Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas HM | Judge: Matt Munday

A) Interpretation: the affirmative should specify a single court.

B) Violation: The plan says the federal judiciary, which includes over 110 total courts that are separated into distinct tiers and have separate roles.

Berman 26 Murphy 4 (Larry Berman is a Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Davis. Approaching Democracy, 4th Ed. http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_berman_democracy_4/7/1858/475696.cw/index.html)
The federal judiciary is organized in three tiers. The ninety-four district courts
AND
Tax Court. Finally, on the third tier is the Supreme Court.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake SS | Judge: Andrea Reed

The role of the judge is to role-play as a justice on the Supreme Court and write an opinion for or against the plan.

A. Most predictable and real world.

B. Most fair.

Their plan misinterprets Suspension Clause authority by violating framer’s intent which is uniquely important in the plan  context

Corey 10
Bruce Corey (J.D., expected May 2010, The George Washington University Law School). "At Writ’s End: Using the Law of Nations to Decide the Extraterritorial Reach of the Suspension Clause." George Washington Law Review. February 2010 Vol. 78 No. 2. http://groups.law.gwu.edu/LR/ArticlePDF/78-2-Corey.pdf

A. The Special Importance of Original Intent in a Suspension Clause Analysis One might
AND
between original intent and the current state of Suspension Clause jurisprudence is located.

Independently, Strict adherence to the text of the constitution is key to avoiding extinction

Henkin 88
Bradley Henkin, Columbia, 1988 (Atlantic Comm Qtly, Spring)

Lawyers, even constitutional lawyers, argue "technically," with references to text and
AND
safeguard also the values and concerns of civilized people committed to human survival.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas HM | Judge: Matt Munday

Affirmative has to specify the grounds they rule on, they don’t-it is a voting issue: 

1) Ground and Education.

2) No Solvency-

Decisions without grounds have no legal weight

Post, UC-Berkeley law professor, 2001
(Robert, “ARTICLE: The Supreme Court Opinion as Institutional Practice: Dissent, Legal Scholarship, and Decisionmaking in the Taft Court”, May, 85 Minn. L. Rev. 1267, lexis) 

So, for example, the editors of the American Law Review argued in 1886 that "the practice of writing dissenting
AND
may give for the opposing view.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emory | Judge: Galloway

A) Interpretation: Inherency is an a priori issue that requires the aff to specify what prevented the plan in the past and what keeps it from happening in the squo.

B) Violation and Double-Bind

The 1AC does nothing to explain why the plan hasn’t been done yet. 

Either the aff is not inherent or prior consent isn’t enough to solve and you vote neg on presumption. 1AC author====
Dycus 8/11/2010, Stephen, findings requirement for covert actions and any reporting to the intelligence committees, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf
In 1991, in response to the Iran-Contra Affair, Congress adopted a
AND
presidential findings requirement for covert actions and any reporting to the intelligence committees.

C) Voting Issue

1) Solvency and education.

2) Ground.

3) It’s not enough to say the plan hasn’t passed yet – if they don’t have a specific explanation for inherency, then they haven’t defended the resolution and you vote negative on presumption.

Zarefsky 87
~David Zarefsky, Professor and Associate Dean of Northwestern University, ADVANCED DEBATE, 1987, p.211~
Similarly, inherency becomes a crucial consideration. Some answer must be offered to the
AND
the causal question which is at the base of the analysis of inherency.

4) Without inherency, they can’t solve and they create a world where debate only focuses on bureaucratic trivia.

Paterno 94
~Jim, coach at Puyallup High School, WA, Rostrum March 94, www.nflonline.org/Rostrum/MarNinetyFourPaterno~
Perhaps the myth of policy makers never voting on inherency has been abusively extrapolated from
AND
achieve a superior policy that provides desirable side-effects with minimal disadvantages. 

5) Moving Target

Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Shelby Pryor

Justification

A) Interpretation:
 The aff must justify every word in the resolution – both the actions and limits.
B) Violation

1. They don’t justify the words “and/or.” 

C) Voting Issue

1) Ground. 

2) Moving target.

3) Education. 

4) Jurisdiction.

5) Severance.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Shelby Pryor

Interpretation—-the plan should specify the newly-restricted legal threshold and accountability mechanism it establishes for targeted killings

Legal specificity’s a pre-requisite to productive debates over targeted killing

Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Discussing and analyzing the notion of accountability and the practice of targeted killings raises problems
AND
ease of replicability, and grounding in the social science and governance literature.

Vote neg:

Ground

Precision

Tournament: UT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chicago BP | Judge: Calum Matheson

1

Gotta spec yo plan of action.

A.) Standard: the 1AC must contain, at minimum, a clearly labeled advocacy statement that is separate from the bulk of the 1AC.

B) Violation: there’s no clearly labeled advocacy statement.

C) Voting Issue

1) Moving Target.

2) Debatability. 

3) Captures Their Offense.

4) 100 solvency takeout.

5) a priori burden.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emory | Judge: Galloway

A. Plan Flaw: The Affirmative’s plan text does not end with a period.

B. Voting Issue

1) A Complete Sentence Must Have A Period; Punctuation Is Independently Key To Real-World Communication Skills

Partridge, 2005:
(You Have A Point There: A Guide To Punctuation And Its Allies. Eric Partridge, New Zealand Based Lexicographer of The English Language.  Originally Published In 1953, eBook Edition 2005.) 

Punctuation is not something apart from style, which, after all, means no
AND
.e. the expression of a self-contained or complete thought. 

No solvency.

Plan focus.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Terrell Taylor

The official term for drones is "unmanned aircraft."

DTIC 13
Defense Technical Information Center (The DTIC is the premier repository for research and engineering information for the United States Department of Defense). Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 8 November 2010 (As Amended Through 16 July 2013). http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf 

unmanned aircraft — An aircraft or balloon that does not carry a human operator and is capable of flight under remote control or autonomous programming 

This is the official source for military terms. Using non-standard definitions kills military strategy

DTIC 13
Defense Technical Information Center (The DTIC is the premier repository for research and engineering information for the United States Department of Defense). Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 8 November 2010 (As Amended Through 16 July 2013). http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf 

1. Scope The Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of
   AND
   (CJCSI) 5705.01, Standardization of Military and Associated Terminology.

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Will Scott

A) Definition: restriction means something that limits

American Heritage Dictionary ~http://www.yourdictionary.com/restriction
Something that restricts; a regulation or limitation

C) Reasons to Prefer

1) Limits. 

2) Bi-directionality.

Tournament: UT | Round: 5 | Opponent: Boston College CK | Judge: Gordon Stables

A) Definitions

Indefinite Detention means detaining an arrested person without a trial, and is not limited to terrorists

US LEGAL 13 ~US Legal Forms Inc., Indefinite Detention Law and Legal Definition http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/~~
Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or
AND
indefinite detention is permitted pursuant to section 412 of the USA Patriot Act. 

Plea bargaining means a case doesn’t go to trial

Findlaw 13. Findlaw.com, Defense Plea Bargains, Thompson Reuters, http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/defense-plea-bargains.html

As many as 90 of all criminal cases are settled by plea bargain. Why are plea AND
receiving a reduced sentence and resolving the matter quickly.

B) Violation: The plan restricts all indefinite detention and is not limited to presidential war power authority.

C) Reasons to Prefer

1) Limits and ground. 

2) Moving target.

3) Extra-topical.

4) topical version of the plan.

