Tournament: Browning | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan State Butler-Strong | Judge: Casey
1AC
Contention 1 Accuracy
Obama has ramped up drone attack missions in Pakistan—civilian casualties are mounting with no end in sight
Shaukat 13 (Sajjad, master degrees in English and Journalism from the University of Punjab, “Why Drone Attacks Still Continue?” July 31, 2013, http://readersupportednews.org/pm-section/86-86/18690-why-drone-attacks-still-continue, JS)

American such a duplicity contans
AND
not only inside America, but all over the world.

And, Congressional oversight of drone policy is plagued by elite decision-making and governmental bureaucracy—change can’t happen in the status quo
Ross 13 (Alice, Salon Bureau of Investigative Journalism, “Is congressional drone oversight working?” August 1, 2013, http://www.salon.com/2013/08/01/is_congressional_drone_oversight_working_partne/, JS)

The challenges of oversight The
AND with wasn’t enough,’ said the source.

This elite decision-making is rooted in a technological fetishization of the drone as an objective mapping of the world. The drone is the apex of United States military strategy—obsession with the drone’s precision justifies imperialist oppression and ontological violence
Shaw 11 (Ian, Ph.D candidate at the University of Arizona, “The Spatial Politics of Drone Warfare,”2011, http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/145131/1/azu_etd_11524_sip1_m.pdf, JS)

The drone dominates strategic U.S.
AND
 within the cool certainty of a crosshair. 

Pakistan is the testing ground for the global mechanized empire of the United States—Lack of transparency allows drone technology to seep into society—the aff’s refusal of drones is a key site of contestation and engaging with institutions is necessary
Shaw 11 (Ian, Ph.D candidate at the University of Arizona, “The Spatial Politics of Drone Warfare,”2011, http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/145131/1/azu_etd_11524_sip1_m.pdf, JS)

The legal space that drones
AND
science is timing’ (Colonel Christopher B. Carlisle, quoted in U.S. Army 2010:4). 

Rupturing the logic of accuracy is key—our discourse can’t be separated from our plan text
Shaw 11 (Ian, Ph.D candidate at the University of Arizona, “The Spatial Politics of Drone Warfare,”2011, http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/145131/1/azu_etd_11524_sip1_m.pdf, JS)

The drone thus embodies
AND
– and becomes the dangerous metaphysical force it augurs.

And that violence perpetrated by drone warfare and the strategies it employs is willed upon the people of Pakistan—causes unending structural violence
Delmont 13 (Matt, assistant professor of American studies at Scripps College, “Drone Encounters:
Noor Behram, Omer Fast, and Visual Critiques of Drone Warfare,” American Quarterly Volume 65, Number 1, March 2013, MUSE, JS)

On January 23, 2009, three days after taking office,
AND
the visual superiority drones claim.

Our impact comes first—Structural violence is the proximate cause of all war- creates priming that psychologically structures escalation
Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois 4(Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)

This large and at first sight “messy”
AND
of heightened personal security, including the house gun and gated communities; and reversed feelings of victimization).
Contention 2

Continued drone usage is done by exploiting loopholes in the War Powers resolution—the aff is the only way to curb the violence and citizen involvement is key
Shaw 13 (Ian, Ph.D candidate at the University of Arizona, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare,” 2013, Geopolitics, JS)

By introducing the term Predator Empire
AND
Preurity away from this entrenched logic of “death-as-success".

Thus, the plan: The Congress of the United States should amend the War Powers Resolution to omit the phrase “armed forces” and include “any combat operation by the United States.” 

That solves Obama’s exception clause—forces drone warfare into the public light
Chen 12(Julia, Senior Editor of the Boston College Law Review, Boston College Law Review, November, "Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of War", No. 53, B.C. L. Rev 1767, JS)

The use of technology, such as
AND
that act on behalf of the nation.

