Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Vega
Relations aren’t key to solving global problems
Babich 5 (Dmitry, February 21, pg. http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/9063-3.cfm)
“I categorically deny that there is an orchestrated anti-Russian campaign in the
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that they chose the old-fashioned form of an open letter instead.”
Russian safeguards exist and they wouldn’t be able to set off the bomb anyways
Mueller, 10 – Professor and Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Department of Political Science at Ohio State University John, “Nuclear Weapons”, Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb, Issue 177, p.38, proquest, AL
"Terrorists Could Snap Up Russia's Loose Nukes." That's a myth. It has
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, store their weapons disassembled, with the pieces in separate secure vaults.
No reason why the US wouldn’t continue pushing human rights abuses on Russia post plan – means revolution will likely continue
No impact to Russian civil war
Stent, professor of government and foreign service, and director of the Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies at Georgetown University, 2003 Angela E., Winter 2003, World Policy Journal, p. 75-76
Using extensive interviews with participants in all three administrations, and memoirs by former officials
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no consensus about what would constitute a realistic timetable for Russia's democratic development.  

No risk of accidents or miscalc – safeguards, C2, precautions, political pressure and empirical support all prove
Quinlan, ‘9 – Sir Michael, Former Permanent Under-Secretary of State UK Ministry of Defense, 40 years experience in policy about nuclear weapons at senior levels close to Britain and NATO. Thinking About Nuclear Weapons: Principles, Problems, Prospects, p. 63-69.
Even if initial nuclear use did not quickly end the fighting, the supposition of
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cosmic holocaust might be mistakenly precipitated in this way belongs to science fiction. 

ZERO chance of retaliation
Kislov ’93 (Alexander K. Kislov, Professor and director of Peace and Research Institute (Moscow). 1993. Inadvertent Nuclear War. Pg. 239-240.
A deliberate nuclear war between East and West is out of the question; but
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is the maximal assumption that is possible if we want to remain realistic.
De-targeting solves
Slocombe, ‘9 – Walter B. Slocombe, “De-Alerting: Diagnoses, Prescriptions, and Side-Effects,” Presented at the seminar on “Re-framing De-Alert: Decreasing the Operational Readiness of Nuclear Weapons Systems in the U.S.-Russia Context” in Yverdon, Switzerland, 21-23 June 2009.
Moreover, in recent years, both the US and Russia, as well as
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remain available for authorized use but not susceptible of appropriation or mistaken use.
No impact to bioweapons --- they’re too hard to deploy and countermeasures solve
John Mueller, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Ohio State, 06, Overblown p. 20-22
Properly developed and deployed, biological weapons could indeed, if thus far only in
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know about biological warfare the easier he seems to think the task is."::

Risks exaggerated
Cirincione, 6 (Joseph, Director for Non-Proliferation at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Exaggerating the threat of bioterrorism,” http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=viewandid=18135)
Milton Leitenberg is one of America’s leading scientific experts on biological weapons. He is
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have on the planet today.”? Leitenberg concludes, “No. Absolutely not

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Vega
Terrorism is not an existential threat
The New Republic, ’08 (http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=5248f065-cbd3-4264-ac58-cffdfd947a22)

Michael Chertoff's public comments about terrorism embody this dilemma: Despite his laudable efforts to
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smoke alarms or forcing people to wear seat belts instead of chasing terrorists."
Low-risk of super terrorism limited capabilities, inevitable mistakes, and conservative tactics
Levi, ’08 (Michael Levi, fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, January/February, 2008, Stopping Nuclear Terrorism, Foreign Affairs, p. foreignaffairs.org)
WHEN STRATEGIES for preventing nuclear terrorism rely on silver bullets, less dramatic--but
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analysts can dream up ways in which those measures might theoretically be evaded.
Terrorists won’t use WMD – its counter to their strategy of pointing out human rights abuses as a recruitment tool
Forest 2012 (James, PhD and Director of Terrorism Studies and an associate professor at the United States Military Academy, “Framework for Analyzing the Future Threat of WMD Terrorism,” Journal of Strategic Security, Volume 5, Number 4, Article 9, Winter 2012, http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1193andcontext) MT

The terrorist group would additionally need to consider whether a WMD attack would be counterproductive
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, or the Chechen's deliberations about attacking Russia, with such a weapon.

No technical capacity to steal, transport or build the bomb
Chapman, 8 (Steven, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, 2/8/2008, Who’s Still Afraid of Osama?, p. http://reason.com/news/show/124874.html)
Ever since Sept. 11, 2001, Americans have had
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it appears, the worst eventuality is one that will never happen.
Terrorism won’t go nuclear and they won’t be able to attack the US - several warrants
Mearsheimer 11, January, John J., Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago. He is on the Advisory Council of The National Interest, “Imperial by Design,”http:nationalinterest.org/article/imperial-by-design-4576?page=3,
The fact is that states have strong incentives to distrust terrorist groups, in part
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by accident-causing deer, or by severe allergic reactions to peanuts.”

