Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Topp, Sarah

1NC Unsustainable

Heg is unsustainable – rising powers, overstretch and loss of economic power

Layne 11 ~Christopher Layne is the Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute. "The unipolar exit: beyond the Pax Americana", Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 24:2, 149-164, Chetan~
In this article I challenge Brooks and Wohlforth. I show that the unipolar era
AND
dramatic changes in international politics—the outlines of which already are visible. 

U.S. heg gone now

STRATFOR 4/25/2013 "Global Balance of Power Anarchy and Hegemony" http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article40135.html The Market Oracle
Indeed, from the end of World War II until very recently, the United
AND
it would be a different, much more anarchic world without American hegemony.
But that hegemony, in some aspects, seems to be on the wane.
AND
the ready to put a situation to rights in this country or that.
When it comes to the Greater Middle East, Americans seem to want protection on
AND
nuclear Iran than launch a military strike to prevent Iran from going nuclear.
That, by itself, is unexceptional. Previous administrations have been quite averse to
AND
transpired even as states themselves in the Greater Middle East have become feebler.
In other words, both the hegemon and the many states it influences are weaker
AND
even as the one-party state in China is under increasing duress.

Dollar primacy is failing – collapses hegemony

Luenen 10 ~Chris, research associate at the Global Policy Institute, London Metropolitan University, "The Coming Three-Bloc World," 11-16, Insight, Vol 1, Issue 3, pg 98-100~
American global hegemony, the ultimate guarantor of the old order, has also been
AND
suggested by Dr Paola Subacchi in a recent piece for The World Today.

Economic pressures will collapse hegemony

Layne 10 ~Christopher, Professor at Texas A26M’s George H.W. Bush School of Government 26 Public Service, "Graceful Decline," 5-1, http://www.amconmag.com/article/2010/may/01/00030/~~

Weaknesses in the fundamentals of the American economy have been accumulating for more than three
AND
with these hard decisions, Americans will find themselves afflicted with hegemony fatigue.

1NC

US hegemony will guarantee US-Sino conflict with flashpoints across Asia

Layne 12 ~Christopher Layne is the Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute, "The Global Power Shift from West to East", April 25th, 2012, http://nationalinterest.org/article/the-global-power-shift-west-east-6796, Chetan~

Certainly, the Chinese have not forgotten. Now Beijing aims to dominate its own
AND
other natural resources; and the burgeoning naval rivalry between the two powers.

Extinction

Straits Times – 2k ~"Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan," June 25, Available Online via Lexis-Nexis~
THE high-intensity scenario postulates a cross-strait war escalating into a full
AND
cannot be ruled out entirely, for China puts sovereignty above everything else.

1NC – Disease

Heg stops coordination that’s key to solve disease

Weber et al. 7 *Steven Weber is a Professor of Political Science at UC-Berkeley and Director of the Institute of International Studies, Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kroenig, Ely Ratner, ~"How Globalization Went Bad",  January-February 2007, Foreign Policy~

The same is true for global public health. Globalization is turning the world into
AND
Southeast Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. America can’t change that alone. 

Disease – It leads to extinction

GREGER 08 – M.D., is Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture at The Humane Society of the United States (Michael Greger, , Bird Flu: A Virus of Our Own Hatching, http://birdflubook.com/a.php?id=111)
Senate Majority Leader Frist describes the recent slew of emerging diseases in almost biblical terms
AND
"might easily transmute into a tune whistled whilst passing a graveyard."3154

1NC – Iran War

Primacy puts us on a collision course with Iran – turns your Middle East impact

Layne 7 ~Christopher Layne, Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A26M University and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at The Independent Institute, 2007 ~"The Case Against the American Empire," American Empire: A Debate, Published by Routledge, ISBN 0415952034, p. 73-74~
Iran Because of the strategy of primacy and empire, the United States and Iran
AND
Iran policy. The key question today is whether these assumptions are correct.

Extinction
Hirsch 6 Professor of Physics at the University of California (Jorge, ~"Nuking Iran," ZNet,  April 10)
Iran is likely to respond to any US attack using its considerable missile arsenal against
AND
the next global conflict we will all be gone before anybody has prevailed.

1NC – Prolif

Heg cause prolif – multipolarity will solve it

Weber et al 07  Professor of Political Science and Director of the Institute for International Studies at the University of California-Berkeley (Steven with Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kroenig, and Ely Ratner, Ph.D. Candidates at the University of California-Berkeley and Research Fellows at its New Era Foreign Policy Center, ~"How Globalization Went Bad," Foreign Policy, Issue 158, January/February,)
Axiom 3 is a story about the preferred strategies of the weak. It’s a
AND
When push comes to shove, nonproliferation today is almost entirely America’s burden.

Prolif’s extinction

Martin Hellman 8, Prof Emeritus of Engineering @ Stanford, "Defusing the Nuclear Threat: A Necessary First Step," http://www.nuclearrisk.org/statement.php
Nuclear deterrence has worked for over fifty years, while attempts at nuclear disarmament have
AND
equally important component of the risk, namely the failure rate of deterrence. 