5) 1st and 3rd plan planks contradict

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford BM | Judge: Neil Butt

restriction means something that actually limits

American Heritage Dictionary ~http://www.yourdictionary.com/restriction
Something that restricts; a regulation or limitation

International law isn’t a single principle

Lauterpacht 11 (Hersch Lauterpacht is Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, is widely considered to be one of the great international lawyers of the 20th century. http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780199608812.001.0001/actrade-9780199608812-chapter-20?rskey=SH8cQQ26result=126prd=OPIL)
The fact that the State’s right to refuse compulsory judicial ascertainment of legally contested claims
AND
in parem non habet imperium usually applies, but in international relations proper.

C) Reasons to Prefer

1) Limits.

2) Bi-directionality.

3) Effects T

4) Independently, they violate the word authority. In the case of war, there’s a difference between power and authority.
Ides 84:
(Congress, Constitutional Responsibility and the War Power. Allan Ides, Associate Professor of Law At Loyola Law School. 6/1/1984.)

This basic structural framework should be equally applicable in the war making context unless some
AND
perceived necessity. Executive authority could be exercised only pursuant to congressional authorization.

Tournament: UT | Round: 2 | Opponent: West Virginia DE | Judge: Tia Butler

1NC

A. Armed Forces is a rock band.

Armed Forces No Date
Armed Forces (Rock band). No date. "The Armed Forces." Ourstage.com.  http://www.ourstage.com/epk/thearmedforces

The hype surrounding The World’s Most Dangerous Pop Band started long before they’d ever played
AND
Jazz had caused while fronting his previous band, Memphis, TN’s BROOKLYN UK 

In means throughout

Words and Phrases, 1964, p. 546
In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace
AND
"throughout" such counties. Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.

B. The aff restricts war powers over the military, not the rock band Armed Forces.

C. Voting issue

1. Grammatical precision.

"Armed Forces" only refers to the military when it’s lower case.

Pride Staff no date
The Pride Staff (Harrisonville High School journalism team). "3.00 Capitalization." No Date. https://sites.google.com/a/harrisonvilleschools.org/the-pride-staff/styleguide/3-00-capitalization

3.25: Do not capitalize the words "armed forces."
AND
Army regulations prevented him from disclosing any information.

2. Music Education

3. Limits

1NR

2NC Overview

Our interpretation is that "Armed Forces" refers to the rock band Armed Forces. A topical aff would restrict the president’s power to send any or all members of the band Armed Forces into conflict.

There’s 3 reasons to prefer. First, Grammatical precision. If the topic referred to the military, Armed Forces wouldn’t be capitalized – that’s Pride Staff.

Grammar focus is key to a laundry list of impacts.

Hindes 12
Andrew Hindes is president of Los Angeles-based PR and marketing copywriting firm The In-House Writer as well as a sought-after business writing coach and instructor. "6 Reasons Why Grammar Still Matters in the Digital Age." 17 July 2012. PR News Wire. http://www.prnewsonline.com/water-cooler/2012/07/17/6-reasons-why-grammar-still-matters-in-the-digital-age/
The written word has staged an astonishing comeback over the past decade. After years
AND
across the Internet live on forever—along with any mistakes they contain. 

Second is Music Education. We learn about rock bands which outweighs neg offense on two levels. (A) It’s the only unique form of education. We get military education on every topic every time we have a heg debate. (B) Music is uniquely fun.

Fun is a prereq to education.

Prensky 1—Marc Prensky, Internationally acclaimed speaker, writer, consultant, and designer in the critical areas of education and learning, Founder, CEO and Creative Director of games2train.com, former vice president at the global financial firm Bankers Trust, BA from Oberlin College, an MBA from Harvard Business School with distinction and master’s degrees from Middlebury and Yale ~"Fun, Play and Games: What Makes Games Engaging," Digital Game-Based Learning, www.marcprensky.com/writing/Prensky20-20Digital20Game-Based20Learning-Ch5.pdf~

So what is the relationship between fun and learning? Does having fun help or
AND
more easily, and motivation enables them to put forth effort without resentment. 

Armed Forces band education is key to pure joy. Solves damnation.

Jazz 10
brandon jazz (Musician extraordinaire, member of The Armed Forces). "Brandon Jazz and his Armed Forces EPK." Youtube. 30 August 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djamqGDbswE

With tongue planted firmly in cheek, the inevitable Brandon Jazz is back with
AND
bringing us all together under the candy-coated banner of Pure Joy.

AT Overlimits

explodes aff ground.

Military.com no date
Military.com. "U.S. Armed Forces Overview." No date. http://www.military.com/join-armed-forces/us-military-overview.html

What is the military? In simple terms, the U.S. Armed
AND
Australia, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Japan just to name a few. 

There’s plenty of ground under our interp – here’s a case list.

Jazz 10
brandon jazz (Musician extraordinaire, member of The Armed Forces). "Brandon Jazz and his Armed Forces EPK." Youtube. 30 August 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djamqGDbswE

The Armed Forces is the name Nashville-based idiot savant Brandon Jazz has christened
AND
, and he’s got a message for you: This is The Day.

Large limits kill the activity.

Rowland 84 - (Robert C., Baylor U., "Topic Selection in Debate", American Forensics in Perspective. Ed. Parson, p. 53-4)

The first major problem identified by the work group as relating to topic selection is
AND
of broad topics that has led some small schools to cancel their programs.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Terrell Taylor

Targeted killings and signature strikes are distinct; key to predictability and limits

Anderson 11, Professor at Washington College of Law, American University,
~Kenneth, Hoover Institution visiting fellow, Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at Brookings, "Efficiency in Bello and ad Bellum: Targeted Killing Through Drone Warfare," Sept 23 2011, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812124~~

Although targeted killing and drone warfare are often closely connected, they are not the
AND
than individualized "high value" targets, whether Taliban or Al Qaeda.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 3 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Bagwell

USFG consists of three branches

Thefreedictionary.com http://www.thefreedictionary.com/United+States+government
United States government - the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States

The plan’s use of USFG means the aff uses all three branches, including the executive which goes beyond statutory or judicial.

C) Reasons to Prefer

1) Ground.
2) Vagueness
3) Cross-ex doesn’t check.
4) Extra-topicality.

Tournament: App State | Round: 6 | Opponent: UGA KS | Judge: Nick Ryan

A) Interpretation: the affirmative should get access to a single coherent actor.

B) Violation: The plan says the federal judiciary, which includes over 110 total courts that are separated into distinct tiers and have separate roles.

Berman 26 Murphy 4 (Larry Berman is a Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Davis. Approaching Democracy, 4th Ed. http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_berman_democracy_4/7/1858/475696.cw/index.html)
The federal judiciary is organized in three tiers. The ninety-four district courts
AND
Tax Court. Finally, on the third tier is the Supreme Court.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Montee

Topicality (1NC)

A) Definitions

Statutory restrictions are controls or limits imposed by a legislative body

Blacks Online Legal Dictionary 13
(2nd Edition, http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/)
Statutory Restriction- Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Statutes are Acts – laws written by legislatures, and courts can only apply them to specific situations.

West’s 08 (West’s encyclopedia of American Law 2008, "Statute," http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/statute+law)

An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a
AND
first laws to consult in finding the law that applies to a case.

Increase means make greater in number

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/increase)
to make (something) larger or greater in size, amount, number, etc.

C) Reasons to Prefer

1) Limits. 

2) Moving Target. 

3) There are topical versions of the plan.

Tournament: App State | Round: 6 | Opponent: UGA KS | Judge: Nick Ryan

TEXT: The United States federal judiciary, except for the United States Court of International Trade, should rule that the President of the United States lacks the authority to detain individuals indefinitely.

