Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: North Texas AK | Judge: Gabe Murillo

Policy debate is good for education, engagement, and empathy- clear rules, a stable topic, institutional role-playing and simulation are integral to the process

Lantis 8 (Jeffrey S., Professor in the Department of political science and Chair of the
International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature,” International Studies Association Compendium, February 2008, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf)

Simulations, games, and role-play represent a third important set of active teaching
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student interest in the topic, the development of empathy, and acquisition and retention of knowledge.

Refusal to engage in institutional reform reduces inquiry to narcissism.  There is a direct tradeoff with productive discussion and research

Chandler 9 (David, Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 81-82)
Today more and more people are ‘doing politics’ in their academic work. This is the
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peers and colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organisation. 

Only debates about engaging institutions can produce social change.  Disengagement from politics fractures coalitions and reinforces conservatism

Mouffe 9 (Chantal, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 233-237)

In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there is therefore emphasis upon ‘critique as
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nature of radical politics. 

Conservative forces always exist; only policy discussions can persuade them to support change

Kerbel- no date (Susan G., clinical psychologist and co-founder of Cognitive Policy Works, “From the Couch to the Culture: How Psychological Analysis Can Strengthen the Progressive Agenda,” Cognitive Policy Works, http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/trash/psychology-and-politics/)

The psychology of change: This is one of the great hidden powers of clinical
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minimize its impact on moving the agenda forward.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cornell PW | Judge: Dan Fitzmier

Text: The United States Congress should pass, and at least three-fourths of the states should ratify, a constitutional amendment, which should (PLAN).

Congressional amendments solve over-expansion of presidential war powers

Miksha 3 (Andre, J.D., Chief Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for the Government of Hamilton County, "Declaring War on the War Powers Resolution", Valparaiso University Law Review, Vol. 37, Number 2)

A third major problem with the Resolution is that the world is a very different place than it was in
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change would be sought and affected through proper constitutional means. 198

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC NP | Judge: Andrea Reed

Text: The President of the United States should issue an Executive Order committing the executive branch to Solicitor General representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel over decisions regarding indefinite detention.  The Department of Justice officials involved should state that the President of the United States lacks authority to indefinitely detain individuals arrested by the U.S. government on the grounds of the Suspension Clause.  The Executive Order should also require written publication of Office of Legal Counsel opinions.

The counterplan solves through DOJ adjudication—pre-commitment gives it precedent

Pillard 5 (February, Cornelia T., Michigan Law Review, 103.4, “The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands”, 103 Mich. L. Rev. 676-758, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/)

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: James Madison PC | Judge: Kyla Sommers

The President should release an Executive Order committing the branch to Solicitor General Representation and advance consultation with the Office of Legal Counsel regarding the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes.

The Department of Justice officials involved should call for providing all relevant executive documents outlining the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes to Congress.

The Executive Order should also require written disclosure of these Office of Legal Counsel opinions.

The Executive Branch should outline the legal basis and justifications for drone strikes in the area of targeted killing.

Executive pre-commitment to DOJ advice solves the aff

Pillard 5 (Faculty Director of Supreme Court Institute at Georgetown University Law Center, former Deputy Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ, February, Cornelia T., Michigan Law Review, 103.4, “The Unfulfilled Promise of the Constitution in Executive Hands”, 103 Mich. L. Rev. 676-758, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/189/)

The courts indisputably do not and cannot fully assure our enjoyment of our constitutional rights,
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rights is part of the executive's interest, not counter to it.

Solves every reason Congress is good without limiting authority

Baker 7 (James, Chief Judge to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, former Special Assistant to the President and Legal Advisor to the National Security Council, IN THE COMMON DEFENSE: NATIONAL SECURITY LAW FOR PERILOUS TIMES, p. 25-27)

Understanding process also entails an appreciation as to how to effectively engage the
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demonstrate confidence in policy choice and legal arguments and a willingness to account for effect.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Dan Fitzmier

Text: The USFG should prohibit the use of USFGand#39;s nuclear weapons against an organization or government that has not used nuclear weapons against the United States Federal Government or its allies and interests, except in response to the use of nuclear weapons that can be traced with high confidence to a state sponsor, in which case the United States Federal Government will retain the ability to use nuclear weapons against the state sponsors facilities used to manufacture nuclear weapons. The United States Federal Government should fund increased nuclear attribution efforts, advocate for an international database containing the expected signatures of each country’s nuclear materials, cooperate with Japan, South Korea, and China to develop common standards for attribution assessments, and publicly publish attribution results from smuggled nuclear materials that are intercepted.

The Executive branch should take all necessary measures to expedite the Guantanamo Bay Periodic Review Board and formation and review of indefinitely detained prisoners and cases. The Executive Branch should issue national security waivers for the transfer or repatriation of the eighty-six Guantanamo prisoners currently cleared for release and any prisoners who successfully challenge their status as indefinite detainees. The Executive should direct the Attorney General to inform the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals that the Department of Justice no longer considers the cleared detainees to be detainable. Any necessary funds that the Executive cannot obtain from the Defense Department should be taken from the Departments of Justice or Homeland Security.