1NC – Terrorism

Heg causes terror – 9/11 proves

Layne 6 (Christopher, Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A 26 M University, 2006, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present, p. 190-191)
The events of 9/11 are another example of how hegemony makes the United
AND
a form of "blowback" against America’s preponderance and its world role. 

Terrorism will go nuclear - extinction

Hellman 8 ~Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, "Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence" SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf~~
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
AND
assume that  preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. 

1NC – War

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to avoid great power war—-maintaining unipolarity’s self-defeating which internal link-turns their offense

Nuno P. Monteiro 12, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, "Unrest Assured: Why Unipolarity is Not Peaceful," International Security, Winter 2012, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 9-40
From the perspective of the overall peacefulness of the international system, then, no
AND
peacefully. In effect, unparalleled relative power requires unequaled self-restraint.

1NC – Lots of Wars

Hegemonic retrenchment’s key to prevent war with Russia and China—-defuses Georgia, Taiwan and the South China Seas

Paul K. MacDonald 11, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, and Joseph M. Parent, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, November/December 2011, "The Wisdom of Retrenchment: America Must Cut Back to Move Forward," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 6
Curbing the United States’ commitments would reduce risks, but it cannot eliminate them.
AND
now temper its commitments and cultivate a lasting compromise with China over Taiwan.

U.S. involvement in Georgia means conflict goes nuclear

Guldseth 9, Adviser in Strategic Communication. Post graduate in "Media, Communication and ICT" Russia’s new military doctrine opens for first strike nuclear attacks in "local or regional wars", Eistein Guldseth, 10-14-2009
http://writern.blogspot.com/2009/10/russia-might-open-for-first-strike.html
The Russian newspaper Izvestia reports that Cremlin is working on a new military doctrine on
AND
might be targeted due to uprise and intensivated terrorist attacs in several regions.

Extinction

Nick Bostrom 2, winner of the Gannon Award, March, Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards, Journal of Evolution and Technology, p. http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html
A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
AND
preludes to the existential risks that we will encounter in the 21st century.

U.S. involvement makes conflict over Taiwan go nuclear and destroys U.S.-China relations

Charles L. Glaser 11 is Professor in the Elliott School of International Affairs and the Department of Political Science, and Director of the Elliott School’s Institute for Security and Conflict Studies @ George Washington University, "Will China’s Rise Lead to War?" Foreign Affairs; Mar/Apr2011, Vol. 90 Issue 2, p80-91, 12p EBSCO
THE PROSPECTS for avoiding intense military competition and war may be good, but growth
AND
defend Taiwan, meanwhile, could fuel a conventional and nuclear arms race.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rochester MW | Judge: Sciullo, Nick

Off

Bring us the girl and wipe away your debt.

This quest drives the story of Irrational Games’ Bioshock Infinite. You awake on a boat and are tasked sent to a mysterious lighthouse where you embark on a journey to a city in the sky Columbia.

What does this quest mean? It is a rewriting of the quest we all strive for – saving the world. How does it play out? You select a goal and set a defined success condition for that goal.

It’s all the same in debate:

The debate community, along with society, has many collective debts and you have an obligation to bring us the ballot in order to sign your support for a movement.

In fact, we’ve become so good at convincing ourselves that our approaches lead to solutions that we have lost sight of what reality is created. We need to analyze videogames to create better approximations of complex issues.

Bogost 6
~Playing Politics: Videogames for Politics, Activism, and Advocacy by Ian Bogost First Monday, special issue number 7 (September 2006)~
Through procedural rhetoric, videogames can create highly compressed versions of the embodied experiences both
AND
whose primary purpose is to editorialize, teach, and make political statements. 

This always plays out the same and we always seek to quantify those goals with a specific end. The reality is that we don’t really know what success is because we don’t know how to define it.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5974-6058| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Assessment
The type of overall accountability of which serious games partake is usually called assessment.
AND
the desired results. Once again, performance is collapsed into financial expenditure. 

That begs the question… what should we count instead? We don’t really know, but a key question brought up is the following: What is a constant and what is a variable?  The alternative is to vote negative to smother the 1AC’s problematization of politics in the 1ac. Thomsen Elaborates.

 ~Dave Thomsen, April 1, 2013 , http://scriptroutine.wordpress.com/2013/04/01/its-all-been-done-before-bioshocks-infinity/~~
1912. Columbia is alive and friendly. When Booker’s rocket lands, we find
AND
just need to know where in our story to make the right choices.

The solution isn’t a modification of policy or our community but a rejection of the presentation of how they presented the problem. We have no way of knowing if they are the right choice so our role is to initiate the discussion of what it means to smother the 1ac’s problems in their respective cribs. If you think this analysis is a good idea, you vote negative because you believe that our procedural approach is good.

So what has the affirmative decided to do? Analyze the geneology racist detention policy. The United States’ collective evil is the constant and the targeted group is the variable. In reality, this all sounds familiar: Change our epistemology and we will somehow have solution.

We need a new solution: a procedural approach to analyzing success and failure. This constitutes analyzing rules structures in our game to see what works and what doesn’t work and what commentary it makes on society as a whole.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5974-6058| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Consider the type of advergames discussed earlier. Games with weak procedural rhetorics like Ms
AND
, the game produces deliberation, which implies neither immediate assent nor dissent. 