Political Party Restrictions On The CIT Kill Judicial Independence While Undermining The Constitution.  This Independently Turns Solvency

Rappaport, 2001:
(68 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1429 (2001). Court of International Trade’s Political Party Diversity Requirement: Unconstitutional under Any Separation of Powers Theory, The, Rappaport, Adam J. Practicing Attorney In The District Of Columbia)

However, the CIT’s political party restriction cannot be justified as a reasonable and relevant
AND
explicit quid pro quo obligating them to rule in favor of their party.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas HM | Judge: Matt Munday

Text:
The United States federal judiciary should affirm in opposition to Al-Bihani v. Obama that treaties ratified by the United States are a restriction on the war powers authority of the President of the United States in the area of indefinite detention, except law clerks and staff attorneys are excluded from the opinion drafting process.

Status Quo Opinions Are Extensively Influenced By Law Clerks, Generating Fundamentally Flawed Decisions

Stearns, 2003:
(Matthew Stearns, Professor of Law At George Mason University. Appellate Courts Inside and Out Inside Appellate Courts: The Impact of Court Organization on Judicial Decision Making in the United States Courts of Appeals by Jonathan Matthew Cohen Michigan Law Review, Vol. 101, No. 6, 2003 Survey of Books Relating to the Law (May, 2003),pp. 1764-1790)

In addition, Cohen posits that the growing reliance on clerks for both bench memoranda
AND
opinions’ clarity and style. (p. 11; internal citation omitted)

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Joe Koehle

Text: The Supreme Court should argue in judicial dicta that the President’s authority to indefinitely detain should be eliminated.

Counterplan Solves And Is Independently Key To Undermine Judicial Minimalism

Devins and Klein, 2012:
(The Power To Bind: Dicta in Theory and Practice. Neal Devins, Professor of Law and Government at the College of William and Mary. David Klein, Associate Professor of Politics. February 2012)

By shifting focus from dicta-in-theory to dicta-in-practice
AND
in the common law and in the Article III prohibition against advisory opinions). 

Minimalism Risks Chaos And Social Conflict

Siegel, 2005:
(A THEORY IN SEARCH OF A COURT, AND ITSELF: JUDICIAL MINIMALISM AT THE SUPREME COURT BAR. Michigan Law Review, Vol. 103. Neil S. Siegel, Assistant Professor of Law And Political Science At Duke University. August 2005)

Nor is it evident that minimalist judicial decisions actually will tend to achieve the goal
AND
fest er — until the Court finally steps in and provides real guidance.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Terrell Taylor
The United States federal government should increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President by requiring that all remotely piloted aircraft targeting entities in the area known as Pakistan to have prior consent from the government of Pakistan.

Capitalizing the term "federal government" creates tacit acceptance of state power

Lock 2
~Neil, "State Your Terms21"~
In English, capital letters are not normally used for nouns, except for proper
AND
actions, that they are not worthy of any such respect or reverence.

empowers bureaucracy

Parkinson 3
~Rob Parkinson has 35 years of experience in management communications — gained as a
AND
B.A from the University of Ottowa. "Writing for Results"~
We often overuse capitals — sometimes out of fear of offending important people, sometimes to show that a certain word is important to us. However, overuse of capitals, particularly when addressing outside readers, can convey the image of a bureaucracy that is overawed by its own concepts and processes.

Strong state bureaucracy makes genocide and war inevitable

Martin 90 
~Brian Martin, associate professor in Science, Technology and Society at the University of Wollongong, UPROOTING THE WAR SYSTEM _{http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw07.html)~~
Is the state system really so bad? War is the most obvious indictment of
AND
bureaucracies for administration and military forces for defending against external and internal enemies.}

Tournament: UGA | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emory | Judge: Galloway

1NC

Text: The United States federal government should require the President to report its use of offensive cyber operations to the leaders of each of the two parties from both the Senate and House of Representatives and the chairs and ranking minority members of both the Senate Committee and House Committee for intelligence.

Counterplan Solves And Is A Key Middle Ground To Sustain Effective Cyber Operations And Executive Flexibility

Lorber, 2013:
(Eric Lorber, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University
Department of Political Science. Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power. Journal Of Constitutional Law: Vol. 15, No. 3. January 2013)

Should these statutes be adjusted (or new ones created) that give Congress additional
AND
and other nations develop and employ these capabilities with ever-greater frequency.

Strong Offensive Cyber Capacity Is Key to Solve Global Conflict

Drogen, 2013:
Leigh Drogen 13, founder and chief investment officer of Surfview Capital, LLC, a New York based investment management firm, "Why Cyber Weapons Will Make The World Even Safer," 3/4, http://www.leighdrogen.com/why-cyber-weapons-will-make-the-world-even-safer/

Scene: China has just exchanged fire with Japan over the East China Sea Islands
AND
believe cyber weapons will add to global security as they become more pervasive.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: KState KM | Judge: Bryan Box

The United States Congress should restrict the executive’s war power authority to conduct targeted killing according to the Common Articles of distinction, proportionality, military necessity, and humanity defined under the Geneva Convention.

The CP is competitive and solves the case better

BLANK 2010, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory Law School, Laurie R., 9/16/10, "DEFINING THE BATTLEFIELD IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICT AND COUNTERTERRORISM: UNDERSTANDING THE PARAMETERS OF THE ZONE OF COMBAT," Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2010, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1677965

In an age of conflict where new terminologies abound, the "zone of combat
AND
groups generally makes traditional temporal concepts unlikely to apply effectively to such conflicts.

Solves extinction from global conflict and future tech developments

Weston 91 – Chair of the International and Comparative Law Program @ The University of Iowa ~Weston, Burns H., "Logic and Utility of a Lawful United States Foreign Policy," Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Vol. 1, Issue 1 (Spring 1991), pp. 1-14

George Will and others like him are right, of course, that the rhetoric
AND
this establishes for us, a professedly democratic and peace-loving country, an historically unique moral responsibility. Pg. 4-13

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Will Scott

Text: The United States Federal Government should establish an ex ante judicial review process for targeted killing by drones, except in cases involving the Hydra Project.

Hydra key to solve terrorism.

Govers 9-12
Francis X Govers III (designer of over 20 land, sea, air and space vehicles and teaches robotics and the design of self-driving cars. He spent 10 years at NASA, helped design the International Space Station, participated in the DARPA Grand Challenge, and managed the only Zeppelin operating in the US. As a commercial pilot, writer, artist, musician, engineer, race car nut and designer, Francis has a serious addiction to building things that frequently gets him into trouble). "DARPA proposes flexible new unmanned vehicle network." Gizmag. September 12, 2013. http://www.gizmag.com/darpa-hydra-project/29037/
The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has floated a fascinating new
AND
imaginary craft to take part in a battle against terrestrial pirates and hijackers. 

Terrorism is the most likely existential threat

Rhodes 9
RICHARD RHODES He has been a visiting scholar at Harvard and MIT, and currently he is an affiliate of the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University. Rhodes is the author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), which won the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction, National Book Award, and National Book Critics Circle Award. It was the first of four volumes he has written on the history of the nuclear age. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (1995), Arsenals of Folly: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race (2007), and The Twilight of the Bombs (forthcoming in autumn 2010) are the others. Reducing the nuclear threat: The argument for public safety 14 DECEMBER 2009

The response was very different among nuclear and national security experts when Indiana Republican Sen
AND
nothing to do with those attacks in the name of sending a message.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: JCCC GM | Judge: Shelby Pryor

1NC

Text:

We advocate the text of the 1AC minus use of the term "individual." We suggest the use of the term "person."

Use of the term "individual" abstracts from social context. "Person" solves.

Philip Selznick ’94. Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of California at Berkeley. "The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community." September 1994. Google Books.

The concept of integrity goes to the heart of what is meant by "person
AND
of moral persons to "play well" the roles they are assigned:

Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Shelby Pryor

JSOC CP

The President of the United States should issue an executive order transferring lead executive authority for non-battlefield targeted killing from the Central Intelligence Agency to the Joint Special Operations Command.

