Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this AND thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.
2. Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act.
Taylor 96 Attorney at Gambrell and Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)
The term authority is commonly thought of in AND do and what the agent may do.
CP
The United States federal government should statutorily establish a quantum of information framework requiring a clear and convincing standard for targeted killing outside zones of active hostilities and require offering notice to the targeted state and allowance of time for a good-faith effort to neutralize the threat to the United States.
Establishing a clear and convincing requirement for out of combat zone targeting resolves the legal controversy
Geoffrey S. Corn, Associate Professor of Law at South Texas College of Law in Houston, Texas. Previously Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army and Special Assistant to the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General for Law of War Matters, 2012, Targeting, Command Judgment, and a Proposed Quantum of Information Component, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1762894
Many legal experts have criticized the invocation of LOAC AND is able to amass this type of compelling intelligence.
That resolves TK legitimacy and geography drone norms
Geoffrey Corn,South Texas College of Law, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, J.D., 2013, Geography of Armed Conflict: Why it is a Mistake to Fish for the Red Herring http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2179720
This does not mean that the uncertainties created by the intersection AND add a mitigation measure to a single armed conflict operation.
Net-beneficial---restricting targeted killing as a first resort outside active hostilities collapses counter-terrorism by signaling availability of safe havens and immunity from strikes---the “unable-unwilling” framework’s a distinct and better alternative
Geoffrey Corn 13, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, South Texas College of Law, 5/16/13, Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee, CQ Congressional Testimony, lexis 3. What is the geographic scope of the AUMF and under what circumstances may the United States attack belligerent targets in the territory of another country? In my opinion, there isno need to AND focused on the strategic interests of the nation.
Terror causes extinction
Hellman 8 (Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much AND War III is a necessity—not an option.
The plan hinders the development of the Law of Armed Conflict
B. Consequences for the Continued Development of LOAC Uncertainty about the AND option than it appears at first blush.
Turns and solves the case
Corn, ’13 Geoffrey Corn, South Texas College of Law, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, J.D., 2013, Geography of Armed Conflict: Why it is a Mistake to Fish for the Red Herring http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2179720
Seeking to identify some legally mandated geographic AND to confine that action to an arbitrary “hot zone.”
Key to regulate emerging military tech
Stewart, ‘11 Darren M Stewart, Colonel, British Army; Director, Military Department, International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL), “New Technology and the Law of Armed Conflict”, International Law Studies, Volume 87
Over the centuries LOAC, in its various guises AND becomes an important consideration.
Extinction
Masciulli 11—Professor of Political Science @ St Thomas University Joseph Masciulli, “The Governance Challenge for Global Political and Technoscientific Leaders in an Era of Globalization and Globalizing Technologies,” Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society February 2011 vol. 31 no. 1 pg. 3-5
What is most to be feared is enhanced global AND of individuals, corporations, and states.
DA
There’s executive war power authority in the status quo- the plan reverses that trend
Posner 13 (Eric Posner, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will AND he knows that it will stand in his way.
Presidential flexibility is key to responding to terrorism and WMD attacks
Terrorist groups and proliferation requires efficient executive action
Li 9 (Zheyao, George University, Yale Law School, internship in the department of justice, “War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare,” Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, vol. 7, pp. 380-381) DMD
Another shortcoming of Professor Koh's proposal AND before acting to prevent the loss of¶ American lives.
Terrorism causes extinction
Hellman 8(Martin E, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING, THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much AND preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
Overreach
Drone Prolif is inevitable- no one will model US restraint
Other critics contend that by the United AND United States refrains from employing that technology.
Social science proves no modeling- US signals are dismissed
Zenko ‘13 Micah, Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, "The Signal and the Noise," Foreign Policy, 2-2-13, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/20/the_signal_and_the_noise
Later, Gen. Austin observed of cutting AND they are made to appease domestic audiences.
By asserting that “we’re” creating it,this AND up with weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.
No escalation
Maloney, Brookings, 7 Suzanne, Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy, International Herald Tribune Why the Iraq War Won't Engulf the Mideast Iraq, Middle East, Islamic World, Civil War Ray Takeyh, Fellow Steven A. Cook, Fellow June 28, 2007 http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/maloney20070629.htm
Yet, the Saudis, Iranians, Jordanians, Syrians AND from enveloping the entire Middle East.
Indo-Pak war doesn’t escalate
Gwynne Dyer 02, Ph.D. in war studies from the University of London, serves on the Board of Governors of Canada’s Royal Military College, independent journalist, May 24, 2002, Hamilton Spectator, “Nuclear war a possibility over Kashmir,” p. Lexis For those who do not live in the AND grave harm to the wider world from fallout.
Budget will gut Special Ops mission capabilities inevitably
“In sum, the abrupt, deep cuts AND more than half of its active flying units.
SOF operational capabilities already declining – overstretched now and won’t be able to fulfill missions
Jim Thomas 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Chris Dougherty is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013, “BEYOND THE RAMPARTS THE FUTURE OF U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES,”http:www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOF-Report-CSBA-Final.pdf
SOF’s decade of success has not come AND typically prioritizesCT operations, leaving other issues under-resourced.
No internal link – Goldsmith is about CIA suits, SOF is under the DoD, your author
Jim Thomas 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Chris Dougherty is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013, “BEYOND THE RAMPARTS THE FUTURE OF U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES,” http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOF-Report-CSBA-Final.pdf
From the crucible of more than a decade AND competitions, and the resurgence of proxy wars.
Europe Adv
No impact to irregular warfare
Col. Dr. Frans Osinga, 2007; Royal Netherlands Air Force; “On Boyd, Bin Laden, and Fourth Generation Warfare as String Theory”, From John Olson, ed., On New Wars (Oslo, 2007, forthcoming). Reprinted with permission, 26 June 2007
Conceptually flawed Fourth, and related AND the to gangs inColumbia and Nigeria.
Other disputes outweigh—relations are resilient
Hamilton and Burwell 10 (Daniel S, Executive Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations; Executive Director of the American Consortium on EU Studies; Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation Research Professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, and Frances, Vice President, Director of the Program on Transatlantic Relations at the Atlantic Council, former executive director of the Center for International and Security Studies at the University of Maryland, "The Setting: The United States and Europe in a G20 World," Chapter 1, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/bin/k/u/shoulder-to-shoulder-book-finaltext.pdf)
Some argue that with the Cold War over AND unique foundation upon which to build.
Allied backlash empirically denied—their author
Dworkin, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, 13 (Anthony, “Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position,” http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf, accessed 10-23-13, CMM)
The US use of drones for targeted killing away from any AND with the Obama administration on¶drones.
Initial zoonotic mutation will spread slowly giving us opportunity to contain it
Scientific American2005, Volume 292, Issue 5, May, EBSCO
Longini, who expected to have his full results published AND level where it's basically unstoppable.”
Solvency
Their limitation is arbitrary—it’s already considered as current legal standard
We don’t need the memos. We need AND the International Criminal Court will shift into gear.
No enforcement mechanism
Blank 2012 (Laurie, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory Law School, “TARGETED STRIKES: THE CONSEQUENCES OF BLURRING THE ARMED CONFLICT AND SELF-DEFENSE JUSTIFICATIONS,” 1656 WILLIAM MITCHELL LAW REVIEW Vol.38:5, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf)
Finally, effective implementation of AND legality of the state's policies and actions.
1/8/14
1NC V Weber HH
Tournament: Lewis Clark | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber State Hall-Hensley | Judge:
CP
Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly restrict targeting killing by banning strikes through pilotless aerial vehicles.
Uncertainty about what the Constitution requires is thick……ambiguity can create in generating good international outcomes.
Giving Congress the ability to say no will tank negotiations by emboldening hardliners – this triggers Israeli strikes Ross, 9/9/13 - a counselor at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, was a senior Middle East adviser to President Obama from 2009 to 2011, Director of Policy Planning for the State Department under George H.W. Bush, the Special Middle East coordinator under Clinton (Dennis, “Blocking action on Syria makes an attack on Iran more likely” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/blocking-action-on-syria-makes-an-attack-on-iran-more-likely/2013/09/09/dd655466-1963-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html)
Still, for the opponents of authorization, these arguments …..States, but maybe it will — and maybe it should. An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear ……strike could ultimately spark World War III.
Iran prolif causes nuclear war
Edelman, 11 - Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9 (Eric, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, proquest)
The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture …..party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.
China 1NC
Political capital is key to passing economic reforms in China, Xi and Li have it now
Paulson 10/4 (Henry M. Paulson Jr., the secretary of the Treasury from 2006 to 2009 and a former chairman and chief executive of Goldman Sachs, is chairman of the Paulson Institute, “China’s Economy, Back on Track”, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/opinion/chinas-economy-back-on-track.html) In speech after speech, Mr. Xi …….China’s joining the World Trade Organization in 2001.
Plan decreases Chinese flexibility against domestic terrorism
Erickson and Strange 13 (Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and Austin Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute, “China has drones. Now how will it use them?”, The Nation (Thailand), May 29, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html) Yet there is a reason why the United ……United States, as well as in the Indian Ocean.
The failure of “Likonomics” collapses the global economy and causes CCP collapse
Wang 9/4 (Zheng Wang is an Associate Professor in the School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University, “How China’s Economic Rebalancing is like the Movie ‘Speed’”, The Diplomat, September 4, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/how-chinas-economic-rebalancing-is-like-the-movie-speed/) How many remember the Hollywood film, Speed……wish Li good luck with his mission.
CCP collapse causes a nuclear civil war
Yee and Storey 2002 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham)) The fourth factor contributing to the perception ……threat to its neighbours and the world.
Secrecy DA
Congressional reporting requirements provides precedent for the court to change state secrets rules—causes spillover
Windsor 2012 (Lindsay, J.D. candidate and Master of Security Studies candidate at Georgetown University, “IS THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN THE CONSTITUTION? THE BASIS OF THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN INHERENT EXECUTIVE POWERS and WHY COURT-IMPLEMENTED SAFEGUARDS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL AND PRUDENT”, 43 Geo. J. Int'l L. 897, lexis)
In contrast to the acknowledged roles of ……Court that national security matters are at stake. n16
State Secrets Privilege key to military technology and innovation
Donohue 2010 (Laura, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Shadow of State Secrets”, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 77, lexis)
In contrast, docket searches demonstrate that……company from financial penalties associated with bad behavior. n33
Innovation is key to prevent global power wars
Baru 2009(Sanjaya, Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 – 168)
Hence, economic policies and performance do have ……power, the classic 'guns versus butter' dilemma.
African conflict is inevitable—they can’t solve all the root causes
Juma, 2 Monica Juma, former Associate at the Africa Program of the International Peace Academy, September 2002, The Infrastructure of Peace in Africa, accessed via cioanet.org, p. 1. Since the end of the Cold War, Africa ……of features peculiar to each sub-region.
International multilateral action solves the impact to African instability
Neethling, 5 Theo Neethling, Chair of the Subject Group Political Science (Mil) in the School for Security and Africa Studies at the Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University, 2005, No. 1, African Journal of Conflict Resolution, http://www.accord.org.za/ajcr/2005-1/AJCR2005_pgs33-60_neethling.pdf, p. 57-58 Be that as it may, it is evident ……development and long-term security on the continent.
Their nuclear escalation claim is empirically denied by dozens of African conflicts
Docking, 7 Tim Docking, African Affairs Specialist with the United States Institute of Peace, 2007, Taking Sides Clashing Views on African Issues, p. 372 Nowhere was the scope and intensity of violence ……new hardship and bloodshed to the continent.
Economic conditions are the root cause of African conflict—the aff doesn’t solve
Collier, 2 Paul Collier, Professor of Economics and Director, Centre for the Study of African Economies at St Antony’s College and Anke Hoeffler, research officer at the Centre for the Study of African Economies, February 2002, Journal of Conflict Resolution, p. 25. In this study, we have applied an econometric …….contingent effect of economic circumstances.
