Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason LK | Judge: Kyla Sommers
Off 1
Targeted killing” is a term of art – must meet certain criteria, international law, hostilities, proportionate force
Mitchell 12 (Allyson L. Mitchell, School of Conflict Analysis and Resolution (S-CAR), George Mason University, “My Neighbor Is A Terrorist: Peacebuilding, Drones, and America's Presence in Yemen,” November 2012, http://www.beyondintractability.org/reflection/mitchell-neighbor)
Once wary of the use of targeted killings, the United States became an advocate
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any given time and this risk posed a significant threat to Americans' safety.

Off 2
-- One or the other or both
Words and Phrases 7 (3A WandP, p. 220)
C.A.1 (Mass.) 1981. Words “and/or
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. 1117, 73 L.Ed.2d 1329.—Contracts 159.

Off 3
Obama's capital will force the GOP to quickly cave and end the shutdown
WSJ 10/2/13 ("A GOP Shutdown Strategy," http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303464504579107720562837270.html)
President Obama defaulted to his usual strategy Tuesday of denouncing Republicans for the partial government
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. A long shutdown followed by surrender would be the worst possible result.
Obama fights the plan – strongly supports war powers
Rana 11 (Aziz – Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell Law School, “TEN QUESTIONS: RESPONSES TO THE TEN QUESTIONS”, 2011, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5099, lexis)
Thus, for many legal critics of executive power, the election of Barack Obama
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war powers and to promote the centrality of state secrecy to national security.
Obama fights the plan and saps his political capital – controversy and policy trade-offs
Holman 13 (Kwame, “ACLU, Congress Await Obama's Next Action on Overseas Drone Strikes”, 3/29, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/03/aclu-others-await-presidents-next-action-on-overseas-drone-strikes.html)
As the American Civil Liberties Union's chief Washington lobbyist, Chris Anders spends a lot
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cutting into Mr. Obama's political strength in coming policy battles with Congress.
Battles undermine focus and constant pressure on the GOP – that kills budget negotiations
Milbank 9/27/13 (Dana, Washington Post Opinion Writer, “Obama should pivot to Dubya’s playbook” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-obama-should-try-pivoting-to-george-bushs-playbook/2013/09/27/c72469f0-278a-11e3-ad0d-b7c8d2a594b9_story.html)
If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will win his October standoff
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If he retreats, he will embolden his opponents and demoralize his supporters.
Prolonged shutdown decks global economy
Arcega 10/1/13 (Mil, Voice of America News, "Global Markets Calm on First Day of US Government Shutdown," http://www.voanews.com/content/global-markets-calm-on-first-day-of-us-government-shutdown/1761037.html)
On Tuesday, financial markets, by and large, shrugged off the first U
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prolonged, not only America but the world’s economy could be affected negatively.”
Global nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 (Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Off 4
Next off is the K
The aff doesn’t provide real reform – continued crisis discourse allows a re-expansion of executive authority
Scheuerman 12 -- Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University (William E., Summer 2012, "Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy," Law and Social Inquiry 37(3), EBSCO)
IV. REFORMISM'S LIMITS Bruce Ackerman, one of our country's most observant analysts of
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both from existing US-style presidentialism and parliamentarism, constrained or otherwise.
Prolif is an epistemological excuse for violence – their discourse wrecks alternative approaches – and trades off with structural violence
Woods 7 Matthew, PhD in IR @ Brown - Researcher @ Thomas Watson Institute of International Relations Journal of Language and Politics 6.1“Unnatural Acts: Nuclear Language, proliferation, and order,” p. 116-7
It is important to identify, expose and understand the successful creation of 'proliferation' as
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realizes its ideological preferences while marginalizing other possibilities and co-opting subordinates.
Enframing of security makes macro-political violence inevitable
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?
Reject the affirmative’s security discourse – this untimely intervention is the only chance for a counter-discourse
Calkivik 10 – PhD in Poli Sci @ Univ Minnesota (Emine Asli, 10/2010, "DISMANTLING SECURITY," PhD dissertation submitted to Univ Minnesota for Raymond Duvall, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/99479/1/Calkivik_umn_0130E_11576.pdf)

It is this self-evidence of security even for critical approaches and the antinomy
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infinite passion to secure and works toward taking apart the architecture of security. 

2nc
The executive will arbitrarily define words, they don’t care
Pollack, 13 -- MSU Guggenheim Fellow and professor of history emeritus Norman, "Drones, Israel, and the Eclipse of Democracy," Counterpunch, 2-5-13, www.counterpunch.org/2013/02/05/drones-israel-and-the-eclipse-of-democracy/, accessed 9-1-13, mss
Bisharat first addresses the transmogrification of international law by Israel’s military lawyers.  We might
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–seems overly much, and not a murmur from an adoring public.
Ambiguity means the plan doesn’t establish a precedent
Westerland et al. 10—Professor of Political Science @ University of Arizona Chad Westerland, Jeffrey A. Segal (Chair of Political Science and SUNY Distinguished Professor @ StonyBrook University), Lee Epstein (Professor of Law and Political Science @ Northwestern University), Charles M. Cameron (Professor of Politics and Public Affairs @ Princeton University) Scott Comparato (Professor of Political Science @ Southern Illinois University), “Strategic Defiance and Compliance in the U.S. Courts of Appeals,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 54, No. 4, October 2010, Pg. 891–905
Two features of the “horizontal stare decisis” equilibrium stand out. First,
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a clear, unified voice, especially in complex cases.  Pg. 899
President will just reallocate funds.  Reagan proves
Heder 9—JD, magna cum laude, from Brigham Young University Adam S. Heder, “The Power to End War: The Extent and Limits of Congressional Power,” St Mary’s Law Journal, Volume 41 Number 3, 2009
Moreover, Congress’s appropriation power may not be an altogether effective or efficient tool with
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an effective limit on the President’s powers.31 pg. 452-453
Say yes
Obama will fight to preserve his presidential authority and maximum policy flexibility.  Their take outs underestimate the institutional incentives
Dickinson 11—Professor of political science @ Middlebury College. Dr. Matthew Dickinson (Expert on presidential powers with a PhD from Harvard), “Will You End Up in Guantanamo Bay Prison?,” Presidential Power, December 3, 2011 pg. http://sites.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2011/12/03/will-you-end-up-in-guantanamo-bay/

Despite the overwhelming Senate support for passage (the bill passed 93-7 and
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the current authorization language remains unchanged, Obama will stick to his guns.
Congress will stand down.  They don’t care about institutional power
Devins 9—Professor of Law and Professor of Government @ College of William and Mary Neal Devins, “Presidential Unilateralism and Political Polarization: Why Today's Congress Lacks the Will and the Way to Stop Presidential Initiatives,” Willamette Law Review, Vol. 45, Issue 3 (Spring 2009), pp. 395-416
Unlike the presidency, the individual and institutional interests of members of Congress are often
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criticism that they obstructed a necessary military operation.  Pg. 400-401

Pakistan drone strikes low – internal pressure
Gannon and Abbot, July 25 Kathy and Sebastian, regional correspondent, July 25, 2013 “Criticism alters US drone program in Pakistan,” AP, http://news.yahoo.com/criticism-alters-us-drone-program-pakistan-161826140.html
ISLAMABAD (AP) The United States has drastically scaled back the number of drone
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condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to talk to the media.

Drone strikes in Pakistan sharply decreasing now 

Curtis 7/16/13 (Lisa, Senior Research Fellow @ Heritage, "Pakistan Makes Drones Necessary," http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2013/7/pakistan-makes-drones-necessary)

One of the central campaign platforms of newly elected Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif was a promise to curb the use of U.S. drones on Pakistani territory. Indeed there has been a sharp reduction in the number of drone attacks conducted in Pakistan this year compared to the last three.

Drones not key to Pakistan stability- multiple alt causes

Javaid 11 (Umbreen, Director Center of Asian Studies and Chairperson Department of political science University of Punjab, “Thriving Fundamentalism and Militancy in Pakistan An Analytical Overview of their Impact on the Society,” South Asian Studies, Vol. 26 No. 1. Pg. 16-17)

 ‘The recent increase of violence by jihadi groups, including suicide bombing
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concerns for the region and also ¶ towards the global security and peace.
AT Useless / Irrelevant
We must ask epistemological questions to avoid inevitable policy failure
Reus-Smit 12 – Professor of International Relations at the European University Institute, Florence (Christian, 6/2012, “International Relations, Irrelevant? Don’t Blame Theory”, Millennium Journal of International Studies 40(3), EBSCO)
However widespread it might be, the notion that IR’s lack of practical relevance stems
AND
part of keeping us honest, making it practically relevant despite its abstraction.
Academic investigations into framing are a precondition for policy proposals
Eriksson and Norman 11 -- *Associate Professor and Chair of Political Science at Södertörn University, Stockholm; Associated Researcher at Swedish Institute of International Affairs AND PhD Candidate and teacher at the Department of Government, Uppsala University (Johan and Ludvig, 1/2011, "Political utilisation of scholarly ideas: the ‘clash of civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US foreign policy," Review of International Studies 37(1), EBSCO)

How are scholarly ideas utilised? IR scholars concerned with the ‘gap’ between the
AND
conceptual discussions, and hence, for scholarly ideas to become utilised.43

Collapse is worse for every impact – try or die flips neg
Monbiot 9 (George, Columnist – The Guardian, held visiting fellowships or professorships at the universities of Oxford (environmental policy), Bristol (philosophy), Keele (politics), Oxford Brookes (planning), and East London (environmental science), “Is There Any Point in Fighting to Stave Off Industrial Apocalypse?,” Guardian, 8-17, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cif-green/2009/aug/17/environment-climate-change)
The interesting question, and the one that probably divides us, is this:
AND
fight is still worth having; you, because you think it isn't.
Decline cause miscalculation and conflict – prefer statistically significant evidence
Royal 10 (Jedediah, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction – U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, Ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.
Probability –– conflict now is highly likely given other economic stressors
Mootry 9 (Primus, B.A. Northern Illinois University “Americans likely to face more difficult times” – The Herald Bulletin, http://www.theheraldbulletin.com/columns/local_story_282184703.html?keyword=secondarystory)
These are difficult times. The direct and indirect costs associated with the war on
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spark could lead to global conflagration.This evidence has been gender paraphrased.

Shutdown will end soon – Obama is pushing and gaining support
Caroll 10/10 (James, “ On Day 10 of government shutdown, light at the end of the tunnel, or just an on-rushing train?”, 2013, http://blogs.courier-journal.com/politics/2013/10/10/on-day-10-of-government-shutdown-light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-or-just-an-on-rushing-train/)
WASHINGTON – What a difference a day makes. Maybe. On Wednesday, it
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said the reaction “is as close to irrational as you can get.”

Err neg – odds favor short shutdown
Financial Times 10/1/13 ("US shutdown reaction: ‘Odds favour a short event’," http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5bda1eb2-2a67-11e3-ade3-00144feab7de.html#axzz2gga6hsWR)
The US government began shutting down a range of services on Tuesday after the Republican
AND
we believe the odds favour a short event – over in one week.

Obama is spending political capital on the shutdown now
Davis 10/10 (Susan, “Obama convenes talks with Congress on ending shutdown”, 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/09/shutdown-obama-boehner-reid/2954963/)
WASHINGTON — President Obama is stepping up his personal engagement with lawmakers over the government
AND
only after the shutdown ends and the default threat is off the table.
Obama has political capital – Syria didn’t thump and he’s winning on the shutdown now
O'Brien 10/1/13 (Michael, Political Reporter @ NBC News, "Winners and losers of the government shutdown," http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/01/20763839-winners-and-losers-of-the-government-shutdown?lite)
At the end of the day, Obama's signature domestic achievement — the Affordable Care
AND
waning prospects for immigration reform or major gun control legislation during his presidency.

