Tournament: Browning | Round: 5 | Opponent: Arizona State Rajan-Chotras | Judge: Wunderlich
Text: The United States federal government should provide traditional Article III courts exclusive jurisdiction over the United States’ indefinite detention policy and ensure that sufficient resources are available for training, preparation and trial.
Article III courts solve detention problems—aff kills due process
Cole 8 (David, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, David Keene, Chairman, American Conservative Union, May 23, 2008, “A Critique of ‘National Security Courts,’” http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/Critique_of_the_National_Security_Courts.pdf)

Advocates of national security
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also enable it to proceed via the traditional criminal process. 

Plan undermines US legitimacy—that spills over and empowers AQ
Deborah Colson 09, Acting Director, Law and Security Program at Human Rights First, March, “The Case Against A Special Terrorism Court,” http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/090323-LS-nsc-policy-paper.pdf
The policies of detention, interrogation
AND
, and beyond, the realm of counterterrorism.

Tournament: Browning | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Velto-Rodriguez | Judge: Cheek
The executive branch should substantially increase judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by designating District Court judges to approve or reject targeted killings involving the use of drone strikes based on a strict scrutiny test.
The counterplan solves through DOJ adjudication—pre-commitment gives it precedent
Pillard 2005 – JD from Harvard, Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute at Georgetown University Law Center, former Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the DOJ (February, Cornelia T., Michigan Law Review, 103.4, “The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands”, 103 Mich. L. Rev. 676-758, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/)

V. ENABLING EXECUTIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM
The courts indisputably do not and
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constitutional rights is part of the executive's interest, not counter to it.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: Indiana Hoffman-Ferguson | Judge: Brass
Text: The United States federal government should conduct a binding consultation with the Joint Chiefs of Staff over the substance, enforcement, and implementation of whether or not the Congress of the United States Federal Government should implement a statutory ban on targeted killing operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency. The United States federal government should implement the results of the consultation.
Consultation with the JCS doesn’t link to politics and solves CMR—Counterplan is functionally competitive
Thompson 13 (Mark, Pulitzer Prize winning journalist specializing in national security, “Decision-Making, Lite,” March 4, 2013, http://nation.time.com/2013/03/04/decision-making-lite/, JS)

How much outside advice – from the
AND
irrelevant to national security as the Joint Chiefs.

Plan collapses CMR—the military will ignore the aff—kills hegemony
Owens 12 (Mackubin Thomas, professor of national security affairs in the National Security Affairs Department of the Naval War College, Spring 2012, WHAT MILITARY OFFICERS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/1ef74daf-ebff-4aa4-866e-e1dd201d780e/What-Military-Officers-Need-to-Know-about-Civil-Mi.aspx, JS)

CIVILIAN CONTROL INVOLVES NOT
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government and undermine national defense.”
Military readiness prevent Nuclear war
Kagan and O’Hanlon 7,(Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, “The Case for Larger Ground Forces”, April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf, JS)

We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly
AND
only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Tournament: Browning | Round: 5 | Opponent: Arizona State Rajan-Chotras | Judge: Wunderlich
The Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel should issue a formal opinion that the President of the United States may not indefinitely detain persons without due process and require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions

OLC opinions are presumptively binding and solve the case
Morrison 11, Trevor  Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, "LIBYA, ’HOSTILITIES,’ THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL, AND THE PROCESS OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGAL INTERPRETATION," Harvard Law Review Forum Vol.124:42,http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124_forum_morrison.pdf
Deeply rooted traditions treat the
AND
where, “for presidents, credibility is power.”

Solves compliance but maintains flex
HLR 12, Harvard Law Review, Presidential Power and the Office of Legal Counsel, 125 Harv. L. Rev. 2090
As Professor Richard Pildes points out in
AND
the meaning of the law for himself.