This quantification creates bankrupt politics and branwashes us into thinking that we have succeeded. That’s not even close to the truth.

Bogost 8
~Bogost, Ian. "The Rhetoric of Video Games." The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning. Edited by Katie Salen.
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2008. 117–140. doi: 10.1162/dmal.9780262693646.117~
Video games that expose ideology may or may not do so intentionally. But video
AND
games; the same properties can be found in commercial titles as well.

These power structure signify oppressive structure that will inevitably lead to extinction. Our analysis of bioshock create a new awareness of these class struggles.

Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter 09 ~Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter, "Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games". University of Minnesota press: 2009 p. 201-202 RS~
Most of these games emerge from and reflect the concerns of civil society agencies such
AND
But first we’ll take a look at another sort of virtual world building.

The discursive control of neoliberalism has constrained society. We are all witnesses to the moral and physical extinction that neoliberalism will inevitably cause.

Gounari 6
~Panayota, Associate Professor in the Department of Applied Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts Boston, 1/1/2006, "Contesting the Cynicism of Neoliberal Discourse: Moving Towards a Language of Possibility," Studies in Language 26 Capitalism 1, 2006~
To allow the market mechanism to be sole director of the fate of human beings
AND
the ill-conceived notion of "freedom" in the neoliberal framework.

Our alternative is key to bring to light the neoliberal discourse of the 1ac. Analyzing the shortcomings of their simulation and of this game in general is key to understanding how the game supports the oppressive structures that actively ignore what happens at the local level.

Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter 09 ~Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter, "Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games". University of Minnesota press: 2009 p. 227-9RS~
Since the production and consumption of digital games are themselves part of a world market
AND
metaverse. In that sense, they are games with worlds to win.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Lowry, Sean

First is the Links:

The affirmative approaches persuasion from a quantified perspective – this creates false metrics for what we consider success

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5871-5919| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
When we make claims intended to persuade, how do we know if they were
AND
economy by aligning the goals of education with those of institutionalization and production.

This isn’t unique to debate arguments – all aspects of our society are quantified. We should analyze rules structures and examine discourse as a metric of success.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5974-6058| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Assessment
The type of overall accountability of which serious games partake is usually called assessment.
AND
the desired results. Once again, performance is collapsed into financial expenditure. 

This is problematic because it convinces us that the only measure of success is statistics. This means the affirmative ignores conversations and procedures that might or might not lead to success.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5974-6058| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Consider the type of advergames discussed earlier. Games with weak procedural rhetorics like Ms
AND
, the game produces deliberation, which implies neither immediate assent nor dissent. 

This creates 3 implications

First - Value to life – seeking confirmation through quantitative means focuses debate on extrinsic rewards. Examining the game is key to finding intrinsic rewards.

McGonigal 11
~Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World (Jane McGonigal)
- Highlight Loc. 779-851  | January 20, 2011~
Many different competing theories of happiness have emerged from the field of positive psychology,
AND
lives by playing games. They’re actively making their real lives more rewarding.

Second - Extinction – continuation of dominant status quo structures leads to every impact

Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter 09 ~Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter, "Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games". University of Minnesota press: 2009 p. 201-202 RS~
Most of these games emerge from and reflect the concerns of civil society agencies such
AND
But first we’ll take a look at another sort of virtual world building.

Third -  Turns case - The affirmative’s simulation confuses the real from simulation – means we can never know what is real

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 2842-2886| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~

In humanistic academic discourse of the last several decades, materialism and consumption are almost
AND
consumers increasingly understand that differentiation through advertising is a noise-reduction strategy.

The alternative is to vote negative in order to turn debate into a persuasive game.

Start your approach by interrogating the procedural rhetoric of the 1AC – analyzing how the 1ac is coded is key to creating simulation fever.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5974-6058| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Social scientists may note that such conversations could be measured using qualitative analysis. The
AND
, how our world functions, and what we want it to become.

Creating simulation fever is key to imagine alternatives to neoliberalism

Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter 09 ~Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter, "Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games". University of Minnesota press: 2009 p. 201-202 RS~
Most of these games emerge from and reflect the concerns of civil society agencies such
AND
But first we’ll take a look at another sort of virtual world building.

Analyzing procedures behind the affirmative’s simulation is key to understand contradictions and engage in criticism

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 2927-2946| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
 Videogames have not escaped advertising’s lust for new media to carry their commercial messages
AND
the medium of videogames, advertising’s pervasiveness might partly lead to its critique.

This is good for debate – analyzing the logic structures of the 1AC creates a new persuasion that inspires action

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5974-6058| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Preaching in general and homily in particular take an important stance on the measurement of
AND
sense, like the blog conversations that cropped up around the Dean game. 

The affirmative is just a weak advertisement – procedural rhetoric of the 1ac doesn’t create a need for reduction of war powers – we just learn that nuclear war is bad.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 4049-4079| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~

Soft drink companies continue to use games as tools to penetrate the youth market,
AND
total liquid intake (TLI), a figure they hope to increase.36 

The 1AC’s model fails, only through procedural rhetoric can represent our positions. Their model just repeats status quo politics.