Understanding and limiting the organizations that utilize drone warfare has to come first
Saas 12 (William, doctoral candidate in the Department of Communication Arts and Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, “Critique of Charismatic Violence,” symploke, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, 2012, MUSE, JS)

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in
AND
actually existing bureaucratic forms. Such is the task of the following section.

The new war lexicon is sustained through charismatic discourse by the President—response to the events which threaten the state justify endless executive powers—critique is key
Saas 12 (William, doctoral candidate in the Department of Communication Arts and Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, “Critique of Charismatic Violence,” symploke, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, 2012, MUSE, JS)

Certainty, containment, sedimentation, efficiency,
AND
Who will save us from our charismatic leaders? End Page 80

Specific policy demands are key—the alternative to upholding the law is fascist takeover
Saito 6 (Natsu Taylor, Georgia State University College of Law, “Reflections on Homeland and Security,” CR: The New Centennial Review 6.1 (2006) 239-267, MUSE, JS)

In its current terror wars,
AND
assumptions honestly and confront their implications.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Weber State Olsen-Veeder | Judge: Schultz
Advantage 1: Terrorism
Overuse of drones causes blowback—groups are gaining strength and current strategy is insufficient to prevent attacks

Cronin 2013 (Audrey, Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, July/August, "Why Drones Fail", http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139454/audrey-kurth-cronin/why-drones-fail)

Like any other weapon, armed drones can be tactically useful. But are they helping advance the strategic goals of U.S.
AND
In this endless contest, the United States risks multiplying its enemies and heightening their incentives to attack the country.
Setting a clear precedent is key to alleviate allies—that prevents collapse of intel sharing

Human Rights First 2013 (April 13, “How to Ensure that the U.S. Drone Program does not Undermine Human Rights BLUEPRINT FOR THE NEXT ADMINISTRATION”, http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/blueprints2012/HRF_Targeted_Killing_blueprint.pdf)

The Obama Administration has dramatically escalated targeted killing by drones as a central feature of its counterterrorism
AND
relations with its allies and thereby impeded the flow of critical intelligence about terrorist operations.
Intel sharing is key to effective counterterror efforts

McGill and Gray 2012 (Anna-Katherine and David, Summer, “Challenges to International Counterterrorism Intelligence Sharing,” Global Security Studies, Volume 3, Issue 3, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/McGill20Intel20Share.pdf)

In his article “Old Allies and New Friends: Intelligence-Sharing in the War on Terror”, Derek Reveron states “the war on terror
AND
order to sustain current operations.

Intel sharing is key to spec ops—outweighs their flex internals
Ara 2011 (Martin, Lieutenant, United States Navy M.S., London School of Economics, Thomas Brand Lieutenant, Colonel, German Army B.S., University of the German Federal Armed Forces Munich, December, “HELP A BROTHER OUT: A CASE STUDY IN MULTINATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SHARING, NATO SOF,” http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556078.pdf)

NATO’s essential purpose is
And
and optimize the intelligence available to NATO SOF units.
Irregular warfare sparks wars across the globe
Bennett 2008 (John, Army Times, December 4, “JFCOM Releases Study on Future Threats”, http://www.armytimes.com/article/20081204/NEWS/812040324/JFCOM-releases-study-on-future-threats)

The study predicts future U.S. forces'
AND
the serious implications for homeland security alone," said the report.

Scenario 1 is Pakistan:
Drone-based resentment collapses relations—causes Pakistan collapse, increases terrorism, undercuts indo-pak dialogue, and prevents cooperation over Pakistan arsenal security

Cavallaro et al 2012 (James, Stanford Law School, and the International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford, and the Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law, September, "Living Under Drones", http://www.livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Stanford-NYU-LIVING-UNDER-DRONES.pdf)

Despite the vast foreign aid the US has invested in Pakistan, a 2012 poll by the Pew Research Center’s Global
AND
consideration of a broader strategy against radicalization.”
Indo-pak war causes nuclear escalation

Hundley 2012 (Tom, senior editor at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, September 5, "Race to the End", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end?page=0,3)

