Tournament: Texas | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming Marcum-Pauli | Judge: Lee
Plan
Plan: The United States Federal Government should restrict the President’s war powers authority for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities
Norms
Drone proliferation is inevitable – the plan creates norms which restrict use and stop Middle East and Indo-Pak conflict
Roberts 13
(Kristen, news editor for the National Journal, master in security studies from Georgetown, “When the Whole World Has Drones”, 3/22, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States … operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Indo Pak war causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security … could quickly escalate.

Middle East war risks extinction
Russell 2009
(James, Senior Lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs – Naval Postgraduate School, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prosepects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East,” ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf)
Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined …, with substantial risk for the entire world.

Only congressional checks solve conflict
Brooks 13,
(Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation, 4/23, The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing, http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/04-23-13BrooksTestimony.pdf)
Mr. Chairman, I would like to turn now to the legal framework applicable to US drone strikes. … in an ill- defined war, why shouldn’t other states make identical arguments—and use them to justify the killing of dissidents, rivals, or unwanted minorities?

Congressional inaction has made this a defining policy doctrine---expansive executive authority triggers overreach
Maxwell 12
(Colonel and Judge Advocate, U.S. Army, 1st Quarter 2012, “TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS: FEELING SAFE?,” Joint Force Quarterly, p. 123-130, Mark David Maxwell)
In the wake of the attacks by al Qaeda on September 11, 2001, … Congress’s silence is deafening. 

Chinese modeling causes conflict over the Senkakus and South China Sea
AP 2013
(May 3, "China emerges as new force in drone warfare", http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/)

China's move into large-scale drone … Their missions could include guiding home an anti-ship ballistic missile known in military circles as a "carrier killer," the Pentagon said in its 2012 report on China's military.
That causes nuclear escalation and U.S. Draw in
Blaxland and Kersten 2013
(Dr. John, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Center at the Australian National University, and Rikki, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacifific at the Australian National University, February 6, "History Repeating", http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/news-events/all-stories/history-repeating#.UgS921OoWzc)

The recent activation of Chinese weapons …  the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.

Allies
Plan is already squo policy - but only legal codification solves European cooperation
Dworkin 12
Anthony Dworkin is a Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, European Council on Foreign Relations, June 19, 2012, "Obama’s Drone Attacks: How the EU Should Respond", http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_obamas_drone_attacks_how_the_eu_should_respond
Obama’s Concession to European Views In a speech on the subject last autumn, … to govern the use of targeted killing of non-state fighters.

Resolving EU drone backlash is key issue to solve complete alliance collapse
Devin Streeter, Liberty University Strategic Intelligence Society, Director of Activities, Public Relations, and Recruitment, 4/19/2013, http://www.academia.edu/3523639/U.S._Drone_Policy_Tactical_Success_and_Strategic_Failure
In essence, the United States has sparked …. If the relations with Europe are to be fixed, a change in drone protocol is needed.

Counterterror law disputes spill over to collapse NATO
Tom Parker, Former Policy Director for Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Human Rights at Amnesty International, 9/17/12, U.S. Tactics Threaten NATO, nationalinterest.org/commentary/us-tactics-threaten-nato-7461

A growing chasm in operational …which will restrict cooperation in the future.

NATO solves all modern conflicts
Brzezinski 9
(Zbigniew, former U.S. National Security Adviser, Sept/Oct 2009, “An Agenda for NATO,” Foreign Affairs, 88.5, Ebsco)
NATO's potential is not primarily military. … and focused aroused Muslim resentments on the United States and the West more generally.

Counterterrorism violations spill over to end EU relations
Thorsten Wetzling 11, non-resident fellow at the Center for Transatlantic Relations at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), PhD in Political Science, “What role for what rule of law in EU-US counterterrorism cooperation?”, http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/publications/articles/Chapter1_EUISS_ChaillotPaper127_WETZLING.pdf
Having said this, it is instructive to recall David Cole’s observation … counterterrorism activitiesappears secondary.

