Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville | Judge: Joe Bellon
Literature and psychological bias runs towards threat deflation- we are the opposite of paranoid

--AT: Security = Social Construct

Schweller 4 Randall L. Schweller, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at The Ohio State University, “Unanswered Threats A Neoclassical 

RealistTheory of Underbalancing,” International Security 29.2 (2004) 159-201, Muse 

Despite the historical frequency of … to thwart balance of power predictions.

Promotion of security is an ethical responsibility of government. Even if total security is impossible, limited security 

avoids a hell on earth. 

Elshtain ‘3 (Jean Bethke, Prof. Social and Pol. Ethics – U. Chicago, “Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World”, p. 46-48)

IN THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH of September 11, I …, or infamous, war of all against all.

Moving away from security creates new challengers and increases the risk of war

Doran, 99 (Charles, Professor of International Relations at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, Survival, 1999, Summer, p. 148-9, 

proquest)

The conclusion, then, is that the probability … that leads in the end to war.

Insecurity and disorder aren’t inevitable, future planning has been effective. Debates amongst citizens are key to 

assessing probability and effectively planning

--Predictions of threats good

Kurasawa 2004 (Constellations Volume 11 Number 4, 2004) 

Moreover, keeping in mind … generations if left unchallenged.

Violence is the wrong answer and makes problems worse –

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Warden
No war- Chinese peaceful rise and minimum deterrence check war-AND policy elite and bureaucratic institutions ensure no risk of nuclear escalation even if war happened
Moore, CNS (Center for Nonproliferation Studies) East Asia research assistant, 10-18-2006
Scott, Monterey Institute for International Studies; James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Nuclear Conflict in the 21st Century: Reviewing the Chinese Nuclear Threat," NTI, http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_80.html, mss

Even with projected improvements and the … opposition may well prevail.

Changes in Chinese nuclear forces and recent naval incidents prove no first use won’t solve accidental launch
Pollack, US government consultant on Prolif, 09
Joshua, July/August, “Emerging strategic dilemmas in U.S.-Chinese relations,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, rmg

Chinese nuclear doctrine has …U.S. antisubmarine warfare.9 

Alt. Causes to modernization – China wants to update their weapons systems, increase capabilities, and replace warheads with newer ones.
Nuclear Threat Initiative 2003.
("China's Nuclear Weapon Development, Modernization and Testing", 9-26-03, NIT - newsource that covers nuclear arms proliferation issues, http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:GgcztMPaugYJ:www.nti.org/db/China/wnwmdat.htm+china+OR+chinese+AND+nuclear+modernization+OR+modernize+AND+strategyandcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=us). jt 

Why is China strengthening its … to escalate a nuclear exchange.”

China isn’t modernizing to achieve parity – the west is overreacting
Tompkins, senior analyst at the National Institute for Public Policy, 2003
. (Joanne., How U.S. Strategic Policy Is Changing China’s Nuclear Plans", January/February 2003, http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:IOeoennCwA8J:www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_01-02/tompkins_janfeb03+U.S.+arms-control+OR+U.S.-arms-reduction+AND+China+OR+Chinese+AND+parityandcd=4andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=usandclient=firefox-a). jt 

Many in China believe that the .. growth of the country. 

Hotline solves your miscalc
Washington Post, 11-6-07
(“China and U.S. To Establish Military Hotline,” http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/05/AR2007110500102.html) atw

China and the United States announced … exchanges at all levels."

No scenario for china – india war- definitely wouldn’t go nuclear
SAAG, 12
(SAAG is the South Asia Analysis Group, a non-profit, non-commercial think tank. The objective of SAAG is to advance strategic analysis and contribute to the expansion of knowledge of Indian and International security and promote public understanding, "An India-China Military Conflict? – Analysis," 2-10-12, www.eurasiareview.com/10022012-an-india-china-military-conflict-analysis/, accessed 2-12-12, mss)

Today, the scenario is different. … India’s Look East policy is conflicting seriously with China’s territorial claims in the South China Sea.

No indo-pak war- economic realities, political actors, and lessons learned- Mumbai proves
Chu and King, Times Staff writers, 2008
Henry and Laura, December 6, "India, Pakistan keep lid on tensions," http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/06/world/fg-indiapakistan6, accessed 10-13-10, ADS

Hostility between India and Pakistan is at its … it's going to be the same script as 2001-02, they'll be mistaken."

Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Mary Washington CY | Judge: Jackie Poapst
Text: The president of the United States should direct that U.S. drone strikes be conducted as DOD Title 10 operations

And they didn’t specify which is a voting issue – mobility is based on textual interps – cx doesn’t solve
Brovero 94 Adrienne, Wake Forest University, “SOP, There It Is,” http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Brovero1994Immigration.htm

Agent specificity is also necessary to …which the policy is to be done.
CP solves the aff – creates transparency, unifies congressional oversight, complies with international law, sends an international signal, and gets modeled internationally
Zenko 13
Micah, “Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon” http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434 April mtc
The president should direct that U.S. … influence on how others use drones.

Status quo target vetting is carefully calibrated to avoid every aff impact in balance with CT--- there’s only a risk that restrictions destroy it
Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
Target vetting is the process by which the government … consider the risk of blowback (e.g. creating more terrorists as a result of the killing).191

Ex ante judicial review makes effective drone ops impossible---even limiting the court to vetting names in advance compromises the timelines of operations
James Oliphant 13, Deputy Editor, the National Journal, J.D. from the Ohio State University Morrill College of Law, 5/30/13, “Vetting the Kill List,” National Journal, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/vetting-the-kill-list-20130404
Civil libertarians and even hawks such as former Rep. Jane Harman of California, who served on the House Intelligence Committee, have suggested creating a court … is related to Fourth Amendment protections on search warrants.

Dear god Mcneal is just so much better than your authors
Gregory McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583
To date scholars have lacked a thorough … embedded in current practice.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal | Judge:
Strong pres key to deter Iran – commander in chief must be in control

Kramer 9/17/13

http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/

Martin Kramer is President of Shalem College, a new undergraduate liberal arts college in Jerusalem. An authority on 

contemporary Islam and Arab politics, Kramer earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees in Near Eastern Studies 

from Princeton University. During a twenty-five-year academic career at Tel Aviv University, he directed the Moshe 

Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. Kramer has taught as a visiting professor at Brandeis University, 

the University of Chicago, Cornell University, Georgetown University, and The Johns Hopkins University (SAIS). He has 

served as a visiting fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, The Washington 

Institute for Near East Policy, and Harvard University's Olin Institute for Strategic Studies.

Israel Likes Its U.S. Presidents Strong

But I focused instead on …sign of trouble at the top.

Only trust in US stops Israeli attack on Iran

Birnbaum 9/12/13

http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114691/israel-strike-iran-how-obamas-syria-waffling-makes-it-more-likely

Ben Birnbaum is a writer living in Israel.

The second misconception is … military opportunity closes.

Extinction

Hindustan Times 9/24/12

http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/RestOfAsia/World-War-III-may-erupt-if-Israel-attacks-Iran-official/

Article1-934709.aspx

A top Iranian official has said a … them if a war breaks out," he added.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Warden
Immigration Reform Passes Now – PC is key
Rubin, 11-14-13
(Jennifer, “Immigration reform outlook”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/14/immigration-reform-outlook/) BCT

There were some theatrics on .. the disastrous shutdown.

Plan costs capital
Rubner 00 (Michael, Prof @ James Madison College @ Michigan State University, “US Nuclear Weapons Policy in the Post Cold War Era” 9 MSU-DCL J. Int’l L. 271, Lexis)
Numerous proposals have been brought forth .. posture will change either quickly or substantially.

Immigration reform key to the economy:
Brooke Berger, 1/23/2013 (staff writer, “Villaraigosa: Comprehensive Immigration Reform Is Not Amnesty,” http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/01/23/villaraigosa-comprehensive-immigration-reform-is-not-amnesty, Accessed 1/23/2013, rwg)
What are the ..
Probability—history’s on our side—the 30’s prove economic collapse causes global nuclear war
Friedberg and Schoenfeld, 2008  Aaron, Prof. Politics. And IR @ Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School and Visiting Scholar @ Witherspoon Institute, and Gabriel, Senior Editor of Commentary and Wall Street Journal, “The Dangers of a Diminished America” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html
Then there are the dolorous .. travails with external adventures.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal | Judge:
Heg doesn’t solve war

Christopher Preble (director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute) August 2010 “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” http://

www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/

Most in Washington still embraces … pick up the tab.