Bogost 8
~Bogost, Ian. "The Rhetoric of Video Games." The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning. Edited by Katie Salen.
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2008. 117–140. doi: 10.1162/dmal.9780262693646.117~
Video games that expose ideology may or may not do so intentionally. But video
AND
games; the same properties can be found in commercial titles as well.

The alternative is the best way to question neoliberalism within debate – mobilizing our game creates a forum for planning our next step.

Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter 09 ~Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter, "Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games". University of Minnesota press: 2009 p. 227-9RS~
Since the production and consumption of digital games are themselves part of a world market
AND
metaverse. In that sense, they are games with worlds to win. 

The 1ac fails to model public policy – only the alternative leads to understanding the complexity behind politics of war powers

Bogost 6
~Playing Politics: Videogames for Politics, Activism, and Advocacy by Ian Bogost First Monday, special issue number 7 (September 2006)~
Through procedural rhetoric, videogames can create highly compressed versions of the embodied experiences both
AND
whose primary purpose is to editorialize, teach, and make political statements.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Lowry, Sean

plan based approach wrongly interpolates complex issues. Procedural focus resolves this.

Bogost 6
~Playing Politics: Videogames for Politics, Activism, and Advocacy by Ian Bogost First Monday, special issue number 7 (September 2006)~
Through procedural rhetoric, videogames can create highly compressed versions of the embodied experiences both
AND
whose primary purpose is to editorialize, teach, and make political statements.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown ErMc | Judge: Lowry, Sean

Procedures dictate all parts of politics – our analysis is key to understanding policymaking.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 185-202  | Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
The word procedure does not usually give rise to positive sentiments. We typically understand
AND
the types of actions that can or should be performed in particular situations.

Making our community into a gaming community creates opportunities to better understand and solve world problems.

McGonigal 11
~Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World (Jane McGonigal)
- Highlight Loc. 1084-89  | January 20, 2011~
SO LET ME describe the particular future that I want to create. Instead of
AND
can take an active role in changing our lives and enabling the future.

Understanding our relationship to the activity is necessary to incorporate procedural rhetoric into debate. This means the K comes first.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 980-94  | Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Previously, I have argued that the ontological position of a videogame (or simulation
AND
the three can offer clues into the rhetorical structure of a procedural argument.

Spectatorship DA – focusing on procedural rhetoric is key to understand moral dilemmas. Narrative based approaches like the plan create a false understanding of why individuals choose villainous approaches.

Schulzke 13
~Marcus, State University of New York – Albany, February 4 2013, "Simulating Philosophy: Interpreting Video Games as Executable Though Experiments", Springer Science and Business Media Dordrecht 2013~
Because video games can simulate entire worlds rather than just limited scenarios, they can
AND
powerful and allows players to make greater use of the game’s genetic modifications.

Video games are the only media for discussion not corrupted by politics and special interest. Modeling debate after games creates a safe locus of discussion of how we approach political problems.

Bogost 6
~Ian Bogost, 2006, "Videogames and Ideological Frames, POPULAR COMMUNICATION, 4(3), 165–183~
Politicians are already familiar with Lakoff’s (1996) and Luntz’s (2004) strategies
AND
to have so colonized the medium as to taint it for dissenting opinion.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown EnMc | Judge: Whitmore, Whit

K comes first – debating about procedural rhetoric is key to imagining alternatives to neoliberalism.

Redmond 12
~Dennis, Doctor of Philosophy in Communications in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2012, "VIDEOGAME CULTURE AS TRANSNATIONAL MEDIA: ONE NEOLIBERALISM, MANY RESISTANCES," University of Illinois at Urbana-Chappaign~
No analysis of MGS4 and FF12 would be complete without some final thoughts on their
AND
world-system of capital into a world of free human beings. 284

Extinction DA - Including the affirmative makes debate into a game of empire that reinforces empire.

Dyer-Witheford and de Peuter 09 ~Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter, "Games of Empire: Global Capitalism and Video Games". University of Minnesota press: 2009 p. 189-191 RS~
This optimistic account of the multitude is, however, tempered by other authors.
AND
, be modest, it is not as irrelevant as some might suppose.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Topp, Sarah

The affirmative approaches persuasion from a quantified perspective – this creates false metrics for what we consider success

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5871-5919| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
When we make claims intended to persuade, how do we know if they were
AND
economy by aligning the goals of education with those of institutionalization and production.

Impact is value to life – their approach to the 1ac focuses competition on extrinsic rewards

McGonigal 11
~Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World (Jane McGonigal)
- Highlight Loc. 779-851  | January 20, 2011~
Many different competing theories of happiness have emerged from the field of positive psychology,
AND
lives by playing games. They’re actively making their real lives more rewarding.

The alternative is to reject the 1ac’s approach to simulation. The way the 1ac is coded means it’s not persuasive and you vote negative on presumption.

Bogost 7
~Ian Bogost, videogame designer, critic, and researcher. He is Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner at PersuasiveGames LLC, 1/1/2007, Persuasive Games, - Highlight Loc. 5974-6058| Added on Thursday, August 22, 2013, 05:59 AM~
Consider the type of advergames discussed earlier. Games with weak procedural rhetorics like Ms
AND
, the game produces deliberation, which implies neither immediate assent nor dissent.