Political capital is key to end the shutdown
The Nation 10/9 (“What Obama Has to Do to End the GOP Shutdown “, 2013, http://www.thenation.com/article/176576/what-obama-has-do-end-gop-shutdown#)
The shutdown (and the threat to allow a debt default) seeks to undo
AND
that Americans will never again be forced to live from crisis to crisis.
Obama fights the plan and sparks controversial battles in Congress – targeted killing is heavily criticized
Radsan and Murphy 12 (Afsheen John – Professor, William Mitchell College of Law; Assistant General Counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, and Richard – ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, “The Evolution of Law and Policy for CIA Targeted Killing”, 2012, 5 J. Nat'l Security L. and Pol'y 439, lexis)
This scenario emphasizes a simple point: President Obama, a Harvard Law School graduate
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gangsters, drug dealers, and other outlaws - not the Oval Office.
A2: Bottom of the Docket

-- Destroys ground – immediacy key to every DA – and politics is educational and core ground – voting issue. Our interpretation: plan passes immediately via normal political processes

-- Still links – putting the plan on the docket is controversial – our links aren’t about passage – just the issue – still burns capital

-- Zero solvency – plan won’t pass – presumption

NAACP 7 (Washington Bureau Fact Sheet: What Happens to Bills When the Congress Ends?”, 10-18, http://www.naacp.org/pdfs/Advocacy_Tools.pdf)

A very small number of bills introduced actually become law. In the 107th Congress
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either house; and bills that never got more action after being introduced.

-- Not topical – “should” is immediate – voter for ground

Summer 94 (Justice, Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn14)

4 The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word "
AND
. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).

Prolif
New technology makes drone proliferation by state and non-state actors inevitable

Wood 12 (David, American Drones Ignite New Arms Race From Gaza To Iran To China, Huffington Post, 27 November 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html)

Obama administration officials have said they are weighing various options to codify the use of
AND
have to first stop science, and then business, and then war."
No impact to drone prolif – don’t pose military threats and terrorists won’t seek to acquire 

Lewis 11 (Michael, eaches international law and the law of war at Ohio Northern University School of Law, "Unfounded drone fears," http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/17/opinion/la-oe~-~-lewis-drones-20111017)

Almost since the United States began using the unmanned aerial vehicles known as drones,
AND
terrorist groups will continue to deliver their explosives by vehicle or suicide bomber.
US drone policy doesn’t set a precedent – other countries don’t act based on our use 

Boot 12 (Max, Senior Fellow for National Security Studies @ Council on Foreign Relations, "The Incoherence of a Drone-Strike Advocate," http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/11/the-incoherence-of-a-drone-strike-advocate/265256/)

Naureen Shah of Columbia Law School, a guest on the show, had raised
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So I wouldn't worry too much about the so called precedent it sets..."
Threat posed by China's drones is inflated – all media hype, no arms race, tech advancement and mil mod inevitable 

Moss 13 (Trefor, independent journalist based in Hong Kong. He covers Asian politics, defence and security, and was Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly, "Here Comes...China's Drones," http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true)

It’s safe to say, then, that Chinese drones conjure up a particularly intense
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modernizing in all areas of military technology – unmanned systems being no exception.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Samford KS | Judge: Sean Lowry
Off 1
The court will strike down aggregate limits now – it’ll be close
Chemerinsky, 8-12 (Erwin, Badass, “Symposium: The distinction between contribution limits and expenditure limits,” http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/symposium-the-distinction-between-contribution-limits-and-expenditure-limits/)
For almost forty years, since Buckley v. Valeo in 1976, campaign finance
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Thomas in rejecting this distinction and they well might signal this in McCutcheon.
Capital key to strike down aggregate limits --- Citizens United proves
Gora 8-15 (Joel, professor of law at Brooklyn Law School, “Symposium: McCutcheon v. FEC and the fork in the road,” http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/symposium-mccutcheon-v-fec-and-the-fork-in-the-road/#more-168568)
The future of Buckley? Will the McCutcheon case disturb that Buckley equilibrium and call
AND
“super PACs,” as exaggerated as their electoral impact seemed to be.
The plan forces a trade off --- massively spends court capital
McGinnis and Rappaport ’02 (John O., Prof of Law @ Cardozo Law, and Michael B., Prof of Law @ University of San Diego Law, “Our Supermajoritarian Constitution,” 80 Tex. L. Rev. 703)
Significantly, the Supreme Court has not declared these substitutions unconstitutional. In fact,
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judicial decisions concerning foreign affairs would jeopardize the political capital of the Court).
McCutcheon win strengthens political parties relative to Super PACs
Boschma ’13 (Janie, “Capital Eye Opener, Feb. 27: Lobbyists Worry About SCOTUS Case, Club for Growth Ranks Congress,” http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2013/02/capital-eye-opener-feb-27-1.html)
LOBBYISTS WORRY ABOUT SCOTUS CASE: As we wrote earlier this week, the Supreme
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can go to candidates and $74,600 to PACs and parties.
That checks Republican tea-party extremism
Weisbrot ’12 (David, Professor of Legal Policy at the United States Studies Centre and Professor of Law and Governance at Macquarie University, “SuperPACs and bags of cash fail to halt Obama's ground game,” http://uselectionwatch12.com/news-room/SuperPACs-and-bags-of-cash-fail-to-halt-Obamas-ground-game)
Obviously, the most worrying aspect of the SuperPAC phenomenon is the disproportionately large voice
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to be defeated in an otherwise very winnable Senate seat for the Republicans.
Tea Party influence jacks US/Russian relations – domestic politics key
Sokov 13 (Nicholas – Senior Fellow at the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (VCDNP), “US-Russian Relations: Beyond the Reset”, 1/29, http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/us-russian-relations-beyond-the-reset_459.html)
Looking into the future, most observers of US-Russian relations tend to concentrate
AND
-the-flag” tactic of consolidating the public around the government.
Russia relations solve global nuclear war
Allison 11 (Graham, Director – Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School, and Former Assistant Secretary of Defense, and Robert D. Blackwill, Senior Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, “10 Reasons Why Russia Still Matters”, Politico, 2011, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=161EF282-72F9-4D48-8B9C-C5B3396CA0E6)
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S
AND
Tehran to joining China in preventing U.N. Security Council resolutions.

Off 2
Judicial review of war powers erodes the State Secrets Privilege
Kadidal 7 (Shayana – Center for Constitutional Rights, New York City; J.D., Yale 1994, “DOES CONGRESS HAVE THE POWER TO LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S CONDUCT OF DETENTIONS, INTERROGATIONS AND SURVEILLANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR?”, 2007, 11 N.Y. City L. Rev. 23, lexis)
As to the AUMF, this meta-defense runs as follows: In both
AND
cannot rely on FISA in enjoining the President from carrying out such surveillance:
State Secrets Privilege protects private and government patent secrets – key to the military superiority
Donohue 10 (Laura – Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, “The Shadow of State Secrets”, 2010, 159 U. Pa. L. Rev. 77, lexis)
In contrast, docket searches demonstrate that, from January 2001 to January 2009,
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state to protect the company from financial penalties associated with bad behavior. n33
Nuclear war
Kagan 7 (Robert, Senior Associate – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History: International Rivalry and American Leadership”, Policy Review, August/September, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html#n10)
The jostling for status and influence among these ambitious nations and would-be nations
AND
which could in turn draw the United States back in under unfavorable circumstances.

Off 3
Text: The President of the United States should eliminate its targeting killing policy involving drone strikes on the grounds that it violates international law. 

Solves –
Executive orders concerning war powers are common, have the same effect as the plan, and withstand judicial scrutiny
Duncan 10 (John C. – Associate Professor of Law, College of Law, Florida A and M University; Ph.D., Stanford University; J.D., Yale Law School, “A CRITICAL CONSIDERATION OF EXECUTIVE ORDERS: GLIMMERINGS OF AUTOPOIESIS IN THE EXECUTIVE ROLE”, Vermont Law Review, 35 Vt. L. Rev. 333, lexis)
Executive orders make "legally binding pronouncements" in fields of authority generally conceded to
AND
in later legislation and thereby retroactively shield it from any future challenge. n1

Off 4
The aff doesn’t provide real reform – continued crisis discourse allows a re-expansion of executive authority
Scheuerman 12 -- Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University (William E., Summer 2012, "Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy," Law and Social Inquiry 37(3), EBSCO)
IV. REFORMISM'S LIMITS Bruce Ackerman, one of our country's most observant analysts of
AND
both from existing US-style presidentialism and parliamentarism, constrained or otherwise.

The affirmative orders International Relations around a myth that exists to make authoritarianism warm and fuzzy – instead we need to reorient ourselves towards a counter-politics resisting this state of emergency.
Mark Neocleous, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy at Brunel University, 08 (“Critique of Security”, McGill-Queen’s University, pp. 72-75, Published 2008)
But there is a wider argument to be made, one with political implications.
AND
to now refocus our attention more specifically on security as a political technology.
 

Enframing of security makes macro-political violence inevitable
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, “Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason,” Project MUSE)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war -- and thus aims to
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?
Reject the affirmative’s security discourse – this untimely intervention is the only chance for a counter-discourse
Calkivik 10 – PhD in Poli Sci @ Univ Minnesota (Emine Asli, 10/2010, "DISMANTLING SECURITY," PhD dissertation submitted to Univ Minnesota for Raymond Duvall, http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/99479/1/Calkivik_umn_0130E_11576.pdf)

It is this self-evidence of security even for critical approaches and the antinomy
AND
infinite passion to secure and works toward taking apart the architecture of security. 

Deterrence
Social science proves no modeling- US signals are dismissed

Zenko 13 (Micah, Council on Foreign Relations Center for Preventive Action Douglas Dillon fellow, "The Signal and the Noise," Foreign Policy, 2-2-13, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/20/the_signal_and_the_noise)
Later, Gen. Austin observed of cutting forces from the Middle East: "
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pronouncements seriously, and instead assume they are made to appease domestic audiences.
No reverse modeling - norms can’t solve

Saunders 13 (Paul, executive director of The Center for the National Interest and associate publisher of The National Interest. He served in the State Department from 2003 to 2005, “We Won't Always Drone Alone,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/we-wont-always-drone-alone-8177)
A broader and deeper challenge is how others—outside the United States—will
AND
China or Russia uses armed UAVs to attack groups they define as terrorists?
Restrictions won’t be modeled- precedent already set

Jacobson 13 (Mark R., senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. From 2009 to 2011, he served with NATO’s International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, “Column: Key Assumptions About Drones Are Based on Misconceptions,” http://www.vnews.com/opinion/4393278-95/drones-drone-armed-civilian
Armed drones are neither as simple as model airplanes nor as complex as high-
AND
United States must prepare for being the prey, not just the predator.
New technology makes drone proliferation by state and non-state actors inevitable
Wood 12 (David, American Drones Ignite New Arms Race From Gaza To Iran To China, Huffington Post, 27 November 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/american-drones_n_2199193.html)
Obama administration officials have said they are weighing various options to codify the use of
AND
have to first stop science, and then business, and then war."
Chinese drones don't threaten US interests or military superiority - they're too far behind 

Zhou 13 (Dillon, Freelance writer and former research assistant @ Cyber Conflict Studies Association, "China Drones Prompt Fears of a Drone Race With the US," http://www.policymic.com/articles/19753/china-drones-prompt-fears-of-a-drone-race-with-the-us)
There are several facts that provide some solace to the U.S. as
AND
had a chance to gain real experience with their drones during real operation.