Weak states make African conflict inevitable
Mutisi, 6 Martha Mutisi, Lecturer and Staff Development Fellow at the Institute of Peace, Leadership and Governance, at Africa University and Peter Tendaiwo Maregere, Programme Officer with the Centre for Peace Initiatives in Africa, 2006, http://www.accord.org.za/ct/2006-4.htm, p. 18 Since the violent conflicts in Africa reflect ……through rebellion, riots, crime and coups.
African conflicts are inevitable and intractable
Vogt, 5 Andreas Vogt, Programme Director for the Training for Peace (TfP) in Africa Programme at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2005, Conflict Trends, p. 24 The media repeatedly makes us keenly aware …….sad, but true, current case in point.
The aff doesn’t address the root causes of African conflict
Chingono, 4 Dr Mark Chingono, Senior Manager for Policy Development and Research at the Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), and Guy Lamb, Senior Researcher at the Centre for Conflict Resolution, October 2004, THE NEW PARTNERSHIP FOR AFRICA’S SECURITY, http://www.ccr.uct.ac.za/fileadmin/template/ccr/pdf/UN_Report-Africa_s_Security.pdf, p. 11 A long–term strategy needs to be developed to address …….regional approach to conflict resolution efforts in Africa.
The affirmative does not solve the root causes of African conflict
Elbadawi and Sambanis, 2k Ibrahim Elbadawi and Nicholas Sambanis, World Bank economists, October 2000, Journal of African Economies, p. 253 Four factors drive Africa’s propensity toward violent conflict…….the results for the P1p variable in the appendix).
Colonialism
Every life is an end in and of itself – All lives are infinitely valuable, the only ethical option is to maximize the number saved
Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, “Kantian Consequentialism”, p. 131) Finally, even if one grants that saving two persons ……persons with dignity who are saved, the better.8
1/8/14
1NC v ASU
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 8 | Opponent: Arizona State Canarie-Chotras | Judge: Allen China 1NC - UMKC Li has momentum and political capital now, but needs it all to push economic reform. Failure collapses the economy and the Party. Chen 9/6 (George Chen, South China Morning Post, “Li Keqiang fought strong opposition for Shanghai free-trade zone plan”, September 6, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1282793/li-fought-strong-opposition-shanghai-free-trade-zone-plan) Premier Li Keqiang fought open opposition from ……the path of efficient global competitors.
The plan drains political capital and erodes legitimacy – it forces controversial debate about China’s Constitutional implementation Backer 13 (Larry Catá Backer is Professor of Law and International Affairs at Penn State University, “Towards a Robust Theory of the Chinese Constitutional State”, Penn State Law Research Paper No. 25-2013, May 8, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262555) In a world in which regime changes …..in the West, mostly in the United States.
The failure of “Likonomics” collapses the global economy and causes CCP collapse Wang 9/4 (Zheng Wang is an Associate Professor in the School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University, “How China’s Economic Rebalancing is like the Movie ‘Speed’”, The Diplomat, September 4, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/how-chinas-economic-rebalancing-is-like-the-movie-speed/) How many remember the Hollywood film, …..wish Li good luck with his mission.
CCP collapse causes a nuclear civil war Yee and Storey 2002 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham)) The fourth factor contributing to the perception …..to its neighbours and the world.
Executive Restraint
Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit indefinite detention The executive can restrain itself Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning …..borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4
The rise of China notwithstanding, the United …..at least, one wishes for a little less agreement.
Executive war powers are necessary to hegemony Yoo 6 (John: law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel at the US Department of Justice “Exercising Wartime Powers”, Harvard International Review pages 22-23 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3andsid=d0adc48d-29b1-4733-8ebb-e58142d7beea40sessionmgr4andhid=12) Critics of these conflicts want to upend long …..is critical to preserving US national security.
Collapse of heg causes widespread nationalism, chaos, and only the US can sustain international order Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor to President Carter, Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, “After America,” Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full KG) For if America falters, the world ….order where there would normally be conflict.
1NC
The United States federal government should ratify and accede to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court And FULLY FUND AND SUPPORT THE GLOBAL THREAT REDUCTION INITIATIVE AND THE MATERIALs PROTECTION CONTROL AND ACCOUNTING
Joining the ICC is a massive credibility boost and saves US softpower Vivancos 10 (August 20th Julia Martinez, “Why the International Crimincal Court is in the United States’ National Interest” The American Non-Govermental Organization Coalition for the International Criminal Court) US power has been unrivaled in many …..the Court which it has begun cautiously.
Fully funding the MPCA and the GTRI prevents unauthorized access to fissile material Newman and Bunn, 9. *Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom. AND Associate Professor of Public Policy, Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom (Andrew and Matthew. June 2009. “Funding for U.S. Efforts to Improve Controls Over Nuclear Weapons, Materials, and Expertise Overseas: A 2009 Update” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/1803/andrew_newman.html?back_url=2Fpublication2F186732Fpreventing_nuclear_terrorism.htmlandback_text=Back20to20publication) SECURING NUCLEAR WARHEADS AND MATERIALS As noted …..such a large single-year increase would pose a challenge.10
CP crushes nuclear terrorism—secures and eliminates materials and stops the spread of weapons Ferguson, 6—fellow for science and technology at the Council on Foreign Relations, professor in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. (Charles D. March 2006. “Preventing Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism” www.fundforpeace.org/web/images/pdf/ferguson.pdf) Although reducing the growth of terrorist groups …..of the Washington Redskins football team.
Leadership
Russia is stable and the impact is empirically denied Zavinovsky 12 (2-7-12- Konstantin Zavinovsky is editor of "Geopolitics" magazine and researcher at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Geopolitics and Auxiliary Sciences (ISAG) "Political And Economic Stability In Russia Will Attract Foreign Investment" Claims Institute; ROME, February 7, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/political-and-economic-stability-in-russia-will-attract-foreign-investment-claims-institute-138864439.html Konstantin Zavinovsky of the Institute of Advanced ….an attractive country for foreign investment."
A host of alt causes means no relations solvency. Cohen 12 (Ariel, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, ‘12 Ph.D., “How the U.S. Should Deal with Putin’s Russia”, 3-7-12 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/how-the-us-should-deal-with-putins-russia) Vladimir Putin’s victory in Russia’s presidential election …..in a self-deluding feel-good policy exercise.
Relations are useless Ostapenko 9 (E. Ostapenko, Trend Daily News, 2009. “Normalization in U.S.-Russian relations not to change political situation in world: analyst at French studies institute,” p. Lexis) Normalization of relations between the United States ……not totally antagonistic one," said Moisi.
Rights credibility fails Donnelly 2002(Jack, Professor of International Studies at the University of Denver, "Globalization and Human Rights", Page 230) Second, the implicit “liberal” justifactory ……in their place, or how to get there.
Human rights promotion tears nations apart, causing conflict Gentry, retired Army officer, researcher and writer on defense and security issues, 4 (John A., Human Rights: Opposing Viewpoints, p. 52) The proliferation of human rights is …..or to curry favor with voters.
No public pressure for retaliation to terrorism – no impact Bremmer, 04 9-13-2004, Ian New Statesman, “Suppose a new 9/11 hit America” What would happen if there were a new terrorist …..public support it enjoyed for the invasion of Afghanistan.
Detention is key—can’t successfully prosecute them Walen 2011(Alec, Professor of Law at Rutgers School of Law, June 22, "A Unified Theory of Detention, With Application to Preventitive Detention for Suspected Terrorists", Maryland Law Review, No. 4, V 70, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3466andcontext=mlr, NOTE: ST=Suspected Terrorist, LTPD=long-term preventive detention) A more legitimate concern is that ……October 2001 and December 2004, respectively.” 77
Indefinite detention is necessary to prevent attacks—multiple scenarios Walen 2011(Alec, Professor of Law at Rutgers School of Law, June 22, "A Unified Theory of Detention, With Application to Preventitive Detention for Suspected Terrorists", Maryland Law Review, No. 4, V 70, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3466andcontext=mlr, Newton: NOTE: ST=Suspected Terrorist, LTPD=long-term preventive detention) Because the jurisdictional limitations would not apply ……to consider using LTPD in those cases.
No risk of terror attack—organizations weak Zenko and Cohen 2013(Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Michael, Fellow at the Century Foundation, March 14, "Clear and Present Safety", Foreign Affairs, Accessed from http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety) None of this is meant to suggest …..of the United States and its allies.
No risk of nuclear terror Mueller and Stewart 2012(John, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University, Senior Fellow at the CATO institute, and Mark, Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, Summer, "The Terrorism Delusion", International Security, Volume 37, Number 1, MUSE) Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary thinking …..virtually every other country in the world.
No risk of a bioterror attack, and there won’t be retaliation - their evidence is hype MATISHAK ‘10 (Martin, Global Security Newswire, “U.S. Unlikely to Respond to Biological Threat With Nuclear Strike, Experts Say,” 4-29, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100429_7133.php) WASHINGTON -- The United States is …..man's atomic bomb,'" he added.
Retaliation is wrong Schmitt and Shanker ’11 ( BY ERIC SCHMITT, THOMAS SHANKER | SEPTEMBER 6, 2011 Eric Schmitt is a terrorism and national security correspondent for the New York Times. Thomas Shanker is a Pentagon and national security correspondent for the Times.
3. The Threat to Bomb Mecca As …..idea was quickly and permanently shelved.
Solvency A National Security Court is net-worse for Human rights and their authors use flawed logic Rittgers 12 (David, an attorney and decorated former Army Special Forces officer who served three tours in Afghanistan and is now a legal policy analyst at the Cato Institute, Cato Institute, “National Security Court: Reinventing the Wheel, Poorly,” http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/national-security-court-reinventing-wheel-poorly) One of the side effects of …..simply too much for downtown Buffalo.
9/22/13
1NC v ASU RV
Tournament: Jeusit | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona State Rajan-Vered | Judge: Allen 1NC- Restriction = Prohibition A. Interpretation- restrictions on the war powers authority of the President must prohibit executive authority to undertake an action.
Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As ……be authorized by any permit or license.
2. Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act. Taylor 96 Attorney at Gambrell and Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)
The term authority is commonly …..what the agent may do.
B. Violation- Plan is not a prohibition on authority to act- at best it imposes a condition or decreases executive likelihood to engage in an action. C. Reasons to prefer-
Limits- there are potentially infinite conditions that Congress can place on executive war powers that make action in the topic areas more difficult or less likely- only explicit prohibitions guarantee a finite predictable case list.
2. Ground- anything short of a prohibition on authority to act allows them to no link the best negative offense like the executive flexibility DA. 3. Effects Topicality is illegitimate- the aff mixes burdens, and forces us to look to solvency to determine the topical effect, which is unlimiting- plan makes certain actions potentially undesirable, but does nothing to restrict the president’s AUTHORITY to undertake those actions. D. Topicality is a procedural voting issue to direct discussion towards the most fair and predictable interpretation of the topic.
1NC Politics DA ( ) Debt ceiling will be raised now – GOP will cave to Obama TPM 9-27-13 (Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?)
House Republicans are taming ….the U.S. can meet its obligations. ( ) The plan weakens the Executive’s power which is critical to maintaining the President’s ability to control Congress Fiscal Times 8-6-13 (The Reason Voters Choose Power-Hungry Presidents, http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/08/06/The-One-Good-Thing-About-Power-Hungry-Presidents.aspx#page1) The presidential preoccupation with power ……his branch of government and the whole institution.”
Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing …… important issue facing us in the 21st century.
Executive Restraint
Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit indefinite detention The executive can restrain itself Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning …..to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4
The rise of China notwithstanding, the ……one wishes for a little less agreement.
Executive war powers are necessary to hegemony Yoo 6 (John: law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel at the US Department of Justice “Exercising Wartime Powers”, Harvard International Review pages 22-23 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3andsid=d0adc48d-29b1-4733-8ebb-e58142d7beea40sessionmgr4andhid=12) Critics of these conflicts want to upend long …..critical to preserving US national security.
Collapse of heg causes widespread nationalism, chaos, and only the US can sustain international order Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor to President Carter, Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, “After America,” Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full KG) For if America falters, the world is unlikely …..order where there would normally be conflict.