Transferring authority boosts transparency and intel without restricting strikes – solves the aff

Zenko 13¸ Micah, Douglas Dillon fellow with the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Clip the Agency’s Wings: Why Obama needs to take the drones away from the CIA," April 16^th, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/16/clip_the_agencys_wings_cia_drones?utm_source=feedly
Last month, Daniel Klaidman reported that three senior officials had told him that President
AND
percent, an open checkbook for Langley is not sustainable or strategically wise.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 3 | Opponent: Samford BM | Judge: Neil Butt

Text:  The United States Supreme Court should substantially increase judicial restrict on the war powers authority of the president of the United States by ruling that targeted killing involving drone strikes must comply with international law except in Northwest Pakistan.

Solves the Aff, Drone use is critical to deter aggression in NW Pakistan

Andrew Callam 2010, International Affairs Program Assistant, Volume XVIII, No. 3: Winter 2010, Drone Wars: Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The CIA’s drone program in Pakistan is a unique and important exception to many of
AND
term gains but is not a substitute for a long-term strategy.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Terrell Taylor

Text: The Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel should issue a legal opinion informing the President of the United States that all remotely piloted targeting entities in the area known as Pakistan must have prior consent from the government of Pakistan.

External Checks Like The Plan Fail; Only The Counterplan Effectively Checks Executive Power While Promoting Constitutionality And Rule Of Law

Johnsen, 2007:
(Johnsen, Dawn E., "Faithfully Executing the Laws: Internal Legal Constraints on Executive Power" (2007). Faculty Publications. Paper
297. Professor Of Constitutional Law At The Indiana University Maurer School Of Law)

On a daily basis, the President engages in decisionmaking that implicates important questions of
AND
laws be faithfully executed, as the U.S. Constitution commands.

Extinction

Rhyne, 1958:
Charles S. Rhyne, Washington lawyer, Law Day Speech for Voice of America delivered on the first Law Day, 1958

Law and courts exist to protect every citizen of the United States in his person
AND
to replace weapons before the dreadful holocaust of nuclear war overtake our people.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Patrick Waldinger

1NC

Text: The United States federal judiciary, except for the United States Tax Court, should restrict the authority of the President of the United States to indefinitely detain without the Third Geneva Conventions Article Five rights.

The Tax Court Critically Undermines Judicial Legitimacy; This Independently Turns Case

Smith, 2005:
(Deferential Review Of Tax Court Decisions Of Law: Promoting Expertise, Uniformity, And Impartiality. Andre L. Smith, Assistant Professor of Law At Florida International University. Tax Lawyer, Vol. 58, No. 2. Winter 2005)
The People’s confidence in their government, and thus their willingness to be governed,
AND
believe there exist these unscrupulous judges, the system is perceived as illegitimate.

Tournament: UGA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Mendenhall, Shook, Steiner

The United States Supreme Court should apply a clear statement principle to the statutorily defined indefinite detention war powers authority of the President of the United States on the grounds that Cuba’s waiver of sovereign authority over the Guantanamo Bay detention facility grants detainees full habeas corpus rights under the Suspension Clause.

The plan locks in the post-Boumediene norm of de facto sovereignty as a method of determining jurisdiction. The counterplan instead applies an express or implied waiver standard, which is a pre-req to solvency and independently key to constitutionality.

Corey 10
Bruce Corey (J.D., expected May 2010, The George Washington University Law School). "At Writ’s End: Using the Law of Nations to Decide the Extraterritorial Reach of the Suspension Clause." George Washington Law Review. February 2010 Vol. 78 No. 2. http://groups.law.gwu.edu/LR/ArticlePDF/78-2-Corey.pdf

In 2001, Congress authorized President Bush to "use all necessary and appropriate force
AND
produces logical results—something critically absent from the doctrine articulated in Boumediene. 

Independently, Strict adherence to the text of the constitution is key to avoiding extinction

Henkin 88
Bradley Henkin, Columbia, 1988 (Atlantic Comm Qtly, Spring)

Lawyers, even constitutional lawyers, argue "technically," with references to text and
AND
safeguard also the values and concerns of civilized people committed to human survival.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Trinity HM | Judge: Matthew Moore

Text: The war powers authority of the president in the use of military strikes should be opposed.

The Self-Identification Of Their Advocacy Statement Props Up The Western Subject

Djunatan 11, Djunatan, Stephanus. The Principle of Affirmation An Ontological and Epistemological Ground of Interculturality. Diss. Erasmus University, 2011. Rotterdamn: Erasmus University, 2011,
Deleuze and Guattari uncover the real intent of North Atlantic theoretical knowledge. They note
AND
realization of the power and the capital representation by means of violence.582

This way of knowing establishes and maintains the Other as a relation to the self. The Impact Is That They Replicate The Harms They Kritik

Djunatan 11, Djunatan, Stephanus. The Principle of Affirmation An Ontological and Epistemological Ground of Interculturality. Diss. Erasmus University, 2011. Rotterdamn: Erasmus University, 2011,
The example above also articulates the problem of knowing in accordance with the Western philosophical
AND
have their forms through the usage of the real language and speech.543

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Richard Tews

The Executive branch should publicly articulate its legal rationale for its targeted killing policy, and the United States Congress should issue a white paper stating that it has determined that the United States is conducting such operations in full compliance with relevant laws.

Solves—-the combination of executive disclosure and Congressional support boosts accountability and legitimacy

Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, "Targeted Killing and Accountability," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Perhaps the most obvious way to add accountability to the targeted killing process is for
AND
us to question the wisdom and perhaps even the legality of the program."

Tournament: App State | Round: 6 | Opponent: UGA KS | Judge: Nick Ryan

C-P Text:  The United States federal government should provide funding and support for a rehabilitation center in Yemen for detainees from Yemen.

CP solves the aff – the center prevents fast release of Yemini detainees. Empirics prove solvency.

Cloud 11/6/2013, David S. LA Times, http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-yemen-gitmo-20131107,0,3163913.story~23axzz2jrg3apJy
The Obama administration is in talks with Yemeni officials to set up a detention facility
AND
acceptable for ~returned Yemeni detainees~ to be held against their will." 

AQAP goal is to destabilize the agenda of the Hadi Administration

Masters and Laub 8/22/2013, Jonathan Masters writes on issues related to national security and civil liberties, and contributes to CFR’s Renewing America initiative that focuses on the economic underpinnings of U.S. foreign policy, Zachary Laub
Associate Writer, http://www.cfr.org/yemen/al-qaeda-arabian-peninsula-aqap/p9369~~23)
The primary goals of AQAP are consistent with the principles of militant jihad, which
AND
"—the United States, particularly for its unholy alliance with Saudi Arabia.

Failed GCC dialogue risk Civil War

Masters and Laub 8/22/2013, Jonathan Masters writes on issues related to national security and civil liberties, and contributes to CFR’s Renewing America initiative that focuses on the economic underpinnings of U.S. foreign policy, Zachary Laub
Associate Writer, http://www.cfr.org/yemen/al-qaeda-arabian-peninsula-aqap/p9369~~23)
The transitional government of President Hadi is weak outside Sana’a and faces an entrenched opposition
AND
—creating further instability for AQAP and Ansar al-Sharia to exploit.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 3 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Bagwell

The AUMF Is Expanding; Every Indicator Goes Our Way. Independently, Detention And Targeted Killing Authority Derive From The AUMF

Beavers, 2014:
(Elizabeth Beavers, Journalist For U.S. News 26World Report. January 10, 2014. Bring The War On Terror To An End.)
Immediately after the attacks of September 11, Congress passed the 2001 Authorization for the
AND
globe is the new battlefield, and all its citizens are potential targets.