The United States federal government should ratify and accede to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

Counterplan solves the case without Congressional action and solves backlash against Guantanamo

Pickler 13 (Nedra Pickler, Real Clear Politics writer, Gitmo Closure Elusive, Obama Looks at Other Steps, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/02/gitmo_closure_elusive_obama_looks_at_other_steps_118219.html#ixzz2dJmceB4s)

Despite President Barack Obamas new vow, closing the Guantanamo Bay prison is still
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Guantanamo and hopefully alleviating some of the tension.

Joining the ICC is a massive credibility boost and saves US soft power

Vivancos 10 (August 20th Julia Martinez, “Why the International Criminal Court is in the United States’ National Interest” The American Non-Governmental Organization Coalition for the International Criminal Court)

US power has been unrivaled in many dimensions: the hard power of military strength
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which it has begun cautiously.

The counterplan shores up global support for US strategy and solves every aff impact

Stoltz 9 (Daniel. Lt. Colonel, United States Army. Deterrence as the Cornerstone of a Counter-Terror Strategy. US Army War College Strategy Research Project. March 14. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA498392andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf) GF

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: Octas | Opponent: Arizona State RV | Judge: Kevin Kuswa, Christian Bato, Sam Maurer

The United States federal government should accede to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and implement all relevant domestic legislation to bring the US into compliance

The Executive branch should take all necessary measures to expedite the Guantanamo Bay Periodic Review Board and formation and review of indefinitely detained prisoners and cases. The Executive Branch should issue national security waivers for the transfer or repatriation of the eighty-six Guantanamo prisoners currently cleared for release and any prisoners who successfully challenge their status as indefinite detainees. The Executive should direct the Attorney General to inform the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals that the Department of Justice no longer considers the cleared detainees to be detainable

The Executive will declare that the detaining of enemy non-combatants not captured on the battlefield is a violation of Geneva Convention and will no longer be policy of the United States

The USFG should publicly and explicitly state in unequivocal and clear terms that the United States will use nuclear weapons against any state sponsors facilities used to manufacture or authorize nuclear weapons, or any regime leadership authorizing their transfers or use, in response to any first use of nuclear weapons by a third party that can be traced with high confidence to the state sponsor

First, abolishing the death penalty solves both your advantages – it is the single most corrosive element in our cooperation with other countries – The CP restores US human rights cred AND it spills over to successful counter terrorism cooperation

New Mexico Coalition to Repeal the Death Penalty 13 (http://www.nmrepeal.org/issues/international)

The death penalty in the United States has contributed to a costly isolation, severely undermining
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and#34;no single issue was viewed with as much hostility as our support for the death penalty.and#34;

And a nuclear attribution policy shores up global support for US counter terrorism and prolif strategy and solves all their terminal impacts

Stoltz 9 (Daniel. Lt. Colonel, United States Army. Deterrence as the Cornerstone of a Counter-Terror Strategy. US Army War College Strategy Research Project. March 14. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA498392andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

U.S. deterrence policy must hold true whether the target violates U.S. policy openly or
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on power, his family, his wealth, his military, and his infrastructure. 

And the waivers solve the entirety of the affirmative without involving Congress or weakening the President

Pickler 13 (Nedra Pickler, Real Clear Politics writer, Gitmo Closure Elusive, Obama Looks at Other Steps, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/05/02/gitmo_closure_elusive_obama_looks_at_other_steps_118219.html#ixzz2dJmceB4s)

Despite President Barack Obamaand#39;s new vow, closing the Guantanamo Bay prison is still a tough sell
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winnowing down the numbers at Guantanamo and hopefully alleviating some of the tension.and#34;

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State BS | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

Text: The Supreme Court of the United States should overrule Ex Parte Quirin.

Quirin is the source of executive authority regarding indefinite detention- only halting its precedent solves unending Presidential unilateralism

Luebbert 10 (Brad, Department of History at the University of Louisville, “The Laws Will Fall Silent: Ex Parte Quirin, a Troubling Precedent for Military Commissions,” The University of Louisville, May 2010, pgs. 101-103, http://digital.library.louisville.edu/utils/getfile/collection/etd/id/1945/filename/4742.pdf) PCS

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Sarah Weiner

Text: The Executive branch should publicly articulate its legal rationale for its targeted killing policy, including the process and safeguards in place for target selection.

The Executive branch should issue an announcement indicating that the Executive will no longer assert immunity from judicial review, allowing a cause of action for civil suits to be brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates in security cleared legal proceedings.

DOMA proves the Executive solves

Wolf 11 (Byron, ABC News, February 13, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/02/president-obama-instructs-justice-department-to-stop-defending-defense-of-marriage-act-calls-clinton/)

President Obama has instructed the Justice Department to stop defending the
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defend Section 3 only by invoking Congress’ actual justifications for the law.”

