender.uu.se/digitalAssets/44/44133_Weber_Robotic_Warfare.pdf)

Uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used for surveillance since the Vietnam War, some nations
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of civilian casualities, so that a causal connection between these developments seems quite likely (Boes 2005, Ro?tzer 2007a, 2007b, Sparrow 2007).

Just last month an attack in Yemen turned a wedding into a funeral and killed 17 people

Williams 14 (Bryan, Professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Massachusetts, “The Slaughter of a Wedding Party in Yemen: Anatomy of a Bad Drone Strike,” The Huffington Post, January 14, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/the-slaughter-of-a-weddin_b_4595274.html)

According to most media accounts, the JSOC drone strike on December 12, 2013 on a road outside the
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photographed standing over a row of corpses with a sign that stated "America spills blood."

Restrictions on drone strikes are key to resolving high amounts of civilian casualties

O’Connell 10 (Mary Ellen O’Connell, Robert and Marion Short Professor of Law Research Professor of International Dispute Resolution Kroc Institute, “Unlawful Killing with Combat Drones: A Case study of Pakistan 2004-2009”, University of Notre Dame Law School, Legal Studies Research Paper 09-43 July 2010,https://www.law.upenn.edu/institutes/cerl/conferences/targetedkilling/papers/OConnellDrones.pdf, pgs. 9-10)

Between 2006 and late 2009, about 20 suspected militant leaders have reportedly been killed
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strikes. In the conditions of t he Pakistan border region, using drones to selectively target individuals has not been possible with current technology.   

US drones in places like Pakistan cause resentment due to unnecessary casualties

Vira and Cordesman 11 (Varun Vira and Anthony H. Cordesman, Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 5, 2011, “PAKISTAN: VIOLENCE VS. STABILITY,” http://csis.org/files/publication/110504_stabilizing_pakistan.pdf)

This use of drones has been a source of tension between the US and Pakistan. Any US military activity within Pakistan is
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This led l COAS Kayani to issue an unusually strong statement terming the attack “unjustified and intolerable.”  

Setting a clear precedent is key to preventing other countries from adopting similar unlimited policies

Human Rights First 2013 (April 13, “How to Ensure that the U.S. Drone Program does not Undermine Human Rights BLUEPRINT FOR THE NEXT ADMINISTRATION”, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/blueprints2012/HRF_Targeted_Killing_blueprint.pdf)

The Obama Administration has dramatically escalated targeted killing by drones as a central feature of its counterterrorism
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impeded the flow of critical intelligence about terrorist operations.

Studies that understate the significance of drone casualties are biased

Hopkins 13 (Nick, Guardian UK defense and security correspondence, “US drone attacks ‘counter-productive former Obama security advisor claims. US reliance on drones to target terrorists undermines rule of law, is ineffective and has strategic drawbacks, argues Michael Boyle. The Guardian UK, January 7th 2013. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jan/07/obama-adviser-criticises-drone-policy) 

President Obama has waged his war on terror in the shadows, using drone strikes, special operations and sophisticated surveillance to fight a brutal
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the number of deaths caused by drones in these distant, sometimes ungoverned, lands."

Only Congressional involvement solves- it sparks debate about the worst aspects of our drone policy

Friedman 13 (Benjamin Friedman, Research Fellow in Defense and Homeland Security Studies at the Cato Institute, February 6, 2013, “Drone Policy Must Include Checks and Balances,” http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/drone-policy-must-include-checks-balances)

The question—whether Obama has gone too far in his drone policy—has the wrong subject. By assuming that the policy is Obama’s,
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problem here only if U.S. drone wars are too hard to start.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: USMA BS | Judge: Warren Decker

See "1AC- Drones- Navy Round 1"