Tournament: Vanderbilt | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wake Forest MS | Judge: Robisch, Kyle

1NC

Defense

International law has no force – the US can break it at any time for any reason – this destroys its ability to ever succeed

Michael Stokes Paulsen, Distinguished University Chair and Professor of Law, The University of St.Thomas School of Law ~Yale Law Journal – The Constitutional Power to Interpret International Law~ June 2009 

Thus, though treaties are part of the supreme law of the land under the
AND
, as a matter of U.S. law, largely illusory.

No environment impact

Brook 13
Barry Brook, Professor at the University of Adelaide, leading environmental scientist, holding the Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair of Climate Change at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and is also Director of Climate Science at the University of Adelaide’s Environment Institute, author of 3 books and over 250 scholarly articles, Corey Bradshaw is an Associate Professor at the University of Adelaide and a joint appointee at the South Australian Research and Development Institute, Brave New Climate, March 4, 2013, "Worrying about global tipping points distracts from real planetary threats", http://bravenewclimate.com/2013/03/04/ecological-tipping-points/

Barry Brook
We argue that at the global-scale,
AND
"Wolf21" while the hordes of foxes steal most of the flock.

Human Rights cred impossible – alt cause and broder system change is key

Mariam 8/18/13 – PhD, JD, teaches political science at California State University, San Bernardino (Alemayehu, 8/18/2013, "Is America Disinventing Human Rights?," http://www.ethiopianreview.us/48632)JCP

In his 1981 farewell speech, President Jimmy Carter
AND
the world, and we will not give them up for expedience’s sake."

Democracy 1NC

(  ). Democracy

Incorporation of international law hurts democracy and human rights

John O. McGinnis, Stanford Clinton, Sr. Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law and Ilya Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, ~84 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1739~ 2009 

Our analysis rests on both theory and example. As a matter of theory we
AND
processes of complex, modern democracies as part of the domestic lawmaking system.

Democracy solves nuclear and biological warfare, genocide, and environmental destruction

Diamond Hoover Institution, Stanford University 1995, Larry, December, PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN THE 1990S, 1p. http://www.carnegie.org//sub/pubs/deadly/diam_rpt.html
Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons continue to proliferate. The very source of life
AND
which a new world order of international security and prosperity can be built.

Human Rights 1NC

(  ) Human Rights

Human rights International law actively masks human rights abuses.

Bandow 9 (Doug Bandow—Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, "The Big Joke", June 15,http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10290)
The United Nations and human rights do not belong in the same sentence. Last
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operating out of a famed high-rise in New York’s Turtle Bay.

Global human rights violations make extinction inevitable

Human Rights Web, 94 (An Introduction to the Human Rights Movement Created on July 20, 1994 / Last edited on January 25, 1997, http://www.hrweb.org/intro.html)

The United Nations Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and UN Human Rights
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of the individuals and countries involved, but to preserve the human race.

Terrorism 1NC

(  ). Terror

Judicial incorporation of international human rights law specifically constrains the President’s ability to fight the War on Terror

John O. McGinnis 9, Stanford Clinton, Sr. Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law and Ilya Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, ~84 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1739~ 2009

Another method for integrating international human rights law into domestic jurisprudence is to require that
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authority by requiring that it be exercised in accordance with purported international norms.

Cross Apply 1NC Impact

Rule of Law 1NC

(  ) Rule of Law

Court incorporation of international law destroys the rule of law

Donald J. Kochan, Assistant Professor of Law, Chapman University School of Law, February 2006, Fordham International Law Journal, 29 Fordham Int’l L.J. 507, p. 507-508

With increasing frequency and heightened debate, n1 U.S. courts have been
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home, activism is emboldened and the rule of law is diminished. n12

Rule of law key to freedom and prevents nuclear extinction.

Rhyne, Washington Lawyer 58 (Charles S. Rhyne Law Day Speech for Voice of America delivered on the first Law Day, 1958) 

Law and courts exist to protect every citizen of the United States in his person
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to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people. 

2NC

And – The two most notable international human rights treaties are watered down garbage that make exceptions for destroying rights

John O. McGinnis, Stanford Clinton, Sr. Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law and Ilya Somin, Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law, ~84 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1739~ 2009 

A particularly important and underappreciated element of democracy deficit of international human rights law is
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be confident of their merits by virtue of the process that generated them.

( ) It’s impossible to quantify the strength of international rights norms – means there’s no way to assess the impact of their advantage

Douglass Cassel, Director of the Center for International Human Rights at Northwestern University School of Law, Spring 2001, Chicago Journal of International Law, 2 Chi. J. Int’l L. 121, p. 131

Quantifying the ultimate benefit for rights protection of all these interacting processes, or even
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international relations-international law theories, is the best guide for policy.