Soft power doesn’t prevent backlash. Countries hate US power, regardless of how it’s exercised

Charles Krauthammer, nationally syndicated columnist, Pulitzer Prize winner, recipient of the Irving Kristol Award from 

the American Enterprise Institute, Winter 2002/2003, The National Interest, “The Unipolar Moment Revisited,” p. Lexis

A third critique comes from what might .. the details of our management of it.

US decline will not spark wars.

MacDonald and Parent 11—Professor of Political Science at Williams College and Professor of Political Science at University of Miami Paul K. MacDonald 

and Joseph M. Parent, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Spring 2011), pp. 7–44

Our findings are directly relevant … only exacerbate U.S. grand strategic problems and risk unnecessary clashes. 101

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal | Judge:
Obama ignores the plan and retains detainees anyway. Noncompliance undermines the Court’s legitimacy and makes 

the plan worthless

Pushaw 4—Professor of law @ Pepperdine University Robert J. Pushaw, Jr., “Defending Deference: A Response to Professors Epstein and Wells,” Missouri Law 

Review, Vol. 69, 2004

Civil libertarians have urged the … full responsibility. Pg. 968-970 

Democracies cause more wars- their studies are flawed

- Henderson ‘2 (Errol Henderson, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Political Science at the University of Florida, 2002, Democracy and War The End of an Illusion?)

The replication and extension of …—and to initiate—interstate wars. 

Turn – transition causes war.

Taner ‘2 (Taner—PhD Poli Sci at Syracuse—2002 (Binnur Ozkececi, Fall, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 45, http://

www.alternativesjournal.com/binnur.pdf)

More seriously, however, “… countries and modify, not necessarily change, some of their propositions. 

Obama will disregard the Court. He is on record

Pyle 12—Professor of constitutional law and civil liberties @ Mount Holyoke College Christopher H. Pyle, “Barack Obama and Civil Liberties,” Presidential 

Studies Quarterly, Volume 42, Issue 4, December 2012, Pg. 867–880

Preventive Detention

But this is not the only double standard … with euphemisms like “enhanced interrogation techniques” (Editorial 2011b).

Congress will backlash. It will functionally bar the Court from exercising its authority 

Vladeck 11—Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship @ American University Stephen I. Vladeck, “Why Klein (Still) Matters: Congressional 

Deception and the War on Terrorism,” Journal of National Security Law, Volume 5, 6/16/2011, 9:38 AM 

Six weeks later, Congress enacted the USA P… appropriate.”56 pg. 257-259

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal | Judge:
Liberal legitimacy and hegemony is an imperial ideology disguised by the language of science. 

Liberal institutionalism requires the elimination of non-liberal forms of life to achieve national 

security

Tony SMITH Poli Sci @ Tufts 12 Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion eds. Hobson and Kurki p. 206-210

Writing in 1952, Reinhold Niebuhr … much more likely to succeed. 

This drive to destroy non-liberal ways of life will culminate in extinction

Batur 7 Pinar, PhD @ UT-Austin – Prof. of Sociology @ Vassar, The Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and 

Genocide, Handbook of The Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, eds. Vera and Feagin, p. 441-3

War and genocide are horrid, … examples of this “geography of hunger and exploitation” are Iraq and New Orleans.

Using the law as a starting point for your affirmative casts populations as outside of the law. That 

results in an ideology perpetuating black sites

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph, “State Violence and 

the Execution of Law : Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites” Routledge)

Soon after the story of the systemic torture perpetrated at Abu Ghraib broke in the US, former President George W. Bush was interviewed by a journalist on the morality of torture: Q: Mr 

President . . . this is a moral question: Is … the incommensurability of law to justice.

Alternative—Challenge to conceptual framework of national security. Only our alternative displaces the source of 

executive overreach. Legal restraint without conceptual change is futile. 

Aziz RANA Law at Cornell 11 “Who Decides on Security?” Cornell Law Faculty Working Papers, Paper 87, http://

scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops_papers/87 p. 45-51

The prevalence of these continuities … arrangements to become ever more entrenched.