Plan collapses CMR—the military will ignore the aff—kills heg
Mackubin Thomas Owens, professor of national security affairs in the National Security Affairs Department of the Naval War College, Spring 2012, WHAT MILITARY OFFICERS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/1ef74daf-ebff-4aa4-866e-e1dd201d780e/What-Military-Officers-Need-to-Know-about-Civil-Mi.aspx

CIVILIAN CONTROL INVOLVES
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of American government and undermine national defense.”

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Caplan-Shanker | Judge: Weiner
The Department of Defense should develop Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion plants on military bases.
Military lead on OTEC is key to commercialization – the counterplan spills over globally
Jean 2010(Grace, Writer for National Defense, April 1, "Renewable Energy: Navy Taps Oceans for Power", EBSCO)

Because of the high costs associated
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Defense will lead the charge to get the technology demonstrated,” says Varley.
OTEC is the only way to solve climate change—zero emissions and sequestration
Bechtel and Netz 1998(No date Given, last date cited, Maria and Erik, "OTEC - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion", http://www.exergy.se/ftp/cng97ot.pdf)

One of the most critical problems of the
AND
to reefs and near-shore marine ecosystems.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Caplan-Shanker | Judge: Weiner
Xi has momentum and factional unity for reforms now because of appointments to the Reform Commission 

Teo – January 30
(Esther, Asia News Network, “Xi's choices for China's new deputies brings close scrutiny”, China Post (Taiwan), January 30, 2014, http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/special-to-the-china-post/2014/01/30/399555/Xis-choices.htm)

Chinese President Xi Jinping's pick of deputies
AND
outfits shows that Xi is giving top priority to their work.

The plan drains political capital and erodes legitimacy – it forces controversial debate about China’s Constitutional implementation

Backer 13
(Larry Catá Backer is Professor of Law and International Affairs at Penn State University, “Towards a Robust Theory of the Chinese Constitutional State”, Penn State Law Research Paper No. 25-2013, May 8, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262555)

In a world in which regime changes are
AND
China are  educated in the West, mostly in the United States.  

Economic reform and party legitimacy key to prevent CCP collapse

Herd 12
(Dr Graeme Herd is a Senior Programme Advisor and Senior Fellow, Leadership in Conflict Management Programme and Security Policy at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, “The Red Dynasty’s Game of Thrones: Xi Jinping’s Trilemma?”, November 27, http://www.gcsp.ch/Leadership-in-Conflict-Management/Programme-News/Web-Editorial-The-Red-Dynasty-s-Game-of-Thrones-Xi-Jinping-s-Trilemma)

The resolution of Deng Xiaoping
AND
is inevitable; the Red Dynasty’s end a certainty, and its successor a known unknown.

CCP collapse causes a nuclear civil war

Yee and Storey 2002
(Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham))

The fourth factor contributing to the
AND
, a disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: Indiana Hoffman-Ferguson | Judge: Brass
Obama needs to double down on Fast Track – Reid is bluffing – its gets a vote and passes in the sqo and its key to US trade negotiation credibility
The Economist 2-8-14 (When Harry Mugged Barry. http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21595958-harry-reid-threatens-impoverish-world-least-600-billion-year-when-harry)

To make all this happen Mr Obama
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case for the benefits of free exchange.
Challenges to war powers authority drains political capital which spills over to the broader  political agenda.
Kriner 10 (Douglas, Assistant professor of political science at Boston University, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” University of Chicago Press)

While congressional support leaves
AND
if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.
Free trade prevents multiple scenarios for world war and WMD Terrorism
Panzner 08  (Michael, faculty at the New York Institute of Finance, 25-year veteran of the global stock, bond, and currency markets who has worked in New York and London for HSBC, Soros Funds, ABN Amro, Dresdner Bank, and JPMorgan Chase “Financial Armageddon: Protect Your Future from Economic Collapse,” pg. 136-138)

Continuing calls for curbs on the flow of
AND
and Western societies as the beginnings of a new world war.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Caplan-Shanker | Judge: Weiner
Executive war power primacy now—the plan flips that
Eric Posner, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html

President Obama’s surprise announcement that
And
he wants to and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

The aff spills over and guts broader executive war powers.
Green ‘9
Craig, Associate Professor, Temple Law School; University Fellowship, Princeton History Department; J.D., Yale Law School, “Ending the Korematsu Era: A Modern Approach ,” http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002andcontext=roger_craig_green

Another lesson from sixty years
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case about how courts supervise presidential war powers.