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cornell PW | Judge: Dan Fitzmier

We can use the tools of biopower to challenge its worst manifestations- rejecting these tools leads to horrid violence

Deranty 4 (Jean-Phillipe, Philosophy Professor Macquarie University, 2004 Borderlands Vol. 3 # 1 “Agamben’s Challenge to normative theories…” p. online BC)

48. One can acknowledge the descriptive appeal of the biopower hypothesis without renouncing
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to the "tradition of the oppressed" than their messianic counterparts. 

Biopower in a democratic government is vital to rights, tolerance, and inclusion—this takes out their all of their impacts

Dickinson 4 (Edward Ross Dickinson, Associate Professor, History Ph.D., U.C. Berkeley, 2004 “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About “Modernity,” Central European History, vol. 37, no. 1, 1–48 BC)

In the Weimar model, then, the rights of the individual, guaranteed formally by the constitution
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structure was too heavily slanted toward inclusion and tolerance.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cornell PW | Judge: Dan Fitzmier

Only the executive branch can operate swift enough in fourth generational warfare against terrorists

Li 9 (Zheyao, George University, Yale Law School, internship in the department of justice, “War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare,” Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, vol. 7, pp. 380-381) DMD

D. The Need for Rapid Reaction and Expanded Presidential War Power: By now it should be clear
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fourthgenerational opponents.

Terrorist retaliation causes nuclear war – draws in Russia and China

Ayson 10 (Robert, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by the country
AND
must be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cornell PW | Judge: Dan Fitzmier

Political responsibility requires a consideration of consequences

Isaac 2 (Jeffrey Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington, Spring 2002, Dissent, vol. 49, no. 2)

As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah Arendt have
AND
never be mistaken for a serious political commitment. 

Our highest ethical priorities must be to prevent actions that have the potential of harming the entire earth’s population, as well as future generations. Any ethical theory that allows a catastrophic impact on the entire world for the sake of one subset of the population is incompatible with this ethic and should be subordinated to the priority of preventing our disad impact

Attfield 6 (Robin Attfield, Professor of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, Wales, UK, 2006, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Vol. 32, No. 1, p. 5-7)

My aim in this paper is to sketch the shape of a global ethic, that is, an ethic applicable to global
AND
found sufficient for present purposes.

Preventing our disad impact is the highest ethical priority – we should take action to prevent the Other from dying first, only then can we consider questions of value to life

Wapner 3 (Paul Wapner, associate professor and director of the Global Environmental Policy Program at American University, Winter 2003, Dissent, online: http://www.dissentmagazine.org/menutest/archives/2003/wi03/wapner.htm)

All attempts to listen to nature are social constructions-except one. Even the most radical
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fundamental moral commitment.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Texas CM | Judge: Collin Roark

Rejecting strategic predictions of threats makes construction worse—decision makers will rely on preconceived conceptions of threat rather than the more qualified predictions of analysts

Fitzsimmons 7 (Michael, Washington DC defense analyst, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06-07, online)

But handling even this weaker form of uncertainty is still quite challenging
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such decisions may be poorly understood by the decision-makers themselves

Refusal to prevent the problems of the world is an instance of doubling – we accept there are certain necessary costs. Only by accepting and ethical responsibility for suffering can we prevent violence

Fasching 93 (Darrell J. Fasching, Professor of Religious Studies at the University of South Florida, “The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima” 1993, pgs. 88-92)

For the doctors of Auschwitz, the change from their family and professional
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world created by its self-deception. 

Discussion of nuclear war is necessary to prevent it

Futterman 94 (J. A. H., Physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, “Meditations on the Bomb,” http://www.dogchurch.org/scriptorium/nuke.html, AD: 7/11/09) 

But the inhibitory effect of reliable nuclear weapons goes deeper than Shirer's
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with a needed sense of urgency that it might otherwise lack.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Dan Fitzmier

Fiscal battles are at the top of the docket – Obama has enough clout to get a budget agreement post Syria to get it done but PC will be critical

EuroNews 9-11-13 (http://kfgo.com/news/articles/2013/sep/11/delay-in-syria-vote-frees-obama-to-shift-to-hefty-domestic-agenda/)

WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Putting off a decision on military strikes on Syria allows
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borrowing limit. 

Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda

Edwards and Howell 9 (George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency, 2009)

Yet, manipulating public opinion and bringing popular pressures to bear on the
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her future power prospects. 

Shutdown wrecks the economy

Yi Wu 13 (Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” August 27, 2013,
PolicyMic,http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea)

Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a letter last
AND
enough to demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.

Impact is nuclear war

Broward 9 (Member of Triond, http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you)
Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy. With five official
AND
issue facing us in the 21st century.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Peyton Lee

Obama pushing in on immigration reform and it passes now – but the window will close if he can’t get it done this year

Brustein 10-23 (Joshua. Contributor, SFGate, Immigration reform gets push from tech industry. http://www.sfgate.com/technology/article/Immigration-reform-gets-push-from-tech-industry-4920783.php)

Mark Zuckerberg has spent much of the past year getting involved in political
AND
unanswered question of whether Congress can do anything at all.