The arms race could make a loose nuke more likely. After all, Pakistan's assurances that its nuclear arsenal is
AND
United States, not just India and Pakistan. Both sides acknowledge it, but neither seems able to slow their dangerous race to annihilation.
Pakistan instability causes loose nukes and multiple scenarios for nuclear escalation

Pitt 2009 (William, Author of "War on Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know", May 8, "Unstable Pakistan Threatens the World", http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/?mod=articleandcat=commentaryandarticle=2183)

The United States, already embroiled in a war against Taliban forces in Afghanistan, must now face the possibility
AND
world on a collision course with unimaginable disaster.
Scenario 2 is Yemen:
Drone backlash creates an AQAP safe haven in Yemen

Boyle 2013 (Michael, Ph.D, the Royal Institute, January, "The costs and consequences of drone warfare", International Affairs 89 : 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf)

Just as in Pakistan, the result of a drone-first policy in Yemen has been to increase the ranks of the
AND
safe haven’ in Yemen.
AQAP is looking to acquire and use CBWs

Baldor 2011 (Lolita C. Baldor, Associated Press, “U.S. Plans to Train Yemeni Counter-Terrorism Unit” Monday, February 14, 2011, http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/us-plans-train-yemeni-counter-terrorism)

Senior U.S. intelligence officials told Congress Thursday that AQAP is committed to obtaining weapons of mass
AND
of the insurgent group post persistent threats online saying they intend to continue to plot and execute attacks, and urge others to do the same.
CBW attacks cause multiple scenarios for extinction

Kellman 2008 (Barry, director of the International Weapons Control Center, “Bioviolence: A Growing Threat”, The Futurist, May-June 2008, http://www.wfs.org/March-April09/MJ2008_Kellman.pdf)

A looming danger confronts the world—the threat of bioviolence. It is a danger that will only grow in the future, yet
AND
these challenges could have dire consequences for all humanity.
And AQAP will attack Saudi oil fields

Ulrichsen 2011 (Kristian, Kuwait Research Fellow in the Kuwait Programme for Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the London SChool of Economics and Political Science, "The Geopolitics of Insecurity in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula," Middle East Policy Council, http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/geopolitics-insecurity-horn-africa-and-arabian-peninsula?print)

The reconstitution of AQAP in January 2009, following the merger of al-Qaeda's Yemeni and Saudi wings, confirmed suspicions held
AND
stability in the Arabian Peninsula.
Attacks would be successful and collapse the market – centralized production and global swing reserves

Gartenstein-Ross 2011 (Daveed, Directs the Center for the Study of Terrorist Radicalization at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, "Osama's Oil Obsession," Foreign Policy, May 23, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/05/23/osamas_oil_obsession)

Bin Laden long believed that undermining the U.S. economy was central to his war against the United States -- an outlook that has
AND
that they could reach that they didn't think about."
Oil shocks cause extinction – oil wars, economic decline, climate change, us-china war and arctic conflict

King 2008 (Neil, Researcher at the Center for New American Security and Columnist at the Wall Street Journal"Peak Oil: A Survey of Security Concerns," Center for a New American Secuirty, Energy Security Visionaries Series, July, www.aspousa.org/aspousa4/proceedings/_CNAS_King_Peak_Oil_WorkingPaper.pdf)

Many commentators in the United States and abroad have begun to wrestle with the question of whether soaring oil prices
AND
both the public and their elected officials seek out those who are to blame for the country’s travails.
Advantage 2: Norms
United States drone use is setting a destabilizing precedent—the plan is key to setting a stable international precedent

Zenko 2013(Micah, Council on Foreign Relations, January, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies", Council Special Report No. 65)

Over the past decade, the use of
AND
If we want other nations to use these technologies responsibly, we must use them responsibly.
U.S. precedent from drone use causes multiple scenarios for miscalculation—risks escalation in every global hotspot