That risks a loss of fourth generation warfare capabilities—culminates in nuclear war and bioterror—turns the aff
Li ‘9
Zheyao, J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University, 2006. This paper is the culmination of work begun in the "Constitutional Interpretation in the Legislative and Executive Branches" seminar, led by Judge Brett Kavanaugh, “War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare,” 7 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of
AND
to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Deference is key to hegemony
Fenster et al ’10 (Herbert, Phillip Carter, MCKENNA LONG and ALDRIDGE LLP, “BRIEF OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS AND DISMISSAL,” http://ccrjustice.org/files/Amicus_Curiae_Brief_of_VFW.pdf)

C. Military Leadership And Decisionmaking Would Suffer
War is the province of chance. “If we
AND
judicial considerations which have no place on the battlefield.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas Hampton-Reed | Judge: Hagwood
Interpretation - The affirmative should be required to read a topical policy proposal and defend its implementation.  The affirmative can only weigh advantages that stem from the implementation of the plan.
Violation – The affirmative didn’t read a topical policy proposal, or doesn’t defend its implementation.  They leverage advantages based off of the endorsement of the discourse or theoretical content of the 1AC, not the plan.
Impact - Framework should be a procedural voting issue for reasons of fairness and topic specific education.
Policy debate is good for education, engagement, and empathy.  Clear rules, a stable topic, institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process. 

Lantis 8
(Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor in the Department of Political Science and Chair of the
International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature”, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf)
Simulations, games, and role-play represent a
AND
of empathy, and acquisition and retention of  knowledge.
Refusal to engage in institutional reform reduces inquiry to narcissism.  There is a direct tradeoff with productive discussion and research.

Chandler 2009(David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh,  pp. 81-2)
Today more and more people are ‘
AND
political or intellectual debate and organisation.
Only debates about engaging institutions can produce social change.  Disengagement from politics fractures coalitions and reinforces conservatism.

Mouffe 2009(Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there is
AND
how we should conceive the nature of radical politics.

Conservative forces always exist, only policy discussions can persuade them to support change.

Kerbel- no date Susan G., clinical psychologist and co-founder of Cognitive Policy Works, “From the Couch to the Culture: How Psychological Analysis Can Strengthen the Progressive Agenda,” Cognitive Policy Works, http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/trash/psychology-and-politics/

The psychology of change: This is one of the
AND
drag of resistance, and minimize its impact on moving the agenda forward.
Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate
Hanghoj 8 (Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant Professor
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf)

Debate games are often based on pre-designed
AND
most important goal, should be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

Tournament: Texas | Round: 6 | Opponent: UT San Antonio Pleitez-Morales | Judge: Parker
The aff understands history solely as a product of human relations, obfuscating the oppression of animals. Instead, endorse the method of animal standpoint theory – we control root cause of oppression and conflict
Best ‘7 (Steven, Associate Professor, Departments of Humanities and Philosophy, University of Texas, “Commonalities of Oppression: Specieism, Racism, and Oppression.” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume V, Issue 2, 2007) 

Since the nineteenth century,
AND
by universal compassion for all suffering and oppressed beings.

This human-centric ethic will culminate in ecological collapse and extinction.
Ahkin ‘10 (Melanie Ahkin, Monash University, 2010, “Human Centrism, Animist Materialism, and the Critique of Rationalism in Val Plumwood’s Critical Ecological Feminism,” Emergent Australian Philosophers, a peer reviewed journal of philosophy,http://www.eap.philosophy-australia.com/archives.html)

These five features provide the
AND
the abandonment and transformation of the human centric framework.15 