No international consensus or over drones – too hard for agreement

Carafano 13 (James Jay, vice president for foreign and defense policy studies @ Heritage, 3/25, “The Future of Drones,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-future-drones-8264)

4. Will we get new laws of war? No. The laws of
AND
believe any kind of consensus of drone war will emerge any time soon.

US-led norms over weapons fail - nukes prove 

Fisher 7 (Jason, Judicial Clerk to the Honorable James O. Browning, United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, "Targeted Killing, Norms, and International Law," 45 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 711, lexis)

n164. Id. That is not to suggest, as realists would, that
AND
. Tannenwald, supra note 122, at 7, 23-26.

No large-scale drone war - susceptibility to air defenses ensures they'll be limited to only permissive environments 

Lewis 12 (Michael, Associate Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University, "SYMPOSIUM: THE 2009 AIR AND MISSILE WARFARE MANUAL: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS: Drones and the Boundaries of the Battlefield," Spring, 47 Tex. Int'l L.J. 293, lexis)

Like any weapons system drones have significant limitations in what they can achieve. Drones
AND
for drone use will most often be found in counterinsurgency or counterterrorism operations.

ILAW
Targeted killing doesn't violate international law
Cavaliero 11 (Clare, Associate, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP. J.D. 2011, The George Washington University, "PROTECTING ITS OWN: SUPPORT FOR RUSSIA'S FEDERAL LAW ON THE COUNTERACTION OF TERRORISM," 43 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 663, lexis)
Targeted killings are also condemned because of the possibility that innocent citizens, who are
AND
of surrounding oneself with civilians as a shield from adverse military strikes. n253
International law supports targeted killing – consistent with UN resolutions, precautionary measures are widely accepted as legitimate
Cavaliero 11 (Clare, Associate, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP. J.D. 2011, The George Washington University, "PROTECTING ITS OWN: SUPPORT FOR RUSSIA'S FEDERAL LAW ON THE COUNTERACTION OF TERRORISM," 43 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 663, lexis)
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1373 specifically recognizes a state's "inherent right
AND
enacting a law similar to Russia's Federal Law on the Counteraction of Terrorism.¶ 

No terminal – just says we need more water – obviously this isn’t an extinction claim –modern economics allows distribution to key nations
No water wars – empirics are on our side
Allouche 11 (Jeremy Allouche 11 is currently a Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. "The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade" Food PolicyVolume 36, Supplement 1, January 2011, Pages S3-S8 Accessed via: Science Direct Sciverse)
The question of resource scarcity has led to many debates on whether scarcity (whether
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Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008).

Long timeframe and adaptation solves
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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range climate risks. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.
Warming is irreversible
ANI 10 (“IPCC has underestimated climate-change impacts, say scientists”, 3-20, One India, http://news.oneindia.in/2010/03/20/ipcchas-underestimated-climate-change-impacts-sayscientis.html)
According to Charles H. Greene, Cornell professor of Earth and atmospheric science,
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is unlikely to mitigate the risks of dangerous climate change," said Green.
CO2 is not the one cause for climate change – solar radiation and ocean interactions are ignored
Patterson 11 Norman Paterson is a Professional Engineer and Consulting Geophysicist with 60 years’ experience in Mineral and Environmental Geophysics. He obtained his Ph. D in Geophysics at the University of Toronto in 1955, and was elected Fellow, Royal Society of Canada in 1977. “Global Warming: A Critique of the Anthropogenic Model and its Consequences”, Geoscience Canada - Volume 38, Number 1, March 2011, Chetan
WHAT CAUSES WARMING? It is likely that the cyclical warming and cooling of the
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comprehensive critique of the greenhouse gas theory is provided by Hutton (2009).

-- No ecocollapse
Easterbrook 3 (Gregg, Senior Fellow – New Republic, “We’re All Gonna Die!”, Wired Magazine, July, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.07/doomsday.html?pg=1andtopic=andtopic_set=)

If we're talking about doomsday - the end of human civilization - many scenarios simply
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as he was, wrote Remembrance of Things Past while lying in bed.
The most comprehensive studies prove that the harmful effects of acid rain are myths.
Doug Bandow, 1998. Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute and worked with the Natural Resources and Environment Cabinet Council while a Special Assistant to President Reagan. “Environmentalism: The Triumph of Politics,” Action Institute, http://www.acton.org/publications/randl/rl_article_271.php.
Politicians are also remarkably vulnerable to scaremongering by special-interest groups and activists.
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concluded that the allegedly horrific effects of Acid Rain were largely a myth.
No impact, air pollution doesn’t kill
Schwartz, 03 - ADJUNCT SCHOLAR, COMPETITIVE ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE  (Joel, “PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION:  WEIGHING THE RISKS,” April, http://cei.org/pdf/3452.pdf)

Nonetheless, both the Bush Administration and congressional Democrats have proposed  sweeping new measures to
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the standard will be expensive,  but is unlikely to improve public health.
Court rulings restricting presidential war powers spur massive court stripping – empirics
Reinhardt 6 (Stephen – Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, “THE ROLE OF THE JUDGE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: THE JUDICIAL ROLE IN NATIONAL SECURITY”, 2006, 86 B.U.L. Rev. 1309, lexis)
Archibald Cox - who knew a thing or two about the necessity of government actors
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during periods of military conflict, questions judges should not shirk from resolving.
Case
US-led norms over weapons fail - nukes prove
Fisher 7 (Jason, Judicial Clerk to the Honorable James O. Browning, United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, "Targeted Killing, Norms, and International Law," 45 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 711, lexis)
n164. Id. That is not to suggest, as realists would, that
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. Tannenwald, supra note 122, at 7, 23-26.
No international consensus or over drones – too hard for agreement
Carafano 13 (James Jay, vice president for foreign and defense policy studies @ Heritage, 3/25, “The Future of Drones,” http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/the-future-drones-8264)
4. Will we get new laws of war? No. The laws of
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believe any kind of consensus of drone war will emerge any time soon.

Israel - not US – counter-terror policy is the basis of global norms related to targeted killing
Fisher 7 (Jason, Judicial Clerk to the Honorable James O. Browning, United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, "Targeted Killing, Norms, and International Law," 45 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 711, lexis)
A norm may spread and gain in prominence if States emulate the behavior of some
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, to adopt a norm permitting targeted killing after 9/11. n161
Low cost makes drone prolif inevitable - US policy not key  
Lewis 12 (Michael, Associate Professor of Law at Ohio Northern University, "SYMPOSIUM: THE 2009 AIR AND MISSILE WARFARE MANUAL: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS: Drones and the Boundaries of the Battlefield," Spring, 47 Tex. Int'l L.J. 293, lexis)
The driving force behind the western militaries' development of drone technology was to minimize the
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seen as an attractive alternative to manned aircraft for certain types of missions.
Drones inevitable – global demand too strong
Mclean and Sussex 13 (Wayne McLean, PhD Researcher, Politics and International Relations Program at University of Tasmania and Matthew Sussex, Director, Politics and International Relations at University of Tasmania, May 28, 2013 “The debate over military technology: in defence of drones,” The Conversation, http://theconversation.com/the-debate-over-military-technology-in-defence-of-drones-14627)
Drones are therefore becoming a fact of warfare, and the US is not alone
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and the technology used to develop them often has highly marketable civilian applications.

K
-- Independent impact – Security necessitates calculation – that outweighs war
Burke 7 – Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony “What security makes possible,” Working Paper 2007 p.11-12)
Even if threats are credible and existential, I do not believe that they warrant
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-state terms ... the concept of security refers to the state.36
-- Coherence – only incorporation of representations can make sense of political reality
Jourde 6 – Ph.D., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, M.A., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, B.Sc., Political Science, Université de Montréal (Cedric, 2006, “1995 Hegemony or Empire?: The redefinition of US Power under George W Bush,” Ed. David and Grondin p. 182-3)
Relations between states are, at least in part, constructed upon representations. Representations
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course of action one will adopt in order to deal with this 'other'.
-- Kritik proper is offense – means their interpretation excludes vital discussions that implicate how the plan is enacted – at worst we turn case
Taleb (No Predictions)
You cannot make linear predictions within the international system – it’s inherently volatile
Taleb and Blythe 11 – *Distinguished Professor of Risk Engineering at New York University’s Polytechnic Institute, AND Professor of International Political Economy at Brown University (Nassim and Mark, May/June 2011, “The Black Swan of Cairo How Suppressing Volatility Makes the World Less Predictable and More Dangerous,” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67741/nassim-nicholas-taleb-and-mark-blyth/the-black-swan-of-cairo)
Why is surprise the permanent condition of the U.S. political and economic
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there is no freedom without noise—and no stability without volatility.? 

Russia relations solve global nuclear war
Allison 11
Tea Party influence jacks US/Russian relations – domestic politics key
Sokov 13
US/Russia relations is the critical internal link to global warming
Light, Wong and Charap, 6/30/2009 (Andrew – senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, Julian – senior policy analyst at CAP, and Samuel – fellow at CAP, U.S.-Russia Climate and Energy Efficiency Cooperation: A Neglected Challenge, Center for American Progress, p. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/06/neglected_challenge.html)
The summit between President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev in Moscow on July
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could be critical in order to advance a sound global climate change agenda.

A2 unpop decisions now
Extend Chemerisky- it’ll be a close 5-4 vote to strike down limits now as of August- means that past decisions FROM LAST TERM cannot affect this terms docet- the story is that aggregrate limits will be stuck down now but if pol cap is lost on another case, the court will choose a make up call, mccutcheon, to change the legitimacy – thumpers don’t apply
Strike down of aggregate limits is likely – momentum
UPI, 8-4 (“Under the U.S. Supreme Court: Taking the cuffs off political money,” ln)
The U.S. Supreme Court opened the floodgates to corporate political contributions for
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political contributions from the general funds of corporations and unions for independent electioneering.
McCutcheon will be the make-up call --- its uniquely politicized and judges frequently switch sides on the issues
Corn-Revere, 8-13 (Robert, partner in the Washington, D.C. office of Davis Wright Tremaine where he specializes in media and First Amendment law, “Burning the house to roast the pig: Can elections be saved by banning political speech?,” http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/burning-the-house-to-roast-the-pig-can-elections-be-saved-by-banning-political-speech/)
Citizens United has been a lightning rod for criticism because it answered the second of
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their premises before urging the Court to uphold the lower court in McCutcheon.

A2 winners win
Negativity bias proves – disagreement produces a stronger response
Grosskopf and Mondak 98 (Anne and Jeffery, University of Pittsburgh + Florida State Univ., “Do Attitudes Toward Specific Supreme Court Decisions Matter?” Political Research Quarterly, p. 652)
The pattern of effects reported here also comports well with the concept of a negativity
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relatively small percentage of the public can trigger a measurable decline in confidence.
Judicial stripping of executive agencies drain court capital --- contradicts tons of entrenched precedent
McCutchen ’94 (Peter B., Bigelow Teaching Fellow and Lecturer in Law, University of Chicago Law School, ARTICLE: MISTAKES, PRECEDENT, AND THE RISE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE: TOWARD A CONSTITUTIONAL THEORY OF THE SECOND BEST, 80 Cornell L. Rev. 1, ln)
A little over forty years ago, Justice Jackson characterized the rise of the administrative
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be unwilling to adopt a constitutional theory with such far-reaching implications.