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Vega
Text: The Executive branch of the United States should publicly prohibit indefinite detention
The executive can restrain itself
Sales 12
(Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf)
Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning national security rests on the assumption that the
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one hand behind its back,” to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Vega
Exec flexibility on detention powers now
Michael Tomatz 13, Colonel, B.A., University of Houston,  J
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ON ENEMY DETENTION,” 69 A.F. L. Rev. 1 

President Obama signed the NDAA "despite having serious reservations with certain provisions that regulate
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about known and hidden dangers, and preventing terrorists from continuing the fight.
Plan allows Congress to vocally oppose crisis intervention- that destroys international perception of U.S. resolve
Waxman 13 (Matthew Waxman, Professor of Law at Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy at CFR, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN)

When members of Congress vocally oppose a use of force, they undermine the president’s
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even abandon, those military operations that do not involve vital strategic interests.
Iran is looking to compromise on its nuclear program – Obama’s perceived flexibility is key
Benen, writer for MSNBC and producer of the Rachel Maddow show, 9/20/2013
(Steve, “When crises become opportunities,” http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite)

When it comes to the Middle East, progress has never moved in a straight
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moment for Obama to be demonstrating flexibility and diplomacy toward the Middle East.
The plan undermines Obama’s war power credibility—that kills negotiations
Matthew Waxman, professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State, 1/28/13, Executive-Congressional Relations and National Security, www.advancingafreesociety.org/the-briefing/executive-congressional-relations-and-national-security/

The last four years should have been a good period for executive-congressional relations
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it will find its freedom to maneuver and deliver on assurances severely constrained.
Iran proliferation causes nuclear war
Edelman, distinguished fellow – Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, ‘11
(Eric S, “The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January/February)

The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
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would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Gonzalez-Rajan | Judge: Dunn
A. Interpretation - The affirmative should be required to read a topical policy proposal and defend its implementation.  The affirmative can only weigh advantages that stem from the implementation of the plan. 

B. Violation – The affirmative didn’t read a topical policy proposal, or doesn’t defend its implementation.  They leverage advantages based off of the endorsement of the discourse or theoretical content of the 1AC, not the plan.

C. Impact - Framework should be a procedural voting issue for reasons of fairness and topic specific education.

Policy debate is good for education, engagement, and empathy.  Clear rules, a stable topic, institutional role-playing and simulation are integral to the process.
Lantis 8 Jeffrey S., Professor in the Department of political science and Chair of the
International Relations Program at The College of Wooster, “The State of the Active Teaching and Learning Literature,” International Studies Association Compendium, February 2008, http://www.isacompss.com/info/samples/thestateoftheactiveteachingandlearningliterature_sample.pdf

Simulations, games, and role-play represent a third important set of active
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topic, the development of empathy, and acquisition and retention of  knowledge.

Refusal to engage in institutional reform reduces inquiry to narcissism.  There is a direct tradeoff with productive discussion and research.
Chandler 9 David, Professor of International Relations at the University of Westminster, “Questioning Global Political Activism,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 81-82

Today more and more people are ‘doing politics’ in their academic work. This
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peers and colleagues at the level of political or intellectual debate and organisation. 

Only debates about engaging institutions can produce social change.  Disengagement from politics fractures coalitions and reinforces conservatism.
Mouffe 9 Chantal, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, “The Importance of Engaging the State,” What is Radical Politics Today? October 2009, pgs. 233-237

In both Hardt and Negri, and Virno, there is therefore emphasis upon ‘
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my view, is how we should conceive the nature of radical politics.

Conservative forces always exist; only policy discussions can persuade them to support change.
Kerbel- no date Susan G., clinical psychologist and co-founder of Cognitive Policy Works, “From the Couch to the Culture: How Psychological Analysis Can Strengthen the Progressive Agenda,” Cognitive Policy Works, http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/trash/psychology-and-politics/

The psychology of change: This is one of the great hidden powers of clinical
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drag of resistance, and minimize its impact on moving the agenda forward.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal State Fullerton Gonzalez-Rajan | Judge: Dunn
The control of women’s bodies is the precondition of the social expression of racism
Martinot 2007 Steven, “Motherhood and the Invention of Race,” Hypatia 22.2
Let us return to the moment in 1662 when the matrilineal servitude statute and the
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of propriety for the reconstructed coherence of white society and white racialized identity. 