Challenges to war powers authority drains political capital which spills over to the broader domestic political agenda

Kriner 10 (Douglas, Assistant professor of political science at Boston University, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010)

While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital
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costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Immigration reform key to US-Latin American relations

Lopez-Levy 12 (Arturo doctoral candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies of the University of Denver, “The Latin American Gorilla,” http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/opinion/the-latin-american-gorilla-318169.html, Accessed 1/23/2013)

Few political acts would have a greater effect on U.S.-Latin American relations
AND
investment, and the voting preferences of expatriates from those countries.

Strong relations key to global cooperation on proliferation, global warming and democracy promotion

Shifter 12 (Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf, Accessed 1/23/2013)

There are compelling reasons for the United States and Latin America to pursue
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firmer basis for hemispheric partnership.

Proliferation risks extinction

Taylor 2 (Stuart Jr., Senior Writer with the National Journal and contributing editor at Newsweek, Legal Times, September 16, L/N)

The truth is, no matter what we do about Iraq, if we don't stop proliferation
AND
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 2 | Opponent: John Carroll MS | Judge: Jim Lyle

Obama renewing push for CIR – it passes now

Kaplan 11-5-13 (Rebecca. Journalist. Obama: House has votes to pass immigration reform. CBSNews.com http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57610933/)

In a meeting with business leaders to discuss immigration reform, President Obama predicted that
AND
reform such as billions of dollars in deficit reduction and growth for the economy.

Challenges to war powers authority drains political capital which spills over to the broader domestic political agenda

Kriner 10 (Douglas, Assistant professor of political science at Boston University, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War,” University of Chicago Press, Dec 1, 2010)

While congressional support leaves the president’s reserve of political capital intact, congressional
AND
insufficient to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

Immigration reform key to US-Latin American relations

Lopez-Levy 12 (Arturo doctoral candidate at the Josef Korbel School of International Studies of the University of Denver, “The Latin American Gorilla,” http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/opinion/the-latin-american-gorilla-318169.html, Accessed 1/23/2013)

Few political acts would have a greater effect on U.S.-Latin American relations than the naturalization
AND
investment, and the voting preferences of expatriates from those countries.

Strong relations key to global cooperation on proliferation, global warming and democracy promotion

Shifter 12 (Michael is the President of Inter-American Dialogue. “Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” April, IAD Policy Report, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf, Accessed 1/23/2013)

There are compelling reasons for the United States and Latin America to pursue more robust ties.
AND
hemispheric partnership.

Proliferation risks extinction

Taylor 2 (Stuart Jr., Senior Writer with the National Journal and contributing editor at Newsweek, Legal Times, September 16, L/N)

The truth is, no matter what we do about Iraq, if we don't stop proliferation another five or ten
AND
controller under six presidents and led the successful Clinton administration effort to extend the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emporia State SH | Judge: Heather Walters

Li has momentum and political capital now, but needs it all to push economic reform.  Failure collapses the economy and the Party

Chen 9/6 (George Chen, South China Morning Post, “Li Keqiang fought strong opposition for Shanghai free-trade zone plan”, September 6, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1282793/li-fought-strong-opposition-shanghai-free-trade-zone-plan)

Premier Li Keqiang fought open opposition from financial regulators in his bid to push
AND
throw long-protected areas of the economy directly into the path of efficient global competitors.

The plan drains political capital and erodes legitimacy – it forces controversial debate about China’s Constitutional implementation

Backer 13 (Larry Catá Backer is Professor of Law and International Affairs at Penn State University, “Towards a Robust Theory of the Chinese Constitutional State”, Penn State Law Research Paper No. 25-2013, May 8, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262555)

In a world in which regime changes are predicated on the legitimacy of the state
AND
constitutional scholars in China are  educated in the West, mostly in the United States.  

The failure of “Likonomics” collapses the global economy and causes CCP collapse

Wang 9/4 (Zheng Wang is an Associate Professor in the School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University, “How China’s Economic Rebalancing is like the Movie ‘Speed’”, The Diplomat, September 4, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/how-chinas-economic-rebalancing-is-like-the-movie-speed/)

How many remember the Hollywood film, Speed,
AND
economy. Let’s wish Li good luck with his mission.

CCP collapse causes nuclear war

Yee and Storey 2 (Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5)

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of political
AND
would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC JW | Judge: Sam Allen

Debt ceiling will be raised now – GOP will cave to Obama

TPM 9-27 ("Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?" TPM News, http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/gop-reveals-its-strategy-on-gov-t-funding-debt-limit?m=1)

House Republicans are taming members' expectations ahead of the debt limit showdown, signaling
AND
President Barack Obama has vowed not to pay a ransom to ensure the U.S. can meet its obligations.

The plan weakens the Executive’s power which is critical to maintaining the President’s ability to control Congress

Fiscal Times 8-6 (The Reason Voters Choose Power-Hungry Presidents,
http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/08/06/The-One-Good-Thing-About-Power-Hungry-Presidents.aspx#page1)

The presidential preoccupation with power is not a single-minded pursuit, but its attainment and
AND
government and the whole institution.”

Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy

Davidson 9-10 (Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” a podcast and blog, “Our Debt to Society,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will have to be made.
AND
economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Impact is nuclear war

Broward 9 (Newsflavor is a network of journalists that cover current events, political coverage, world news, and opinions, April 9, “Will an Economic Collapse Kill You?” http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you/)

Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy. With five official nations having
AND
so high that acting to save the economy is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Bill Russell

Obama focused on keeping the heat on the GOP and they’ll back down on the debt ceiling now

Tiron 10-3 (Roxanne. Reporter. Bloomberg (Boehner Seeks Republican Unity on Debt-Ceiling Increase. News. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-04/boehner-seeks-republican-unity-on-debt-ceiling-increase.html)

U.S. House Speaker John Boehner is trying to unite Republicans around
AND
percent in New York yesterday for its steepest slide since Aug. 27. 

The plan is a loss that spills over to the debt debate

Parsons 9-12 (Christi. Reporter. LA Times. Obama's team calls a timeout”, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-obama-congress-20130913,0,2959396.story)

After a week in which President Obama narrowly averted a bruising
AND
White House on fiscal issues, said the appeal resonated.

Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy

Davidson 9-10 (Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” a podcast and blog, “Our Debt to Society”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)

Impact is nuclear war

Broward 9 (Member of Triond. http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you)

Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy.
AND
economy is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Em Parker

There’s executive war power authority in the status quo- the plan reverses that trend

Posner 13 (Eric Posner, 9/3/13, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)

President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
AND
it will stand in his way.

Presidential flexibility is key to responding to terrorism and WMD attacks

Yoo 13 (John, law professor at the University of California Berkeley, “Like it or not, Constitution allows Obama to strike Syria without Congressional approval,” Fox News, August 30, 2013, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/08/30/constitution-allows-obama-to-strike-syria-without-congressional-approval/#ixzz2dt2z2ocD) PCS

Since World War II, it has been Congress that has authorized and funded our large standing
AND
untested changes in the way we make war.

Only the executive branch can operate swift enough in warfare against terrorists

Li 9 (Zheyao, George University, Yale Law School, internship in the department of justice, “War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare,” Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, vol. 7, pp. 380-381) DMD

D. The Need for Rapid Reaction and Expanded Presidential War Power: By now it should be clear
AND
necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourth generational opponents.

Terrorist retaliation causes nuclear war – draws in Russia and China

Ayson 10 (“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via InformaWorld)

A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by the country
AND
would probably still meet with a devastating response.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: James Madison PC | Judge: Kyla Sommers

Iran is looking to compromise on its nuclear program – Obama’s perceived flexibility is key to negotiations

Benen 9-20 (Steve, producer for The Rachel Maddow Show, MSNBC political contributor, “When crises become opportunities,” http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite)

When it comes to the Middle East, progress has never moved in a straight line. There are fits
AND
to be demonstrating flexibility and diplomacy toward the Middle East.

Obama needs to be perceived as having independent authority to both strike and back down in order to keep Iran at the table

Zeisberg 9-25 (Mariah, associate professor of political science at the University of Michigan, “Debate over War Powers may yield positive outcome”
http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/09/debate-over-war-powers-resolution-may-yield-positive-outcome/)

Uncertainty about what the Constitution requires is thick: even as President Obama called for
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ambiguity can create in generating good international outcomes.

Giving Congress the ability to say no will tank negotiations by emboldening hardliners – this triggers Israeli strikes

Ross 9-9 (Dennis, counselor at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Blocking action on Syria makes an attack on Iran more likely,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/blocking-action-on-syria-makes-an-attack-on-iran-more-likely/2013/09/09/dd655466-1963-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html)

Still, for the opponents of authorization, these arguments are portrayed as abstractions. Only
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program will not inevitably involve the United States, but maybe it will — and maybe it should.

An Israeli strike triggers World War 3, collapses heg and the global economy

Reuveny 10 (Rafael, professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University, “Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression” Gazette Xtra,  8/7, - See more at: http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences,
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light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 7 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Ryan Wash

Our position is that the affirmative should engage in a discussion
Affirming the topic is good - democratic opposition to the uncritical usage of the war powers of the President is essential to exposing the operations of whiteness in creating an intersectional grid of oppression.  Debates about the topic are the starting point to overcome racism, patriarchy, heteronormativity, and neoliberal capitalism

Lipsitz 6 (George Lipsitz is Professor of Black Studies and Sociology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, Temple University Press, pp. 72-4)

Reginald Horsman’s study of nineteenth-century racism
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power of transnational corporations beyond the control of any one nation’s politics.

Refusal to engage in institutional reform reduces inquiry to narcissism.  There is a direct tradeoff with productive discussion and research

Chandler 9 (David, Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 81-82)

Today more and more people are ‘doing politics’ in their academic work.
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colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organisation. 