Their plan proves our argument- they mandate the release of prisoners who have WON their habeaus corpus 

hearings- but they leave the ones who lost in detention sites- proves they don’t solve their signal arguments and the 

government will always distort progress for their own benefit- their plan is the problem

Worthington 11

http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/guantanamo-habeas-results-the-definitive-list/

This definitive list of all the court rulings relating to … of the various appeals.

Colonialism is an unacceptable ethical violation. You should refuse to vote affirmative regardless of 

the good they claim to achieve. 

Nermeen Shaikh, @ Asia Source, 7 Development 50, “Interrogating Charity and the Benevolence of Empire,” Palgrave-
Journals

It would probably be incorrect to assume that the … the Partition) (Pandey, 1998), or the consolidation of Jewish and Arab identities in Palestine 

and the Mediterranean generally (Anidjar, 2003, 2007).

Their magnitude and escalation claims support an imperial paradigm of war against illiberal ways of 

life. Narratives of global vulnerability and extinction support recolonization by the global North.

Mark DUFFIELD Global Insecurities Centre and Politics @ Bristol (UK) 10 “Global Insecurities Centre, Department of 

Politics Exploring the Global Life-Chance Divide” Security Dialogue 41 p. 67-69

With the ending of the Cold War, the … political foreground.

Transplanting the liberal-legal model risks authoritarian abuse, and hurts internal bottom-up 

reforms.

Julie MERTUS Law @ Ohio Northern 99 From Legal Transplants to Transformative Justice 14 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1335, 

Lexis

C. Legal Transplant Projects Problems with …, and the most knowledgeable legal experts will be unable to solve it on their own. 

Legitimacy is a weapon for the national-security apparatus. Legal restrictions enable the U.S. to 

wage more precisely regulated and brutal forms of war. 

Francisco J. CONTRERAS Prf. Philosophy of Law @ Seville AND Ignacio de la RASILLA Ph.D. candidate in international 

law, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, 8 “On War as Law and Law as War” Leiden Journal of 

International Law Vol. 21 Issue 3 p. 770-773

Kennedy begins by coldly contradicting those … their own’, an autonomous, perverted dynamism.

Bare life is the hidden foundation of the 1AC. As such, Plan will always be immobilized and 

imprisoned by the distinction between sovereign and subject. A completely new politics is the only 

hope for meaningful politics

Agamben 1998 – published and widely cited philosopher (“Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life,” http://

www.thing.net/rdom/ucsd/biopolitics/HomoSacer.pdf)

The protagonist of this book is … without reserve.

Stability offered by liberal-democratic assistance comes at a price—they establish the conditions for 

long-term exploitation and genocide. The historical record of democratic interventions proves the 

reality of solvency never lives up to the rhetoric

Oliver RICHMOND IR and Director of Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies @ St. Andrews 9 New Perspectives on 

liberal peacebuilding eds. Newman, Paris and Richmond p. 59-63

Backsliding: Emerging problems with …, backsliding and international unease. 

More evidence—

Heg doesn’t solve war

Fettweis 10—Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College Christopher J. Fettweis, “Threat and 

Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2 April 2010 , pages 59—82informaworld

One potential explanation for the growth of … is unnecessary to reach the conclusion that world peace and US military expenditure are 

unrelated.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: JMU | Judge:
Aff doesn’t create international support for drones – means that collapse is 

inevitable – here’s the laundry list of things that their solvency adovocate says 

they have to do

Zenko, CFR Fellow, 13 (Micah, is the Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the 

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)., “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/

reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736) (mtc)

Much like policies governing the use of … ?? host discussions in partnership with Israel
No Deterrence Break Down – other countries surveillance drones trigger the 

link

Boyle, 13 Michael J., Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University in 

Philadelphia, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” http://www.chathamhouse.org/

sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, ALBwe reject 

any offensive language used in our evidence

A second consequence of the spread of … magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict ¶ between them.

Norms fail

Blair 13 – former United States Director of National Intelligence and is a retired United States 

Navy admiral

Dennis, 1-22-13, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies” http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/us-drone-
strike-policies/p29849

The first point is I'm less … set by the United States in this area.