EU relations are at a key turning point---cementing strategic partnership prevents extinction
Dr. Yannis A. Stivachtis 10, Director, International Studies Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, “THE IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATION,” online: http://www.rieas.gr/research-areas/global-issues/transatlantic-studies/78.html
There is no doubt that …A vibrant transatlantic partnership remains a real possibility, but only if both sides make the necessary political commitment.

Solvency
The aff solves --- a zone approach is the goldilocks that resolves their downsides like circumvention and safe-havens
Daskal 13
(Jennifer, Fellow and Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law, University of Penn L. Rev., THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BATTLEFIELD: A FRAMEWORK FOR DETENTION AND TARGETING OUTSIDE THE "HOT" CONFLICT ZONE, April, 161 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1165, Lexis)

II. A New Approach: Zones of Active Hostilities and Beyond¶… that take place outside zones of active hostilities.

Distinguishing zones of active hostilities are key—sets an international norm and solves U.S. legitimacy
Daskal 2013(Jennifer, Fellow and Adjunct Professor at the Georgetown Center on National Security and Law, April, "The Geography of the Battlefield: A Framework for the Detention and Targeting Outside the "Hot" Conflict Zone", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 161, No. 5, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2049532) 

Legal scholars, policymakers, …, not only to this¶ conflict, but to future conflicts. The likely reputational, security, and¶ foreign policy gains make acceptance of this framework a worthy endeavor.

Congressional review is key—unilateral action creates mistrust preventing cooperation and won’t set a precedent for modeling—only review solves skepticism
Goldsmith 2013
(Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, “Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School”, Lawfare Blog, March 7, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/)

I disagree with Steve’s claim that …, and at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Saxe-Jallits | Judge: Cheek
1AC—Jesuit
Advantage—AQAP
Advantage 1 is Yemen:
Signature strikes create a unique blowback in Yemen—they drive recruitment and attacks—that destroys Yemeni stability and creates an al Qaeda safe haven
Emker 2013(Stacey, Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, January 14, and#34;Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemenand#34;, http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/)

The United States has
AND
 local Yemeni leaders of AQAP.

Signature strikes uniquely prevent effective local cooperation
Johnsen 2013(Gregory, Author of and#34;The Last Refuge: Yemen, al-Qaida, and Americaand#39;s War in Arabiaand#34;, August 16, and#34;Three steps toward beating Al-Qaida in Yemenand#34;, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/16/3565129_p2/three-steps-toward-beating-al.html)

Somewhere in Yemen are about two dozen individuals
 AND
allying with its Yemeni partners.

AQAP will gain the material to initiate a nuclear terrorist attack
Williams 2011 (Sarah, Coordinator of the Fissile Materials Working Group and Herbert Scoville Jr. Peace Fellow at the Center for Science, Technology and sEcurity Policy, and#34;After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,and#34; Bulletin of Atomic Scientists - Fissile MAterials Working Group, May 13, www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t)

More than a decade ago,
AND
 this potential source material.
Terrorist retaliation causes nuclear war – draws in Russia and China
Ayson 2010(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack,
AND
meet with a devastating response.

Yemen is the training ground for terrorism against Saudi Arabia – AQAP will attack oil facilities in Saudi Arabia
Ulrichsen 11 (Kristian, Kuwait Research Fellow in the Kuwait Programme for Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the London SChool of Economics and Political SCience, and#34;The Geopolitics of Insecurity in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula,and#34; Middle East Policy Council, http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/geopolitics-insecurity-horn-africa-and-arabian-peninsula?print)
The reconstitution of AQAP in January 2009,
AND
 regional stability in the Arabian Peninsula.9

Attacks on Saudi oil facilities collapse the global economy
Gartenstein-Ross 11 (Daveed, Directs the Center for the Study of Terrorist Radicalization at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, and#34;Osamaand#39;s Oil Obsession,and#34; Foreign Policy, May 23, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/05/23/osamas_oil_obsession)
Bin Laden long believed that undermining
AND
 they could reach that they didnand#39;t think about.and#34;

Economic decline causes war – studies prove
Royal, Director Cooperative Threat Reduction DOD, ’10 (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises” in ‘Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives’ ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline
AND
 debate and deserves more attention.