1NC
The United States Federal Government should adopt a three-tiered system for sanctioning terrorist fininciers and create a National Security Sanctions Court composed of Article Three Judges And FULLY FUND AND SUPPORT THE GLOBAL THREAT REDUCTION INITIATIVE AND THE MATERIALs PROTECTION CONTROL AND ACCOUNTING.
Fully funding the MPCA and the GTRI prevents unauthorized access to fissile material Newman and Bunn, 9. *Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom. AND Associate Professor of Public Policy, Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom (Andrew and Matthew. June 2009. “Funding for U.S. Efforts to Improve Controls Over Nuclear Weapons, Materials, and Expertise Overseas: A 2009 Update” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/1803/andrew_newman.html?back_url=2Fpublication2F186732Fpreventing_nuclear_terrorism.htmlandback_text=Back20to20publication) SECURING NUCLEAR WARHEADS AND MATERIALS As noted ……large single-year increase would pose a challenge.10
CP crushes nuclear terrorism—secures and eliminates materials and stops the spread of weapons Ferguson, 6—fellow for science and technology at the Council on Foreign Relations, professor in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. (Charles D. March 2006. “Preventing Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism” www.fundforpeace.org/web/images/pdf/ferguson.pdf) Although reducing the growth of terrorist groups is …….to the payroll of the Washington Redskins football team.
K
Their inflated impact claims feed a politics of fear that empowers elites and amplifies the impact of terrorism- endorse the critique to exorcise the power of their terrorist threat narrative. Jackson 8 (Richard, Director at the National Center for Peace and Conflict Studies 2/14/08, “The Study of Terrorism after 11 September 2001: Problems, Challenges and Future Developments,” Political Studies Review, volume: 7, p. 171.184, JS)
In contrast to the dominant approach within terrorism …..the terrorism threat narrative (see Zulaika and Douglass, 1996).
Vote negative to interrogate the underlying assumptions of terrorism policy—Deconstructing terrorism studies is prior question to discussions of counter-terror policy Jackson 11 (Richard, Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, “Culture, identity and hegemony: Continuity and (the lack of) change in US counterterrorism policy from Bush to Obama,” International Politics (2011) 48, 390–411, JS) There is little doubt that the election of Barak Obama to the …..respectable – whereas others are not (Yee, 1996).
Konstantin Zavinovsky of the Institute of Advanced Studies ……an attractive country for foreign investment."
A host of alt causes means no relations solvency. Cohen 12 (Ariel, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation, ‘12 Ph.D., “How the U.S. Should Deal with Putin’s Russia”, 3-7-12 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/how-the-us-should-deal-with-putins-russia)
Vladimir Putin’s victory in Russia’s presidential ……engage in a self-deluding feel-good policy exercise.
Relations are useless Ostapenko 9 (E. Ostapenko, Trend Daily News, 2009. “Normalization in U.S.-Russian relations not to change political situation in world: analyst at French studies institute,” p. Lexis)
Normalization of relations between the United States and …..not totally antagonistic one," said Moisi.
Rights credibility fails Donnelly 2002(Jack, Professor of International Studies at the University of Denver, "Globalization and Human Rights", Page 230)
Second, the implicit “liberal” justifactory theory ……created in their place, or how to get there.
Human rights promotion tears nations apart, causing conflict Gentry, retired Army officer, researcher and writer on defense and security issues, 4 (John A., Human Rights: Opposing Viewpoints, p. 52)
The proliferation of human rights is a …….backers or to curry favor with voters.
Obama isn’t upsetting relations with Russia now but increased human rights pressure would tank relations Shuster, reporter for TIME magazine, 10 atw Simon, He has covered the news out of Russia for Reuters, the Associated Press, The Moscow Times and has contributed stories to Foreign Policy, 6-5, “Russian Human Rights: Is the U.S. Backing Off?” http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1994101,00.html
Since his first meeting with Kremlin leaders in Moscow last July…..Iran), Obama could be tempted to back off.
THE WEEKLY STANDARD has reviewed translations of …….amount of scrutiny is applied.
No public pressure for retaliation to terrorism – no impact Bremmer, 04 9-13-2004, Ian New Statesman, “Suppose a new 9/11 hit America” What would happen if there were a new terrorist ……support it enjoyed for the invasion of Afghanistan.
Detention is key—can’t successfully prosecute them Walen 2011(Alec, Professor of Law at Rutgers School of Law, June 22, "A Unified Theory of Detention, With Application to Preventitive Detention for Suspected Terrorists", Maryland Law Review, No. 4, V 70, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3466andcontext=mlr, NOTE: ST=Suspected Terrorist, LTPD=long-term preventive detention)
A more legitimate concern is that it may be particularly …..October 2001 and December 2004, respectively.” 77
Indefinite detention is necessary to prevent attacks—multiple scenarios Walen 2011(Alec, Professor of Law at Rutgers School of Law, June 22, "A Unified Theory of Detention, With Application to Preventitive Detention for Suspected Terrorists", Maryland Law Review, No. 4, V 70, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3466andcontext=mlr, Newton: NOTE: ST=Suspected Terrorist, LTPD=long-term preventive detention)
Because the jurisdictional limitations would not apply to most ……to consider using LTPD in those cases.
Can’t solve bioweapons – their McCarthy 9 evidence is in the context of countries using bioweapons, their impact evidence is about terrorists building bombs No risk of terror attack—organizations weak Zenko and Cohen 2013(Micah, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and Michael, Fellow at the Century Foundation, March 14, "Clear and Present Safety", Foreign Affairs, Accessed from http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety)
None of this is meant to suggest that the United States ……of the United States and its allies.
No risk of nuclear terror Mueller and Stewart 2012(John, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science at Ohio State University, Senior Fellow at the CATO institute, and Mark, Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, Summer, "The Terrorism Delusion", International Security, Volume 37, Number 1, MUSE)
Over the course of time, such essentially delusionary ……is, just like virtually every other country in the world.
Their last piece of McCarthy evidence makes NO geneva convention claims. This card doesn’t discuss the geneva convetion, it says that the court will try prisoners. No risk of a bioterror attack, and there won’t be retaliation - their evidence is hype MATISHAK ‘10 (Martin, Global Security Newswire, “U.S. Unlikely to Respond to Biological Threat With Nuclear Strike, Experts Say,” 4-29, http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100429_7133.php)
WASHINGTON -- The United States is not likely to use nuclear ……..'the poor man's atomic bomb,'" he added.
Retaliation is wrong Schmitt and Shanker ’11 ( BY ERIC SCHMITT, THOMAS SHANKER | SEPTEMBER 6, 2011 Eric Schmitt is a terrorism and national security correspondent for the New York Times. Thomas Shanker is a Pentagon and national security correspondent for the Times.
3. The Threat to Bomb Mecca As fears of ……idea was quickly and permanently shelved.
Solvency A National Security Court is net-worse for Human rights and their authors use flawed logic Rittgers 12 (David, an attorney and decorated former Army Special Forces officer who served three tours in Afghanistan and is now a legal policy analyst at the Cato Institute, Cato Institute, “National Security Court: Reinventing the Wheel, Poorly,” http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/national-security-court-reinventing-wheel-poorly) One of the side effects of the Guantanamo …….is simply too much for downtown Buffalo.
11/20/13
1NC v Iowa
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 1 | Opponent: Iowa Shearer-Long | Judge: Moore Heg DA US hegemony high now Dortman ’12 (Zach Dorfman, Editor of Ethics and International Affairs, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism,” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 5/18/2012, http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/articles_papers_reports/0127.html KG)
The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains …at least, one wishes for a little less agreement.
Executive war powers are necessary to hegemony Yoo 6 (John: law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel at the US Department of Justice “Exercising Wartime Powers”, Harvard International Review pages 22-23 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3andsid=d0adc48d-29b1-4733-8ebb-e58142d7beea40sessionmgr4andhid=12) Critics of these conflicts want to upend long ….is critical to preserving US national security.
Collapse of heg causes widespread nationalism, chaos, and only the US can sustain international order Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor to President Carter, Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, “After America,” Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full KG) For if America falters, the world ……order where there would normally be conflict.
The Counterplan
TEXT: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD FULLY FUND AND SUPPORT THE GLOBAL THREAT REDUCTION INITIATIVE THE MATERIALs PROTECTION CONTROL AND ACCOUNTING and adopt a three-tiered system for sanctioning terrorist financiers and create a National Security Sanctions Court composed of Article Three Judges.
Fully funding the MPCA and the GTRI prevents unauthorized access to fissile material Newman and Bunn, 9. *Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom. AND Associate Professor of Public Policy, Co-Principal Investigator, Project on Managing the Atom (Andrew and Matthew. June 2009. “Funding for U.S. Efforts to Improve Controls Over Nuclear Weapons, Materials, and Expertise Overseas: A 2009 Update” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/1803/andrew_newman.html?back_url=2Fpublication2F186732Fpreventing_nuclear_terrorism.htmlandback_text=Back20to20publication) SECURING NUCLEAR WARHEADS AND MATERIALS As noted earlier, if President Obama’s ….. such a large single-year increase would pose a challenge.10
CP crushes nuclear terrorism—secures and eliminates materials and stops the spread of weapons Ferguson, 6—fellow for science and technology at the Council on Foreign Relations, professor in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. (Charles D. March 2006. “Preventing Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism” www.fundforpeace.org/web/images/pdf/ferguson.pdf) Although reducing the growth of terrorist groups is vitally important …..payroll of the Washington Redskins football team.
China DA 1NC Xi and Li political capital is key to successful economic reform – strong central authority is key Pesek 8/8 (William Pesek is a Bloomberg View columnist, “China’s Worst Nightmare Is Turning Japanese”, Bloomberg View, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/china-s-worst-nightmare-is-turning-japanese.html) The problem is one of politics over economics…..funk, and it’s unclear if Xi and Li have it.
The plan drains political capital and erodes legitimacy – it forces controversial debate about China’s Constitutional implementation Backer 13 (Larry Catá Backer is Professor of Law and International Affairs at Penn State University, “Towards a Robust Theory of the Chinese Constitutional State”, Penn State Law Research Paper No. 25-2013, May 8, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262555) In a world in which regime changes are predicated ……are educated in the West, mostly in the United States.
Economic reform and party legitimacy key to prevent CCP collapse Herd 12 (Dr Graeme Herd is a Senior Programme Advisor and Senior Fellow, Leadership in Conflict Management Programme and Security Policy at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, “The Red Dynasty’s Game of Thrones: Xi Jinping’s Trilemma?”, November 27, http://www.gcsp.ch/Leadership-in-Conflict-Management/Programme-News/Web-Editorial-The-Red-Dynasty-s-Game-of-Thrones-Xi-Jinping-s-Trilemma) The resolution of Deng Xiaoping central dilemma ….certainty, and its successor a known unknown.
CCP collapse causes a nuclear civil war Yee and Storey 2002 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham)) The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a ….. also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.
1NC Shell (SOP) Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit (PLAN)
The executive can restrain itself Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning ….back,” to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4
The separation of powers in the context of presidential war powers exists in the status quo Brecher 12 Aaron P., May 2013 J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations, Michigan Law Review, Volume 111, Issue 423, pgs. 423-452, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1980976, December 2012, JKE
Applying this general scheme to war powers is especially …..force preclusive of congressional control is mistaken.
War powers are a constitutional right – executive restraint is key to SOP and executive flexibility Yoo 8/30 (John, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. He served as an official in the Bush Justice Department from 2001-03, 2013, Fox News, “Like it or not, Constitution allows Obama to strike Syria without Congressional approval,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/) The White House again has decided it does not need ….repeated this provision and applied it to the executive.¶
Early SOP key to prevent escalation of prez powers and massive inter-branch conflict Taylor-Robinson and Ura 12 Michelle M, Joseph, and#34;Public opinion and conflict in the separation of powers: Understanding the Honduran coup of 2009,and#34; Journal of Theoretical Politics, Oct 9, jtp.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/10/07/0951629812453216.full.pdf
Finally, our model shows that once inter-institutional …..to resolving a con?ict¶ once it has emerged.