Citing international law spends a ton of capital – backlash is massive and immediate – it also turns whole the case
Alford, ’08 (Roger P., Prof of Law @ Pepperdine, INTERNATIONAL AND FOREIGN LAW SOURCES IN INTERPRETING THE CONSTITUTION: LOWER COURTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL COMPARATIVISM, 77 Fordham L. Rev. 647)
This is not how advocates of constitutional comparativism thought the plot line would advance.
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this constitutes the rejection of a comparative interpretive methodology in virtually all cases.
A2 cap
Court capital is key for controversial campaign finance decisions
Hasen 11 (Richard L. – William H. Hannon Distinguished Professor of Law, Loyola Law School-Los Angeles, “ARTICLE: CITIZENS UNITED AND THE ILLUSION OF COHERENCE”, 2011, 109 Mich. L. Rev. 581, lexis)
Although these findings would likely give the Justices considerable pause before overturning core campaign contribution
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Justices willing to spend considerable goodwill and political capital on such a strategy.
The Court is actively concerned about protecting its political capital with the president—justices will make decisions based on this concern
Claeys, ‘11 (Eric R., Staff Writer, “Obamacare and the Limits of Judicial Conservatism,” http://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/obamacare-and-the-limits-of-judicial-conservatism)
All the same, conservatives on the Supreme Court may worry about protecting the Court's
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conservatives might worry about its effects on interdepartmental relations over the long term.
Court perceives its political capital as finite – even if it’s not
Young 99 (Ernest, Assistant Professor, University of Texas School of Law, Assistant Professor, University of Texas School of Law, lexis)

1. The opportunity cost of immunity rulings. The first reason, and the
   AND extension of Lopez may do more good than another expansion of Seminole Tribe.
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   function as an internal constraint on the Court's willingness repeatedly to confront Congress.
   Court perceives its political capital as finite – even if it’s not
   Young 99 (Ernest, Assistant Professor, University of Texas School of Law, Assistant Professor, University of Texas School of Law, lexis)
2. The opportunity cost of immunity rulings. The first reason, and the
   AND
   an internal constraint on the Court's willingness repeatedly to confront Congress.
   Impact
   Domestic politics overwhelms all alt causes – it shapes how we interact with Russia
   Sokov 13 (Nicholas – Senior Fellow at the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (VCDNP), “US-Russian Relations: Beyond the Reset”, 1/29, http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/us-russian-relations-beyond-the-reset_459.html)
   Fundamental differences in the assessment of the “Arab Spring” also contribute to the
   AND
   bilateral relations out of the deep ravine they reside in at the moment.
   Conservatives will attack justices that use international law in their decisions
   Millhiser, ’10 (Ian, staff writer, “Like a Broken Record, Conservatives Repeat Scare Tactics About Foreign Law in US Courts,” http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2010/05/27/176801/foreign-law-broken-record/?mobile=nc)
   Sotomayor has been a justice for almost a full Supreme Court term now, and
   AND
   with Justice Sotomayor to make all of Sessions’ foreign law nightmares come truly.

Case
Targeted killing doesn't violate international law
Cavaliero 11 (Clare, Associate, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP. J.D. 2011, The George Washington University, "PROTECTING ITS OWN: SUPPORT FOR RUSSIA'S FEDERAL LAW ON THE COUNTERACTION OF TERRORISM," 43 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 663, lexis)
Targeted killings are also condemned because of the possibility that innocent citizens, who are
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of surrounding oneself with civilians as a shield from adverse military strikes. n253
International law supports targeted killing – consistent with UN resolutions, precautionary measures are widely accepted as legitimate
Cavaliero 11 (Clare, Associate, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP. J.D. 2011, The George Washington University, "PROTECTING ITS OWN: SUPPORT FOR RUSSIA'S FEDERAL LAW ON THE COUNTERACTION OF TERRORISM," 43 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 663, lexis)
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1373 specifically recognizes a state's "inherent right
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enacting a law similar to Russia's Federal Law on the Counteraction of Terrorism.¶
No terminal – just says we need more water – obviously this isn’t an extinction claim –modern economics allows distribution to key nations
*No water wars – empirics are on our side
Allouche 11 (Jeremy Allouche 11 is currently a Research Fellow at the Institute of
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January 2011, Pages S3-S8 Accessed via: Science Direct Sciverse)

*Long timeframe and adaptation solves
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from a number of warnings from
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. What is needed are long?run balanced responses.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Mason BW | Judge: Ben Hagwood
1nc
Off1
The court will strike down aggregate limits now – it’ll be close
Chemerinsky, 8-12 (Erwin, Badass, “Symposium: The distinction between contribution limits and expenditure limits,” http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/symposium-the-distinction-between-contribution-limits-and-expenditure-limits/)
For almost forty years, since Buckley v. Valeo in 1976, campaign finance
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Thomas in rejecting this distinction and they well might signal this in McCutcheon.
Capital key to strike down aggregate limits --- Citizens United proves
Gora 8-15 (Joel, professor of law at Brooklyn Law School, “Symposium: McCutcheon v. FEC and the fork in the road,” http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/08/symposium-mccutcheon-v-fec-and-the-fork-in-the-road/#more-168568)
The future of Buckley? Will the McCutcheon case disturb that Buckley equilibrium and call
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“super PACs,” as exaggerated as their electoral impact seemed to be.
The plan forces a trade off --- massively spends court capital
McGinnis and Rappaport ’02 (John O., Prof of Law @ Cardozo Law, and Michael B., Prof of Law @ University of San Diego Law, “Our Supermajoritarian Constitution,” 80 Tex. L. Rev. 703)
Significantly, the Supreme Court has not declared these substitutions unconstitutional. In fact,
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judicial decisions concerning foreign affairs would jeopardize the political capital of the Court).
McCutcheon win strengthens political parties relative to Super PACs
Boschma ’13 (Janie, “Capital Eye Opener, Feb. 27: Lobbyists Worry About SCOTUS Case, Club for Growth Ranks Congress,” http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2013/02/capital-eye-opener-feb-27-1.html)
LOBBYISTS WORRY ABOUT SCOTUS CASE: As we wrote earlier this week, the Supreme
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can go to candidates and $74,600 to PACs and parties.
That checks Republican tea-party extremism
Weisbrot ’12 (David, Professor of Legal Policy at the United States Studies Centre and Professor of Law and Governance at Macquarie University, “SuperPACs and bags of cash fail to halt Obama's ground game,” http://uselectionwatch12.com/news-room/SuperPACs-and-bags-of-cash-fail-to-halt-Obamas-ground-game)
Obviously, the most worrying aspect of the SuperPAC phenomenon is the disproportionately large voice
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to be defeated in an otherwise very winnable Senate seat for the Republicans.
Tea Party will result in protectionism – collapses free trade
Lighthizer 10 (Robert, deputy trade representative in the Reagan administration, “Throwing Free Trade Overboard,” November 12, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/13/opinion/13lighthizer.html)
But those expectations could be upset by an unexpected force: the Tea Party.
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also mean a fundamental reorientation of our country’s attitude toward trade and globalization.
Trade is key to the environment
Schoenbaum 92 (Thomas - Prof @ Dean Rusk Center for International and Comparative Law @ UGA, “Trade and Environment: Free International Trade and Protection of the Environment: Irreconcilable conflict?”  86 A.J.I.L. 700 lexis)

The environmentalists who argue that free trade will destroy the environment are shortsighted and wrong
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, particularly for developing countries, to control pollution and protect the environment.
Biodiversity decline causes extinction
Mmom 8 (Dr. Prince Chinedu, University of Port Harcourt (Nigeria), “Rapid Decline in Biodiversity: A Threat to Survival of Humankind”, Earthwork Times, 12-8, http://www.environmental-expert.com/resultEachArticle.aspx?ci d=0andcodi=51543)
From the foregoing, it becomes obvious that the survival of Humankind depends on the
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wise policy of conservation and development can be based for centuries to come.
Off 2
Plan causes a compensatory shift to drone strikes – that’s worse and causes drone prolif
RT, 13 (5/3, “US targeted drone killings used as alternative to Guantanamo Bay - Bush lawyer.” http://rt.com/usa/obama-using-drones-avoid-gitmo-747/)

A lawyer who was influential in the United States’ adoption of unmanned aircraft has spoken
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not abiding by the rule of law or are indifferent to civilian casualties.”

Drone shift kills i-law and turns entire case
Alston, 11 – John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010 (Philip, “ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders.” 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283. Lexis.)

Seen against this background, the targeted killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011
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establish and uphold foundational protections for the right to life and human dignity.
International law solves nuclear war, environmental degradation, and economic decline
Mullerson 89 (R. A., Head of the Department of International Law – Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, The American Journal of International Law, 83 A.J.I.L. 494, July)

In spite of different class approaches to social problems and different schools of thought,
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but, rather, about the self-interest of certain influential groups.
Off 3
All politics is the violent interaction of different people. The affirmative’s assumption that everyone can get along makes them the good guys and hides the even greater violence of a war against evil or everyone who disagrees with them.
Rasch, 2005 William, professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle,” South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005, 253-255
There is a song by Leonard Cohen called ‘‘There Is a War.’’
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 as evidence of greed, moral perversity, or some other pathological behavior.
The affirmative strategy of creating a new politics, allows for the atrocities of the status quo to continue, destroys value to life and is the very violence they critique
Rasch, 2005 William, professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle,” South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005, 259-60
But how are we to respond? For those who say there is no war
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no war to wage their war to end all war.
We will always be against them. Instead of pretending they can become us and thereby hiding the discrimination against them, the alternative is to recognize that distinction, creating local politics based off difference instead of violence and hegemony.
Rasch, 2005 William, professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, “Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle,” South Atlantic Quarterly 104:2, Spring 2005, 255-7
With its pacific presuppositions, liberalism, according to Schmitt, dissolves the specificity of
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and orientations of human social life become apparent’’ and the ‘‘forms of power and domination become visible.’’7
Case
-- Evaluate consequences – allowing violence for the sake of moral purity is evil
Isaac 2 (Jeffrey C., Professor of Political Science – Indiana-Bloomington, Director – Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life, Ph.D. – Yale, Dissent Magazine, 49(2), “Ends, Means, and Politics”, Spring, Proquest)
As writers such as Niccolo Machiavelli, Max Weber, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Hannah
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not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.
-- Governments must weigh consequences
Harries 94 (Owen, Editor and Founder – National Interest and Senior Fellow – Centre for Independent Studies, “Power and Civilization”, The National Interest, Spring, Lexis)
Performance is the test. Asked directly by a Western interviewer, “In principle
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The cost of implementing and promoting them will always have to be considered.
The assertion of legal authority to protect life still treats life as nothing more than life. This is the principle of Nazism by which life was exterminated to protect the political body. Only confronting this fact can allow us to break out of political deadlock
Agamben 98 Giorgio, King-maker, Homo Sacer, 12-13
If anything characterizes modern democracy as opposed to classical democracy, then, it is
AND
belonging to the human race” (L’espèce humaine, p. II).

And biopower won’t escalate to killing
Ojakangus 5 (Mike, Ph.D. and Research Fellow – Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, “Impossible Dialogue on Bio-Power”, 2, http://www.foucault-studies.com/no2/ojakangas1.pdf)
In fact, the history of modern Western societies would be quite incomprehensible without taking
AND
collective – that is the measure of the success of bio-power.   

Aff fails they view power as top-down – makes resistance impossible
Hardt 00 (Michael Hardt, Literature @ Duke, 2000, Theory and Event, 4.3, p Muse)
But still none of that addresses the passivity you refer to. For that we
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finally is a new biopolitics that reveals the struggles over forms of life.