Only debates about engaging institutions can produce social change.  Disengagement from discussing institutional change coalitions and reinforces conservatism

Mouffe 9 (Chantal, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 233-237)

In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there is therefore emphasis upon
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This, in my view, is how we should conceive the nature of radical politics. 

Conservative forces always exist; we need productive discussions that can persuade them to support change

Kerbel- no date (Susan G., clinical psychologist and co-founder of Cognitive Policy Works, “From the Couch to the Culture: How Psychological Analysis Can Strengthen the Progressive Agenda,” Cognitive Policy Works, http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/trash/psychology-and-politics/)

The psychology of change: This is one of the great hidden powers of clinical
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and minimize its impact on moving the agenda forward. 

Discussion of a topic, and discussion of foreign policy is good for education, engagement, and empathy. Their arguments about disengagement and distancing are wrong – the premise of their criticism was tested in the classroom and found to be incorrect

Lantis 8 (Jeffrey S., Professor in the Department of political science and Chair of the International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature,” International Studies Association Compendium, February 2008, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf)

Simulations, games, and role-play represent a third important set of active
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retention of knowledge.

Individual action alternatives are doomed to failure, they create isolation while avoiding responsibility for outcomes. Avoidance of debates about problems and solutions prevents meaningful politics

Chandler 9 (David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism”, What is Radical Politics Today?, Edited by Jonathan Pugh,  pp. 78-9)

People often argue that there is nothing passive or conservative about radical
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is also reflected in its rejection of any form of social movement or organisation.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wichita DS | Judge: Scott Harris

Restricting drone usage is the only thing that can disrupt the separation of powers- that authority belongs exclusively to the President

Vladeck 13 (Steve, professor of law and the associate dean of constitutional scholarship at American University, “Why a “Drone Court” Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might,” Lawfare, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/) PCS

In my view, the adversity issue is the deepest legal flaw in “drone court” proposals. But
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where the President otherwise would have the power to use lethal force.

Interbranch conflict causes extinction

Jamison 93 (Linda S. Jamison, Deputy Director of Governmental Relations @ CSIS, Spring 1993, Executive-Legislative Relations after the Cold War, Washington Quarterly, v.16, n.2, p. 189)

Indeed there are very few domestic issues that do not have strong international
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an intense political dialogue that goes beyond the executive branch (Mann 1990, 28-29).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: North Texas AK | Judge: Gabe Murillo

Exposing and confronting ableist language, like the use of metaphors of “invisibility” enhances social justice practices by expanding the universe of outsider scholarship- we best advance libratory understanding

Ortiz and Elrod 2 (Victoria and Jennifer, Crossroads, directions, and a new critical race theory, Ed. Valdes, Culp, and Harris, p. 265, GAL)

As with racism, sexism, classism, and homophobia, we began increasingly to notice how
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has enriched both our work and our Lives.

This must be a voting issue – ableist Speech strengthens oppression and destroys the purposes of public debate

Wheelchair Dancer 8 (“On Making Argument: Disability and Language”, http://cripwheels.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-making-argument-disability-and.html Accessed: 2/10/11, GAL)

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State BS | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

Seeing as Knowing should be rejected as Ableist

Vidali 10 (Amy, Department of English at the University of Colorado-Denver, “Seeing What We Know: Disability and Theories of Metaphor,” Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Volume 4, Issue 1, pgs. 33-54)

The knowing is seeing metaphor has been critiqued by those in Disability Studies, who
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as "synonymous with ignorance, indifference, and sin" (118).

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Binghamton SS | Judge: Lindsay Vanluvanee

They theorize power wrong – their project shuts down a Marxist approach to politics. Focus on micropolitics renders capitalism invisible as violence continues unfettered

Katz 00 (Adam Katz, English Instructor at Onodaga Community College. 2000. Postmodernism and the Politics of “Culture.”  Pg. 104-105)

Contemporary attempts to conceptualize these cultural shifts have
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produced through the contradictory processes of material production.

The ideological predominance of capitalism manifests itself in an expansionary global system which fuels its growth at the cost of the environment and the 3rd world populations at the periphery of its empire. American imperialism attempts to seize total hegemonic control through military force to protect patterns of economic growth-this makes war inevitable as the U.S. seeks to eliminate the resulting antagonism that refuses to sacrifice its own needs for accumulation

Foster 5 (John Bellamy, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon, Naked Imperialism, Monthly Review Vol 57 Iss 4, Proquest)

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism,
AND
organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

The alternative is to embrace a Marxist methodology by rejecting the affirmative’s ideological mystification of capitalism’s material base. Only by rejecting this ideology can we lay bare the structural causes of oppression and spark the revolutionary praxis necessary to build a classless society

Tumino 1 (Stephen, prof of English @ Pitt, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before,” The Red Critique 1, Spring, http:www.redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm) 

The "original" ideas of Marxism are inseparable from their effect as
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to end social inequality forever.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: North Texas AK | Judge: Gabe Murillo

Postcolonialism's focus on cultural representations excludes Marxist analysis by denying the existence of material origins to issues, ensuring that the plan only retrenches colonial domination

Sahay 2 (Amrohini, September 2002, The Red Critique, “Edward Said's (Class) "Politics", http://redcritique.org/SeptOct02/printversions/edwardsaidsclasspoliticsprint.htm, accessed 7-18-13, GSK)

Over the years, especially since the publication of his book, Orientalism, in 1978,
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has always done: deploy "culture" to cover over the contradictions of class.