Interbranch conflict causes extinction Jamison 93 Linda S. Jamison, Depu ty Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189 Indeed there are very few domestic issues that ……beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).
Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda Edwards and Howell 9 George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency, 2009 Yet, manipulating public opinion and ….for his or her future power prospects.
Partner governments recognize the necessity of strikes—doesn’t drive backlash Byman 2013(Daniel, Research Director for the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, July/August, and#34; Why Drones Work: The Case for Washingtonand#39;s Weapon of Choiceand#34;, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman) It is also telling that drones have earned the …..program in the National Assembly and then ignore it.”
Drones don’t collapse alliances—they’re creating unique alliance building opportunities Axe 2013(Davide, national security editor at Medium.com, April 1, and#34;Drone coalition: Key to U.S. Securityand#34;, http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/04/01/a-spy-plane-alliance/) The Pentagon’s biggest, most high-tech spy drone ….smaller than the unarmed Global Hawks.
Drone strikes targeted at AQAP leaders are critical to solve the terrorism threat Watts and Cillufo 2011(Clinton, Senior Analyst with the Navanti Group and Senior Fellow at the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute, and Frank, Director of the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Insitute, June 24, and#34;Yemen and Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula: Exploiting a Window of Counterterrorism Opportunityand#34;, http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/issuebrief203_yemenAQAP.cfm) AQAP is the only al Qaeda affiliate to attempt ….territories will bring an end to U.S. engagements.
Drones do not lead to recruitment in Yemmen other issues drive blowback Emker 2013(Stacey, Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, January 14, and#34;Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemenand#34;, http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/) The conventional understanding of drones and collateral …..hand with the majority of the Yemeni people.
Al-Qaeda isn’t a threat -- too fractured. Blair 12 – writer for the National Post (David Blair, “’Headless’ Al-Qaeda Weak: Expert”, National Post, April 28, 2012, http://www.nationalpost.com/related/topics/Headless+Qaeda+weak+expert/6535479/story.html)//MG LONDON - Long before U.S. special forces launched the raid that killed Osama ……and control by a hierarchical leadership has become virtually impossible.
Targeted killings comparatively decrease the lethality of insurgency Johnston 2012(Patrick, Associate Political Science at the RAND Corporation, former fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation and the Empirical Studies of Conflict Project at Stanford University and at the International Security Program at Harvard Kennedy Schooland#39;s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Spring, and#34;Does Decapitation Work?and#34;, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Johnston.pdf) Table 4 displays the estimated causal effect of leadership …..negative and significant at the 1 percent level. Backlash is overstated and their surveys are biased Byman 2013(Daniel, Research Director for the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, July/August, and#34; Why Drones Work: The Case for Washingtonand#39;s Weapon of Choiceand#34;, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman) Such concerns are valid, but the level …..strikes, would make the United States more popular.
No public pressure for retaliation to terrorism – no impact Bremmer, 04 9-13-2004, Ian New Statesman, “Suppose a new 9/11 hit America” What would happen if there were a new terrorist attack inside the United States on …..it enjoyed for the invasion of Afghanistan.
South China Sea conflict won’t escalate or draw the US in-~--deterrence checks China Post 11 6/23, “Armed conflict for control of South China Sea unlikely,” http://www.chinapost.com.tw/editorial/world-issues/2011/06/23/307134/Armed-conflict.htm, AJ Itand#39;s true that Vietnam is trying to ….States should invite Taipei to take part in that meeting.
Other countries won’t enforce drone norms Lerner 2013(Ben, Vice President for Government Relations at the Center for Security Policy, March 25, and#34;Judging ‘Drones’ From Afarand#34;, http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar/print) Whatever the potential motivations for trying to codify international ….UAVs responsibly, while empowering those that do not.
The plan can’t solve precedent—we’ve already set it Sharkey 2011(Noel, University of Sheffield, UK, December 1, and#34;The Automation and Proliferation of Military Drones and the Protection of Civiliansand#34;, Journal of Law, Innovation, and Technology, 3(2), EBSCO) US law professor Kenneth Anderson questioned the CIA’s use ….happens when other countries start doing the same.
9/22/13
1NC v Oregon
Tournament: Lewis Clark | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oregon Viales-Geddes | Judge: Guevara 1NC Shell A. Interpretation - The affirmative should be required to read a topical policy proposal and defend its implementation. The affirmative can only weigh advantages that stem from the implementation of the plan. B. Violation – The affirmative didn’t read a topical policy proposal, or doesn’t defend its implementation. They leverage advantages based off of the endorsement of the discourse or theoretical content of the 1AC, not the plan. C. Impact - Framework should be a procedural voting issue for reasons of fairness and topic specific education. Critique must engage the state. Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups. Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them. And the permutation solves all of these problems.
Mouffe 2009 (Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there……………we should conceive the nature of radical politics.
Critical Theory destroys your ability to engage in productive debates and political solutions. It is wishful thinking that produces only “me-search” and not “research”.
Chandler 2009 (David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 81-2)
Today more and more people are ‘doing …….level of political or intellectual debate and organisation.
Policy debate is good for education, the development of empathy, and producing real world engagement from participants. Clear rules, a stable topic, and institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process. The things you criticize about debate make it a unique exercise in active learning.
Simulations, games, and role-play represent a third …….empathy, and acquisition and retention of knowledge. Gender The existentialist belief in the radical and absolute nature of freedom makes an analysis of gender oppression impossible. This belief destroys the value to life for women, reducing them to mere perpetuation of existence. Kruks 1987 (Sonia Kruks is the Robert S. Danforth Professor of Politics at Oberlin, “Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom”, Social Text, No. 17 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 111-122, http://www.jstor.org/stable/466482) In her autobiography, Simone de ……be impossible within the confines of Sartreanism.
The psychology and philosophy of radical freedom is predicated on the idea of woman as a threat to freedom. It is designed to deny consciousness to woman and promote male domination.
Simons 1990 (Margaret A Simons, Professor of Philosophical Studies at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, “Sexism and the Philosophical Canon: On Reading Beauvoir's The Second Sex”, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1990), pp. 487-504, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2709626)
Barrett gives three objections to Sartre's dualistic …….have incorporated The Second Sex into his analysis.
The alt is to vote negative to reject the masculinzied concept of radical freedom - Radical freedom cannot take place without institutional change designed to allow women the equal capacity to assert their freedom. The belief in radical autonomy can only produce gender inequality if not preceded by calls for institutional transformation.
Kruks 1987 (Sonia Kruks is the Robert S. Danforth Professor of Politics at Oberlin, “Simone de Beauvoir and the Limits to Freedom”, Social Text, No. 17 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 111-122, http://www.jstor.org/stable/466482)
If we compare de Beauvoir's account of woman's ……inner metamorphosis" will also take place.28
1NC
RELYING ON KNOWLEDGE DERIVED SOLELY FROM WRITTEN LITERATURE WITHOUT ACTUALLY INVESTIGATING PROBLEMS PREVENTS ANY REAL CHANGE FROM OCCURING
III. OPPOSE BOOK WORSHIP Whatever is written in a book is right …..worship? The only way is to investigate the actual situation.
AND, THEY PROMOTE AN OPPRESSIVE FRAMEWORK BY SPEAKING FOR THE MARGINALIZED FROM A CONFORTABLE PEDESTAL OF ACADEMIA AND LITERATURE WITHOUT BOTHERING TO TRULY INVESTIGATE THE HARMS OF THE 1AC
Lenz 2004(Brooke, Assistant Professor of English at Saint Mary's University of Minnesota “Postcolonial Fiction and the Outsider Within: Toward a Literary Practice of Feminist Standpoint Theory” NWSA Journal, 2004, pp. 98-120)
Feminist projects that seek to explore the ……ourselves whether this is a legitimate authority" (1992, 7).
AND, FAILURE TO PROBE PROBLEMS BEYOND THE REALM OF PAPER AND COMPUTER SCREENS MEANS THE SYLLABLES THAT FLY OUT OF YOUR MOUTH ARE GIBBERISH. AS AN ALTERNATIVE, YOUR RIGHT TO SPEAK SHOULD BE UNCONDITIONALLY AND FUNDAMENTALLY REVOKED. ONLY BY TRULY INVESTIGATING THINGS CAN WE TRULY CHANGE THE OBJECTS OF OUR ATTENTIONS
I. NO INVESTIGATION, NO RIGHT TO SPEAK Unless you have investigated a problem, you …….investigate a problem is, indeed, to solve it.
CP Text: The United States federal government should repeal Quirin and ban indefinite detention
Quirin is the source of executive authority regarding indefinite detention Luebbert 10 Brad, Department of History at the University of Louisville, “The Laws Will Fall Silent: Ex Parte Quirin, a Troubling Precedent for Military Commissions,” The University of Louisville, May 2010, pgs. 101-103, http://digital.library.louisville.edu/utils/getfile/collection/etd/id/1945/filename/4742.pdf PCS
The United States Supreme Court wrote an …..detainment of ¶ prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
11/20/13
1NC v Puget Sound
Tournament: Lewis Clark | Round: 6 | Opponent: Puget Sound Brittenham-Queirolo | Judge: Kuswa A. Interpretation - The affirmative should be required to read a topical policy proposal and defend its implementation. The affirmative can only weigh advantages that stem from the implementation of the plan. B. Violation – The affirmative didn’t read a topical policy proposal, or doesn’t defend its implementation. They leverage advantages based off of the endorsement of the discourse or theoretical content of the 1AC, not the plan. C. Impact - Framework should be a procedural voting issue for reasons of fairness and topic specific education. Critique must engage the state. Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups. Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them. And the permutation solves all of these problems.
Mouffe 2009 (Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there ……..is how we should conceive the nature of radical politics.
Critical Theory destroys your ability to engage in productive debates and political solutions. It is wishful thinking that produces only “me-search” and not “research”.
Chandler 2009 (David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 81-2)
Today more and more people are ‘doing ……. political or intellectual debate and organisation.
Policy debate is good for education, the development of empathy, and producing real world engagement from participants. Clear rules, a stable topic, and institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process. The things you criticize about debate make it a unique exercise in active learning.
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again …….the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. ( ) Impact is nuclear war Broward 9 (Member of Triond. http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you) Now its time to look at the consequences of a ……..is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century.
Executive Restraint Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit Army Regulation 210-35 and restrict war powers of the President The executive can restrain itself Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning ……to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4
The separation of powers in the context of presidential war powers exists in the status quo Brecher 12 Aaron P., May 2013 J.D. Candidate at the University of Michigan Law School, Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations, Michigan Law Review, Volume 111, Issue 423, pgs. 423-452, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1980976, December 2012, JKE
Applying this general scheme to war ……preclusive of congressional control is mistaken.
War powers are a constitutional right – executive restraint is key to SOP and executive flexibility Yoo 8/30 (John, law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. He served as an official in the Bush Justice Department from 2001-03, 2013, Fox News, “Like it or not, Constitution allows Obama to strike Syria without Congressional approval,” http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/) The White House again has decided it …….provision and applied it to the executive.¶
We must reject things that harm Seperation of powers AND all legislative initiatives by the executive branch or face a broken constitution and a tyrannical government Olson, 99 William J. Olson heads a McLean, Virginia, law firm that focuses on constitutional, administrative, and civil litigation. October 27, 1999 “The Impact of Executive Orders on the Legislative Process: Executive Lawmaking?” Testimony to the Committee on Rules, Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process,http://www.cato.org/testimony/ct-wo102799.html M. Symonds Lastly, I would say that concerns about ……you to do just that. Thank you.
Even small violations of separation of powers must be avoided like nuclear war risks Redish and Cisar 91 professor of law at Northwestern and Law Clerk to Chief Judge William Bauer, United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit Martin H. and Elizabeth J., December 1991, IF ANGELS WERE TO GOVERN" *: THE NEED FOR PRAGMATIC FORMALISM IN SEPARATION OF POWERS THEORY, 1992 Duke Law Journal, 41 Duke L.J. 449, p. 474
In summary, no defender of separation of powers ……position of saying, “I told you so.”