Dowd 2013 (Alan, Writes on National Defense and Foreign Policy for Parameters, Spring, "Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings," http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf)

Second, power-projecting nations are following America’s lead and developing their own drones
AND
It would be ironic if the promise of risk-free war presented by drones spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.
Chinese modeling causes conflict over the Senkakus and South China Sea

AP 2013 (May 3, "China emerges as new force in drone warfare," http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/)

China's move into large-scale drone deployment displays its military's growing sophistication and could challenge
AND
guiding home an anti-ship ballistic missile known in military circles as a "carrier killer," the Pentagon said in its 2012 report on China's military.
That causes nuclear escalation and U.S. draw in

Blaxland and Kersten 2013(Dr. John, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Center at the Australian National University, and Rikki, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific at the Australian National University, February 6, "History Repeating", http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/news-events/all-stories/history-repeating#.UgS921OoWzc)

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around
AND
the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.
Unrestricted drone use causes nuclear war in the Caucasus

Clayton 2012 (Nick, senior editor of Kanal PIK TV's English Service, October 23, "Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war," www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war)

Armenia and Azerbaijan could soon be at war if drone proliferation on both sides of the border
AND
war will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of.”
Codified restrictions are key to effective modeling

Daskal 2013(Jennifer, Fellow and Adjunct Professor at the Georgetown Center on National Security and Law, April, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for the Detention and Targeting Outside the "Hot" Conflict Zone", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161, No. 5, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2049532) 

Fifth, and critically, while the United States might be confident that it will exercise its authorities
AND
international consensus as to the rules that apply to detention and targeted¶ killings outside the conflict zone.
Independently causes self defense justifications—causes modeling for preemptive attacks

ACLU et al 2013 (American Civil Liberties Union, Amnesty International; Center for Human Rights and Global Justice, NYU School of Law; Center for Civilians in Conflict; Center for Constitutional Rights; Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law; Human Rights First; Human Rights Institute; Columbia Law School Human Rights Watch; Open Society Foundations, Aprill 11, " Joint Letter to President Obama on US Drone Strikes and Targeted Killings", http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/11/joint-letter-president-obama-us-drone-strikes-and-targeted-killings)

Senior officials have claimed that the administration applies international humanitarian law to its targeted killing program.
AND
targeting operations of other states.
Those justifications spill over

Barnes 2012 (Beau, J.D. from Boston University School of Law, "Reauthorizing the 'War on Terror': The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF'S Coming Obsolescence", Military Law Review, 211:57)

This approach also would inevitably lead to dangerous “slippery slopes.” Once the President authorizes AND
based authority that the United States does, to¶ kill people anywhere, anytime, the result would be chaos."
Causes escalation of multiple hotspots

Obayemi 2006 (Olumide, Taxation Law Professor at East Bay Law School, Lawyer, "Legal Standards Governing Pre-Emptive Strikes and Forcible Measures of Anticipatory Self-Defense under the U.N. Charter and General International Law", Annual Survey of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 12, Iss. 1, 3, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100andcontext=annlsurvey)

The United States must abide by the rigorous standards set out above that are meant to govern the
AND
within all legal boundaries. This is the essence of the preamble to the United Nations Charter.
Plan: The United States Federal Government should restrict the President’s war powers authority for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities.
Contention 3: Solvency
Distinguishing zones of active hostilities are key—sets an international norm and solves U.S. legitimacy

Daskal 2013 (Jennifer, Fellow and Adjunct Professor at the Georgetown Center on National Security and Law, April, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for the Detention and Targeting Outside the "Hot" Conflict Zone", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161, No. 5, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2049532) 

Legal scholars, policymakers, and state actors are embroiled in a heated debate about whether the
AND
conflict, but to future conflicts. The likely reputational, security, and foreign policy gains make acceptance of this framework a worthy endeavor.
Congressional restriction key to credibility and signal