Decreasing AUMF Authorizations Leads To Judicial Rollback Of The AUMF

Barnes, 2012:
— J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law
~Beau, "Reauthorizing the ’War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence," Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874, accessed 9-19-13~

The scope of the AUMF is also important for any future judicial opinion that might
AND
"the strongest of presumptions and the widest latitude of judicial interpretation."33 

That Shift U.S. Doctrine To Self-Defense; Expanded Jus Ad Bellum Leads To Global Conflict And Chaos shifts

Barnes, 2012:
— J.D. Candidate, Boston University School of Law
~Beau, "Reauthorizing the ’War on Terror’: The Legal and Policy Implications of the AUMF’s Coming Obsolescence," Military Law Review, Vol 211, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2150874, accessed 9-19-13~
In a world without a valid AUMF, the United States could base its continued
AND
to kill people anywhere, anytime, the result would be chaos."148

Tournament: UT | Round: 8 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Swaggy Swanlek

Plan resolves backlash against domestic drones

Lowdy, 2013:
(Joan Lowy, "Drone industry worries about privacy backlash", http://bigstory.ap.org/article/drone-industry-worries-about-privacy-backlash, March 29, 2013)
 
It’s a good bet that in the not-so-distant future aerial drones
AND
, executive director of the Airborne Law Enforcement Association. "It’s frustrating."

Causes arctic commercialization

Hsu ’13 (Jeremy Hsu, LiveScience, "Drones handle all kinds of work in Arctic — and there’s lots more to do", http://www.nbcnews.com/science/drones-handle-all-kinds-work-arctic-theres-lots-more-do-8C11012648, August 27, 2013)

Small drones may soon take to the skies above Earth’s top with the aim of
AND
while keeping an eye out to prevent unhappy encounters between humans and wildlife. 

Arctic leadership trades-off with Canada; kills relations and Arctic co-op

SIPRI 12 (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Kristopher Berg - researcher with the SIPRI Armed Conflict and Conflict Management Programme, "The Arctic Policies of Canada and the United States: Domestic Motives and International Context", pg. 19, SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, July 2012, http://www.scribd.com/doc/99895997/The-Arctic-policies-of-Canada-and-the-United-States-domestic-motives-and-international-context) 

While the USA has not particularly distinguished itself in the inter- national cooperation over
AND
, have set a positive example and created a model for future delimitations.

Arctic tension goes nuclear

Wallace and Staples 10 (Michael Wallace and Steven Staples. *Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and President of the Rideau Institute in Ottawa "Ridding the Arctic of Nuclear Weapons: A Task Long Overdue,"http://www.arcticsecurity.org/docs/arctic-nuclear-report-web.pdf)
The fact is, the Arctic is becoming a zone of increased military competition.
AND
-political/economic significance of the Arctic because of climate change." 62

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Terrell Taylor

Plan Undermines The State Secrets Privilege; Ends Court Deference And Spills Over

Windsor, 2012:
(Lindsay – J.D. candidate and Master of Security Studies candidate at Georgetown University, "IS THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN THE CONSTITUTION? THE BASIS OF THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE IN INHERENT EXECUTIVE POWERS 26 WHY COURT-IMPLEMENTED SAFEGUARDS ARE CONSTITUTIONAL AND PRUDENT", 2012, 43 Geo. J. Int’l L. 897, lexis)
In contrast to the acknowledged roles of both Congress and the President in foreign affairs
AND
procedures to satisfy the Court that national security matters are at stake. n16

Secrecy Is Key To The U.S. Nuclear Deterrent

Green, 1997:
(Tracey – Associate with McNair Law Firm, J.D. – University of South Carolina, "Providing for the Common Defense versus Promoting the General Welfare: the Conflicts Between National Security and National Environmental Policy", South Carolina Environmental Law Journal, Fall, 6 S.C Envtl. L.J. 137, lexis)
The deployment of nuclear weapons, however, is a DoD action for which secrecy
AND
weapons, they cannot release any information regarding the storage of these weapons.

Global Nuclear War

Caves, 2010: 
(John P. Jr., Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction – National Defense University, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent", Strategic Forum, No. 252, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docUploaded/SF20252_John20Caves.pdf)
Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
AND
scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terror¬ists alone could inflict.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: UGA DG | Judge: Montee

After The Iran Deal, U.S.-Israel Relations Are On The Brink

Ulrichsen, 2013:
(Debate: Iran Nuclear Deal A Game Changer For U.S.-Israeli Relation. December 30, 2013. Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, Writing For Asharq Al-Awsat, The World’s Premier Pan-Arab Daily Newspaper.)

Signs of a rapprochement between Iran and the United States have added a combustible new
AND
of personality to encompass a fundamental difference in the calculation of regional interests.

A Strong, Flexible President Is Key To Reassure Israel On Iran; Plan Causes An Israeli First-Strike

Kramer, 2013:
(Kramer 9/17/13 Martin Kramer is President of Shalem College, a new undergraduate liberal arts college in Jerusalem. An authority on contemporary Islam and Arab politics, Kramer earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University. During a twenty-five-year academic career at Tel Aviv University, he directed the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. Kramer has taught as a visiting professor at Brandeis University, the University of Chicago, Cornell University, Georgetown University, and The Johns Hopkins University (SAIS). He has served as a visiting fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and Harvard University’s Olin Institute for Strategic Studies. http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/)

Israel Likes Its U.S. Presidents Strong¶ …¶ But I focused instead
AND
stage for Israel’s decision to launch a preemptive war. 2013 isn’t 1967. 

Israeli First-Strike Causes Multiple Scenarios For Escalation

Moore, 2007:
(Carol, "Six Escalation Scenarios Spiraling to World Nuclear War", November, http://www.carolmoore.net/nuclearwar/alternatescenarios.html-http://www.carolmoore.net/nuclearwar/alternatescenarios.html. Political activist, speaker and writer since the early 1970s)

Israel attacks Iran’s nuclear facilities and/or Syria and Lebanon.  These countries respond
AND
, the U.S. and India. India retaliates against China.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: Patrick Waldinger

LOAC Is Strong Now; International Institutions

Aston, 2014:
(The Dilemma Of Enforceability Of Armed Conflict Laws. January 20, 2014. Joshua Aston, Assistant Professor Of ONGC Fellow In International Contracts At Gujarat National Law University)

The implementation and compliance with the rules and treaties and ensuring respect for the International
AND
as the conflicts in Israel / Palestinian territories, Sudan, Somalia etc.

The Plan Decimates Global Adherence To LOAC

Bialke, 2004:
(Lt. Colonel, MA 26 JD-University of North Dakota, LLM-University of Iowa, "Al-Qaeda 26 Taliban Unlawful Combatant Detainees, Unlawful Belligerency, and the International Laws of Armed Conflict," 55 A.F. L. Rev. 1, Lexis)

U.S. International Obligations 26 Responsibilities and the International Rule of Law The
AND
armed conflict norms, customs, and laws. This would be unacceptable.

LOAC Is Key to Prevent WMD Use And De-Escalate Conflict; Extending Rights Collapses The Whole System

Delahunty, 2010:
(Robert and John, , associate prof – U St. Thomas Law, and Yoo, law prof – UC Berkeley,  59 DePaul L. Rev. 803)

Finally, the extension of IHRL to armed conflict may have significant consequences for the
AND
by IHRL, we hazard to guess that the latter will give way.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: KState KM | Judge: Bryan Box

The plan codifies loose rules on doctrines of military force for pre-emptive and preventative strikes

Obayemi, 6 — East Bay Law School professor
~Olumide, admitted to the Bars of Federal Republic of Nigeria and the State of California, Golden Gate University School of Law, "Article: Legal Standards Governing Pre-Emptive Strikes and Forcible Measures of Anticipatory Self-Defense Under the U.N. Charter and General International Law," 12 Ann. Surv. Int’l 26 Comp. L. 19, l/n, accessed 9-19-13, mss~

The United States must abide by the rigorous standards set out above that are meant
AND
. This is the essence of the preamble to the United Nations Charter.

the plan codifies a blurred line between pre-emptive and preventative strikes —— causes unlimited worldwide aggression

DWORKIN 2013 – this is actually their 1ac author too, senior policy fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, Anthony, "Drones And Targeted Killing: Defining A European Position", July, http://ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR84_DRONES_BRIEF.pdf

Two further points are worth noting. First, the administration has acknowledged that in
AND
to serve as a precedent for other states that wish to claim it.