Ac/Eu PIC Their reliance on acronyms and euphemisms numbs you to linguistic violence – instead of FEMA and indefinite detention we should refer to the Federal Emergency Management Agency and forced relocation. Voting neg is key to recognizing the linguistic violence of the sovereign.
Gay 99 (William C Gay, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, “The Language of War and Peace,” Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, ed. Lester Kurtz (San Diego: Academic Press, 1999): Volume 2, 303-312, http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/publangwp.htm)
Linguistic manipulation, like physical coercion, does violence…….its high incidence of acronyms and euphemisms.
And, the uncritical acceptance of acronyms is critical to the functioning of their specific camps – the K turns the case
US army document FM 3-39.40 is the …….and whatever you do, don't do these things.
Case Global biopolitcs make the reduction of all of our lives to bare life impossible Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, 27-28 Another important question is whether these bio-political ……to flee, or foreign lands. ? Their argument conflates sovereign power and biopower – biopower isn’t concerned with creating large-scale death, on the contrary biopower improves the quality of life for populations Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 6-7 Foucault points out, however, that …..birth and life of individuals and populations.7
The purpose of biopower is to improve the health, longevity and happiness of everyone Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 18-19 To say that biopower stands outside the law …….shepherd as a political leader of his people.73 ? They’ll win ZERO percent of their impact – the massacres that their over-hyped impact evidence cites are NOT because of biopolitics – biopower prevents those massacres. Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 20-21 According to Foucault, it is that transformation which ……God, Nature, or life.
Biopower actually makes the creation of bare life impossible – bare life is the opposite of the form of life that biopolitics necessitates Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 13-14 Moreover, life as the object and the subject of ……time making them more difficult to govern.” 47
11/20/13
1NC v Texas BJ
Tournament: UNLV | Round: Octas | Opponent: Texas Bhattacharjee-Jones | Judge: Gerber, McBride, Morgan T A. Interpretation- restrictions on the war powers authority of the President must prohibit executive authority to undertake an action.
Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As …..authorized by any permit or license.
2. Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act. Taylor 96 Attorney at Gambrell and Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)
The term authority is commonly thought ……do and what the agent may do.
B. Violation- Plan is not a prohibition on authority to act- at best it imposes a condition or decreases executive likelihood to engage in an action. C. Reasons to prefer-
Limits- there are potentially infinite conditions that Congress can place on executive war powers that make action in the topic areas more difficult or less likely- only explicit prohibitions guarantee a finite predictable case list.
2. Ground- anything short of a prohibition on authority to act allows them to no link the best negative offense like the executive flexibility DA. 3. Effects Topicality is illegitimate- the aff mixes burdens, and forces us to look to solvency to determine the topical effect, which is unlimiting- plan makes certain actions potentially undesirable, but does nothing to restrict the president’s AUTHORITY to undertake those actions. D. Topicality is a procedural voting issue to direct discussion towards the most fair and predictable interpretation of the topic.
Should be evaluated through competing interpretations CP
Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly release all relevant documents outlining the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes and publically prohibit any and all restrictions that the aff fiats. The executive should adhere to these restrictions. The executive can restrain itself Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning ……Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4
DA Iran is looking to compromise on its nuclear program – Obama’s perceived flexibility is key to negotiations Benen, 9/20/13 - producer for "The Rachel Maddow Show," a blogger at Maddow Blog, and an MSNBC political contributor (Steve, “When crises become opportunities,” http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite) When it comes to the Middle East……..demonstrating flexibility and diplomacy toward the Middle East.
Uncertainty about what the Constitution requires is …….in generating good international outcomes. Giving Congress the ability to say no will tank negotiations by emboldening hardliners – this triggers Israeli strikes Ross, 9/9/13 - a counselor at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, was a senior Middle East adviser to President Obama from 2009 to 2011, Director of Policy Planning for the State Department under George H.W. Bush, the Special Middle East coordinator under Clinton (Dennis, “Blocking action on Syria makes an attack on Iran more likely” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/blocking-action-on-syria-makes-an-attack-on-iran-more-likely/2013/09/09/dd655466-1963-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html)
Still, for the opponents of authorization…….it will — and maybe it should. An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra, 8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s …….. could ultimately spark World War III. Iran prolif causes nuclear war Edelman, 11 - Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9 (Eric, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, proquest)
The reports of the Congressional Commission on the ……..potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.
Congressional criticism of international policies saps capital for domestic policies Kriner 10 Douglas, Assistant professor of political science at Boston University, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010
While congressional support leaves the president’s ……behind him in the international arena. CIR key to growth and preventing an economic decline Hinojosa-Ojeda 2012 (Raúl, Founding Director of the North American Integration¶ and Development Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, The Economic Benefits of Comprehensive Immigration Reform, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2012/1/cj32n1-12.pdf) Mass deportation reduces U.S. GDP …….just, and widespread growth.
Economic collapse causes protectionism and war Royal, 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” ,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215, 2010) Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline …….debate and deserves more attention.
Solvency
Be skeptical of their solvency mechanism- none of their internal links to their advantages are predicated off of statutory clarification, they are based on whole-scale restriction of drone usage, the aff doesn't do that 2. Status quo solves the justification for drone strikes- recent leaking of a white paper proves Garrison 13 (Dr. Arthur H. Garrison, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Kutztown University. Dr. Garrison received a B.A. from Kutztown University, M.S. from West Chester University, and a Doctorate of Law and Policy from Northeastern University. “ARTICLE: THE HISTORY OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH LEGAL OPINIONS ON THE POWER OF THE PRESIDENT AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF FROM WASHINGTON TO OBAMA” 2012 - 2013, Cumberland Law Review, 43 Cumb. L. Rev. 375 Lexis)
Admitting that Due Process requires some level …….war prior to congressional approval. 3. Can’t enforce- Obama refuses to release the memo due to classified information even with congressional pressure Hirsh and Roberts 13 (MICHAEL HIRSH, chief correspondent for National Journal, KRISTIN ROBERTS, news editor for National Journal, Why the Drone Memos Are Still Secret, FEB 22 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/02/why-the-drone-memos-are-still-secret/273436/)
Despite President Obama's pledge in ……public if they were shared with Congress.
Targeted killings are strikes carried about against pre-meditated, individually designated targets---signature strikes are distinct Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, “Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and ‘Signature’ Attacks on Taliban Fighters,” August 29 2011, http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/ From the US standpoint, it is partly that …….very much without knowing what mission is at issue.
A trove of leaked classified reports has …….the death dozens of women and children.
Plan is at best necessary but NOT SUFFICIENT to solve
Too many alt causes for the plan to solve Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution 2012 Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Stanford, “Executive Summary and Recommendations” http://www.livingunderdrones.org/ 10/21) In light of these concerns, this report ……past record of false government reports. Drone Proliferation Drone Prolif is inevitable- no one will model US restraint Etzioni ‘13 Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, “The Great Drone Debate,” March-April, http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf
Other critics contend that by the ……refrains from employing that technology. Social science proves no modeling- US signals are dismissed Zenko ‘13 Micah, Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, "The Signal and the Noise," Foreign Policy, 2-2-13, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/20/the_signal_and_the_noise
Later, Gen. Austin observed of cutting forces from …….are made to appease domestic audiences.
Bold predictions of a coming drones arms race are …….. despite their arrival in large numbers.
Drone prolif is slow and the impact is small Zenko ’13 Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council Special Report No. 65, online
By asserting that “we’re” creating it…….weapons technologies that are … more discriminating.
Alt cause for war – Azerbaijan is determined to go to war over land no matter what – changing drone policy can’t solve Tert 13 ("Azerbaijani organization says war over Karabakh inevitable," www.tert.am/en/news/2013/06/03/nk-war/) In Azerbaijan-based NGO interested ……without Karabakh,” he was quoted as saying.
Their Blank 2 evidence is about THE Middle East conflict – a nuclear exchange between Israel and Syria – not about a war between Armenia and Azerbaijan
No Central Asian war – the SCO checks conflict Maksutov in ‘6 (Ruslan, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: A Central Asian Perspective”, August, http://www.sipri.org/contents/worldsec/Ruslan.SCO.pdf/download)
As a starting point, it is fair to say that all Central Asian …….threats that now loom so large by comparison.
Even countries with the most interests in the region don’t get drawn into Central Asian conflict Richard Weitz, senior fellow and associate director of the Center for Future Security Strategies at the Hudson Institute, Summer 2006. The Washington Quarterly, lexis.
Central Asian security affairs have become ……bilateral ties traditionally have predominated.
Russia and other great powers won’t get drawn in – no chance of escalation Kathleen A. Collins and William C. Wohlforth 03-04, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame and Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College,“"Central Asia: Defying 'Great Game' Expectations"” Strategic Asia
The popular great game lens for analyzing …….regional and domestic stability in Central Asia.
Heg Alternatives are worse for credibility and the plan can’t solve Etzioni 2012(Amitai, Professor of International Relations at George Washington University, April 2, “In Defense of Drones”, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715)
U.S. strategists believe that "it ……not to have its hands tied by others.
Soft power doesn’t work—military power is the only influence Fan 2007 (Ying, Senior Lecturer in Marketing at Brunel Business School, Brunel University in London, November 14, “Soft power: Power of attraction or confusion?”)
Despite its popularity, the concept soft …….brands but detest its policies on Taiwan.
Like Francis Fukuyama’s essay “The End ……a means of forging multilateral cooperation.
11/20/13
1NC v Texsas ST
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 3 | Opponent: Texas Stransky-Tuchman | Judge: Odekirk 1NC Shell Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit drones under any and all conditions the affirmative fiats The executive can restrain itself Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning ……borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4
Credibility DA Iran is looking to compromise on its nuclear program – Obama’s perceived flexibility is key to negotiations Benen, 9/20/13 - producer for "The Rachel Maddow Show," a blogger at Maddow Blog, and an MSNBC political contributor (Steve, “When crises become opportunities,” http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite) When it comes to the Middle East, progress ……and diplomacy toward the Middle East.
Uncertainty about what the Constitution requires is ……in generating good international outcomes. Giving Congress the ability to say no will tank negotiations by emboldening hardliners – this triggers Israeli strikes Ross, 9/9/13 - a counselor at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, was a senior Middle East adviser to President Obama from 2009 to 2011, Director of Policy Planning for the State Department under George H.W. Bush, the Special Middle East coordinator under Clinton (Dennis, “Blocking action on Syria makes an attack on Iran more likely” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/blocking-action-on-syria-makes-an-attack-on-iran-more-likely/2013/09/09/dd655466-1963-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html)
Still, for the opponents of authorization, these ……it will — and maybe it should. An Israeli strike fails, but triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy Reuveny, 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra, 8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s …..could ultimately spark World War III. Iran prolif causes nuclear war Edelman, 11 - Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9 (Eric, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, proquest)
The reports of the Congressional Commission on …….potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.
China 1NC
Political capital is key to passing economic reforms in China, Xi and Li have it now Paulson 10/4 (Henry M. Paulson Jr., the secretary of the Treasury from 2006 to 2009 and a former chairman and chief executive of Goldman Sachs, is chairman of the Paulson Institute, “China’s Economy, Back on Track”, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/opinion/chinas-economy-back-on-track.html) In speech after speech, Mr. Xi ……joining the World Trade Organization in 2001.
Plan decreases Chinese flexibility against domestic terrorism Erickson and Strange 13 (Andrew Erickson is an associate professor at the Naval War College and Austin Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute, “China has drones. Now how will it use them?”, The Nation (Thailand), May 29, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html) Yet there is a reason why the ……States, as well as in the Indian Ocean.
The failure of “Likonomics” collapses the global economy and causes CCP collapse Wang 9/4 (Zheng Wang is an Associate Professor in the School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University, “How China’s Economic Rebalancing is like the Movie ‘Speed’”, The Diplomat, September 4, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/how-chinas-economic-rebalancing-is-like-the-movie-speed/) How many remember the Hollywood film……wish Li good luck with his mission.
CCP collapse causes a nuclear civil war Yee and Storey 2002 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham)) The fourth factor contributing to the perception of ……to its neighbours and the world.