The impact is extinction

Brown 5 (Charles, Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan, 05/13/2005, http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.htm)

The capitalist class owns the factories, the banks, and transportation-the means of
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and politically. Violence against women in the home and in society at large remains a shameful fact of life in the U.S.

The alternative is to vote negative- endorsing the negative project of historical totalizing is the only way to recognize the continuity of class domination

San Juan 6 (Epifanio, Jr., Fulbright Lecturer in American Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, “Crisis and Contradiction in Globalization Discourse” http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/crisisandcontradictioninglobalizationdiscourse.htm) APB

In order to probe and analyze the multilayered contradictions of any phenomenon,
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the excluded and marginalized peoples of the planet.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Emory DK | Judge: Bill Russell

Capitalism forces democratic priorities to concede to the interests of corporations that trades-off with genuine representation—ensures modeling based on coercion

Reich 7 (Robert, University of California Berkeley public policy professor and former U.S. secretary of Labor, “How capitalism is killing democracy”, September/October 2007, http://www.robertreich.org/reich/20070901.) 

But citizens living in democratic nations aren’t similarly constrained.
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often the hardest, is to get our thinking straight. ?

Capitalism manifests itself in an expansionary global system which fuels its growth at the cost of the environment and the 3rd world populations. American imperialism attempts to seize total hegemonic control through military force to protect patterns of economic growth-this makes war inevitable as the U.S. seeks to eliminate the resulting antagonism that refuses to sacrifice its own needs for accumulation

Foster 5 (John Bellamy, professor of sociology at the University of Oregon, Naked Imperialism, Monthly Review Vol. 57 Iss. 4, Proquest)

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism,
AND
organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

The alternative is to embrace a Marxist methodology by rejecting the affirmative’s ideological mystification of capitalism’s material base. Only by rejecting this ideology can we lay bare the structural causes of oppression and spark the revolutionary praxis necessary to build a classless society

Tumino 1 (Stephen, prof of English @ Pitt, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before,” The Red Critique 1, Spring, http:www.redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm) 

The "original" ideas of Marxism are inseparable from their effect
AND
to end social inequality forever.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State BS | Judge: Kaitlyn Haynal

The idea that textual meaning is self-produced entrenches the bourgeois myth of individual freedom

Eagleton 96 (Thomas, Prof. of English @ Oxford, Marxist Literacy Theory: A Reader. Pg. 304-305)

That the text is in a certain sense self-producing is, as I shall
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fundamental determination by the constituents of its ideological matrix. 

The ideological predominance of capitalism manifests itself in an expansionary global system which fuels its growth at the cost of the environment and the 3rd world populations at the periphery of its empire. American imperialism attempts to seize total hegemonic control through military force to protect patterns of economic growth-this makes war inevitable as the U.S. seeks to eliminate the resulting antagonism that refuses to sacrifice its own needs for accumulation

Foster 5
(John Bellamy, professor of sociology at University of Oregon, Naked Imperialism, Monthly Review, Vol. 57 Issue 4, Proquest)

From the longer view offered by a historical-materialist critique of capitalism, the direction that would be taken by U.S. imperialism following
AND
organizing a global resistance movement against the new naked imperialism.

The alternative is to embrace a Marxist methodology by rejecting the affirmative’s ideological mystification of capitalism’s material base. Only by rejecting this ideology can we lay bare the structural causes of oppression and spark the revolutionary praxis necessary to build a classless society

Tumino 1 (Stephen, professor of English at Pitt, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More Than Ever Before,” The Red Critique 1, Spring, http:www.redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm)
The and#34;originaland#34; ideas of Marxism are inseparable from their effect as and#34;demystificationand#34; of ideology
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to end social inequality forever.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Dan Fitzmier

The affirmative’s evocation of the terrorist threat is not objective—it’s based on flawed information and is used to define an Orientalist/Western identity—this framing causes terrorism and makes an effective response impossible

Jackson 7 (Richard, Reader in International Politics, currently working on an ESRC-funded project in collaboration with Dr Matt McDonald (Warwick) on ‘The Coalition of the Willing and the Construction of Security’, “Constructing Enemies: ‘Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse,” Government and Opposition, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 394–426, JS)

Employing the same social scientific modes of analysis, terminology and empirical
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ineffective and a waste of resources. 

The Orientalism the aff propagates causes unending violence

Batur 7 (Pinar, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Scociology @ Vassar, “The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide,” in Handbook of the The Soiology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 446-7)

At the turn of the 20th century, the “Terrible Turk” was the image that summarized
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The 21st century opened up with genocide, in Darfur.