Preventative war doctrines guarantees infinite interventions and backlash through arms race- undermining credibility- alternatives solve

Crawford ’3 (Neta C. Crawford, Professor of Political Science at Brown where her teaching focuses on international relations theory, international ethics and normative change at Brown, Ph.D. 26 MA, MIT; BA, Brown University, "The Slippery Slope to Preventive War ~Full Text~", Ethics 26 International Affairs, Volume 17.1, March 3, 2003)

The Bush administration’s arguments in favor of a preemptive doctrine rest on the view that
AND
negotiations, confidence-building measures, and the development of international law.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Richard Tews

Military Contractor Use Is Decreasing; Recent Statements Prove

Grossman, 2013:
(Pentagon Leaders Put Support Contractors on Notice For Deep Cuts. Elaine M. Grossman, Journalist For Global Security Newswire. June 11, 2013.)

U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and his top budget deputy on Tuesday
AND
no question that we’re going to have to make some rather significant adjustments." 

Restricting Armed Forces Results In A Shift Towards PMC Use; Circumvents Regulation

Michaels, 2004:
(Jon – Law Clerk to the Honorable Guido Calabresi, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Law Clerk designate, the Honorable David H. Souter, U.S. Supreme Court; J.D., Yale Law School, "ARTICLE: BEYOND ACCOUNTABILITY: THE CONSTITUTIONAL, DEMOCRATIC, AND STRATEGIC PROBLEMS WITH PRIVATIZING WAR", 2004, 82 Wash. U. L. Q. 1001, lexis)

 ~*1008~ Military privatization of combat duties, on the other hand,
AND
of powers, and to the legitimacy of collective security may prove irreparable.

PMCs Breed Resentment And Alienate Allies

Michaels, 2004:
(Jon – Law Clerk to the Honorable Guido Calabresi, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit; Law Clerk designate, the Honorable David H. Souter, U.S. Supreme Court; J.D., Yale Law School, "ARTICLE: BEYOND ACCOUNTABILITY: THE CONSTITUTIONAL, DEMOCRATIC, AND STRATEGIC PROBLEMS WITH PRIVATIZING WAR", 2004, 82 Wash. U. L. Q. 1001, lexis)

1. Allies Among America’s allies, when the private cavalry is dispatched instead of
   AND
   firmness with contractors is much more difficult to achieve. n404 ~*1113~ 

Alliances Solve Nuclear War

Ross, 1999: 
(Winter 1998/1999 (Douglas – professor of political science at Simon Fraser University, Canada’s functional isolationism and the future of weapons of mass destruction, International Journal, p. lexis)

Thus, an easily accessible tax base has long been available for spending much more
AND
community have any plausible hope of avoiding warfare involving nuclear or other WMD.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 7 | Opponent: UCO BH | Judge: Joe Koehle

TPA will pass now but battle is coming

Greg Hinz, Columnist, 1/2/2014, http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20140102/BLOGS02/140109985/fight-builds-to-give-obama-fast-track-trade-authority~~23
Big Illinois exporters could get a vote very early this new year on something they’ve wanted for a long time: fast-track authority for President Barack Obama to negotiate new international trade deals. But the issue in the House now is "very close." So says North Side congressman Mike Quigley, who unlike many Democratic House members says action is needed despite concerns from labor and some other groups.

The plan sparks an inter-branch fight derailing the agenda

Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

TPA is KT Jobs, economic growth, and competitiveness. This has global implications.

DOUG OBERHELMAN 1/5/2014, is chairman and CEO of Caterpillar Inc. and chairman of Business Roundtable’s International Engagement Committee., http://savannahnow.com/column/2014-01-05/commentary-expanded-trade-creates-more-american-jobs-and-economic-growth
Like most Americans, I’m frustrated with the slow rate of economic growth in the
AND
pending trade deals, Congress must update and pass Trade Promotion Authority legislation.

The impx is Extinction

Auslin 9 Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)
What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: UGA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Mendenhall, Shook, Steiner

Obama will push the TPA now. Reid opposition won’t affect Obama

Reuter 1/31, Republicans urge Barack Obama to pressure Democrats on trade deals, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29629521.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest26utm_medium=text26utm_campaign=cppst
"The president’s State of the Union said he had a phone and a pen
AND
the president will continue to press to get it done," Carney said.

The plan sparks an inter-branch fight derailing the agenda

Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 67-69
Raising or Lowering Political Costs by Affecting Presidential Political Capital Shaping both real and anticipated
AND
to its costs than if Congress stood behind him in the international arena.

TPA is KT Jobs, economic growth, and competitiveness. This has global implications.

DOUG OBERHELMAN 1/5/2014, is chairman and CEO of Caterpillar Inc. and chairman of Business Roundtable’s International Engagement Committee., http://savannahnow.com/column/2014-01-05/commentary-expanded-trade-creates-more-american-jobs-and-economic-growth
Like most Americans, I’m frustrated with the slow rate of economic growth in the
AND
pending trade deals, Congress must update and pass Trade Promotion Authority legislation.

The impx is Extinction

Auslin 9 Michael, Resident Scholar – American Enterprise Institute, and Desmond Lachman – Resident Fellow – American Enterprise Institute, "The Global Economy Unravels", Forbes, 3-6, http://www.aei.org/article/100187)
What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: UGA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wake CV | Judge: Mendenhall, Shook, Steiner

The plan’s precedent undermines the sovereignty principle at the heart of the law of nations which destroys global relations and basing.

Corey 10
Bruce Corey (J.D., expected May 2010, The George Washington University Law School). "At Writ’s End: Using the Law of Nations to Decide the Extraterritorial Reach of the Suspension Clause." George Washington Law Review. February 2010 Vol. 78 No. 2. http://groups.law.gwu.edu/LR/ArticlePDF/78-2-Corey.pdf

B. Using De Facto Sovereignty Does Not Allow for Jurisdictional Waivers The primary doctrinal
AND
has been exposed, the next Section shows the potential adverse practical consequences.

Forward Basing Key To Air Power

Barno, et al., 2012: 
~Lieutenant General David W. Barno, USA (Ret.) is a Senior Advisor and Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. Dr. Nora Bensahel is the Deputy Director of Studies and a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. Matthew Irvine is a Research Associate at the Center for a New American Security. Travis Sharp is the Bacevich Fellow at the Center for a New American Security. "Sustainable Pre-eminence," May, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_SustainablePreeminence_BarnoBensahelIrvineSharp_1.pdf~~

The Air Force should strengthen its agreements, access and selective presence at bases outside
AND
training with nations such as India, Turkey and Singapore, among others.

Air power is key to solve multiple scenarios for nuclear war.

Tellis 98 
Ashley Tellis, Senior Political Scientist – RAND, "Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century", 1998, http://www.rand. org/publications/MR/MR897/MR897.chap3.pdf

This subsection attempts to synthesize some of the key operational implications distilled from the analyses
AND
long-range cruise missiles during the time frames examined in this report.