This masculine ideology is the root cause of all proliferation, environmental destruction, domestic violence, and war
Warren and Cady 94 (Karen J, Duane L, feminists and authors, Hypatia, “Feminism and Peace: Seeing connections,” pg 16-17)
Much of the current "unmanageability" of contemporary life in patriarchal societies, (
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-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts.

Vote neg to reject the hegemonic masculinity inherent in the ideational process of the 1AC
Beland 2009
Daniel Beland. “Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009

To further illustrate the role of frames in politics and policy change, let me
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and social policy make a strong and original contribution  to this ideational literature.

Nature divides itself, but it is masculine subjectivity which attempts to mediate this divide and return to an original unity through a violent imposition of will.  
Stone 2003 Allison, Institute for Environment, Philosophy, and Public Policy, “Irigaray and Holderlin on the Relation Between Nature and Culture,” Continental Philosophy Review 36(4), pp. 415-432
In his Introduction to Metaphysics, Heidegger comments on the choral ode to Sophocles’ Antigone
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culture can be changed. Let us explore this dimension of her thought.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Vega
Debt ceiling will be raised now – GOP will cave to Obama
TPM 9-27-13 (Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?)

House Republicans are taming members' expectations ahead of the debt limit showdown, signaling that
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a ransom to ensure the U.S. can meet its obligations.
The plan weakens the Executive’s power which is critical to maintaining the President’s ability to control Congress
Fiscal Times 8-6-13 (The Reason Voters Choose Power-Hungry Presidents,
http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/08/06/The-One-Good-Thing-About-Power-Hungry-Presidents.aspx#page1)

The presidential preoccupation with power is not a single-minded pursuit, but its
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. He needs to dominate his branch of government and the whole institution.”
Failure to raise the debt ceiling ensures collapse of the global economy:
Davidson 9-10-13 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s “Planet Money,” a podcast and blog, “Our Debt to Society”, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
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free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.
Global economic crisis causes nuclear war
Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
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theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 3 | Opponent: Arizona State Moe-Young | Judge: Vega
A. Interpretation- restrictions on the war powers authority of the President must prohibit executive authority to undertake an action, like indefinite detention

1. Restriction requires prohibition
   City of Northglenn 11
   (City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html)

Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term "restriction" shall mean a prohibitive regulation. Any use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing which is the subject of a restriction is prohibited, and no such use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.

2. Decreasing authority requires reducing the permission to act, not the ability to act.
Taylor 96 Attorney at Gambrell and Stolz, LLP, Atlanta (Ellen, 21 Del. J. Corp. L. 870 (1996), Hein Online)

The term authority is commonly thought of in the context of the law of agency
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is between what the agent can do and what the agent may do.

B. Violation- Plan is not a prohibition on authority to indefinitely detain- at best it imposes a condition or decreases executive likelihood to engage in indefinite detention.
C. Reasons to prefer- 

1. Limits- there are potentially infinite conditions that Congress can place on executive war powers that make action in the topic areas more difficult or less likely- only explicit prohibitions guarantee a finite predictable case list.
   2. Ground- anything short of a prohibition on authority to act allows them to no link the best negative offense like the executive flexibility DA.
   3. Effects Topicality is illegitimate- the aff mixes burdens, and forces us to look to solvency to determine the topical effect, which is unlimiting- plan makes certain actions potentially undesirable, but does nothing to restrict the president’s AUTHORITY to undertake those actions.  
   D. Topicality is a procedural voting issue to direct discussion towards the most fair and predictable interpretation of the topic.

Tournament: UMKC 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Carlson-Cole | Judge: Fanning
Li has momentum and political capital now, but needs it all to push economic reform.  Failure collapses the economy and the Party.
Chen 9/6
(George Chen, South China Morning Post, “Li Keqiang fought strong opposition for Shanghai free-trade zone plan”, September 6, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1282793/li-fought-strong-opposition-shanghai-free-trade-zone-plan)

Premier Li Keqiang fought open opposition from financial regulators in his bid to push through
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protected areas of the economy directly into the path of efficient global competitors.

The plan drains political capital and erodes legitimacy – it forces controversial debate about China’s Constitutional implementation
Backer 13 (Larry Catá Backer is Professor of Law and International Affairs at Penn State University, “Towards a Robust Theory of the Chinese Constitutional State”, Penn State Law Research Paper No. 25-2013, May 8, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2262555)
In a world in which regime changes are predicated on the legitimacy of the state
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in China are  educated in the West, mostly in the United States.