Vote negative to interrogate the underlying assumptions of terrorism policy- deconstructing terrorism studies is prior question to discussions of counter-terror policy

Jackson 11 (Richard, Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, “Culture, identity and hegemony: Continuity and (the lack of) change in US counterterrorism policy from Bush to Obama,” International Politics (2011) 48, 390–411, JS)

There is little doubt that the election of Barak Obama to the United States presidency
AND
 and respectable – whereas others are not (Yee, 1996).

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Binghamton SS | Judge: Lindsay Vanluvanee

Nature divides itself, but it is masculine subjectivity which attempts to mediate this divide and return to an original unity through a violent imposition of will. Ontology can only relate to nature through the masculine imposition of will. Even their claims to “let being be” require an act of willing

Stone 3 (Allison, Institute for Environment, Philosophy, and Public Policy, “Irigaray and Holderlin on the Relation Between Nature and Culture,” Continental Philosophy Review 36(4), pp. 415-432)

In his Introduction to Metaphysics, Heidegger comments on the choral ode
AND
To Be Two that patriarchal culture can be changed. Let us explore this dimension of her thought. 

Ontology can only find authenticity in the being-toward-death. This affinity with death diminishes the importance of the facticity of birth and eliminates the possibility of ontologically valuing natality – the result is a gendered ontology.
Guenther 8 (Lisa, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, “Being-from-others: Reading Heidegger after Cavarero,” (Hypatia 23.1, January-March))

The priority of death over birth in Being and Time culminates in the following
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possibilities given to me at birth. 

The flawed understanding of nature that results from a gendered ontology results in either a desire to manipulate nature as distinct from culture, or a determinist understanding of nature. Either recreate technological thought which turns case, and result in patriarchy and violence

Stone 3 (Allison, Institute for Environment, Philosophy, and Public Policy, “Irigaray and Holderlin on the Relation Between Nature and Culture,” Continental Philosophy Review 36(4), pp. 415-432)

This paper offers an interpretation of Luce Irigaray’s later philosophical reflections
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renewed recognition of, and esteem for, nature.

Formulating a relationship to natality comes before questions of Being; birth itself makes possible the concrete facticity of existence.  The alternative is the ontology of natality, not Being

Guenther 8 (Lisa, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Vanderbilt, “Being-from-others: Reading Heidegger after Cavarero,” (Hypatia 23.1, January-March))

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Binghamton SS | Judge: Lindsay Vanluvanee

Even though they’re critical of the sovereign, they have assumed the wolf-man and all relevant characters to be male- that is gendered

Niebur 11 (Susan, former Discover Program Scientist, PhD; 2011 http://womeninplanetaryscience.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/gender-neutral-language-matters/JM)

I was disappointed to see the phrasing of tonight’s press release
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It matters, and it has long-reaching impact.

The use of gendered language is nothing short of the daily construction of the patriarchal order

Spender 80 (Dale, U of Utah, Man Made Language)

Each day we construct the world we live in according to these man made rules.
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we enter into the meaning of patriarchal order and then we help to give it life.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Michigan BJ | Judge: Jason Russell

The root causes of ecological problems are found in social hierarchies. Their misidentification of the causes of the ecological crisis means they can never solve

Bookchin 93 (Murray, “What is Social Ecology?” orig. published in Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, ed. Michael Zimmerman, http://greenfrombelow.wordpress.com/murray-bookchin-what-is-social-ecology/)

What defines social ecology as social is its recognition of the often-overlooked fact that nearly all our
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will be directed toward limited goals whose attainment is more cosmetic than curative.

Our criticism comes first: Humanity’s place in natural evolution is as the self-reflexive voice of nature made conscious- this is an ethical ontology which requires the dissolution of hierarchy.  Failure to embrace our ecological responsibilities results in a fundamentally immoral society which threatens nuclear extinction and ecological destruction

Bookchin 94 (Murray, Director Emeritus @ the Institute for Social Ecology, “Which Way for the Ecology Movement?”, p. 74 GAL)

Mutualism, self-organization, freedom, and subjectivity, together with social ecology's principles of
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a better fate than what seems to confront it in the years ahead.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: UMKC JW | Judge: Sam Allen

“Introduction of armed forces into hostilities” requires ground troops, and only this interpretation is predictable- this has been the position of the USFG for over 40 years

Kerry 11 (John, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman, Opening Statement at Hearing on Libya and War Powers, June 28, http://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/chair/release/chairman-kerry-opening-statement-at-hearing-on-libya-and-war-powers Accessed 9/25/13 GAL)

It is important to remember that the War Powers Resolution was a direct reaction to the Vietnam War
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There are no American troops on the ground, and we’re not going to put them in that position.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 6 | Opponent: UNLV KK | Judge: Em Parker

Restriction requires prohibition

City of Northglenn 11 (City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html)

Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term
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operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.

Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act

Taylor 96 (Ellen, Attorney at Gambrell and Stolz, LLP, Atlanta, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)

The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency, and the
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what the agent can do and what the agent may do.