Solvency
The Court will be ineffective.- 1ac proves that they’ll always try to find a loophole
Bradley and Morrison 2013 – *William Van Alstyne Professor of Law, Duke Law School, Liviu Librescu Professor of Law, Columbia Law School (May, Curtis and Trevor, Columbia Law Review, “PRESIDENTIAL POWER, HISTORICAL PRACTICE, AND LEGAL CONSTRAINT”, 113 Colum. L. Rev. 1097, Lexis)
If courts routinely reviewed contested issues of presidential power, they
"a vehicle for demagogic populism and lawlessness." n61
Evidentiary standards mean trials and habeas hearings will always go against the detainees—means they can’t solve
Ajuha and Tutt 12 Fall, 2012, Jasmeet K. Ahuja and Andrew Tutt “Evidentiary Rules Governing Guantanamo Habeas Petitions: Their Effects and Consequences”, 31 Yale L. and Pol'y Rev. 185
Beginning in 2001, the United States began transporting hundreds of persons captured overseas in
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when other facts in the record point strongly in the opposite direction. n21
The executive will move detainees around without providing real due process
McNeal, 8 – Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law (Gregory, 8/8. “ARTICLE: BEYOND GUANTANAMO, OBSTACLES AND OPTIONS.” 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. Colloquy 29. Lexis)

3. Executive Forum-Discretion--Any reform which allows for adjudication of guilt
AND
proposed reform is incomplete without thoroughly addressing the factors that the Executive balances.
Can’t solve – the DOD will just shift detainment overseas
Merritt, 2005 (Jeralyn, Criminal Defense Lawyer, J.D. 1973, “Rendition Comes Out of the Closet”, TalkLeft, March 11th, http://talkleft.com/new_archives/009994.html)

A Feb. 5 memorandum from Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld calls for broader
AND
persuading other countries to bear some of the burden of detaining terrorism suspects.

The aff can’t solve – the executive circumvents – in future crises the President justifies skirting the law no matter what it says
Fatovic, 9 – Director of Graduate Studies for Political Science at Florida International University (Clement, Outside the Law: Emergency and Executive Power. pp 1-5.)
But the problem for any legal order is that law aims at fixity in a
AND
—but it does mean that executive power is ultimately irreducible to law.
Court systems rubber-stamp executive detention decisions
Brighten, 10 - M.A. (Queen’s University), LL.B. (McGill University), B.C.L. (McGill University). Ph.D. student in the Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program, Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California at Berkeley (Andrew, Fall. “‘The Way Ahead’ or The Status Quo? Why National Security Court Proposals Threaten Judicial Independence A Review of Glenn Sulmasy’s The National Security Court System: A Natural Evolution of Justice in an Age of Terror1” DePaul Rule of Law Journal.)
The preceding developments would still not equate to the Shapiro/Stephen model of jurisdictional
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proposal therefore, if implemented, would risk repeating the FISC debacle.192
They cause Messianic politics – causes the worst violence
Kohn 6 Margaret, Asst. Prof. Poli Sci @ Florida, “Bare Life and the Limits of the Law,”.Theory and Event, 9:2, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v009/9.2kohn.html, Retrieved 9-26-06
Is there an alternative to this nexus of anomie and nomos produced by the state
AND
at least the law tied to violence and the demarcating project of sovereignty.  

The impact is massive extermination
Joines 99 (Richard E., Professor of English – Auburn University, “Contretemps: Derrida's Ante and the Call of Marxist Political Philosophy”, Cultural Logic, 3(1), Fall, http://clogic.eserver.org/3-1and2/joines.html)
29. Marxists argue that we are unable to imagine communism before its arrival,
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call him "comrade" at great risk to creating a communist future.
2nc
They don’t independently enforce.
Katyal 2006 – debate rockstar, JD from Yale, Saunders Professor of National Security Law at Georgetown (10/26, Neal, Yale Law Journal, “Toward Internal Separation of Powers”, http://yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal-pocket-part/executive-power/toward-internal-separation-of-powers/)
CONCLUSION  America faces a choice. It can either take its
AND
sources of executive legitimacy—democratic will and expertise— to function simultaneously.
Solve one instance of evidentiary problems – cites multiple 

Trial systems don’t solve – courts will grant enormous leeway to the executive
Scheppele, 12—Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs @ Princeton University (Kim Lane, January. “The New Judicial Deference,” Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89. Lexis.)

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
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present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.
Court systems rubber-stamp executive detention decisions
Brighten, 10 - M.A. (Queen’s University), LL.B. (McGill University), B.C.L. (McGill University). Ph.D. student in the Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program, Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California at Berkeley (Andrew, Fall. “‘The Way Ahead’ or The Status Quo? Why National Security Court Proposals Threaten Judicial Independence A Review of Glenn Sulmasy’s The National Security Court System: A Natural Evolution of Justice in an Age of Terror1” DePaul Rule of Law Journal.)
The preceding developments would still not equate to the Shapiro/Stephen model of jurisdictional
AND
proposal therefore, if implemented, would risk repeating the FISC debacle.192
-- Coherence – only incorporation of representations can make sense of political reality
Jourde 6 – Ph.D., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, M.A., Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, B.Sc., Political Science, Université de Montréal (Cedric, 2006, “1995 Hegemony or Empire?: The redefinition of US Power under George W Bush,” Ed. David and Grondin p. 182-3)
Relations between states are, at least in part, constructed upon representations. Representations
AND
course of action one will adopt in order to deal with this 'other'.
-- Exclusively focusing on policymaking crowds outs critical questioning.
Biswas 7 Shampa, Professor of Politics – Whitman College, “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist”, Millennium, 36(1), p. 117-125
It has been 30 years since Stanley Hoffman accused IR of being an ‘American
AND
expertise) in the most fundamental and important senses of the vocation.21
2. Policymaking – discursive analysis is a pre-requisite to policy implementation
Sending 4 -- Research Fellow @ Norweigan Inst. of Int’l Affairs (Ole  in Global Institutions and Development eds. Morten Boas and Desmond McNeil p.  58-59)
Granted that the objectification and definition of a given phenomenon is open to a variety
AND
Douglas 1986; March and Olsen 1989: Scott and Meyer. 1994).

And pretending that legal protections work is the link – reinscribes our obsession with the law
Margulies ‘11
Joseph, Joseph Margulies is a Clinical Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. He was counsel of record for the petitioners in Rasul v. Bush and Munaf v. Geren. He now is counsel of record for Abu Zubaydah, for whose torture (termed harsh interrogation by some) Bush Administration officials John Yoo and Jay Bybee wrote authorizing legal opinions. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at workshops at the American Bar Foundation and the 2010 Law and Society Association Conference in Chicago., Hope Metcalf is a Lecturer, Yale Law School. Metcalf is co-counsel for the plaintiffs/petitioners in Padilla v. Rumsfeld, Padilla v. Yoo, Jeppesen v. Mohammed, and Maqaleh v. Obama. She has written numerous amicus briefs in support of petitioners in suits against the government arising out of counterterrorism policies, including in Munaf v. Geren and Boumediene v. Bush., “Terrorizing Academia,” http://www.swlaw.edu/pdfs/jle/jle603jmarguilies.pdf
In an observation more often repeated than defended, we are told that the attacks
AND
thought as our nation settles into what appears to be a permanent emergency.

Here’s more evidence that that causes us to impose our laws because we are motivated to make the other less of a savage – that’s Libya, the failure of our democracy efforts in Egypt and our botching of Afghanistan.
Dossa ‘99
Shiraz, Department of Political Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, “Liberal Legalism: Law, Culture and Identity,” The European Legacy, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 73-87,1
No discipline in the rationalized arsenal of modernity is as rational, impartial, objective
AND
liberal law but the juridically and humanly inferior Other, the perpetual foreigner.
Here’s more evidence - the United States has worked over the last half century to promote that we are benevolent hegemons – means the affirmative can only entrench American power
Rasch, 2005 William, professor of Germanic Studies at Indiana University, “Human Rights as Geopolitics, Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy,” Cultural Critique 54 (2003), 120-3
The only power to emerge from the twentieth-century's first world war fresh and
AND
nonlocalizable, enemy, which proved to be mere shadowboxing in the end.
3) The aff fundamentally mythologizes the other making its demonization and the sanctification of violence possible.
Prozorov 6 – Sergei, fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, “Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, p. 75-99
What interests us in this modality of the friend–enemy distinction is the explicit
AND
, or, in Schmitt’s terms, an inimicus rather than a hostis.

1) is power over 

The permutation is impossible – we must choose between universalization of values or recognition of enmity.
Moreiras, 04 – Director of European Studies at Duke, (Alberto, 2004, “A God without Sovereignty. Political Jouissance. The Passive Decision”, CR: The New Centennial Review 4.3, p. 79-80, Project MUSE,)

The friend/enemy division is peculiar at the highest level, at the level
AND
an order of the political, the order produces its own political divisions.

And this is the line in the sand argument -   only by recognizing this allows us to focus and make decisions – anything else blurs that line and makes it impossible to make consistent political decisions and control violence
Odysseos 7, Senior Lecturer of IR at the University of Sussex, Louiza, “Violence after the State? A Preliminary examination of the Concept of Global Civil War,” Prepared for the 6th Pan-European IR Conference
The first achievement concerns the aforementioned bracketing and ‘regulation’ of war, which can
AND
in fact, a most ‘human’ development (Schmitt 2004: 64).  
Impacts
Trying to escape politic’s inevitable violence only relocates politics in the unrestricted space of ideals. That unlimits violences relegating them to the death camps
Prozorov 6 – Sergei, fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, “Liberal Enmity: The Figure of the Foe in the Political Ontology of Liberalism,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, p. 75-99
Thus, for Schmitt ‘it is an intellectual historical misunderstanding of an astonishing kind
AND
opposite or perhaps reveals its own essence in the guise of its antithesis.

1nr
Drones
DA outweighs and turns the case- drone shift comes from lack of detention- rather than dealing with the legal process we’ll just kill them- that’s RT
That is fundamentally against international law- not contested – that’s alston
And ilaw solves all impacts- nuke holocaust prolif, spite of different class approaches
AND
about genuine national interest but, rather, about the self-interest of
They have no defense on half of this stuff even environment still viable there’s more than biodiversity 

This evidence is just an assertion that indefinite detention sends a big signal – their article cites 4 other signals
More importantly, drones outweigh
Alston, 11 – John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. The author was UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions from 2004 until 2010 (Philip, “ARTICLE: The CIA and Targeted Killings Beyond Borders.” 2 Harv. Nat'l Sec. J. 283. Lexis.)