Anderson 2009(Kenneth, Professor of Law at Washington College of Law at American university, and Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution, May 11, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law”, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf)

What Should Congress Do? Does this analysis offer any practical policy prescriptions for Congress and the administration?
AND
hostilities and armed conflict.
Congressional review is key—unilateral action creates mistrust preventing cooperation and won’t set a precedent for modeling—only review solves skepticism

Goldsmith 2013 (Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, “Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School”, Lawfare Blog, March 7, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/)

I disagree with Steve’s claim that we don’t know how the government conceives of its authority or the limits on it. The
AND
the pain of engaging Congress, and at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Tournament: Ndtd2qualifier | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitman College Mulloy-Durand | Judge: Stevenson
Contention One is Flexibility
The world is peaceful now
Josh Busby 12, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs and a fellow in the RGK Center for Philanthropy and Community Service as well as a Crook Distinguished Scholar at the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, http://duckofminerva.blogspot.com/2012/01/get-real-chicago-ir-guys-out-in-force.html
Is Unipolarity Peaceful? As evidence, Monteiro provides metrics of the number of years
AND
that makes other states insecure, even though they can't balance against it.
Plan: The United States Federal Government should restrict the President’s war powers authority for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities
The AUMF provides broad targeted killing authority now---new restrictions cause the Executive to shift justifications and accelerate strikes based on self-defense---that triggers global instability
Beau D. Barnes 12, J.D., Boston University School of Law, M.A. in Law and Diplomacy, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, 2012, “Reauthorizing the 'War on Terror': The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF's Coming Obsolescence,” Military Law Review, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874anddownload=yes
In a world without a valid AUMF, the United States could base its continued
AND
problems.”141 Only then can the President’s efforts be sustained and legitimate.
2. Effect on the International Law of Self-Defense
A failure to reauthorize military force would lead to significant negative consequences on the international
AND
international law of self defense would likely lead to precisely such a result.
The slippery slope problem, however, is not just limited to the United States’s
AND
to kill people anywhere, anytime, the result would be chaos.”148
Encouraging the proliferation of an expansive law of international self-defense would not only
AND
and rooting counterterrorism efforts within a more durable, legal foundation.”152

Legally codifying the plan loses the war on terrorism---sends a signal that terrorists can have safe havens outside conflict zones and grants immunity to terror groups that hop borders---it’s unique because the rules’ current status as non-binding policy doesn’t link
Corn 13 (Geoffrey, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 5/16/13, Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, lexis)

3. What is the geographic scope of the AUMF and under what circumstances may the United States attack belligerent targets in the territory of another country?
In my opinion, there is no need to amend the AUMF to define the
AND
with the strategic objective of preventing future terrorist attacks against the United States.
I believe much of the momentum for asserting some arbitrary geographic limitation on the scope
AND
military objectives pursuant to the law of armed conflict are subjected to attack.
I do not, however, intend to suggest that it is proper to view
AND
him to dictate when and where he will be subject to lawful attack.

And, that’s freaking awesome—pacifist imaginings are attempts to repress our inherent desire for conflict—attempting to stop conflict culminates in the worst forms of violence
Hillman 4 (James, Psychologist, scholar, international lecturer, originator of post-Jungian archetypal psychology, professor at Yale and the University of Chicago, "The Terrible Love of War", Penguin Press, pg. 201-205, JS)

There remains the wish at the end of every war that this not happen again
AND
by feelings of urgency and cover ourselves with the hypocrisy of noble proclamations . 

The affirmative is key—psychological suppression destroys the spirit—this legitimizes atomic genocide
Davis ‘1(Walter A, Professor of English at Ohio State University, Deracination: Historicity, Hiroshima, and the Tragic Imperative. State Univesrity of New York Press, p. 95-96 JS)

It is never enough however. Inner discord remains. A final transference is necessary
AND
that motive finds its first ghostly articulation in Kant’s struggle with the sublime.