AQAP will launch attacks on India
Roychowdhury 2011(Gen. Shankar Roychowdhury is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, “India needs a 360° terror appraisal”, September 6, Deccan Chronicle, http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/india-needs-360C2B0-terror-appraisal-659)

In this context, Al Qaeda and its emerging connections
AND
threats as well and exercise the requisite caution.
A new terrorist attack sparks Indo-pak nuclear war
Zarate 2011 (Juan C. Zarate, Sunday, February 20, 2011, “An alarming South Asia powder keg”, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html)

In 1914, a terrorist assassinated
AND
may be the greatest threat we face from terrorism. 

Indo Pak war causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security
AND
all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Terrorism uniquely causes conflict—overrides other checks on conflict
Tripathi 2012 (Dhananjay, Assistant Professor at the Department of International Relations at South Asian University in New Delhi, “Energy Security : The Functional Area of Regional Cooperation for South Asia”, http://133.87.26.249/dspace/bitstream/2115/50918/1/EBR3-2_006.pdf) 

The problem does not lie on the effort
AND
 better cooperation in some functional area.

Advantage – Legitimacy
Advantage two is Legitimacy
Signature strikes uniquely harm US legitimacy - collapses global stability
Kennedy, 13 “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism”, Greg Kennedy is a Professor of Strategic Foreign Policy at the Defence Studies Department, Kingand#39;s College London, based at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, in Shrivenham, Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013

The exponential rise in the use of drone technology
AND
operational and tactical expediency.

Congressional evaluation of the kill list is key to solve credibility
Alston 2011(Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the New York University School of Law, Former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, and#34;The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Bordersand#34;, Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 2) 

This Article focuses on the accountability
 AND
 when invoked by other states with highly problematic agendas.

Legitimacy of U.S. hegemony’s key to global stability-~--prevents great power war
Fujimoto 12 (Kevin Fujimoto 12, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, January 11, 2012, “Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11)
The emergence of peer competitors,
 AND
 when we are no longer the worldand#39;s only superpower.

The impact is global conflict escalation
Brooks, et al, 13 Donand#39;t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment Stephen G. Brooks (bio), G. John Ikenberry (bio) and William C. Wohlforth (bio), Stephen G. Brooks; G. John Ikenberry and William C. Wohlforth STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, International Security ¶ Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012, p. Project Muse

 Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement Even if deep engagementand#39;s
  AND
even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.

Absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation to solve warming and disease is impossible
John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American dominance
AND
it can begin the process of gaining it back. 

Warming causes extinction
Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center and Don is a PhD and MA from UT, former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, former Associate Dean at SUNY and Case Institute of Technology, Former Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications, Ohio University, “Solar Power Satellites,” January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. Feng Hsu,
AND
a risk that is simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 ).

Diseases end civilization
David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harperand#39;s, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis

Infectious disease is all around us.
AND
 One possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

Plan
Plan: The United States federal government should increase congressional review over the use of unstaffed aerial vehicles for targeted killings, including a ban on the use of signature strikes.

Contention 3—Solvency
Congressional review is key—unilateral action creates mistrust preventing cooperation and won’t set a precedent for modeling—only review solves skepticism
Goldsmith 2013 (Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, “Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School”, Lawfare Blog, March 7, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/)

I disagree with Steve’s
 AND
wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Restrictions on executive authority are necessary to prevent abuse—congressional input on decisions of war powers is necessary to prevent executive overreach—drones are uniquely key
Chen 2012(Julia, Boston College Law Review, November, and#34;Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of Warand#34;, No. 53, B.C. L. Rev 1767)

Section A asserts that the War Powers Resolution is outdated
AND
 decisions on defense appropriations. n388

Tournament: tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Arizona State Canarie-Marcus | Judge: Eisenstadt
Same as round 2

Tournament: tournament | Round: 6 | Opponent: Whitman College Salathe-Anderson | Judge: Gordon
Same as round 2

Tournament: tournament | Round: 4 | Opponent: Oklahoma Langel-Wyde | Judge: Dunn
Advantage – Legitimacy
Advantage one is Legitimacy
Signature strikes uniquely harm US legitimacy - collapses global stability
Kennedy, 13 “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism”, Greg Kennedy is a Professor of Strategic Foreign Policy at the Defence Studies Department, King's College London, based at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, in Shrivenham, Parameters 42(4)/43(1) Winter-Spring 2013
The exponential rise in the use of drone technology in a …..strategic aims are not derailed by operational and tactical expediency.