Seen against this background, the targeted killing of Osama bin Laden in May 2011
AND
protections for the right to life and human dignity.
False – drones top the international list
Bowcott, 12 (Owen – The Guardian, “Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur.” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/21/drone-strikes-international-law-un)
The US policy of using aerial drones to carry out targeted killings presents a major
AND
UN Human Rights Council, backed by other countries, condemning drone attacks.
Obama’s scaling back drones in favor of detention now
Dillow, 13 – writer for popsci.com (Clay, 5/23. “Obama Set To Reboot Drone Strike Policy And Retool The War On Terror.” http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-05/obama-set-reboot-drone-strike-policy-and-retool-war-terror)
These three topics are deeply intertwined, of course. With the drawdown of troops
AND
to thwart terrorists rather hellfire missile strikes from unseen robots in the sky.
Obama’s prioritizing detention over drones now
Corn, 13 – Washington Bureau Chief at Mother Jones (David, 5/23. ““Obama's Counterterrorism Speech: A Pivot Point on Drones and More?” http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/05/obama-speech-drones-civil-liberties)

So Obama's speech Thursday on counterterrorism policies—which follows his administration's acknowledgment yesterday that
AND
dicey practice of indefinite detention or a conclusion to the fight against terrorism.
Scaling back detention means Obama uses drones as an alternative – he feels like he has to do something to prevent attacks, so he uses drones – that’s RT from the 1NC. Prefer our evidence – it cites the lawyer who drafted the initial drone laws – he knows the inner workings of why the executive makes particular choices in the war on terror
Reluctance to detain causes ramped-up use of drone strikes
Roberts, 13 – the Guardian's Washington Bureau chief, covering politics and US national affairs. Previously, he worked as the national editor in London and was head of business (Dan, 5/2. “US drone strikes being used as alternative to Guantánamo, lawyer says.” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/02/us-drone-strikes-guantanamo)

The lawyer who first drew up White House policy on lethal drone strikes has accused
AND
to kill them," he told a conference at the Bipartisan Policy Center.
Shift away from indefinite detention causes a massive increase in drone strikes – Early Obama proves
Campbell, 13 – Fellow at the Humanitarian Intervention Centre and Press Officer for Friends of Israel in UKIP (Jacob, 5/24. “IN DEFENSE OF DRONE STRIKES AND GUANTANAMO BAY.” http://hicentre.org/2013/05/24/in-defense-of-drone-strikes-and-guantanamo-bay/)

Since 9/11, two US administrations have fought terrorism in two very different
AND
is an alternative to the alternative, I would love to hear it.

case
Trial systems don’t solve – courts will grant enormous leeway to the executive
Scheppele, 12—Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs @ Princeton University (Kim Lane, January. “The New Judicial Deference,” Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89. Lexis.)

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
AND
present to bring counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.
They’ll get around all of it
Scheppele 12—Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs @ Princeton University Kim Lane Scheppele (Dir. of the Program in Law and Public Affairs @ Princeton University), “The New Judicial Deference,” Boston University Law Review, 92 B.U.L. Rev. 89, January 2012

In this Article, I will show that American courts have often approached the extreme
AND counter-terrorism policy back under the constraint of constitutionalism.

Tournament: Georgia State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: Baker
No First Use kills deterrence
Chilcoat 99 (Richard, President – National Defense University, “Strategic Forces and Deterrence:  New Realities, New Roles?” Strategic Assuessment, National Defense University, http://se1.isn.ch:80/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISNandfileid=A28BAB6C-38EA-B58D-A4F2-10FE0E95174Aandlng=en)
The United States has consistently eschewed an unequivocal policy of “no first use”
AND
capable of a credible and proportional response, with nuclear weapons if necessary.
Nuclear Deterrence prevents CBW
Joseph 00 (Robert, Director – Center for Counterproliferation Research, senior scholar at the National Institute for Public Policy, professor – Missouri State University, and formerly Special Envoy for Nuclear Nonproliferation, Congressional Testimony – Senate Foreign Relations Nonproliferation Policy, 3-21)
Therefore, it is essential that the United States acquire the capabilities to deny an
AND
weapons, and President Reagan held the vision of eliminating these weapons altogether.
Extinction
Sandberg et al 8—Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University. PhD in computation neuroscience, Stockholm—AND—Jason G. Matheny—PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins. special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh—AND—Milan M. ?irkovi?—senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. Assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad. (Anders, How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?, 9 September 2008, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction)
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.

Tournament: Georgia State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: Baker
Text ---- The United States Executive Branch should establish a declaratory policy that the United States will not use nuclear weapons against a governmental entity, proxy, or group that has not used nuclear weapons against another governmental entity or group.
Solves –
It’s virtually identical in function---the U.S. would only override a declaratory NFU in an extreme crisis---and global public opinion would rally behind the U.S.
Feiveson and Hogendoorn 3 – Harold Feiveson, senior research scientist and co-director of the Program in Science and Global Security at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, and Ernst Hogendoorn, Ph.D. Candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, Summer 2003, “No First Use of Nuclear Weapons,” The Nonproliferation Review, online: http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/102feiv.pdf
In extremis, of course, a U.S. administration might find compelling reason to override a no-first-use commitment, and actually use or explicitly threaten to use nuclear weapons. Such an act would be taken only in the most dire of circumstances, and in such a situation it is hard to believe that U.S. flaunting of a prior declaratory commitment would weigh much in how the world viewed the U.S. actions.
The net-benefit---making NFU an action policy and completely prohibiting all scenarios for first-use costs hundreds of thousands of lives in an inevitable crisis---the CP’s declaratory NFU enables the U.S. to override its declared posture and launch damage-limitation strikes against an imminent nuclear attacker
Tertrais 9 – Bruno Tertrais, Senior Research Fellow at the Paris-based Foundation for Strategic Research and Contributing Editor to Survival, October-November 2009, “The Trouble with No First Use,” Survival, Vol. 51, No. 5, p. 25
A no-first-use policy might also have security costs beyond deterrence.
AND
is giving up the possibility of saving hundreds of thousands of his citizens.
Only a declaratory NFU creates successful existential deterrence---the knowledge that a declaratory NFU could be revoked in crisis de-escalates tension and prevents conflict
Feiveson and Hogendoorn 3 – Harold Feiveson, senior research scientist and co-director of the Program in Science and Global Security at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, and Ernst Hogendoorn, Ph.D. Candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton, Summer 2003, “No First Use of Nuclear Weapons,” The Nonproliferation Review, online: http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/102feiv.pdf
Opponents of a strong no-first-use declaration by the United States generally
AND
go into battle thinking they can rely on the use of nuclear weapons.

The plan is action policy and the CP is declaratory policy. Under declaratory NFU, it’s possible the U.S. could use nuclear weapons first
Tertrais 9 – Bruno Tertrais, Senior Research Fellow at the Paris-based Foundation for Strategic Research and Contributing Editor to Survival, October-November 2009, “The Trouble with No First Use,” Survival, Vol. 51, No. 5, p. 26-27
The nuance is important. Declaratory policies (what states claim they would do)
AND
there is no evidence that the 2001 Nuclear Posture Review included this option.

NB-
The CP’s the best middle ground---it refuses to tie the hands of future presidents while adopting the substance of NFU---the consequences of nuclear war mean declaratory NFU would only be overridden in catastrophic circumstances
Boese 6 – Wade Boese, Research Director of the Arms Control Association, March 25, 2006, “Preventing Nuclear Disaster,” online: http://www.armscontrol.org/print/128
Nuclear weapons possessors should be pushed to adopt no-first-use policies. At this time, China and India are the only two states that have renounced the first use of their nuclear arms.
In the absence of ending its nuclear deployments, the 26-member NATO alliance
AND
weapons policy as immoral, illegal, militarily unnecessary, and dreadfully dangerous."

Executive orders do not cost political capital
Sovacool 9 (Benjamin – Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globalization and Assistant Professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, “Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States”, 2009, 34 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 333, lexis)
Executive Orders also save time in a second sense. The President does not have to expend scarce political capital trying to persuade Congress to adopt his or her proposal. Executive Orders thus save presidential attention for other topics. Executive Orders bypass congressional debate and opposition, along with all of the horse-trading and compromise such legislative activity entails. n292

Tournament: Georgia State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Garrett
Congressional fact-finding hearings solve targeted killing oversight best and results in effective regulation – empirically proven by Church Commission findings and subsequent regulation of assassinations
Rosen 13 (Jeffrey, legal affairs director @ New Republic, and#34;Courting Disaster - A new idea to limit drone strikes could actually legitimize them,and#34; http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112392/drone-courts-congress-should-exercise-oversight-instead)
Rather than rushing to endorse a program surrounded by serious moral, constitutional, and
AND
targeted drone killings should be permanently banned rather than permanently enshrined into law.
Congressional fact-finding hearings solve targeted killing oversight best and results in effective regulation – empirically proven by Church Commission findings and subsequent regulation of assassinations
Rosen 13 (Jeffrey, legal affairs director @ New Republic, and#34;Courting Disaster - A new idea to limit drone strikes could actually legitimize them,and#34; http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112392/drone-courts-congress-should-exercise-oversight-instead)
Rather than rushing to endorse a program surrounded by serious moral, constitutional, and
AND
targeted drone killings should be permanently banned rather than permanently enshrined into law.

Congressional fact-finding hearings key to effective oversight of targeted killing
Rosen 13 (Jeffrey, legal affairs director @ New Republic, and#34;Courting Disaster - A new idea to limit drone strikes could actually legitimize them,and#34; http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112392/drone-courts-congress-should-exercise-oversight-instead)
On Sunday, Robert Gates, the former Pentagon chief for Presidents Obama and Bush
AND
fact, morally, constitutionally, and pragmatically defensible in the first place.
Solves perception- - can effectively create a presumption against targeted killing 

Anderson 9 (Kenneth, Professor of Law, Washington College of Law, American University, and Research Fellow, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University and Member of its Task Force on National Security and the Law, and#34;Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law,and#34; http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2009/5/1120counterterrorism20anderson/0511_counterterrorism_anderson.pdf)

Congress’s role in this area is admittedly a peculiar one. It is mostly—
AND
official view of the United States as a matter of ¶ international law.

Tournament: Georgia State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: Baker
1nc
Congress likely to pass a CR and avoid shutdown now - Boehner's tactics are merely to placate conservatives down the road
Yglesias 9/18/13 (Matthew, business/economics correspondent @ Slate, "The Odds of a Government Shutdown Are Falling, Not Rising," http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/09/18/government_shutdown_odds_falling_not_rising.html)
But read on to the second graf of the piece and you'll see that the
AND
of a shutdown, in other words, they're falling, not rising.
Armed force authorizations generate inter-branch battles and massive controversy
Morrison 6 (Fred L. – Popham Haik Schnobrich/Lindquist and Vennum Professor of Law at the University of Minnesota Law School, “Characteristics of International Administration in Crisis Areas: A View from the United States of America”, 2006, 54 Am. J. Comp. L. 443, lexis)
This separation of powers between the two branches leads to conflicts between them in which the President may act, citing his command-in-chief and foreign affairs powers, and the Congress may take an opposing view, based on its financial powers and power over the declaration of war. The controversy plays out in many arenas, including authorization for the use of force and the appropriation of funds to support chosen policy directions.

Capital key
Dumain 9/18/13 (Emma, Roll Call, "Will House Democrats Balk at Sequester-Level CR?," http://blogs.rollcall.com/218/will-house-democrats-balk-at-sequester-level-cr/)
What would be helpful for the duration of the political battle over the CR between now and the end of the month, however, is if Obama more frequently took to the “bully pulpit” to blast Republicans and bolster Democrats, the aide said.¶ “The more the better,” he said.
Shutdown wrecks the economy
Wu 8/27/13 (Yi, “Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea)

Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a
AND
to demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.
Global nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 (Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.
1nr
Probability -- conflict now is highly likely given other economic stressors
Mootry 9 (Primus, B.A. Northern Illinois University “Americans likely to face more difficult times” - The Herald Bulletin, http://www.theheraldbulletin.com/columns/local_story_282184703.html?keyword=secondarystory)
These are difficult times. The direct and indirect costs associated with the war on
AND
spark could lead to global conflagration.This evidence has been gender paraphrased.
Growth prevents miscalculation and war with China
Glaser 5/2/12 (“China is Reacting to Our Weak Economy” Bonnie S. Glaser (senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.) 5/2/2012 http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/05/02/are-we-headed-for-a-cold-war-with-china/china-is-reacting-to-our-weak-economy)
To maintain peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region and secure American interests
AND
the United States needs to restore financial solvency and growth through bipartisan action.