President Barack Obama made his plans for his …….work that’s supposed to be done here.”¶
Congressional criticism of international policies saps capital for domestic policies Kriner 10 Douglas, Assistant professor of political science at Boston University, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010
While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve ……..stood behind him in the international arena. CIR key to growth and preventing an economic decline Hinojosa-Ojeda 2012 (Raúl, Founding Director of the North American Integration¶ and Development Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, The Economic Benefits of Comprehensive Immigration Reform, http://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2012/1/cj32n1-12.pdf) Mass deportation reduces U.S. ……robust,¶ just, and widespread growth.
Economic collapse causes protectionism and war Royal, 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” ,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215, 2010)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline ……economic-security debate and deserves more attention. Secrecy DA Congressional reporting requirements provides precedent for the court to change state secrets rules—causes spillover Windsor 2012 (Lindsay, J.D. candidate and Master of Security Studies candidate at Georgetown University, “IS THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN THE CONSTITUTION? THE BASIS OF THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN INHERENT EXECUTIVE POWERS and WHY COURT-IMPLEMENTED SAFEGUARDS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL AND PRUDENT”, 43 Geo. J. Int'l L. 897, lexis) In contrast to the acknowledged roles of both ……security matters are at stake. n16 State Secrets Privilege key to military technology and innovation Donohue 2010 (Laura, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Shadow of State Secrets”, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 77, lexis)
In contrast, docket searches demonstrate that…..from financial penalties associated with bad behavior. n33 Innovation is key to prevent global power wars Baru 2009(Sanjaya, Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 – 168)
Hence, economic policies and performance do have strategic ……, the classic 'guns versus butter' dilemma. Drone Prolif Countries won’t model our restraint Etzioni 2013 (Amitai, professor of international relations at George Washington University, March/April, “The Great Drone Debate,” http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20130430_art004.pdf)
Other critics contend that by the United ……States refrains from employing that technology. Others won’t follow U.S. doctrine—precedent doesn’t matter Anderson 2011(Kenneth, Professor of International Law at American University, October 9, “What Kind of Drones Arms Race is Coming?”, http://www.volokh.com/2011/10/09/what-kind-of-drones-arms-race-is-coming/#more-51516)
New York Times national security correspondent Scott ……weapons technologies that are … more discriminating. Conflicts caused by drones are inevitable—other leaders will use other mechanisms to achieve ends if they don’t use drones Anderson 2013(Kenneth, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6)
This critique often leads, however……be responsible. Its leaders will be. Other countries won’t enforce drone norms Lerner 2013(Ben, Vice President for Government Relations at the Center for Security Policy, March 25, "Judging ‘Drones’ From Afar", http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar/print)
Whatever the potential motivations for trying ……..while empowering those that do not. Restrictions won’t be modeled- precedent already set Jacobson 2013 (Mark, senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, February 12, “Column: Key Assumptions About Drones Are Based on Misconceptions,” http://www.vnews.com/opinion/4393278-95/drones-drone-armed-civilian)
Armed drones are neither as simple as model ……..prey, not just the predator.
HEG Alternatives are worse for credibility and the plan can’t solve Etzioni 2012(Amitai, Professor of International Relations at George Washington University, April 2, “In Defense of Drones”, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715)
U.S. strategists believe that "it can't happen to ……hand, not to have its hands tied by others.
Terr Theories of blowback fail to account for Yemeni culture Emker 2013(Stacey, Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, January 14, "Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemen", http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/) The conventional understanding of drones and collateral ……hand with the majority of the Yemeni people. Alternatives to drones create more blowback and casualties—drones uniquely prevent attacks Watts and Cillufo 2012(Clinton, Senior Analyst with the Navanti Group and Senior Fellow at the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute, and Frank, Director of the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Insitute, June 21, "Drones In Yemen: Is the U.S. On Target?", http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/drones.pdf)
Critics of the U.S. drone campaign in Yemen ……U.S. ability to engage terrorists and minimize civilian casualties. Alternatives to drones create more blowback and casualties—drones uniquely prevent attacks Watts and Cillufo 2012(Clinton, Senior Analyst with the Navanti Group and Senior Fellow at the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Institute, and Frank, Director of the George Washington University Homeland Security Policy Insitute, June 21, "Drones In Yemen: Is the U.S. On Target?", http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/policy/drones.pdf) Critics of the U.S. drone campaign in Yemen confusingly …….U.S. ability to engage terrorists and minimize civilian casualties.
11/20/13
1NC v Trinity
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 6 | Opponent: Trinity Vail-Yorko | Judge: Fanning T – Signature Strikes A. Interpretation: Targeted killings are strikes carried about against pre-meditated, individually designated targets---signature strikes are distinct Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, “Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and ‘Signature’ Attacks on Taliban Fighters,” August 29 2011, http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/ From the US standpoint, it is ……without knowing what mission is at issue.
B. The Violation: The aff restricts signature strikes, which involve drones, but are not targeted killing. C. Reasons to Prefer
Limits: Signature strikes are a distinct mechanism in terms of both requirements and process- they double the size of the targeted killing area. 2. Ground: They make the topic bidirectional, allowing ban signature strikes allows the aff to say “HVT targeting good”, which should be negative ground.
3. Extra Topicality – they oppose all drone strikes which is not topical – the resolution uses “targeted killing” not drone warfare even if it’s a term of art, it’s one the resolution has engaged in and requires us to only be given the parts of drones that are deemed “targeted killing”. D. Topicality is a procedural voting issue to direct discussion towards the most fair and predictable interpretation of the topic.
Ableism
This framing of ethical advocacy and alliance as requiring one “to stand” perpetuates institutional ableism Brignell ‘7 Victoria, English MA and also uses a wheelchair, “Dominated by Ambulist metaphors,” October 30, http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/crips-column/2007/10/english-language-walk-stand More than once Mrs Brown would declare …….conclusion that the English language is "institutionally disablist".
Their use of ocular metaphors to imply lack of knowledge is rooted in ableist assumptions, AND equating visuality with knowing is an episteme foundational to practices of empire building and colonial cartography, turning the case.
Kincheloe’s critical pedagogy is a method of confronting a wide range social and cultural issues, but has thus far failed to engage with disability- Vote negative for our immanent critique of the 1ac’s epistemic violence and the omissions in their critical pedagogy. Disability is a social construction which drives the systematic oppression of all non-normative bodies. Smith 10 (Phil, Whatever Happened to Inclusion? The Place of Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Education, p. 5-8 GAL) Critical pedagogy—whether in theory, practice……new, fresh, and invigorating ways.
Critical pedagogy must constantly rework itself to engage with evolving criticalities- our alternative which uses the affirmative’s own framework to challenge the ableism present in the 1ac is more consistent with the spirit of critical pedagogy. Marin and Riele 11 (Gregory and Kitty Te, “A Place-Based Critical Pedagogy in Turbulent Times: Restoring Hope for Alternative Futures” in Critical Pedagogy in the Twenty-First Century: A New Generation of Scholars ed. Malott and Porfilio, p. 28 GAL) As we envision it, critical pedagogy is a ……ableism, ageism, homophobia, and so forth.
T- Plan Statutory Restrictions Black Law Dictionary no date The Law Dictionary featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/; AMDG
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.
Judicial Black Law Dictionary no date The Law Dictionary featuring Black’s Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed. http://thelawdictionary.org/judicial/; AMDG
Belonging to the office of a judge; as judicial authority…….as a judicial writ, a judicial determination.
They don’t advocate any judicial and/or statutory restrictions – they only oppose it personally Ground – they skew ground by mooting all possible links to our arguments like, Flex, politics, executive restraint, state secrecy, or other arguments Education – they kill all topic discussion because their bland rejection doesn’t do anything The resolution being bad is not a reason to vote aff – that’s key neg ground – criticizing the resolution is key negative ground Framing A. Interpretation - The affirmative should be required to read a topical policy proposal and defend its implementation. The affirmative can only weigh advantages that stem from the implementation of the plan. B. Violation – The affirmative didn’t read a topical policy proposal, or doesn’t defend its implementation. They leverage advantages based off of the endorsement of the discourse or theoretical content of the 1AC, not the plan.
‘Federal government’ means the three branches Rotunda 1 (Richard, Prof. of Law at Univ of Illinois, 18 Const. Commentary 319, “THE COMMERCE CLAUSE, THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE, AND MORRISON”, lexis) The Framers of our Constitution anticipated ……. splitting it between two Houses of Congress.
C. Impact - Framework should be a procedural voting issue for reasons of fairness and topic specific education.
Critique must engage the state. Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups. Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them. And the permutation solves all of these problems.
Mouffe 2009 (Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there ……. should conceive the nature of radical politics.
Critical Theory destroys your ability to engage in productive debates and political solutions. It is wishful thinking that produces only “me-search” and not “research”.
Chandler 2009 (David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 81-2)
Today more and more people are ‘doing politics’ ……..political or intellectual debate and organisation.
Policy debate is good for education, the development of empathy, and producing real world engagement from participants. Clear rules, a stable topic, and institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process. The things you criticize about debate make it a unique exercise in active learning.
Simulations, games, and role-play represent ………empathy, and acquisition and retention of knowledge.
Conservative forces always exist; only policy discussions can persuade them to support change. Kerbel- no date Susan G., clinical psychologist and co-founder of Cognitive Policy Works, “From the Couch to the Culture: How Psychological Analysis Can Strengthen the Progressive Agenda,” Cognitive Policy Works, http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/trash/psychology-and-politics/
The psychology of change: This is one of ………its impact on moving the agenda forward.
4 Executive war power primacy now—the plan flips that Posner 13 Eric Posner, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he ……. he knows that it will stand in his way.
Congressional restraints spill over to destabilize all presidential war powers. Heder ’10 (Adam, J.D., magna cum laude , J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “THE POWER TO END WAR: THE EXTENT AND LIMITS OF CONGRESSIONAL POWER,” St. Mary’s Law Journal Vol. 41 No. 3, http://www.stmaryslawjournal.org/pdfs/Hederreadytogo.pdf) This constitutional silence invokes Justice ……..the Framers themselves declined to give such guidance.
Strong executive key to solve climate change-lack of congressional action prevents solvency in the squo and executive negotiating power key to check environmental collapse Wold 2012 Chris Wold, Professor of Law and Director, International Environmental Law Project (IELP), 2012, Lewis and Clark Law School, 2012, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW•VOL. 45•2012, uwyoamp
In 2007, then-Senator Barack Obama wrote……ahead if we fail to take more aggressive action
Case There are no prior questions to problem oriented IR- empirical validity is a sufficient justification for action. Emphasis on metaphysical hurdles destroys any chance of effectively describing the world and guiding action David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7 Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ in IR, Wæver remarks …….dangers, and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
Technology is not always enframing - the aff ? liberation of technology from techne Feenburg, 2002, PhD in Philosophy, Canada Research Chair in Philosophy of Technology in the School of Communication, Simon Fraser University Andrew, “From Essentialism to Constructivism: Philosopxhy of Technology at the Crossroads," p. 23-24, http://agora.qc.ca/textes/feenberg.html, JB. The idea of a "concrete technology," which ……..very different types of development (21).
11/20/13
1NC v UMKC
Tournament: Jesuit | Round: 3 | Opponent: Missouri - Kansas City Cuellar-Parsons | Judge: Feldman 1NC- Restriction = Prohibition A. Interpretation- restrictions on the war powers authority of the President must prohibit executive authority to undertake an action.
Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. …..shall be authorized by any permit or license.
2. Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act. Taylor 96 Attorney at Gambrell and Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)
The term authority is commonly thought ……..can do and what the agent may do.
B. Violation- Plan is not a prohibition on authority to act- at best it imposes a condition or decreases executive likelihood to engage in an action. C. Reasons to prefer-
Limits- there are potentially infinite conditions that Congress can place on executive war powers that make action in the topic areas more difficult or less likely- only explicit prohibitions guarantee a finite predictable case list.