Drone prolif doesn’t increase conflict – creates effective deterrence

Ohlin 13 – Associate Professor of Law, Cornell Law School

Jens, March 2013, “Is Jus in Bello in Crisis?” Journal of International Criminal Justice Volume 11 

Issue 1

On a more practical level, the … of drone technology.

China’s drone use will be limited

Erickson and Strange 13 – *associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate 

in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Center researcher at the Naval War College’s 

China Maritime Studies Institute and a graduate student at Zhejiang University

Andrew and Austin, 5-23-13, “China Has Drones. Now What?” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/

articles/139405/andrew-erickson-and-austin-strange/china-has-drones-now-what?page=show

Beijing, however, is unlikely to use…drone strikes overseas.

Economic interdependence prevents any war with China

Perry and Scowcroft 9

William (Michael and Barbara Berberian professor at Stanford University.) and Brent (resident 

trustee of the Forum for International Policy.) “US Nuclear Weapons Policy.” 2009. Council on 

Foreign Relations. Online.

Economic interdependence … on larger strategic issues.

China won’t escalate it—US military alliances check 

Shuo 12

Wang, “Closer Look: Why War Is Not an Option” http://english.caixin.com/2012-09-12/

100436770.html September 12 mtc 

There won't be a war in …of a war in East Asia, not even remotely.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal | Judge:
Obama will win the debt ceiling fight – strength and resolve are key to forcing the GOP to bend

POLITICO 10 – 1 – 13 “Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line” http://www.politico.com/story/

2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3

President Barack Obama started …way as people rethink this.”

Plan kills Obama’s agenda

KRINER 10—Assistant professor of political science at Boston University Douglas L. Kriner, “After the Rubicon: 

Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, pg. 276-77

One of the mechanisms by which … had the predicted effect. 

Losing military authority will embolden the GOP to fight on the debt ceiling

SEEKING ALPHA 9 – 10 – 13 “Syria Could Upend Debt Ceiling Fight” http://seekingalpha.com/article/1684082-syria-
could-upend-debt-ceiling-fight

Unless President Obama can totally change a reluctant public's perception of another Middle-Eastern conflict, it seems unlikely that he can get 218 votes in the 

House, though he can probably … default on U.S. obligations unless another last minute deal can be struck.

Destroys the global economy

DAVIDSON 9 – 15 – 13 co-founder and co-host of Planet Money, a co-production of the NYT and NPR Adam 

Davidson, Our Debt to Society, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?

pagewanted=alland_r=1and

The Daily Treasury Statement, a … global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Global nuke wars

Kemp 10—Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center, served in the White House under Ronald 

Reagan, special assistant to the president for national security affairs and senior director for Near East and South 

Asian affairs on the National Security Council Staff, Former Director, Middle East Arms Control Project at the Carnegie 

Endowment for International Peace Geoffrey Kemp, 2010, The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia’s Growing 

Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4

The second scenario, called … the planet’s population.

Depression means more terror recruitment and motivation

Fandl, Adjunct Law Professor @ Washington College of Law, ‘4

(Kevin J, 19 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 587)

In his final speech in the United … will be able to destroy the prevalence and furtherance of those ideas. 58

Nuke war

Bin 9 (director of Arms Control Program at the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University, 5-22-09 About the 

Authors Prof. Li Bin is a leading Chinese expert on arms control and is currently the director of Arms Control Program at 

the Institute of International Studies, Tsinghua University. He received his Bachelor and Master Degrees in Physics from 

Peking University before joining China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) to pursue a doctorate in the technical 

aspects of arms control. He served as a part-time assistant on arms control for the Committee of Science, Technology 

and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND).Upon graduation Dr. Li entered the Institute of Applied Physics and 

Computational Mathematics (IAPCM) as a research fellow and joined the COSTIND technical group supporting Chinese 

negotiation team on Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). He attended the final round of CTBT negotiations as a 

technical advisor to the Chinese negotiating team. Nie Hongyi is an officer in the People’s Liberation Army with an 

MA from China’s National Defense University and a Ph.D. in International Studies from Tsinghua University, which he 

completed in 2009 under Prof. Li Bin

The nuclear taboo is a kind of … danger of a nuclear war. 