Econ growth prevents war with China – sticky power ensures interdependence not war
Mead 04 (Walter Russell, Senior Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “America's STICKY Power,” Foreign Policy, Mar/Apr, Proquest)
China's rise to global prominence will offer a key test case for sticky power.
AND
inevitable" U.S.-Chinese conflict is less likely to occur.
U - Shutdown close
Extend Yglesias - continuing resolution will be passed now by Boehner placating republicans – evidence indicates there’s just enough room – their evidence is non-predictive of republican tactics – means you err neg on uniqueness
Shutdown will be avoided now - but it will be close
Lunney 9/18/13 (Kellie, Government Executive, "Votes on Keeping Government Open Could Come Down to the Wire," http://www.govexec.com/oversight/2013/09/votes-keeping-government-open-could-come-down-wire/70498/)
Steve Bell, senior director of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Economic Policy Project, said he thinks the Republican and Democratic House leadership ultimately will negotiate to avoid a government shutdown. But, “for the first time this year, I think they are going to cut it pretty close,” Bell said. The last time the government almost shut down -- with about an hour to spare -- was April 2011.

Obama has the leverage in the shutdown showdown 

Scheiber 9/15/13 (Noam, Senior Editor @ The New Republic, "This Time There Really Will Be a Government Shutdown," http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114728/boehner-and-obama-cant-avoid-government-shutdown)

Start with the White House, which has been annoyingly open to concessions even when
AND
cuts has subsided with the deficit falling so rapidly on its own. ¶

Internals – Capital Key
House GOP will cave and approve the continuing resolution in the coming weeks - Obama has the necessary leverage
Terbush 9/18/13 (Jon, Staff @ The Week, "A government shutdown is a high-stakes game the GOP can't win," http://theweek.com/article/index/249809/a-government-shutdown-is-a-high-stakes-game-the-gop-cant-win)
Boehner has shown before that when push comes to shove, he's willing to negotiate
AND
shutdown with no upside before doing is nothing less than a crazy proposition.
Political capital key to Obama's economic agenda
Indiviglio 9/19/13 (Daniel, Reuters Breakingviews columnist, "Activist would contest Obama’s capital allocation," http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2013/09/19/activist-would-contest-obamas-capital-allocation/)
The economy and jobs came in second, absorbing 16 percent of Obama’s output.
AND
The broad economic risks make this an area demanding far more presidential attention.
Internal – Capital Finite
Obama's capital is finite - needs as much as possible for budget fights 

Boesler 9/18/13 (Matthew, Business Insider, "BNP Analyst Blasts All This Chatter About Don Kohn Getting The Fed Job," http://www.businessinsider.com/analyst-says-don-kohn-fed-chair-chatter-misinformed-2013-9#ixzz2fMDmQYg4)

BNP Paribas economist Julia Coronado doesn't think there's much to all the chatter about Kohn
AND
it was anti-Summers; why spend more capital on this fight?
Every bit of political capital matters over budget fights 

Lills and Wasson 9/7/13 (Mike and Erik, The Hill, "Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote," http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats)

Obama needs all the political capital he can muster heading into bruising battles with the GOP over fiscal spending and the debt ceiling.
U -Saving PC
Summers added political capital for the fight over the continuing resolution
Carmichael 9/16/13 (Kevin, Globe and Mail, "A fractious fall looms in Washington now Summers is out of the running," http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/with-summers-out-of-running-a-fractious-fall-looms-in-washington/article14357991/)
Stocks rose around the world, as traders reasoned the transition to a new Fed
AND
relationship with the Republican-led House of Representatives are on the horizon.
And - obama spending capital on budget issues now – he’s entered the fray and is arm-twisting for support – means he has just enough
Blake 9/18/13 (Aaron, Wash Post, "Carney assures that Obama 'has twisted arms'," http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/09/18/carney-assures-that-obama-has-twisted-arms/)
White House press secretary Jay Carney on Wednesday fought back against criticism that President Obama
AND
, and he'll be in the fray until Congress does the right thing.”
Internals – Capital Key
House GOP will cave and approve the continuing resolution in the coming weeks - Obama has the necessary leverage
Terbush 9/18/13 (Jon, Staff @ The Week, "A government shutdown is a high-stakes game the GOP can't win," http://theweek.com/article/index/249809/a-government-shutdown-is-a-high-stakes-game-the-gop-cant-win)
Boehner has shown before that when push comes to shove, he's willing to negotiate
AND
shutdown with no upside before doing is nothing less than a crazy proposition.
Political capital key to Obama's economic agenda
Indiviglio 9/19/13 (Daniel, Reuters Breakingviews columnist, "Activist would contest Obama’s capital allocation," http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2013/09/19/activist-would-contest-obamas-capital-allocation/)
The economy and jobs came in second, absorbing 16 percent of Obama’s output.
AND
The broad economic risks make this an area demanding far more presidential attention.

US economic collapse will destroy the global economy
Mead 04 (Walter Russell, Senior Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “America's STICKY Power,” Foreign Policy, Mar/Apr, Proquest)
Similarly, in the last 60 years, as foreigners have acquired a greater value
AND
the rest of the world. That is sticky power with a vengeance.

Link
Yes Obama fights Congress –
It’s normal means –
(If not read) Obama fights the plan
Rana 11 (Aziz – Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell Law School, “TEN QUESTIONS: RESPONSES TO THE TEN QUESTIONS”, 2011, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5099, lexis)
Thus, for many legal critics of executive power, the election of Barack Obama
AND
war powers and to promote the centrality of state secrecy to national security.
Normal means should govern 1AC implementation: its based in literature, predictable for both sides because it’s the most likely, and it’s fair – it’s the only way to truly debate inter branch struggles over war powers - that’s key to politics and legal education on this topic
shutdown

Failure to compromise tanks global econ recovery efforts

Sherwell 11 (Philip, London Telegraph, "US shutdown looms as budget war rage," http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/recession/8335823/US-shutdown-looms-as-budget-war-rages.html)

Fears over the strength of the US economic recovery were growing last night after a
AND
to damage US economic prospects and therefore the chances of continuing global recovery.
Obama’s using all his political capital on the budget battle now – it’s his singular focus
Allen 9/19/13 (Jonathan, Politico, "GOP battles boost President Obama," http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=17961849-5BE5-43CA-B1BC-ED8A12A534EB)
There’s a simple reason President Barack Obama is using his bully pulpit to focus the
AND
when a shooter murdered a dozen people at Washington’s Navy Yard that morning.

Shutdown makes us vulnerable to a cyber-attack 

Sideman 11 (Alysia, Federal Computer Week Contributor, “Agencies must determine computer security teams in face of potential federal shutdown” Federal Computer Week, http://fcw.com/Articles/2011/02/23/Agencies-must-determine-computer-security-teams-in-face-of-shutdown.aspx?Page=1)

With the WikiLeaks hacks and other threats to cybersecurity present, guarding against cyberattacks has
AND
be vulnerable in the face of an attack, reports Federal Computer Week. 

Cyber Impacts - Accidental Nuke War
Cyber attacks cause accidental nuclear war

Cimbala 99 (Stephen, professor of political science at the Pennsylvania State University Delaware County Campus, Summer 1999, Armed Forces and Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal, p. online)

The nuclear shadow over the information age remains significant. The essence of information warfare
AND
or escalation. Unplanned interactions between infowarriors and deterrers could have unfortunate byproducts.

Global escalation and nuclear war 

PR Newswire, 4-29-98 (lexis)

An 'accidental' nuclear attack would create a public health disaster of an    unprecedented scale,  
AND
that could trigger full-scale nuclear war with billions of casualties worldwide.,

Tournament: Georgia State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown BL | Judge: Garrett
Congress likely to pass a CR and avoid shutdown now - Boehnerand#39;s tactics are merely to placate conservatives down the road
Yglesias 9/18/13 (Matthew, business/economics correspondent @ Slate, and#34;The Odds of a Government Shutdown Are Falling, Not Rising,and#34; http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/09/18/government_shutdown_odds_falling_not_rising.html)
But read on to the second graf of the piece and youand#39;ll see that the
AND
of a shutdown, in other words, theyand#39;re falling, not rising.
Obama fights the plan and saps his political capital – controversy and policy trade-offs
Holman 13 (Kwame, “ACLU, Congress Await Obamaand#39;s Next Action on Overseas Drone Strikes”, 3/29, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/03/aclu-others-await-presidents-next-action-on-overseas-drone-strikes.html)
As the American Civil Liberties Unionand#39;s chief Washington lobbyist, Chris Anders spends a lot
AND
cutting into Mr. Obamaand#39;s political strength in coming policy battles with Congress.
Capital key
Dumain 9/18/13 (Emma, Roll Call, and#34;Will House Democrats Balk at Sequester-Level CR?,and#34; http://blogs.rollcall.com/218/will-house-democrats-balk-at-sequester-level-cr/)
What would be helpful for the duration of the political battle over the CR between now and the end of the month, however, is if Obama more frequently took to the “bully pulpit” to blast Republicans and bolster Democrats, the aide said.¶ “The more the better,” he said.
Shutdown wrecks the economy
Wu 8/27/13 (Yi, “Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea,” PolicyMic, http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea)

Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed, sent a
AND
to demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.
Global nuclear war
Harris and Burrows 9 (Mathew, PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)
Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Impact outweighs – econ is the biggest impact – our wu evidence specifies that economic decline would cause mass proliferation in the middle-east – that’s nuclear conflict
Probability -- conflict now is highly likely given other economic stressors
Mootry 9 (Primus, B.A. Northern Illinois University “Americans likely to face more difficult times” - The Herald Bulletin, http://www.theheraldbulletin.com/columns/local_story_282184703.html?keyword=secondarystory)
These are difficult times. The direct and indirect costs associated with the war on
AND
spark could lead to global conflagration.This evidence has been gender paraphrased.
Turns terrorism
Schaub 4 (Drew, Professor of Political Science – Penn State University, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), April)
Despite the caveats, our analysis suggests important policy implications for the war against terrorism
AND
economic development deserves much more attention from policy makers than it currently enjoys.
Econ collapse turns Russian war
Nyquist 5 (J.R., Author and Geopolitical Columnist – Financial Sense Online, and#34;The Political Consequences of a Financial Crash,and#34; 2-4, http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2005/0204.html)
Should the United States experience a severe economic contraction during the second term of President Bush, the American people will likely support politicians who advocate further restrictions and controls on our market economy – guaranteeing its strangulation and the steady pauperization of the country. In Congress today, Sen. Edward Kennedy supports nearly all the economic dogmas listed above. It is easy to see, therefore, that the coming economic contraction, due in part to a policy of massive credit expansion, will have serious political consequences for the Republican Party (to the benefit of the Democrats). Furthermore, an economic contraction will encourage the formation of anti-capitalist majorities and a turning away from the free market system. The danger here is not merely economic. The political left openly favors the collapse of Americaand#39;s strategic position abroad. The withdrawal of the United States from the Middle East, the Far East and Europe would catastrophically impact an international system that presently allows 6 billion people to live on the earthand#39;s surface in relative peace. Should anti-capitalist dogmas overwhelm the global market and trading system that evolved under American leadership, the planetand#39;s economy would contract and untold millions would die of starvation. Nationalistic totalitarianism, fueled by a politics of blame, would once again bring war to Asia and Europe. But this time the war would be waged with mass destruction weapons and the United States would be blamed because it is the center of global capitalism. Furthermore, if the anti-capitalist party gains power in Washington, we can expect to see policies of appeasement and unilateral disarmament enacted. American appeasement and disarmament, in this context, would be an admission of guilt before the court of world opinion. Russia and China, above all, would exploit this admission to justify aggressive wars, invasions and mass destruction attacks. A future financial crash, therefore, must be prevented at all costs. But we cannot do this. As one observer recently lamented, and#34;We drank the poison and now we must die.and#34;
Growth prevents miscalculation and war with China 

Glaser 5/2/12 (“China is Reacting to Our Weak Economy” Bonnie S. Glaser (senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.) 5/2/2012 http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/05/02/are-we-headed-for-a-cold-war-with-china/china-is-reacting-to-our-weak-economy)

To maintain peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region and secure American interests
AND
the United States needs to restore financial solvency and growth through bipartisan action.