( ) Lack of an established framework for adjudicating international law means judges will make random and unpredictable decisions applying it – they can’t establish a coherent precedent

Ernesto J. Sanchez, ASIL member and law clerk at the U.S. Court of Federal Claims in Washington D.C., J.D., University of Pennsylvania, December 2005, Connecticut Law Review, 38 Conn. L. Rev. 185, p. 190

Foreign laws, however, do not stem from the same philosophical base, but
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entirely consistent with the Constitution and the ideas it reflects, remains problematic. 

Their authors have a personal incentive to exaggerate the impact

Spencer 08 Roy Spence r, climatologist and a Principal Research Scientist for the University of Alabama in Huntsville, Ph.D. in meteorology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1981, former Senior Scientist for Climate Studies at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, where he and Dr. John Christy received NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for their global temperature monitoring work with satellites, Climate Confusion, 2008
The media can always find an expert who is willing to provide some juicy quotes
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a reporter some material that gives him hope of breaking the big story.

\AT: The Distinction

Here’s a 1AC Author – Gruber calls for the plan text in order to assume a leadership rule and uphold international law. This means that it creates a precedent and spills over

Gruber 11 (Aya- Professor of Law, University of Colorado Law School, 1/1, "An Unintended Casualty of the War on Terror", http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/gsulr/vol27/iss2/12/)
As President Obama inches ever closer to embracing the "twilight zone" model of
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fair principle that signed and ratified treaties are the law of the land. 

Democracy 2NC

Turns Case.  Democracy is the existential precondition for international agreements.

Wouters, Professor of International Law Leuven University, 2K4
Jan and Bart De Meester, Scientific collaborator, Institute for International Law, Leuven University, and Cedric Ryngaert, Researcher Fund, Institute for International Law, Leuven University, June, Leuven Interdisciplinary Research Group on International Agreements and Development, http://www.law.kuleuven.ac.be/iir/eng/wp/WPLirg5.pdf
Influential writings have long called for a democratic society as a basis for peaceful international
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also not be eager to comply with their agreements at the international level. 

I-law good impacts aren’t responsive—the alternatives are comparatively superior

McGinnis, law prof, 7—Stanford Clinton, Sr. Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law (John and Ilya Somin-assistant law prof, George Mason, Should International Law Be Part of Our Law?, 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175, http://lawreview.stanford.edu/content/vol59/issue5/mcginnis.pdf, AMiles)
If we are right to argue that raw international has a relative democracy deficit compared
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law norm as a domestic decision to impose a legal rule by statute.

Plus – Domestic incorporation of international human rights laws hurt democracy and human rights

John O. McGinnis, Stanford Clinton, Sr. Professor of Law, Northwestern
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a logical extension of our analysis that should be undertaken in future research.

AND – Citing Ilaw gives judges legislative power killing democratic foundations.

Kochan 6 (Donald J. Kochan—Chapman University of Law, "Sovereignty and the American Courts at the Cocktail Party of International Law: The Dangers of Domestic Judicial Invocations of Foreign and International Law", Fordham International Law Journal, February)
These historical references underscore the idea that democracy demands that the people be the masters
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characterized such imposition as judicial activism and arrogance against accepted lawmaking processes. n176

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Houston AlAs | Judge: Elliot, Scott
====Rational proportionality prevents miscalc – actors recognize response====
Mowatt-Larssen 11 (January 2011, Rolf, senior fellow at Harvard’s Belfer Center,  Islam and the Bomb: Religious Justification For and Against Nuclear Weapons," http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/uploads/Islam_and_the_Bomb-Final-pt1.pdf)
The stability of nuclear stalemate is predicated on an assumption that no rational actor will
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and have concluded that they cannot achieve their goals by using nuclear arsenals.  

Nuclear miscalculation theory false – defensive realism posits proportionality assessment comes first

Clifton 11 (January 2011, Joseph K., Lead Information Technology Assistant at Claremont McKenna College, "Disputed Theory and Security Policy: Responding to the "Rise of China," http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=116426context=cmc_theses26sei-redir=1~~23search=22miscalculation20nuclear20war20rational20actors22)
The controversy over offense-defense balance is extensive and highly technical, including additional
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, these policies possibly avoid the "tragic" outcomes of offensive realism.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia DG | Judge: Slattery, Sean

Counterplan Text: United States congress should establish a subcommittee charged with conducting periodic reviews of military National Environmental Policy Act compliance under the House and Senate Armed Services Committees.

The Counterplan solves the aff and avoids our warfighting DA and circumvention. It competes because it does not remove the exception and is not a statutory restriction.

Gartland 2012 ~ Charles J. "At war and peace with the National Environmental Policy Act: when political questions and the environment collide." Dec. 22. 2012, Published in the Air Force Law Review, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/At+war+and+peace+with+the+National+Environmental+Policy+Act3A+when...-a0297309170 RS~
One obvious argument against a national defense NEPA exemption is that national defense agencies would
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the Republic, allows statutes like NEPA to exist in the first place.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgia DG | Judge: Slattery, Sean

Limits prez

Gartland 12
~Charles, 12/22/12, "At war and peace with the National Environmental Policy Act: when political questions and the environment collide.," Air Force Law Review~
Judicial review of the executive branch exercise of its constitutional power over national defense actions
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national defense exceptionalism, and the legal elements of preliminary and permanent injunctions. 