Tournament: App State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Terrell Taylor

Challenging drones rolls back the whole air strike policy

Foust 10/24/2013 Joshua Foust a freelance journalist who covers national security issues and edits the State of Play collection at Medium. He is a former senior intelligence analyst for the Pentagon. http://www.defenseone.com/threats/2013/10/how-human-rights-groups-misinterpret-drone-strikes/72593/print/
Take the Human Rights Watch report about Yemen. One of the incidents they highlight
AND
size of the warhead or its precision, as disproportionate and therefore illegal.

Key to solve Syria chemical weapons

AP 9/10/2013, http://news.yahoo.com/obama-talks-syria-diplomacy-fallback-airstrikes-170552737—politics.html
WASHINGTON (AP) — Pushing military might and raising hopes it won’t be needed
AND
you don’t keep that argument open, they may very well walk away."

Chemical weapons lead to nuclear war

CNN 8/28/2013
http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/world/meast/syria-chemical-weapons-red-line/

Some analysts say it makes sense for the United States and the world to respond
AND
in place in the world’s psyche "after World War I and Halabja."

Tournament: UT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chicago BP | Judge: Calum Matheson

The affirmative blurs the line between what is and is not war.  Two links. First, this is the direct claim of the 1AC when they say things like they affirm a state of internal warfare. Second, opening up the metaphor of war to include things like cyber-weapons is opens up a Pandora’s Box which will allow for anything to be defined as war.  This confuses our understanding of war and the military and makes us believe that conflict can happen without blood or death.

Sean Lawson is Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah. 7/2/2012, http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3848/3270~~23p5
The law of war is codified in the United Nations Charter, international treaties,
AND
established meanings of death, injury, damage and destruction" ~14~.¶ 

This conflation risks infiltrating U.S. policy-making.  1AC discourse justifies an expansion of military power into realms where it is not needed.  This risk miscalculations and potentially global war.  The alternative is to reject this conflation and vote neg to restrict the terms of war.

Sean Lawson is Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah. 7/2/2012, http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3848/3270~~23p5
There is evidence to suggest that U.S. policy–makers and military
AND
instrument used is largely irrelevant to determining whether an armed attack has occurred.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC FG | Judge: John Cook

The ideal of community creates scapegoating and exclusion based on race, sex and class.  even radical reappropriation fails in this context – it’s best to ditch the concept altogether

Young 90
IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE 237-38 (1990).
Iris Marion Young (2 January 1949 - 1 August 2006) was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies ~1~ and the Human Rights program there. Her research covered contemporary political theory, feminist social theory, and normative analysis of public policy.

I have argued that the ideal of community denies the difference between subjects and the
AND
same time recognize and affirm the group and individual differences within the group. 

The concept of community connects to the worst genocides of the 20^th century

Pavlich 1
Restorative justice and civil society By Heather Strang, John Braithwaite UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Professor of Law and Sociology PhD (Sociology) 1992 University of British Columbia

Indeed, the quest for a clearly defined community always contains the seeds of exclusionary
AND
between people is an innocuous, or inherently positive, set of events. 

Community actively attempts to impose homogeneity. We should instead work within a frame of urban acceptance of difference–this means the alternative can engage in the Affirmative’s project without the discourse of community.

Young 90
IRIS MARION YOUNG, JUSTICE AND THE POLITICS OF DIFFERENCE 237-38 (1990).
Iris Marion Young (2 January 1949 - 1 August 2006) was Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies ~1~ and the Human Rights program there. Her research covered contemporary political theory, feminist social theory, and normative analysis of public policy.

Many philosophers and political theorists criticize welfare capitalist society for being atomistic, depoliticized,
AND
the different groups that dwell together in the citv without forming a community.

Tournament: UT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Chicago BP | Judge: Calum Matheson

The Affirmative Wants To Denounce The Discursive, Material, Or Psychoanalytic Practices Of The Status Quo.  They Claim That Voting Affirmative Accomplishes Or Performs Some Sort Of Liberation, Some Form Of Escape From Intolerance, Oppression, Or Bad Thought.  But There Is A Problem With Their Narrative.  The 1AC Takes As Its Starting Point This Year’s Resolution.  In So Doing, The 1AC Becomes A Discourse That Is Called Into Existence By The Topic.  This Transformation Is Logically Prior To Any Attempt By The Affirmative To Persuade You Of Anything

Charland, 1987: 
(Maurice Charland, Professor Of Communications At Concordia Montreal, Quarterly Journal Of Speech, Volume 73(2))

Interpellation occurs at the very moment one enters into a rhetorical situation, that is
AND
part of the audience of a rhetorical situation in which persuasion could occur.

?

The Affirmative Believes Itself To Be An Agent Of Resistance, Rejection, Or Change, But Its Position As A Response To The Topic Binds It Into The Narratives Of That Topic’s Discourse.  The Choice To Vote Affirmative Can Never Be A Choice To Resist Or Change The Status Quo.  It Can Only Put Us Back On The Path To Affirming Things It Pretends To Reject

Winkler 2006:
(Carol Winkler.  Professor Of Communication At Georgia State University.  In The Name Of Terrorism, p. 9-10.)

Serving as a label alone is insufficient to elevate terrorism into a language marker of
AND
the stories embodied within societal discourse help form the boundaries of the culture.

?

Rather Than Taking The Topic As A Starting Point, Vote Negative To Pursue The Affirmative’s Advocacy While Simultaneously Forgetting The Resolution.  Our Act Of Forgetting Allows Us To Move Forward With New Thoughts And Actions While Escaping The Cycle Of Interpellation Created By The 1AC

Bleiker 1997:
(Roland Bleiker.  Senior Lecturer , University Of Queensland Australia, January-March 1997. Alternatives-Social Transformation And Human Governance.  Forget I.R. Theory.  Volume 22. No. 1 Lynne Rienner. P. 58-59)

To forget orthodox IR theory is not to ignore the IR practices that have framed
AND
has to be forgotten in order not to turn into a new orthodoxy.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Trinity HM | Judge: Matthew Moore

Their Criticism Of The U.S. Global Order Contributes To Neo-Isolationist Tendencies That Undermine International Security And Prosperity

Kagan, 1998:   
(Senior Associate At The Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. Robert Kagan. "The Benevolent Empire" Foreign Policy, Summer 1998)

Those contributing to the growing chorus of antihegemony and multipolarity may know they are playing
AND
when they pop the champagne corks in celebration of the next American humbling.

Ever Impact They Isolate Is The Result Of A Failure Of U.S. Hegemony. Any Alternative Is Infinitely Worse And Causes Global Destruction

Rosen, 2003:
(Stephen Peter Rosen. Professor Of National Security And Military Affairs At Harvard University. "An Empire, If You Can Keep It". The National Interest, Spring 2003)
Rather than wrestle with such difficult and unpleasant problems, the United States could give
AND
is not at all clear that the alternatives are that much more attractive.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: JCCC GM | Judge: Shelby Pryor

The 1AC's view of the world fails to account for unity of action.

Rodl 2k
Rödl, Sebastian. Self-Consciousness, Harvard University Press, 2000

Calculation from desire does not yield a premise for instrumental reasoning because its conclusion represents
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I would not, in doing A1 and A2, be doing B.

Pre-requisite to human dignity.

 Korsgaard 93
Korsgaard, Christine.  Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University. "The reasons we can share: An attack on the distinction between agent-relative and agent-neutral values." Cambridge University Press, 1993. Previously published in Social Philosophy and Policy 10, no. 1: 24-51. http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3196321/Korsgaard_ReasonsShare.pdf?sequence=2
 

The difference between these two interpretations of neutral value is naturally associated with two other
AND
Objective realist about value may be a consequentialist, while an Intersubjectivist will not 

That’s intrinsically good and the basis of all value.