The alternative is to vote negative to embrace an ethic of organism.
Henning’9 (Brian, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University in Spokane, WA. Henning is author of the award winning book The Ethics of Creativity: Beauty, Morality and Nature in a Processive Cosmos. His current scholarship and teaching focus on the interconnections among ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics, especially as they relate to the ethics of global climate change. E-mail: henning@gonzaga.edu, “Trusting in the 'Efficacy of Beauty': A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophy,” MUSE, JS)

Final truths (whether in religion, morality, or science)
AND
, each achieving value for themselves, for others, and for the whole of reality.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Caplan-Shanker | Judge: Weiner
Imaginaries of climatic apocalypticism are profoundly depoliticizing—appeals to a singular human fate objectify nature and ensure nothing changes.
Swyngedouw ‘13
Erik, Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2013 Vol. 24, No. 1, 918

A flood of literature on the relationship
And
of the sensible’’ in Rancie`re’s (1998) words, so that nothing really has to change.

The impact is unending structural violence and apocalyptic environmental destruction along the periphery
Swyngedouw ‘13
Erik, Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2013 Vol. 24, No. 1, 918

What we are witnessing is
AND
is indeed a combined and uneven one, both in time and across space (see Calder Williams 2011).

Our alternative is to vote negative to unconditionally reject climate catastrophism.

The alternative actualizes radical politics within specific environments—that’s crucial to the creation of new social relations that solve the aff.
Swyngedouw ‘13
Erik, Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development, “Apocalypse Now! Fear and Doomsday Pleasures,” Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2013 Vol. 24, No. 1, 918

Against this cynical stand, the third, and for me
AND
 re-ordering of the human/non-human imbroglios be forged.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: Indiana Hoffman-Ferguson | Judge: Brass
Security is a psychological projection of fear that we use to create otherness—the aff’s scenarios for conflict ensure violent lashout  
Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, “The Enemy System” http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation
AND
their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.
The alternative is to vote negative to reject the flawed framing of security—a radically renewed focus on the epistemological and representational security lens is a prerequisite to effective policy solutions
Bruce 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued in ways which are still
AND
choose not to understand them, and why?

Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Kansas Hampton-Reed | Judge: Hagwood
Demands for presencing of those marked as abject reinscribes the Hegelian dialectic of life and death that makes the social death possible in the first place.
Peterson 6 (Christopher, Lecturer at UCLA, “The Return of the Body: Judith Butler's Dialectical Corporealism,” Discourse 28.2and3, Spring and Fall 2006, MUSE, JS)

In contemporary cultural studies, the body is
AND
that very tradition that deconstruction has made it its mission to displace.11

Disawoval of finitude is the foundational condition for all American violence—the impact is ever-escalating cycles of destruction.
Peterson 7 (Christopher, Lecturer at UCLA, "Kindred Specters: Death, Mourning, and American Affinity," Google Books, JS)

The popularity of Six Feet Under notwithstanding,
AND
the racist and heterosexist disavowal of finitude.

The alternative is to vote negative to endorse the politics of spectrality. This shatters the Hegelian dialectic of presence that sustains all violence against the abject.
Peterson 6 (Christopher, Lecturer at UCLA, “The Return of the Body: Judith Butler's Dialectical Corporealism,” Discourse 28.2and3, Spring and Fall 2006, MUSE, JS)

A return to ontology in Precarious Life is
AND
which the abjection of queers both emerges and is sustained.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 7 | Opponent: Indiana Hoffman-Ferguson | Judge: Brass
A. Interpretation and violation: CIA action is distinct from war powers authority
Damrosch 89 –
(Lori, Professor of Law at Columbia University, “SPECIAL ISSUE: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION IN ITS THIRD CENTURY: FOREIGN AFFAIRS: DISTRIBUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY: COVERT OPERATIONS,” 83 A.J.I.L. 795)
Much recent writing focuses on ways
AND
political funding is consistent with U.S. domestic law.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia Caplan-Shanker | Judge: Weiner
Interpretation and violation—restrictions are prohibitions on action—the aff is not
Schiedler-Brown ‘12
Jean, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf

3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions
AND
conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.