Delay of applications of weapons – leads to lack of weapons

Gartland 12
~Charles, 12/22/12, "At war and peace with the National Environmental Policy Act: when political questions and the environment collide.," Air Force Law Review~
In Committee for Nuclear Responsibility, Inc. v. Seaborg, the D.
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AEC’s possible NEPA violation (because of the inadequate EIS). (159) 

More Ev

Gartland 12
~Charles, 12/22/12, "At war and peace with the National Environmental Policy Act: when political questions and the environment collide.," Air Force Law Review~
The consequences of judicial intervention in national defense can be more than academic: Army
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and disperse—in the middle of a warfighting exercise. (385)

Tournament: Vanderbilt | Round: 6 | Opponent: GSU FN | Judge: Lee, Ed

Topicality

A. Restrictions are prohibitions on action — oversight is merely a supervision condition

Schiedler-Brown 12 (Jean, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown 26 Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf)

3. The ordinary definition of the term "restrictions" also does not include
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some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.

’Indefinite detention’ is detainment without a trial where the individual doesn’t know when or whether they will be released

Robideau 13 — Center for Victims of Torture, Media Relations Manager (Brad, 7/24/2013, "CVT Submits Testimony to Senate Judiciary Committee on Indefinite Detention at Guantanamo," http://www.cvt.org/news-events/press-releases/cvt-submits-testimony-senate-judiciary-committee-indefinite-detention)

"CVT opposes indefinite detention, which we define as detention without trial for an
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and without being told when, if ever, they might be released."

War power is the power to conduct war

HIRABAYASHI v. UNITED STATES - SUPREME COURT - June 21, 1943, Decided, 320 U.S. 81; 63 S. Ct. 1375; 87 L. Ed. 1774; 1943 U.S. LEXIS 1109
The war power of the national government is "the power to wage war successfully
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review of the wisdom of their action or substitute its judgment for theirs.

Aff deals with recognition of foreign sovereign

Chong 9-10 2013 ~Jane, "Government Files Response in Aamer v. Obama" http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/09/government-files-response-in-aamer-v-obama/ RS~
Lastly, the government observes that the petitioners improperly rely on the recent D.C. Circuit decision in Zivotofsky v. Secretary of State for the proposition that a Provisional Agreement between the United States and Saudi Arabia allows appellant Shaker Aamer to invoke international law to challenge the conditions of his confinement. According to the government, that case addresses not the scope of the courts’ jurisdiction but rather the President’s exclusive power to recognize a foreign sovereign.

B.  Aff doesn’t prohibit the president’s exercise of war powers authority and doesn’t prohibit indefinite detention.

C. Vote Neg – 

1. Limits – Conditions, regulation and oversight of authority allows a litany of new affs in each area – justifies indirect effects of statutory policies and judicial rulings that don’t alter presidential authority – undermines prep and clash

2. Ground – Restriction ground is the locus of neg prep – their interpretation jacks all core disads – politics, presidential powers, and any area based disad because an aff doesn’t have to prevent the president from doing anything

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia DaGa | Judge: Ridley, Sean

Ecological rhetoric and environmental protection are masked and counterfeit movements. Invoking singular science of the 1ac creates dualism that is drowned by economic discourse.

Child 2011 ~Matthew F., Conservation Science Group, University of Cambridge, "Conservation of Adaptive Self-Construction: A Flux-Centred Solution to the Paradox of Nature Preservation" Environmental Values Volume 20 (2011) 527-548. © 2011 The White Horse Press, p.529-531 RS~
However, western public perceptions of biodiversity lag behind the intellectual advances of conservation science
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come to dominate the ontology of individual self-construction (Sanne 2002).

Impossible to solve warming in the status quo – no reason

Kysar 2001 ~Douglas A. "Sustainability, Distribution, and the Macroeconomic Analysis of Law" Yale Law School http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=145726context=fss_papers PDF.  P.13-15~
The third ecological economics pillar came in the form of a lecture by Vanderbilt economist
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energy, too, tends to chaos in the long-run.65

The alternative is to reject the affirmative’s call for sustainability and define production in terms of entropy. Absolute rejection is necessary to avoid feedback loops. This is necessary to prevent exclusion and extinction.

Gare 2000 ~Arran, Australian philosopher known mainly for his work in environmental philosophy, philosophy of science, philosophy of culture and the metaphysics of process philosophy, "Human Ecology, Process Philosophy And The Global Ecological Crisis" 5-9 RS~

How then should ecology be understood? Two main strands have emerged within the discipline
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and neo-liberal politicians and begin the process of creating genuine democracies.

Tournament: Vanderbilt | Round: 3 | Opponent: UGAEmory SS | Judge: Delong, Brian

1NC Warfighting DA

Judicial deference to executive war powers high now

McCormack 13, Professor of Law at Utah
(8/20, Wayne, U.S. Judicial Independence: Victim in the "War on Terror", today.law.utah.edu/projects/u-s-judicial-independence-victim-in-the-war-on-terror/
One of the principal victims in the U.S. so-called "
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, or have examined with undue deference, the actions of government officials.