Congressional evaluation of the kill list is key to solve credibility
Alston 2011(Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the New York University School of Law, Former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, "The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders", Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 2) 

This Article focuses on the accountability of the ……states with highly problematic agendas.

Legitimacy of U.S. hegemony’s key to global stability---prevents great power war
Fujimoto 12 (Kevin Fujimoto 12, Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, January 11, 2012, “Preserving U.S. National Security Interests Through a Liberal World Construct,” online: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Preserving-US-National-Security-Interests-Liberal-World-Construct/2012/1/11)
The emergence of peer competitors, not terrorism, presents ……. later when we are no longer the world's only superpower.

The impact is global conflict escalation
Brooks, et al, 13 Don't Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment Stephen G. Brooks (bio), G. John Ikenberry (bio) and William C. Wohlforth (bio), Stephen G. Brooks; G. John Ikenberry and William C. Wohlforth STEPHEN G. BROOKS is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. G. JOHN IKENBERRY is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul. WILLIAM C. WOHLFORTH is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, International Security ¶ Volume 37, Number 3, Winter 2012, p. Project Muse

¶ Assessing the Security Benefits of Deep Engagement¶ Even ……even as it pushes cooperation toward U.S. preferences.

Absent renewal of rule of law principles, multilateral cooperation to solve warming and disease is impossible
John G. Ikenberry 11, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton, Spring, “A World of Our Making”, http://www.democracyjournal.org/20/a-world-of-our-making.php?page=all
Grand Strategy as Liberal Order Building American ……building, it can begin the process of gaining it back.
Warming causes extinction
Don Flournoy 12, Citing Feng Hsu, PhD NASA Scientist @ the Goddard Space Flight Center and Don is a PhD and MA from UT, former Dean of the University College @ Ohio University, former Associate Dean at SUNY and Case Institute of Technology, Former Manager for University/Industry Experiments for the NASA ACTS Satellite, currently Professor of Telecommunications @ Scripps College of Communications, Ohio University, “Solar Power Satellites,” January 2012, Springer Briefs in Space Development, p. 10-11

In the Online Journal of Space Communication , Dr. ……that is simply too high for us to take any chances” (Hsu 2010 ).
Diseases end civilization
David Quammen 12, award-winning science writer, long-time columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, with work in National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, 9/29, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” The Guardian, pg. 29, Lexis

Infectious disease is all around us. It's ….. possible factor is infectious disease, and viruses in particular.

The state is inevitable and an indispensable part of the solution to warming
Eckersley 4 Robyn, Reader/Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Melbourne, “The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty”, MIT Press, 2004, Google Books, pp. 3-8
While acknowledging the basis for this antipathy toward …….potentially more significant ally in the green cause.17

Our Assumptions
Existence must come before criticism 

Wapner 3
Paul, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter ‘3
“Leftist criticism of "nature", Dissent, Vol. 50, Iss. 1, JT
All attempts to listen to nature are social …..supporters, in some fashion, of environmental preservation. 

Critique must engage the state.  Failure to do so guarantees that the alternative will fail, no coalitions will be formed, and politics will be ceded to authoritarian Right-wing groups.  Only engaging the institutions of the state can transform them.
Mouffe 2009
(Chantal Mouffe is Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh, pp. 233-7)
In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there ……., is how we should conceive the nature of radical politics. 

Conservative forces always exist; only policy discussions can persuade them to support change.
Kerbel- no date Susan G., clinical psychologist and co-founder of Cognitive Policy Works, “From the Couch to the Culture: How Psychological Analysis Can Strengthen the Progressive Agenda,” Cognitive Policy Works, http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/trash/psychology-and-politics/
The psychology of change: This is one ……its impact on moving the agenda forward. 