Contention Two is the Psyche
Voting aff embraces conflict as a natural part of the human condition—The psyche should precede all other considerations
Hillman 4 (James, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “A Terrible Love of War”, The Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-011-4, pgs 1-5, JS)

One sentence in one scene from one film, Patton, sums up what this
AND
problems cannot be solved at the same level of thinking that created them.

The role of the ballot is to determine the most beneficial psychological framing for policy—this is critical to effective forms of politics  
Jung 06 (Carl G., renowned scholar of psychoanalysis and founder of the Jung Institute, The Undiscovered Self, New American Library, New York, 81-85, JS) 

Separation from his instinctual nature inevitably plunges civilized man into the confict between conscious and
AND
irrationalities of this sort are observed every day and can happen to everyone.

And, we don’t link to your disads—we drastically limit the deadliness of conflict—the plan creates a new, virtuous war—instead of destroying an enemy, we understand that they are integral to the human experience—this solves the worst excesses of violence
Hillman ‘4 (James, Ph.D in Psychology from University of Zurich (James “A terrible love of war” 2004, p. 26-27, JS)

Tracking down the body of a young Vietcong freshly killed in a firefight, Philip
AND
some- times called "hope") has been abandoned by these expectations.

The executive becomes a god to us. This gives them the power to invoke annihilating war and takes away our anxiety over the war on terror—that destroys the psyche. Only the affirmative’s embracing of insecurity can solve
Saas 12 (William, doctoral candidate in the Department of Communication Arts and Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University, “Critique of Charismatic Violence,” symploke, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, 2012, MUSE, JS)

Positive force, non-reason, presence, and recognition: these are the
AND
display of power, and always more or less hospitable to rhetorical critique.

Only embracing war as an inevitable part of the human condition can stop the worst excesses of violence—restricting the imagination of the executive is key
Slattery 4 (Dennis Patrick, Ph.D., Mythological Studies at Pacifica Graduate Institute, “Review: A Terrible Love of War,” 2004, http://pacifica.edu/gems/slattery/HillmanTerribleLoveWar.pdf, JS)

He begins by quoting Exodus in the book’s epigram: “The Lord is a
AND
the same ferocity in which we foist this terrible destructive impulse on others.

Modern warfare exchanges the battlefield for distant command centers where the enemy can be eliminated with the push of a button – this doesn’t engage our desire to fight
Hillman 4 (James, retired Director of the Jung Institute, “A Terrible Love of War”, The Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-011-4, pgs 90-92, JS)

Why dwell on this archaic god of war when war has moved on, when
AND
games, war plans, and maneuvers of the mind would be enough.

Tournament: Ndtd2qualifier | Round: 2 | Opponent: Whitman College Barsky-Menzies | Judge: Haynal
China
China is modernizing it’s nuclear forces to create a survivable second strike in response to risk of U.S. first use—causes miscalc, risk taking and collapses nuclear dialogue and guarantees escalation
Weitz 2013(Richard, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for Political-Military Analysis at Hudson Institute, November 21, "Chinese Nuclear Force Modernization and Its Arms Control Implications", http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=171723)

Of the five states that the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty permits to possess nuclear
AND
S. extended deterrence guarantees in Asia and thereby encourage nuclear weapons proliferation.
Even if modernization is inevitable current posture makes it unstable—forces hair trigger alert
Perkovich and Lefever 2000 (George and Ernest W., “Loose Nukes: Arms Control Is No Place for Folly,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 2000), pp. 162-167)

The thousands of American nuclear weapons under a first-use doctrine will also eventually
AND
a "private" visit to his American alma mater, Cornell University.
That causes accidental nuclear war
Cimbala 2008 (Stephen, Professor of Political Science at Penn State University, “Nuclear First Use: Prudence or Peril,” Joint Force Quarterly, Issue 51, 4th Quarter, p27-36, www.ndu.edu/inss/Press/jfq_pages/editions/i51/11.pdf)