====Judicial restriction of Presidential War Powers makes warfighting impossible====
Knott 13, Professor of National Security Affairs at the United States Naval War College
(8/22, Stephen F., War by Lawyer, www.libertylawsite.org/2013/08/22/war-by-lawyer/)
It is important to keep this in mind in light of the recent National Security
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Howard, part of the ongoing drift toward the death of common sense.

Court decisions spill over – military decisionmaking

Chesney et al 10 – Senior Fellow of Governance Studies @ Brookings
(Robert, Benjamin Wittes – Senior Fellow of Governance Studies @ Brookings, Rabea Benhalim – Legal Fellow of Governance Studies @ Brookings, The Emerging Law of Detention: The Guantánamo Habeas Cases as Lawmaking, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2010/01/22-guantanamo-wittes-chesney)
It is hard to overstate the resulting significance of these cases. They are more
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interrogation methods, or even the decision to target individuals with lethal force. 

Executive control of warmaking is key to avoiding nuclear war and terrorism

Li 9 - J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University (Zheyao, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE)
A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
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and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

2NC Impact Debate

The impact is leadership and every global crisis

Berkowitz, 8 - research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a senior analyst at RAND. He is currently a consultant to the Defense Department and the intelligence community (Bruce, STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE: CHALLENGERS, COMPETITORS, AND THREATS TO AMERICA’S FUTURE, p. 1-4)

THIS BOOK is intended to help readers better understand the national security issues facing the
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needs to do this faster than an adversary can focus its own resources.

Extinction

Barnett 11 (Thomas, Former Senior Strategic Researcher and Professor in the Warfare Analysis 26 Research Department, worked as the Assistant for Strategic Futures in the Office of Force Transformation in the Department of Defense, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," The World Politics Review, March 7, 2011, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads)

Events in Libya are a further reminder for Americans that we stand at a crossroads
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. And if you know your history, that should make you nervous.

Prefer our impacts – Eurasia is comparatively more important than African conflict

Ashley 12 
~Sean, 8/9/12, "What is the Best Grand Strategy for the United States in 2012?" http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/09/what-is-the-best-grand-strategy-for-the-united-states-in-2012/~~ MJ
 The immediate strength of strategic engagement lies in its recognizing, first, the
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cuts to the tune of 2478 billion over the next five years.

2NC Link Debate

Court interference into executive war powers spill over –

1.) Litigation – the court asks follow-up questions

Andrew McCarthy 09, Director of the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies. From 1985 through 2003, he was a federal prosecutor at the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, and was the lead prosecutor in the seditious conspiracy trial against Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman and eleven others, described subsequently. AND Alykhan Velshi, a staff attorney at the Center for Law 26 Counterterrorism, where he focuses on the international law of armed conflict and the use of force, 8/20/09, "Outsourcing American Law," AEI Working Paper, http://www.aei.org/files/2009/08/20/20090820-Chapter6.pdf

Empirically, judicial demands on executive branch procedural compliance, if unchecked, become steadily
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the very outcome the creation of a new system was intended to avoid. 

2.) Precedent – future decisions build on the aff

Green ’9
Craig, Associate Professor, Temple Law School; University Fellowship, Princeton History Department; J.D., Yale Law School, "Ending the Korematsu Era: A Modern Approach ," http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100226context=roger_craig_green

Another lesson from sixty years of wartime cases concerns the role of precedent itself in
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oppression to a broadly illuminating case about how courts supervise presidential war powers.

3.) Chain of command – the plan disrupts the principle of unity of command by inserting the courts

Fenster et al ’10
Herbert, Phillip Carter, MCKENNA LONG 26 ALDRIDGE LLP, "BRIEF OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS AND DISMISSAL," http://ccrjustice.org/files/Amicus_Curiae_Brief_of_VFW.pdf

"Unity of command," and its corollary, "
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 terms favorable to the United States." See Joint Pub. 1 at I-1.

Tournament: Vanderbilt | Round: 3 | Opponent: UGAEmory SS | Judge: Delong, Brian

Courts Fail

Court politics – judges recognize political constraints to unpopular decisions in wartime – so the aff might fiat the plan, but they can’t fiat adherence to precedent by subsequent courts – who have strong reasons not to conform – the history of court crisis politics proves

Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 56)

Finally, to the extent that the critics of executive power envision judicial review as
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the flag in times of emergency just as much as others do.83

Decentralization of the judiciary – the Supreme Court can’t regulate lower courts and there will be strongly divergent decisions

Posner and Vermeule, 10 - *professor of law at the University of Chicago AND professor of law at Harvard (Eric and Adrian, The Executive Unbound, p. 29-30)

The gap between the executive and the judiciary, in information and expertise, is
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a concern that acts as a drag on attempts to monitor executive behavior.

Congress Constrains

The permutation ruins the fine balancing act and allows Congress to enact overbroad restrictions on presidential authority

Nelson, 9/5 (Colleen, 9/5/2013, "Obama’s Curbs on Executive Power Draw Fire," http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323893004579057463262293446.html))

President Barack Obama, who pledged to push his second-term domestic agenda through
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the past—a message the president delivered in a speech in May.