Debating about war powers is important – makes possible checks on excessive presidential authority – college students are key
Kelly Michael Young 13, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Forensics at Wayne State University, "Why Should We Debate About Restriction of Presidential War Powers", 9/4, public.cedadebate.org/node/13
Beyond its obviously timeliness, we believed debating ……..an important potential check on the presidency. 

Plan
Plan: The United States federfal government should increase congressional review over the use of unstaffed aerial vehicles for targeted killings, including a ban on the use of signature strikes.
Contention 3—Solvency
Congressional review is key—unilateral action creates mistrust preventing cooperation and won’t set a precedent for modeling—only review solves skepticism
Goldsmith 2013 (Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, “Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School”, Lawfare Blog, March 7, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/)
I disagree with Steve’s claim that we don’t ……administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Augustana CE | Judge: Dunn

Drones Aff

1AC—UMKC

Advantage—AQAP

Advantage 1 is Yemen:

Signature strikes create a unique blowback in Yemen—they drive recruitment and attacks—that destroys Yemeni stability and creates an al Qaeda safe haven

Emker 2013(Stacey, Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, January 14, and#34;Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemenand#34;, http://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/)

The United States has placed great emphasis on fighting the …. the transitional government of President Hadi to target only key, local Yemeni leaders of AQAP.

Signature strikes uniquely prevent effective local cooperation

Johnsen 2013(Gregory, Author of and#34;The Last Refuge: Yemen, al-Qaida, and America’s War in Arabiaand#34;, August 16, and#34;Three steps toward beating Al-Qaida in Yemenand#34;, http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/08/16/3565129_p2/three-steps-toward-beating-al.html)

Somewhere in Yemen are about two dozen individuals whom the …., with the U.S. allying with its Yemeni partners.

Signature strikes independently ruin the effectiveness of foreign aid—that prevents effective counter terror policy

Zenko 2013(Micah, Council on Foreign Relations, January, and#34;Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policiesand#34;, Council Special Report No. 65)

At the same time, some drone strikes contradict stated ……..struggles, because it is explicitly intervening on behalf of the government.

Review of kill lists is uniquely key—the present strategy causes distrust and prevents cooperation necessary to solve terrorism

Foust 2011(Joshua, Fellow at the American Security Project, December 30, and#34;Unaccountable Killing Machines: The True Cost of U.S. Dronesand#34;, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/12/unaccountable-killing-machines-the-true-cost-of-us-drones/250661/)

The upside to this system of drones, administration officials insist, is ….these dead people are and what crimes they may have committed. 

AQAP will gain the material to initiate a nuclear terrorist attack

Williams 2011 (Sarah, Coordinator of the Fissile Materials Working Group and Herbert Scoville Jr. Peace Fellow at the Center for Science, Technology and sEcurity Policy, and#34;After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat,and#34; Bulletin of Atomic Scientists - Fissile MAterials Working Group, May 13, www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/fissile-materials-working-group/after-bin-laden-nuclear-terrorism-still-top-t)

More than a decade ago, Osama bin Laden professed that and#34;acquiring ~….., a US priority must be securing this potential source material.

Terrorist retaliation causes nuclear war – draws in Russia and China

Ayson 2010(Robert, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington, and#34;After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,and#34; Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in ….. that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Retaliation defense doesn’t apply – three reasons

Brenner 2010 (Michael, Professor of International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, and#34;When do We Go To War in Yemen?and#34; The National Journal, January 5, http://security.nationaljournal.com/2010/01/when-do-we-go-to-war-in-yemen.php~~231403177)

We appear trapped in a room convinced that behind one of the …. as if it were ’garbage time’ in a mid-season NBA game.

AQAP will launch attacks on India

Roychowdhury 2011(Gen. Shankar Roychowdhury is a former Chief of Army Staff and a former member of Parliament, and#34;India needs a 360° terror appraisaland#34;, September 6, Deccan Chronicle, http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/india-needs-360C2B0-terror-appraisal-659)

In this context, Al Qaeda and its emerging ……of other threats as well and exercise the requisite caution. 