Econ growth prevents war with China – sticky power ensures interdependence not war

Mead 04 (Walter Russell, Senior Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “Americaand#39;s STICKY Power,” Foreign Policy, Mar/Apr, Proquest)

Chinaand#39;s rise to global prominence will offer a key test case for sticky power.
AND
inevitableand#34; U.S.-Chinese conflict is less likely to occur.
U - Shutdown close
Extend Yglesias - continuing resolution will be passed now by Boehner placating republicans – evidence indicates there’s just enough room – their evidence is non-predictive of republican tactics – means you err neg on uniqueness
Shutdown will be avoided now - but it will be close
Lunney 9/18/13 (Kellie, Government Executive, and#34;Votes on Keeping Government Open Could Come Down to the Wire,and#34; http://www.govexec.com/oversight/2013/09/votes-keeping-government-open-could-come-down-wire/70498/)
Steve Bell, senior director of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s Economic Policy Project, said he thinks the Republican and Democratic House leadership ultimately will negotiate to avoid a government shutdown. But, “for the first time this year, I think they are going to cut it pretty close,” Bell said. The last time the government almost shut down -- with about an hour to spare -- was April 2011.

Obama has the leverage in the shutdown showdown 

Scheiber 9/15/13 (Noam, Senior Editor @ The New Republic, and#34;This Time There Really Will Be a Government Shutdown,and#34; http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114728/boehner-and-obama-cant-avoid-government-shutdown)

Start with the White House, which has been annoyingly open to concessions even when
AND
cuts has subsided with the deficit falling so rapidly on its own. ¶
U -Saving PC
Summers withdrawal means Obama saved political capital for the fight over the continuing resolution
Carmichael 9/16/13 (Kevin, Globe and Mail, and#34;A fractious fall looms in Washington now Summers is out of the running,and#34; http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/with-summers-out-of-running-a-fractious-fall-looms-in-washington/article14357991/)
Stocks rose around the world, as traders reasoned the transition to a new Fed
AND
relationship with the Republican-led House of Representatives are on the horizon.
And - obama spending capital on budget issues now – he’s entered the fray and is arm-twisting for support – means he has just enough
Blake 9/18/13 (Aaron, Wash Post, and#34;Carney assures that Obama and#39;has twisted armsand#39;,and#34; http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/09/18/carney-assures-that-obama-has-twisted-arms/)
White House press secretary Jay Carney on Wednesday fought back against criticism that President Obama
AND
, and heand#39;ll be in the fray until Congress does the right thing.”
Internals – Capital Key
House GOP will cave and approve the continuing resolution in the coming weeks - Obama has the necessary leverage
Terbush 9/18/13 (Jon, Staff @ The Week, and#34;A government shutdown is a high-stakes game the GOP canand#39;t win,and#34; http://theweek.com/article/index/249809/a-government-shutdown-is-a-high-stakes-game-the-gop-cant-win)
Boehner has shown before that when push comes to shove, heand#39;s willing to negotiate
AND
shutdown with no upside before doing is nothing less than a crazy proposition.
Political capital key to Obamaand#39;s economic agenda
Indiviglio 9/19/13 (Daniel, Reuters Breakingviews columnist, and#34;Activist would contest Obama’s capital allocation,and#34; http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2013/09/19/activist-would-contest-obamas-capital-allocation/)
The economy and jobs came in second, absorbing 16 percent of Obama’s output.
AND
The broad economic risks make this an area demanding far more presidential attention.

US economic collapse will destroy the global economy
Mead 04 (Walter Russell, Senior Fellow at Council on Foreign Relations, “Americaand#39;s STICKY Power,” Foreign Policy, Mar/Apr, Proquest)
Similarly, in the last 60 years, as foreigners have acquired a greater value
AND
the rest of the world. That is sticky power with a vengeance.

Link
Yes Obama fights Congress –
It’s normal means –
(If not read) Obama fights the plan
Rana 11 (Aziz – Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell Law School, “TEN QUESTIONS: RESPONSES TO THE TEN QUESTIONS”, 2011, 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5099, lexis)
Thus, for many legal critics of executive power, the election of Barack Obama
AND
war powers and to promote the centrality of state secrecy to national security.
Normal means should govern 1AC implementation: its based in literature, predictable for both sides because it’s the most likely, and it’s fair – it’s the only way to truly debate inter branch struggles over war powers - that’s key to politics and legal education on this topic
Our Holman evidence indicates that Obama has remained legally vague to maintain military flexibility– means their no link doesn’t apply – restrictions would cause him to get into congressional battles to avoid legal formalization – means their no link corroborates the link story
Obama fights the plan and sparks controversial battles in Congress – targeted killing is heavily criticized
Radsan and Murphy 12 (Afsheen John – Professor, William Mitchell College of Law; Assistant General Counsel at the Central Intelligence Agency from 2002 to 2004, and Richard – ATandT Professor of Law, Texas Tech University School of Law, “The Evolution of Law and Policy for CIA Targeted Killing”, 2012, 5 J. Natand#39;l Security L. and Poland#39;y 439, lexis)
This scenario emphasizes a simple point: President Obama, a Harvard Law School graduate
AND
gangsters, drug dealers, and other outlaws - not the Oval Office.
Targeted killing restrictions sap political capital – spills over to other issues
Vladeck 13 (Steve –  professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law, “Drones, Domestic Detention, and the Costs of Libertarian Hijacking”, 3/14, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/drones-domestic-detention-and-the-costs-of-libertarian-hijacking/)
The same thing appears to be happening with targeted killings. Whether or not Attorney
AND
cogently explained in this post on Senator Paul and the DPGA from November).

Obama fights for targeted killing – recent speeches prove – and that generates massive controversy
Kishore 13 (Joseph, “Obama offers tortured defense of targeted killings”, 5/24, http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/05/24/dron-m24.html?view=print)
In his speech yesterday at the National Defense University in Washington, DC, US
AND
at war with Al Qaeda, the Taliban, and their associated forces.”

shutdown
Even a brief shutdown destroys US economic recovery efforts 

Oand#39;Brien 9/18/13 (Michael, Political Reporter @ NBC News, and#34;Washington still in gridlock 11 days before shutdown deadline,and#34; http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/19/20582202-washington-still-in-gridlock-11-days-before-shutdown-deadline?lite)

A complex matrix of variables shape the current standoff, chief among them an internal
AND
divisions have made the already-tough task of legislating even more difficult.

Shutdown tanks the global economy 

Baldwin 9/12/13 (Garrett, Economist @ Money Morning, and#34;Stock Market Crash 2013: Four Factors Investors Need to Watch,and#34; http://moneymorning.com/2013/09/12/stock-market-crash-2013-four-factors-investors-need-to-watch/)

Now that Congress has returned from August recess, it has to deal with two
AND
in Washington heats up, ripples through the global economy could soon materialize.

Failure to compromise tanks global econ recovery efforts

Sherwell 11 (Philip, London Telegraph, and#34;US shutdown looms as budget war rage,and#34; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/recession/8335823/US-shutdown-looms-as-budget-war-rages.html)

Fears over the strength of the US economic recovery were growing last night after a
AND
to damage US economic prospects and therefore the chances of continuing global recovery.
Growth now - but remains modest AND deficit situation improving 

Doll 9/17/13 (Bob, chief equity strategist and senior portfolio manager at Nuveen Asset Management LLC, and#34;Nuveenand#39;s Doll: and#39;Risk-onand#39; resumes as uncertainty subsides,and#34; http://www.investmentnews.com/article/20130917/FREE/130919917#)

Economic growth is gaining traction yet remains modest. The speed at which bond yields
AND
declined $550 billion since last August, a nearly 50 decline.

Uniq – Econ High/Shutdown Hurts
US economy is improving, but a shutdown tanks it in the short-run
Arcega 9/18/13 (Mil, Voice of America News, and#34;Barney Frank: Financial System Safer Five Years After Crisis,and#34; http://www.voanews.com/content/barney-frank-financial-system-safer-five-years-after-crisis/1751940.html)
WASHINGTON — Five years after the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, former
AND
. You know, a government shutdown that would drag on for months.and#34;

Uniq – Top Priority/A2 Thumpers
Obama’s using all his political capital on the budget battle now – it’s his singular focus
Allen 9/19/13 (Jonathan, Politico, and#34;GOP battles boost President Obama,and#34; http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=17961849-5BE5-43CA-B1BC-ED8A12A534EB)
There’s a simple reason President Barack Obama is using his bully pulpit to focus the
AND
when a shooter murdered a dozen people at Washington’s Navy Yard that morning.

Turns terrorism

Schaub 4 (Drew, Professor of Political Science – Penn State University, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), April)

Despite the caveats, our analysis suggests important policy implications for the war against terrorism
AND
economic development deserves much more attention from policy makers than it currently enjoys.
Even a brief shutdown destroys US economic recovery efforts 

Oand#39;Brien 9/18/13 (Michael, Political Reporter @ NBC News, and#34;Washington still in gridlock 11 days before shutdown deadline,and#34; http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/09/19/20582202-washington-still-in-gridlock-11-days-before-shutdown-deadline?lite)

A complex matrix of variables shape the current standoff, chief among them an internal
AND
divisions have made the already-tough task of legislating even more difficult.
Growth solves terrorism 

Gries, Kriegery, Meierrieksz 09 (Causal Linkages Between Domestic Terrorism and Economic Growth; Thomas Gries , Tim Kriegery, Daniel Meierrieksz; February 17, 2009;http://groups.uni-paderborn.de/fiwi/RePEc/Working20Paper20neutral/WP2020-202009-02.pdf)

Possible E¤ects of Economic Performance on Terrorism Economic theory argues that terrorists are
AND
, in times of stronger economic performance individuals simply have more to lose.

Tournament: Georgia State | Round: 6 | Opponent: Houston AA | Judge: Baker
Interpretation – Introduction of US armed forces means human troops – not weapons
Lorber 13 (Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, "COMMENT: Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?," 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961, lexis)
As discussed above, critical to the application of the War Powers Resolution - especially
AND
is highly unlikely - such operations will not trigger the War Powers Resolution.
Limits outweigh – they’re the vital access point for any theory impact – its key to fairness – huge research burdens mean we can’t prepare to compete – and its key to education – big topics cause hyper-generics, lack of clash, and shallow debate – and it destroys participation

Rowland 84 (Robert C., Debate Coach – Baylor University, “Topic Selection in Debate”, American Forensics in Perspective, Ed. Parson, p. 53-54)
The first major problem identified by the work group as relating to topic selection is
AND
of broad topics that has led some small schools to cancel their programs.
US Armed Forces means active duty military personnel – prefer it – congressional definition
US Congress 80 ("U.S. Policy in the Far East," US Congress - House Committee on Foreign Affairs, p. 98)
(a) "United States armed forces" means the personnel on active duty belonging to the land, sea or air armed services of the United States of America when in the territory of Japan.
Uniformed services means people – this is true in times of war
USERRA 94 ("Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act," http://www.justice.gov/crt/military/statute.htm)
(16) The term 'uniformed services' means the Armed Forces, the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard when engaged in active duty for training, inactive duty training, or full-time National Guard duty, the commissioned corps of the Public Health Service, and any other category of persons designated by the President in time of war or national emergency.