The failure of “Likonomics” collapses the global economy and causes CCP collapse
Wang 9/4
(Zheng Wang is an Associate Professor in the School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University, “How China’s Economic Rebalancing is like the Movie ‘Speed’”, The Diplomat, September 4, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/china-power/how-chinas-economic-rebalancing-is-like-the-movie-speed/)

How many remember the Hollywood film, Speed, starring Keanu Reeves and Sandra Bullock
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for the global economy. Let’s wish Li good luck with his mission.

CCP collapse causes nuclear war
Yee and Storey 2002
(Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002 (The China Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality, RoutledgeCurzon, pg 5 bham))

The fourth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of
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disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its neighbours and the world.

Tournament: UMKC 2013 | Round: 4 | Opponent: UT Dallas Gonzales-Loehr | Judge: Thompson
Fiscal battles are at the top of the docket – Obama has enough clout post Syria to get the debt ceiling hiked it’ll be a fight and PC is key
EuroNews 9-11-13 (http://kfgo.com/news/articles/2013/sep/11/delay-in-syria-vote-frees-obama-to-shift-to-hefty-domestic-agenda/)

WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Putting off a decision on military strikes on Syria allows
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Obama has said he has no intention of negotiating over the borrowing limit. 

Restrictions on the Presidents war powers authority crush his credibility and derail his agenda
Edwards and Howell 9 George C., University Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Jordan Chair in Presidential Studies at Texas AandM University, and William G., Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies, The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency, 2009

Yet, manipulating public opinion and bringing popular pressures to bear on the president to
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actors may have significant political ramifications for his or her future power prospects. 

Losing triggers a double dip recession
Shewell 8-22-13 (Alan. Staff Writer. Record. http://www.lompocrecord.com/news/opinion/editorial/commentary/forward-view/the-importance-of-raising-the-debt-ceiling/article_32446fac-0ae2-11e3-8db4-0019bb2963f4.html)

Once again, in the coming weeks, Congress is going to address the issue
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us have over whether some past debts should have been incurred or not.

Double dip collapses the global economy
Reuters 11 (“TEXT-Fitch: Potential impact of US 'Double Dip' on global economic recovery”, August 25, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/25/idUSWLA418920110825)

Aug 25 - Fitch Ratings has published a new report exploring the simulated effects of
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2012 and 2013, with repercussions extending to the rest of the world. 

Economic collapse causes global wars
Royal ‘10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215)
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: UMKC 2013 | Round: 4 | Opponent: UT Dallas Gonzales-Loehr | Judge: Thompson
Plan text: The Executive branch of the United States federal government should restrict the president’s targeting authority in a non-international armed conflict to individuals who are members of organized armed groups of a non-state party engaged in hostilities

The executive can restrain itself
Sales 12
(Nathan, Professor of Law at Georgetown, 7/3, Georgetown, “Self-Restrain and National Security,” http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/08__Sales_Master_6-28-12-NS.pdf)
Much of the caselaw and scholarship concerning national security rests on the assumption that the
AND
one hand behind its back,” to borrow Aharon Barak’s memorable phrase.4

Tournament: UMKC 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State Carlson-Cole | Judge: Fanning
US hegemony high now
Dortman ’12 (Zach Dorfman, Editor of Ethics and International Affairs, “What We Talk About When We Talk About Isolationism,” Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, 5/18/2012, http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/articles_papers_reports/0127.html KG)

The rise of China notwithstanding, the United States remains the world's sole superpower.
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In this area at least, one wishes for a little less agreement.

Executive war powers are necessary to hegemony
Yoo 6
(John: law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel at the US Department of Justice “Exercising Wartime Powers”, Harvard International Review pages 22-23 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3andsid=d0adc48d-29b1-4733-8ebb-e58142d7beea40sessionmgr4andhid=12)

Critics of these conflicts want to upend long practice by appealing to an "original
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international terrorism, maintaining this flexibility is critical to preserving US national security.

Collapse of heg causes widespread nationalism, chaos, and only the US can sustain international order
Brzezinski ’12 (Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor to President Carter, Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, a scholar at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, “After America,” Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2012, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full KG)
For if America falters, the world is unlikely to be dominated by a single
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and ubiquity of American power creates order where there would normally be conflict.

Tournament: UMKC 2013 | Round: 4 | Opponent: UT Dallas Gonzales-Loehr | Judge: Thompson
Interpretation: Signature strikes are distinct from targeted killings—they don’t target specific individuals—and there is a distinct strategic difference
Anderson 2011(Kenneth, law professor at Washington College of Law, American University and member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law, August 29, "Distinguishing High Value Targeted Killing and “Signature” Attacks on Taliban Fighters", http://opiniojuris.org/2011/08/29/distinguishing-high-value-targeted-killing-and-signature-attacks-on-taliban-fighters/)

From the US standpoint, it is partly that it does not depend as much
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I discuss this in the opening sections of this draft chapter on SSRN.)