A new terrorist attack sparks Indo-pak nuclear war and causes extinction

Zarate 2011 (Juan C. Zarate, Sunday, February 20, 2011, and#34;An alarming South Asia powder kegand#34;, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/18/AR2011021805662.html)

In 1914, a terrorist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in ….. crises may be the greatest threat we face from terrorism. 

Terrorism uniquely causes conflict—overrides other checks on conflict

Tripathi 2012 (Dhananjay, Assistant Professor at the Department of International Relations at South Asian University in New Delhi, and#34;Energy Security : The Functional Area of Regional Cooperation for South Asiaand#34;, http://133.87.26.249/dspace/bitstream/2115/50918/1/EBR3-2_006.pdf) 

The problem does not lie on the effort side or ….. and there is a need for better cooperation in some functional area.

Advantage—Modeling

Advantage 2 is Modeling

United States drone use is setting a destabilizing precedent—ending signature strikes is key to set up a legal framework that prevents miscalculation

Zenko 2013(Micah, Council on Foreign Relations, January, and#34;Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policiesand#34;, Council Special Report No. 65)

Over the past decade, the use of unmanned aerial systems—……use these technologies responsibly, we must use them responsibly.and#34;4

U.S. precedent from drone use causes multiple scenarios for miscalculation—risks escalation in every global hotspot

Dowd 2013(Alan, Writes on National Defense and Foreign Polcy for Parameters, Spring, and#34;Drone Wars: Risks and Warningsand#34;, http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/WinterSpring_2013/1_Article_Dowd.pdf)

Second, power-projecting nations are following …..by drones spawned a new era of danger for the United States and its allies.

Chinese modeling causes conflict over the Senkakus and South China Sea

AP 2013(May 3, and#34;China emerges as new force in drone warfareand#34;, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare/)

China’s move into large-scale drone deployment ….. the Pentagon said in its 2012 report on China’s military.

That causes nuclear escalation and U.S. Draw in

Blaxland and Kersten 2013(Dr. John, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Center at the Australian National University, and Rikki, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacifific at the Australian National University, February 6, and#34;History Repeatingand#34;, http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/news-events/all-stories/history-repeating~~23.UgS921OoWzc)

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars ….. as proponents conceived at the outset.

Congressional evaluation of the kill list is key to solve modeling and credibility

Alston 2011(Philip, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at the New York University School of Law, Former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, and#34;The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Bordersand#34;, Harvard National Security Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 2) 

This Article focuses on the accountability of the Central …..states with highly problematic agendas.

Congressional review and changing the target list solves resentment and bad modeling

Ellison 2013(Keith, Representative from Minnesota’s 5th District, January 17, and#34;Building a better U.S. drone policyand#34;, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/01/17/commentary/building-a-better-u-s-drone-policy/~~23.Ua2CiOv3izc)

As the frequency of drone strikes spikes again, there ……power and provide a mechanism for greater oversight.

Plan

Plan: The United States federal government should increase congressional review over the use of unstaffed aerial vehicles for targeted killings, including a ban on the use of signature strikes.

Contention 3—Solvency

Congressional review is key—unilateral action creates mistrust that prevents cooperation and doesn’t set a precedent for modeling—only review solves

Goldsmith 2013 (Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, and#34;Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law Schooland#34;, Lawfare Blog, March 7, 2013, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/)

I disagree with Steve’s claim that we don’t know how the ….. Congress, and at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Congressional input and restrictions on war powers is necessary to prevent executive overreach—drones are uniquely key

Chen 2012(Julia, Boston College Law Review, November, and#34;Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of Warand#34;, No. 53, B.C. L. Rev 1767)
Section A asserts that the War Powers Resolution is outdated…..executive and make informed decisions on defense appropriations. n388

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 4 | Opponent: Arizona State Harbauer-Rajan | Judge: Gannon
Same as round 2

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 5 | Opponent: Washburn Lake-Kelly | Judge: Zendeh
Same as round 2

Tournament: 2013babyjo | Round: 7 | Opponent: Trinity Miner-Torres | Judge: OLeary
Same as round 2