2. Ground- anything short of a prohibition on authority to act allows them to no link the best negative offense like the executive flexibility DA. 3. Effects Topicality is illegitimate- the aff mixes burdens, and forces us to look to solvency to determine the topical effect, which is unlimiting- plan makes certain actions potentially undesirable, but does nothing to restrict the president’s AUTHORITY to undertake those actions. D. Topicality is a procedural voting issue to direct discussion towards the most fair and predictable interpretation of the topic.
1NC Politics DA ( ) Debt ceiling will be raised now – GOP will cave to Obama TPM 9-27-13 (Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?)
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this ……global economy becomes riskier and costlier. ( ) Impact is nuclear war Broward 9 (Member of Triond. http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you) Now its time to look at the consequences of a …….most important issue facing us in the 21st century.
DA 1NC Congressional reporting requirements provides precedent for the court to change state secrets rules—causes spillover Windsor 2012 (Lindsay, J.D. candidate and Master of Security Studies candidate at Georgetown University, “IS THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN THE CONSTITUTION? THE BASIS OF THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN INHERENT EXECUTIVE POWERS and WHY COURT-IMPLEMENTED SAFEGUARDS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL AND PRUDENT”, 43 Geo. J. Int'l L. 897, lexis)
In contrast to the acknowledged roles of both Congress …….Court that national security matters are at stake. n16 State Secrets Privilege key to military technology and innovation Donohue 2010 (Laura, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Shadow of State Secrets”, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 77, lexis)
In contrast, docket searches demonstrate ……financial penalties associated with bad behavior. n33 Innovation is key to prevent global power wars Baru 2009(Sanjaya, Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School in Singapore Geopolitical Implications of the Current Global Financial Crisis, Strategic Analysis, Volume 33, Issue 2 March 2009 , pages 163 – 168)
Hence, economic policies and performance do ……the classic 'guns versus butter' dilemma.
Executive Restraint
Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit the use of offensive drones The executive can restrain itself Sales 12 (Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf) Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning …….back,” to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4
The rise of China notwithstanding, the ……least, one wishes for a little less agreement.
Executive war powers are necessary to hegemony Yoo 6 (John: law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel at the US Department of Justice “Exercising Wartime Powers”, Harvard International Review pages 22-23 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3andsid=d0adc48d-29b1-4733-8ebb-e58142d7beea40sessionmgr4andhid=12) Critics of these conflicts want to upend long practice by …….flexibility is critical to preserving US national security.
Collapse of heg causes widespread nationalism, chaos, and only the US can sustain international order Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor to President Carter, Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, “After America,” Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full KG) For if America falters, the world is unlikely ……order where there would normally be conflict.
Geographic Constraints on Targeting a Transnational Threat? …..nations in which the initial hostilities broke out.
Indo-Pak war doesn’t escalate. Gwynne Dyer 02, Ph.D. in war studies from the University of London, serves on the Board of Governors of Canada’s Royal Military College, independent journalist, May 24, 2002, Hamilton Spectator, “Nuclear war a possibility over Kashmir,” p. Lexis For those who do not live in the ……to the wider world from fallout. No Indo-Pak War – International pressures Dhanda 11 Suresh Dhanda, Department of Political Science, S.A.Jain College Haryana, India, International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online) Vol 2, 2011, “Dangers of Missile Race in South Asia: an India-Pakistan Perspective” http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IAGS/article/view/1065/985 SS Fourthly, India and Pakistan will face international …….same level of concern in the international community.
Military operations in the North West and tribal …….such as China, to invest in major power projects.
Opium causes Afghanistan instability
Van Ham and Kamminga 06 Peter, director of the global governance research program at the Clingendael Institute in The Hague and prof @ College of Europe, and Jorrit, head of policy research for the Senlis Council in Kabul, “Poppies for Peace: Reforming Afghanistan’s Opium Industry,” Washington Quarterly, Winter 06-07, Project Muse Security and development are two inseparable ……in tackling the country’s lingering drug crisis.
No escalation outside Afghanistan
Boucher 06 Richard A., Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs, “U.S. Policy in Central Asia: Balancing Priorities (Part II),” Statement to the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia, http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/2006/65292.htm The United States supports the development of …….for security and law enforcement cooperation.
President Barack Obama wants the United States …….establishing standards other nations may follow,” Hayden added. Others won’t follow precedent Boot 2011 (Max, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, October 9, “We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes,” http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/)
The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering ……..will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states. Others are already modeling—can’t reverse the precedent Saunders 2013 (Paul, executive director of The Center for the National Interest and associate publisher of The National Interest, March 4, “We Won't Always Drone Alone,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/we-wont-always-drone-alone-8177)
A broader and deeper challenge is how others—outside ……..Russia uses armed UAVs to attack groups they define as terrorists?
The team said they had found an indirect method to give …..cause a runaway effect with disastrous consequences.
warming isn’t real and the plan doesn’t solve Chen 10 – Xuefei Chen (People's Daily Online correspondent in Stockholm) “Swedish expert says CO2 is not the main cause of global warming”. 4-22, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90853/6959757.html
Dr. Goldberg said that there is an urban effect around heavily populated ……regulated and sun-controlled," Goldberg said.
Instead, we must return to what we know about ……internationally recognized as war zones is uncertain at best. Deterrence will prevent conflict Ohlin 2012(Jens, Associate Professor of Law at Cornell Law School, November 26, "Is Jus in Bello in Crisis?", Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers, 103, http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1106andcontext=clsops_papers)
On a more practical level, the question is …….on over - deployment of drone technology.
In a highly critical new report, the committee said ……for them to spread rapidly throughout the world.
Can’t solve the root cause of diseases Forrester, 6/30/12 (“Dr. Frank Lipman’s Thoughts on Obamacare”, Frank Lipman is the founder and director of Eleven-Eleven Wellness Center in New York City, Wedharma, http://wedharma.com/creativity-lifestyle/dr-frank-lipmans-thoughts-on-obamacare/) “I applaud President Obama for his efforts. …..if we address the root causes of the problem.
Solvency The WPR has never stopped conflict Grimmet 1 (Richard, Specialist in National Defense¶ Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, January 10, CRS for Congress, “Congressional Use of Funding Cutoffs Since¶ 1970 Involving U.S. Military Forces and¶ Overseas Deployments,” http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RS20775.pdf) Since its enactment in 1973, there ……the Multinational Force in Lebanon¶ had ended.
11/20/13
1NC v USC
Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 3 | Opponent: Southern California Purk-Vitzileos | Judge: Gliniecki T
Interpretation- restrictions on the the war powers authority of the President must prohibit executive authority to undertake an action Restriction is a prohibition Northglenn 11 (City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html)
Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. …. be authorized by any permit or license.
Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act. Taylor 96 Attorney at Gambrell and Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)
The term authority is commonly thought …. and what the agent may do.
Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda Edwards and Howell 9 George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency, 2009 Yet, manipulating public opinion and ….ramifications for his or her future power prospects.
Ref Counterplan The United States Federal Government should hold a national referendum to create a statutory cause of action for damages for those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations or their heirs that overrides the state secrets and official immunity doctrine and replaces them with carefully considered procedures for balancing the secrecy concerns if and only if the national referendum results in an electoral majority in the United States in favor. The referendum will be sponsored by and adhered to by the United States federal government. Funding and enforcement guaranteed.
( ) And, the referendum is key to peace – every increase in indirect democracy linearly decreases the risk of war
Rourke 92 (Professor of Poli Sci @ Uconn. Direct Democracy and International Politics)
The bulk of the research to date finds that, indeed, …..exploring its relevance to the theory of democracy.
( ) And, endorsing a direct democracy is the highest political value and as a policymaker you have an obligation to uphold it regardless of any other inconsistencies . … it solves the
ROURKE, PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE @ THE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, 1992 DIRECT DEMOCRACY AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Theorists of strong democracy are not of …..not there is continuity of the content of policy.
Heg DA US hegemony high now Dortman ’12 (Zach Dorfman, Editor of Ethics and International Affairs, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism,” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 5/18/2012, http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/articles_papers_reports/0127.html KG) The rise of China notwithstanding, the United ……, one wishes for a little less agreement.
Executive war powers are necessary to hegemony Yoo 6 (John: law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel at the US Department of Justice “Exercising Wartime Powers”, Harvard International Review pages 22-23 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3andsid=d0adc48d-29b1-4733-8ebb-e58142d7beea40sessionmgr4andhid=12) Critics of these conflicts want to upend long …..critical to preserving US national security.
Collapse of heg causes widespread nationalism, chaos, and only the US can sustain international order Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor to President Carter, Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, “After America,” Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full KG) For if America falters, the world ……where there would normally be conflict.
Economic decline causes war Royal, 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p.213-215) Less intuitive is how periods of ……should be considered ancillary to those views.
China 1NC - UMKC Li has momentum and political capital now, but needs it all to push economic reform. Failure collapses the economy and the Party. Chen 9/6 (George Chen, South China Morning Post, “Li Keqiang fought strong opposition for Shanghai free-trade zone plan”, September 6, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1282793/li-fought-strong-opposition-shanghai-free-trade-zone-plan) Premier Li Keqiang fought open opposition ……into the path of efficient global competitors.
The plan drains political capital and erodes legitimacy – it forces controversial debate about China’s Constitutional implementation Backer 13 (Larry Catá Backer is Professor of Law and International Affairs at Penn State University, “Towards a Robust Theory of the Chinese Constitutional State”, Penn State Law Research Paper No. 25-2013, May 8, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262555) In a world in which regime changes ……educated in the West, mostly in the United States.
The failure of “Likonomics” collapses the global economy and causes CCP collapse Wang 9/4 (Zheng Wang is an Associate Professor in the School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University, “How China’s Economic Rebalancing is like the Movie ‘Speed’”, The Diplomat, September 4, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/how-chinas-economic-rebalancing-is-like-the-movie-speed/) How many remember the Hollywood film, ……wish Li good luck with his mission.
CCP collapse causes a nuclear civil war Yee and Storey 2002 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham)) The fourth factor contributing to the perception …..to its neighbours and the world.
Targeted Strikes
Drones are key to defeat al Qaeda—it’s comparatively the best option Lewis 2013(Michael, teaches international law and the law of war at Ohio Northern Universityand#39;s College of Law, February 5, and#34;The case for drone strikesand#34;, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/feb/05/opinion/la-oe-lewis-defending-drones-20130205/2) The reportand#39;s discussion of civilian casualties adopts …..deny it control of territory in the tribal areas.
Drones are the ONLY tool we have to combat Pakistani insurgents—and they’re successful Bergen and Tiedemann 2011(Peter, Director of the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, and Katherine, Research Fellow at the National Security Studies Program at the New America Foundation, doctoral student in political science at George Washington University, July/August, and#34;Washingtonand#39;s Phantom War: The Effects of the U.S. Drone Program in Pakistanand#34;, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67939/peter-bergen-and-katherine-tiedemann/washingtons-phantom-war)
Despite the drone program’s shortcomings, it is likely to continue……program is “the only game in town.”
Drones—especially signature strikes—are key to prevent terrorism—destroys structures necessary for attacks, and the fear prevents attacks Mudd 2013(Philip, Senior official at the CIA and FBI, director of global risk at SouthernSun Asset Management, May 24, and#34;Fear Factorand#34;, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/24/fear_factor_signature_strikes) The impact of armed drones during the ……engaging in savage hunts for leaks.
Drone strikes decrease the risks of attacks—decreases attempts and success rates Johnston and Sarbahi 2013(Patrick, RAND Corpoatio, and Anoop, UCLA, January 3, and#34;The Impact of US Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan and Afghanistanand#34;, http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf) Although H3 and H4 suggest that drone …..to execute both suicide and IED attacks.
Drones are key to the war on terror Crandall 2012(Carla, Law Clerk for Laura Denvir Stith, Supreme Court of Missouri, April, and#34;READY . . . FIRE . . . AIM! A CASE FOR APPLYING AMERICAN DUE PROCESS PRINCIPLES BEFORE ENGAGING IN DRONE STRIKESand#34;, 24 Fla. J. Intand#39;l L. 55, LN) News articles are littered with reports of …..their energy from planning new attacks.and#34; n36
Solvency
Every life is an end in and of itself – All lives are infinitely valuable, the only ethical option is to maximize the number saved Cummisky 96 (David, professor of philosophy at Bates, “Kantian Consequentialism”, p. 131) Finally, even if one grants ……with dignity who are saved, the better.8
Extinction destroys all human aspiration – Claims to outweigh it destroy value to life Schell 82 (Jonathan, Visiting professor of liberal studies at Harvard University, “Fate of the Earth”) For the generations that now have to ……generations, and let human life go on.