Christine Korsgaard 96
Korsgaard, Christine (Prof of Philo @ Harvard). "The Sources of Normativity." 1996.

This is just a fancy new model of an argument that first appeared in a
AND
source of all reasons and values must be valued for its own sake.

?

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC FG | Judge: John Cook

The AFF centers their 1AC around the PAIN of someone who has been oppressed.  This allows the dominate power structures retain control by co-opting the "others" pain as the oppressors pain.  This allows dominate power structures to control how and when we listen to the oppressed. This guts any chance for true resistance.

Tuck and Yang ’14 – A. Prof of Educational Foundations @ State U. of New York at New Paltz  and A. Prof in Ethnic Studies @ U.C. San Diego ( Eve and K. Wayne, " R-Words: Refusing Research", Humanizing Research, p.226-231JC )
Similarly, at the center of the analysis in this chapter is a concern with
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Only speak your pain" (hooks, 1990, p. 343).

We must reject pain for desire.  We call for the ballot to seek a holistic image of the other.  Our Alternative calls for the judge to reject pain based approaches like the aff and prefer our approach which is a better view of the other.

Tuck and Yang ’14 – A. Prof of Educational Foundations @ State U. of New York at New Paltz  and A. Prof in Ethnic Studies @ U.C. San Diego ( Eve and K. Wayne, " R-Words: Refusing Research", Humanizing Research, p.226-231JC )
Craig Gingrich-Philbrook (2005) articulates a related critique of autoethnography, positioning
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. 14). Desire interrupts this metanarrative of damaged communities and White progress.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wyoming MP | Judge: Shelby Pryor

Welcome To The Cult Of The Presidency; Their Fascination With Saving The Executive Is Just Another Way To Worship

Healy, 2008:
(The Cult Of The Presidency: America’s Dangerous Devotion To Executive Power. Gene Healy, Senior Editor And Vice President Of The CATO Institute. 2008. p. 281-283. Note: Brackets in original text.)

Far too many Americans credit or blame the 281 THE CULT OF THE PRESIDENCY president
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September 11 with the promise to ’’rid the world of evil.’’

Their Veneration Of The President Is Fascist; We Are Trapped By A Political Religion That Denies Value To Life And Kills Politics

Gentile, 2004:
(Fascism, Totalitarianism, and Political Religion: Definitions And Critical Reflections On Criticism Of An Interpretation. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 5, No. 3, Winter 2004, pp. 326–375. Emilio, Gentile, Professor At The Sapienza University Of Rome)

The same article outlined an interpretation of fascism as a political religion, viewed as
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of the drama that is being performed with them and on them. 21

The Alternative Is To Reimagine Democracy, Empowering The People While Radically Redefining Politics

Nelson, 2008:
(Bad For Democracy: How The Presidency Undermines The Power Of The People. p. 183-185. Dana D. Nelson. 2008. Professor Of English And American Studies At Vanderbilt.)

In this conclusion, I’m calling on readers to reimagine democracy as an open system
AND
up to the possibility that we might change our course, starting now.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC FG | Judge: John Cook

We advocate the 1AC minus the discourse of privilege.

"White privilege" discourse is counter-productive and turns the case.

Palmer ’13
(THE Chris Palmer of Lexington/Tabroom fame). Facebook comment.  30 October 2013.
I wonder sometimes if "white privilege" isn’t a misleading, and possibly harmful
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It is a right that is consistently, and wrongly, denied others.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 6 | Opponent: JCCC GM | Judge: Shelby Pryor

The Political Is Defined By Relationships Of Enmity And The Inevitability Of Violence; The Goal Of Politics Must Be To Limit But Not Eradicate War. Their Attempt To Surrender Destroys The Foundation Of The Political

Rasch, 2005:
(William Rasch, Professor of Germanic Studies at the University of Indiana, Spring 2005, "Lines in the Sand: Enmity as a Structuring Principle," The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 104, No. 2, p. 253-262 ~  ~ = modified)
In The Concept of the Political, Schmitt concludes that ’’all genuine political theories
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that this imperfection manifests itself as violence and the guilt associated with it.

The Impact Is A Global Psychosis That Outweighs The Affirmative; The Disappearance Of A Stable Political Enemy Multiplies Little Wars And Sustains Genocidal Struggles. The Affirmative Opens The Floodgates To Unfettered Violence

Reinhard, 2004: 
(Kenneth Reinhard, Professor of Jewish Studies At The University of California., UCLA Center for Jewish Studies, "Towards a Political Theology- Of the Neighbor", http://www.cjs.ucla.edu/Mellon/Towards_Political_Theology.pdf) 

If the concept of the political is defined, as Carl Schmitt does, in
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ultimately appeasing contours, because they would be identifiable" (PF 83).

The Alternative Is To Vote Negative To Embrace A Friend/ Enemy Dichotomy. The Notion Of A Friend-Enemy Distinction Is Vital To Recapture The Political. Any Permutation Obscures Our Notions Of The Political

Burchard, 2004: 
(Christoph – Professor at the University of Passau, INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW AND JUSTICE, http://www.iilj.org/papers/documents/2004.8Burchard.pdf)
This philosophy is a perplexing crucible of, on the one hand, empirical determinations
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possibility to create just society, 13 the civitas dei on earth. 14
Pointing to his most fundamental empirical determination, Schmitt thought that the validity of theories
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fighting itself is neither virtuous, nor a social ideal for Schmitt.20

Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KK | Judge: Will Scott

Security is a psychological construct. Their ontological framing of the world causes endless warfare. Vote neg to reject the logic of security.

Burke 7—Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales (Anthony, Theory 26 Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007, "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason," Project MUSE)

This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to
ANDt
AND
to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

Tournament: UNT | Round: 7 | Opponent: KState KM | Judge: Bryan Box

The affirmative images of annihilation create a pure war mentality, creating the underlying conditions for war

Mark Borg, Spring 2003. Graduate of the William Alanson White Institute’s psychoanalytic certification program and continues his candidacy in their organizational dynamics program. "Psychoanalytic Pure War: Interactions with the Post-Apocalyptic Unconscious," Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society 8.1, Project Muse.

Virilio and Lotringer gave the name "pure war" to the psychological condition that
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Avenue in a bus after her session with me, exemplifies this task. 

Vote negative to give back the gift of security. Only resistance to security logic can generate genuine political thought

Neocleous 8 – Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 ~Critique of Security, 185-6~
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."’

Tournament: UTD | Round: 2 | Opponent: KCKCC FG | Judge: John Cook

The 1AC can never solve – The aff is grounded in within the university, this ensures their strategy maintains interpassivity and fails

Occupied UC Berkeley 09 (The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC; http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, 11/19 shree)
He and his look forward to a reproduction of the logic of representative governance,
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all thought and action, that bind revolution inside books, lecture halls.

The 1AC creates a confrontational space.  This you vs us imagery prevents all us from reaching a point of agreement thus collapse the goal of the aff.

Foucault 84’ Michel, Foucault, Michel. "Polemics, Politics and Problematizations." In Essential Works of Foucault, edited by Paul Rabinow. Vol. 1 "Ethics". The New Press, 1998. This interview took place in order for Foucault to answer questions frequently asked by American audiences. It was conducted by Paul Rabinow in May 1984, just before Foucault’s death. http://foucault.info/foucault/interview.html
In the serious play of questions and answers, in the work of reciprocal elucidation
AND
The polemicist relies on a legitimacy that his adversary is by definition denied.

Alt is to step outside these university and find new means to build relationships to solve the Aff.  The space embraced by the aff cannot reorient power.

Occupied UC Berkeley 09 (The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC; http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/, 11/19 shree)
Social death is our banal acceptance of an institution’s meaning for our own lack of
AND
over as many of these dead buildings. We will find one another.