American, NATO, and Russian declara-  tory and operational policies with respect to  
AND
.S. systems supporting warning, command, control, and defense.
Nuclear war with China causes extinction
Straits Times 2000Jun 25, LEXIS

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.
Causes miscalc and accidents—provides an incentive to launch during crisis—plan is key to solve
Gerson 2010 (Michael, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), in Alexandria, Virginia, “The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2, Fall, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00018)

On the other hand, if states do believe that the United States might use
AND
use nuclear weapons at an early point in the conºict.104
The plan is key—it generates mutual trust and lowers the risk of misunderstandings
Lewis 2009 (Jeffrey, Director of the Nuclear Strategy and Nonproliferation Initiative at the New America Foundation, “Chinese Nuclear Force Posture and Force Modernization,” Engaging China and Russia on Nuclear Disarmament, p44-46, http://cns.miis.edu/opapers/op15/op15.pdf)

The United States and China have begun a formal dialogue on strategic issues in recent
AND
a dialogue can reduce the possibility of accidents, miscalculations, or misunderstandings.  
Miscalculation is the most probable scenario for nuclear use
Goldstein 2013 (Avery, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations, Director of the Center for the Study of Contemporary China, and Associate Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for International Politics at the University of Pennsylvania, “First Things First: The Pressing Danger of Crisis Instability in U.S.-China Relations” International Security Spring 2013, Vol. 37, No. 4, Pages 49-89)

Two concerns have driven much of the debate about international security in the post–
AND
nuclear forces indicates why escalation resulting from crisis instability remains a devastating possibility.
Independently modernization causes CCP collapse
Krawitz 2003 (Howard, research fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies, Dec, “Modernizing China’s Military: A High-Stakes Gamble?”, Strategic Forum, No. 204, Acc. Jul 29, 2009)
To understand the dilemma faced by the CCP and PLA, it is necessary to
AND
constant reminder of the possibilities for this sort of worst-case scenario.
That causes nuclear war
Yee and Storey 2 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5) 

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
AND
disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Proliferation
Plan is key to send an international signal of credibility for the NPT—key to non-prolif
Gerson 2010 (Michael, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, “The Next Step for U.S. Nuclear Policy,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Fall 2010), pp. 7–47) 

Finally, because NFU would be an important departure from the past six decades of
AND
. commitment to Article 6 as an excuse not to vigorously support nonproliferation.
The plan is key to reviving US non-proliferation leadership—specifically solves tech diffusion
Korb and Rothman 2012 (Lawrence, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, and served as assistant secretary of defense during the Reagan administration, and Alexander, special assistant with the national security and international policy team at the Center for American Progress, “No first use: The way to contain nuclear war in South Asia” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists March/April 2012 vol. 68 no. 2 34-42)

A US decision to declare a no-first-use policy would have benefits
AND
US nuclear attack would reduce pressure for them to acquire a nuclear deterrent.
Prolif causes nuclear war—new arsenals are unstable and deterrence fails
Kroenig 2012 (Matthew, Assistant Professor of Government, Georgetown University and Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, June 4, “The history of proliferation optimism: does it have a future?” http://npolicy.org/article_file/The_History_of_Proliferation_Optimism.pdf)

Nuclear War. The greatest threat posed by the spread of nuclear weapons is nuclear
AND
that a future Middle East crisis could result in a devastating nuclear exchange.
U.S. nuclear posture causes Iran prolif
Daly 2007 (Ted, Peace and Disarmament Fellow in the Los Angeles office of Physicians for Social Responsibility, March 5, “What Would You Do if You Were Iran?” http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20070305_what_would_you_do_if_you_were_iran/)

During the Cold War’s long atomic arms race, it became clear that nuclear weapons
AND
were prepared to do at even a hint of an American first strike.
Iranian proliferation would lead to proliferation throughout the middle east – makes extinction inevitable
Inbar 2006 (Efraim, Professor of Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University and Director of its Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies “The Need to Block a Nuclear Iran” Article was Peer Reviewed by David Leitner and Tamara Sternlieb, The Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol 10 No 1 Article 7 March 2006) 