Utilitarianism is key to morality – Extinction prevents future generation from attaining other values Nye 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; “Nuclear Ethics” pg. 45-46) Is there any end that could justify a nuclear war …..justifiable topic of both prudential and moral reasoning.
Utilitarianism is inevitable even in deontological frameworks Green 2 – Assistant Professor Department of Psychology Harvard University (Joshua, November 2002 and#34;The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Truth About Morality And What To Do About Itand#34;, 314) Some people who talk of balancing rights ……esoteric sort of way or covertly consequentialist.
9/22/13
1NC v UTSA
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: UT San Antonio Calhoun-Morales | Judge: Robinson Method Critique must engage the state. Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups. Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them.
Mouffe 2009 (Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, …….conceive the nature of radical politics.
Critical Theory destroys your ability to engage in productive debates and political solutions. It is wishful thinking that produces only “me-search” and not “research”.
Chandler 2009 (David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 81-2)
Today more and more people are ‘doing ……or intellectual debate and organisation.
Policy debate is good for education, the development of empathy, and producing real world engagement from participants. Clear rules, a stable topic, and institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process. The things you criticize about debate make it a unique exercise in active learning. Lantis 8 (Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor in the Department of Political Science and Chair of the International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature”, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf Simulations, games, and role-play represent ……. and acquisition and retention of knowledge.
Ableism Their Anzaldua evidence engages in a number of ableist metaphors- mobility, paralysis, etc.
Ferri and May 5 (Beth and Vivian, “Fixated on Ability: Questioning Ableist Metaphors in Feminist Theories of Resistance”, Prose Studies, 27 (1and2), GAL) However, feminist theorists do not only ……it is the source of its own oppression.
Their metaphors of bordercrossing as a form of resistance reinstate ambulist norms of able-bodiedness as connoting freedom and the ability to engage in resistance.
Ferri and May 5 (Beth and Vivian, “Fixated on Ability: Questioning Ableist Metaphors in Feminist Theories of Resistance”, Prose Studies, 27 (1and2), GAL) In addition to the use of explicitly ableist …..motility, movement, agency, freedom, and subjectivity.
“Blind” metaphors always exploit and diminish the experiences of those who live it Gallagher ‘6 Deborah, PhD – College of Education – UNI, “On Using Blindness as Metaphor and Difficult Questions: A Response to Ben-Moshe,” Disability Studies Quarterly, v26, #2, http://www.dsq-sds.org/article/view/690/867 Blindness cannot be used as a signifier ……therefore the people who experience, blindness.
Ableist language in the service of emancipator struggles only reifies oppression Wheelchair Dancer ‘8 (“On Making Argument: Disability and Language”, http://cripwheels.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-making-argument-disability-and.html Accessed: 2/10/11 GAL) As I watched the discussion about who ……in the identity and cultural politics wars.
Ableism is the root cause of oppression Davis 2 (Lennard J., Professor of English as well as of Disability and Human Development, U Illinois-Chicago, Disability, Dismodernism, and Other Difficult Positions , p. 13 GAL) Disability offers us a way to rethink some ……categories were established through these studies.
The alternative is to vote neg to reject the ableist representations of the 1AC -Ableist Rhetoric warrants a voting issue in this debate Tainter, Compisi, and Richards ’97 Bill, Director – California Dept of Rehabilitation; Catherine, PhD, Asst Dir; Curtis, Asst Dir; “Cultural Diversity in the Rehabilitation System,” http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/tainter.html The term diversity is most often …….it is for race, ethnicity, or gender. Gender The aff reinforces some of the worst aspects of postmodernism-they romanticize the local at the expense of understanding the state as a site for change, and focus on the fluidity of identity instead of working to change material conditions for those oppressed. Pandey in 2k6 (Anupam, thesis submitted to faculty of graduate studies and research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctorate of philosophy department of political science Carleton university, forgin bonds with women, nature and the third world: an ecofeminist critique of international relations, proquest) The post-modern stance on development is clearly …..very least) (Stokke and Mohan, 2001: 19-20).
Their crossing out of the word “her” in the 1AC is erasure Deconstruction of words alone fails because there’s no way to find alternatives which means post this erasure “event” the word, meaning and concept re-appear. Shain 2k (Shain - Winter 2000¶ Ralph. “Situating Derrida: Between Kierkegaard and Hegel”¶ Philosophy Today. V.44 i. 4)
This is an elementary point, perhaps too elementary to be …… philosophical problem is thus not to solve that problem.
And, erasure doesn’t provide us answers for alternatives to the word(s) Shain 2k (Shain - Winter 2000¶ Ralph. “Situating Derrida: Between Kierkegaard and Hegel”¶ Philosophy Today. V.44 i. 4)
By raising questions which can't be ……prescription of a new meaning for them.'
Erasure provides no relief from meaning – only raises new complications about concepts and words that arise in the wake of deconstruction Shain 2k (Shain - Winter 2000¶ Ralph. “Situating Derrida: Between Kierkegaard and Hegel”¶ Philosophy Today. V.44 i. 4) Derrida's attempts to distance himself …… relief but instead turns a new complication.
And, they misapply the concept of erasure - erasure isn’t designed to strike out meaning from words but rather to mark text with complications that demand further investigation. Shain 2k (Shain - Winter 2000¶ Ralph. “Situating Derrida: Between Kierkegaard and Hegel”¶ Philosophy Today. V.44 i. 4)
"Text" is primary for Derrida because …..placing a pure presence at the origin.
The link is substantive and not one of omission – failure to consider gender undermines the struggle for gender equality Chandra Southeast Asia coordinator of the TKN Lontoh independent researcher working on various sustainable development issues and Margawati lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Diponegoro in Semarang, Indonesia 2010 Alexander, Lucky and Ani “Beyond Barriers: The Gender Implications of Trade Liberalization Southeast Asia” Trade Knowledge Network http://www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/beyond_barriers_gender_southeast_asia.pdf Against this background, this paper analyzes ……into current and future trade negotiations.
This masculine ideology is the root cause of all proliferation, environmental destruction, domestic violence, and war Warren and Cady 94 (Karen J, Duane L, feminists and authors, Hypatia, “Feminism and Peace: Seeing connections,” pg 16-17) Much of the current "unmanageability" of ……regional, national, and global contexts.
The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s knowledge production in favor of examining politics through a gendered lens.
Tickner 1997 (J. Ann Tickner - Professor in the School of International Relations at University of Southern California, President of the International Studies Association, the most respected and widely known scholarly association in this field - Dec., 1997 “You Just Don't Understand: Troubled Engagements between Feminists and IR Theorists” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4.) Many of these issues seem far removed from ……security broadly defined can be formulated.
Critique must engage the state. Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups. Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them. And the permutation solves all of these problems.
Mouffe 2009 (Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there ……should conceive the nature of radical politics.
Critical Theory destroys your ability to engage in productive debates and political solutions. It is wishful thinking that produces only “me-search” and not “research”. Chandler 2009 (David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 81-2) Today more and more people are ‘doing politics’ …..of political or intellectual debate and organisation.
Policy debate is good for education, the development of empathy, and producing real world engagement from participants. Clear rules, a stable topic, and institutional role playing and simulation are integral to the process. The things you criticize about debate make it a unique exercise in active learning. Lantis 8 (Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor in the Department of Political Science and Chair of the International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature”, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf) Simulations, games, and role-play represent a ……, and acquisition and retention of knowledge.
Their focus on rejection as a tool of challenging biopolitics misses the point. Biopolitics only incorporates the negative aspects of the “disciplinary society”, rather than focusing on using democratic institutions to challenge biopolitics. A pragmatic, Deweyan view of politics and social science solves better than a pessimistic Foucauldian view. Rorty 1999 (Richard, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia, Philosophy and Social Hope, pp. 204-8) The burden of my argument so far has ……and an ungroundable but vital sense of human solidarity.
CASE
Demanding recognition of bodily vulnerability as an innate facet of the human condition is necessary to reconfiguring power dynamics and establish a framework for universal humanization for all subjects Butler 04 (Judith, “Violence, Mourning and Politics” from Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, 2004) Negotiating a sudden and unprecedented vulnerability-……we value their continuing and expanded operation.
Understanding vulnerability as a formative aspect of subject is crucial to non violence and developing empathetic relations to the other that recognize the self’s complicity in identity construction. Butler 04 (Judith, “Violence, Mourning and Politics” from Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, 2004) I have moved in this essay perhaps too blithely ……operation of power and the persistence of vulnerability.
There’s no impact to biopower and their insistence on constant references to it is a scare tactic that deters actual alternatives to biopower Paolo Virno, philosopher, former Professor of philosophy of language, semiotics, and the ethics of communication at the University of Calabria, June 2002, online: http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpvirno2.htm Agamben is a problem. Agamben is a ……instruments of work and not propaganda words. ? The abolition of capital punishment in Europe proves that modern day biopolitics is no longer concerned with violence and murder but instead has transitioned to be a vehicle of care and protection Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, 26-27 In fact, the history of modern Western ……that is the measure of the success of bio-power. ? Global biopolitcs make the reduction of all of our lives to bare life impossible Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, 27-28 Another important question is whether these bio-political societies …..which to flee, or foreign lands.
Their argument conflates sovereign power and biopower – biopower isn’t concerned with creating large-scale death, on the contrary biopower improves the quality of life for populations Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 6-7 Foucault points out, however, that since the ……birth and life of individuals and populations.7
The purpose of biopower is to improve the health, longevity and happiness of everyone Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 18-19 To say that biopower stands outside the …..shepherd as a political leader of his people.73 ? They’ll win ZERO percent of their impact – the massacres that their over-hyped impact evidence cites are NOT because of biopolitics – biopower prevents those massacres. Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 20-21 According to Foucault, it is that transformation which constitutes ……arguments it chooses, be it God, Nature, or life.
? Biopower actually makes the creation of bare life impossible – bare life is the opposite of the form of life that biopolitics necessitates Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Finland, May 2005, Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 13-14 Moreover, life as the object and the subject of bio-power given …..same time making them more difficult to govern.” 47
9/22/13
1NC v Weber CS
Tournament: UNLV | Round: 7 | Opponent: Weber State Chadwick-Sanchez | Judge: Stables Cannot locate this speech doc but all of the neg positions can be found elsewhere except the sig strikes cp which I will include
The United States federal government should ban signature strikes Signature strikes uniquely harm US legitimacy - collapses global stability Kennedy, 13 “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism”, Greg Kennedy is a Professor of Strategic Foreign Policy at the Defence Studies Department, King's College London, based at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, in Shrivenham, Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013
The exponential rise in the use of drone technology ……by operational and tactical expediency.
11/20/13
1NC v Whitman
Tournament: Jesuit | Round: 5 | Opponent: Whitman College Mulloy-Durand | Judge: Parker Can't find the doc for this round, all other off case can be found in round 1/3 of this tournament, apologize for the inconvenience
1NC- Signature Strikes ? Targeted Killing A. Interpretation: Targeted killings are strikes carried about against pre-meditated, individually designated targets---signature strikes are distinct Kenneth Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, “Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and ‘Signature’ Attacks on Taliban Fighters,” August 29 2011, http://www.volokh.com/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/ From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does ......not tell one very much without knowing what mission is at issue.
B. The Violation: The aff restricts signature strikes, which involve drones, but are not targeted killing. C. Reasons to Prefer
Limits: Signature strikes are a distinct mechanism in terms of both requirements and process- they double the size of the targeted killing area. 2. Ground: They make the topic bidirectional, allowing ban signature strikes allows the aff to say “HVT targeting good”, which should be negative ground. D. Topicality is a procedural voting issue to direct discussion towards the most fair and predictable interpretation of the topic.