Indeed, the emergence of a nuclear-armed Iran would have a chain-
AND
of haste and the need to respond quickly can have extremely dangerous consequences.
North Korea proliferates as a deterrent against American first strike
Chanlett-Avery and Squassoni 2006 (Emma and Sharon, Analyst in Asian Affairs and Specialist in National Defense, “CRS Report for Congress”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL33709.pdf)

The nuclear test could have been motivated by the regime’s deep insecurity and fear of
AND
building a nuclear stockpile will strengthen his regime’s international standing and security posture.
North Korean proliferation causes extinction
Jackson 2009 (Van, Examiner, July 6, “Obama’s Nuclear Plan Could Prevent Asian Arms Race” The Examiner Online, http://www.examiner.com/x-16317-DC-Asia-Policy-Examiner~y2009m7d6-Obamas-nuclear-plan-could-prevent-Asian-arms-race)

One of the myriad fears associated with North Korea’s possession of nuclear weapons is the
AND
conflict.  The region, in sum, would become a powder keg.
Plan
The United States Congress should statutorily restrict the President’s authority to introduce nuclear explosive devices into hostilities by creating a Congressional committee with veto power over the first use of nuclear explosive devices.

Solvency
The plan creates a two-key system with a chain of command that could act swiftly and secretly
Raven-Hansen 87
(Peter, teaches national security law, counterterrorism law, and civil procedure and evidence. He is a co-author of the casebooks, National Security Law, Counterterrorism Law at George Washington University of Law, GW Law, “First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?” http://www.questia.com/library/3029234/first-use-of-nuclear-weapons-under-the-constitution)
But for those who accept the reasoning but dislike consulting Congress as a whole,
AND
possible stage for a peacetime legal test of the constitutionality of the statute.

The plan is the goldilocks approach that solves hair-trigger alerts, circumvention, deterrence and other downsides
Raven-Hansen 87
(Peter, teaches national security law, counterterrorism law, and civil procedure and evidence. He is a co-author of the casebooks, National Security Law, Counterterrorism Law at George Washington University of Law, GW Law, “First Use of Nuclear Weapons: Under the Constitution, Who Decides?” http://www.questia.com/library/3029234/first-use-of-nuclear-weapons-under-the-constitution)
The proposal for a planning committee has a number of practical advantages as well as
AND
a degree that "could be avoided" while congressional authority was awaited.
NATO solves all modern conflicts
Brzezinski 9
(Zbigniew, former U.S. National Security Adviser, Sept/Oct 2009, “An Agenda for NATO,” Foreign Affairs, 88.5, Ebsco)
NATO's potential is not primarily military. Although NATO is a collective-security alliance
AND
focused aroused Muslim resentments on the United States and the West more generally.

Single decision-maker style policies escalate modern conflicts – only congressional policies solve
Stone 2008 (Jeremy J., President of the Federation of American Scientists for 30 years, currently President of Catalytic Diplomacy, “The No-One-Decision-Maker Approach to No First Use of Nuclear Weapons” in Every Man Should Try: Adventures of a Public Interest Activist, http://catalytic-diplomacy.org/everymanPDFs/Ch10.pdf  p. 91-92  GAL)
In late 1971 a bill was being discussed in Congress that sought to limit to
AND

our entire concern was with nuclear responses to foreign conventional hostilities.125

The aff is a meaningful restriction on the war powers authority of the president – even if he tried to circumvent, it would be political suicide
Hirsch 7
(Jorge, 2professor of physics at the University of California San Diego, Antiwar.com, “Congress Can Stop the Iran Attack, or Be Complicit in War Crimes,” http://antiwar.com/hirsch/?articleid=10360)
Congress can pass a law that will have a real, immediate and historic effect
AND
their individual aspirations for 2008. None of it will stop this administration.