Collapses heg

Friedberg, professor of politics and IR @ Princeton, and Schoenfeld, visiting scholar @ the Witherspoon Institute, 

10/21/’8

(Aaron and Gabriel, “The Dangers of a Diminished America,” http://online.wsj.com/article/

SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)

One immediate … of maximum vulnerability.

Best studies prove growth solves conflict

Jedidiah Royal 10, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, “Economic Integration, 

Economic Signalling And The Problem Of Economic Crises”, in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political 

Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-215

Second, on a dyadic level…, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

Cesare Merlini 11, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board 

of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs, May 2011, “A Post-Secular World?”, Survival, Vol. 53, No. 2

Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of possibilities, albeit at the risk of oversimplification. The first scenario entails the premature crumbling of the post-Westphalian 

system. … absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Link 

They tried to make a courts no link on case and a link turn at the bottom of the flow – ill answer it 

here

Court action causes Congress to backlash against Obama

Calabresi 2008 (Massimo Calabresi, June 26, 2008, “Obama's Supreme Move to the Center Washington” TIME Magazine, http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/

0,8599,1818334,00.html)

When the Supreme Court … appointing liberal justices much between now and November.

Restricting detention links

CCR 11 Center for Constitutional Rights Detained Man Describes Peaceful Protests Against Indefinite Detention 

at Guantánamo, http://yubanet.com/usa/Detained-Man-Describes-Peaceful-Protests-Against-Indefinite-Detention-at-
Guant-namo.php#.Ujn_vMbYuYQ

Upon the anniversary of … the government has requested.

Empirically – Court detention cases caused a Congressional backlash

Abramowitz and Weisman 6 – Washington Post Staff Writers (6/1/06, Michael and Jonathan, The Washington 

Post, “GOP Seeks Advantage In Ruling On Trials”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/

30/AR2006063001737.html) AC 

Republicans yesterday looked to … campaign in 2004.

Leadership matters

Jacobs and King 10, University of Minnesota, Nuffield College, (Lawrence and Desmond, “Varieties of Obamaism: Structure, Agency, and the Obama 

Presidency,” Perspectives on Politics (2010), 8: 793-802) 

Yet if presidential … our future”.12

No impact to their behner args – shutdown broke up 

Ezra Klein 9/28/13, writer @ the Washington Post, “The House GOP’s shutdown plan is great news,” Washington Post, 

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/09/28/the-house-gops-shutdown-plan-is-great... pressure 

to force a resolution before a default happens.

Empirically false and the plan is more likely to disrupt Obama’s careful issue selection

Eberly, 13 - coordinator of Public Policy Studies and assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at St. 

Mary's College of Maryland (Todd, Baltimore Sun, “The presidential power trap” http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-

01-21/news/bs-ed-political-capital-20130121_1_political-system-george-hw-bush-party-support/2)

Only by solving the … oath of office.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Warden
Prolif will not be rapid or a cascade- prestige, domestic public opinion, extended deterrence and technology capability check
Evans and Kawaguchi et al, ICNND co-chairs, November 2009
Gareth, University of Melbourne Honorary Professorial Fellow, International Crisis Group president emeritus, former Australian Attorney-General, Minister for Resources and Energy, and Foreign Minister ,and Yoriko, Member of the House of
Councillors (Japan) for the Liberal Democratic Party since 2005, Special Adviser to the Prime Minister of Japan, responsible for foreign affairs, from 2004 to 2005, "Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers," International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, http://www.icnnd.org/reference/reports/ent/pdf/ICNND_Report-EliminatingNuclearThreats.pdf, accessed 12-25-9, mss

It is important to keep all these … Arabia and Turkey to respond quickly to a move by Iran to acquire nuclear-armed status. 

No signal or tech internal link - NPT can’t solve - it is seen not credible and has no way to enforce even those that are under the NPT
De Bruin, research assistant at HJS, 7-21-08
(Danielle “A New Approach for dealing with nuclear weapons”, Henry Jackson Society, http://www.henryjacksonsociety.org/stories.asp?id=736) cmt

In the last forty years, there … of a more proactive means of defusing the desire to gain weapons.
?
Double Bind for Asian Prolif – Either:

a.) Prolif will never happen
Alagappa 08  (Muthiah, Distinguished Senior Fellow – East-West Center, in “The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia, Ed. Muthiah Alagappa , p. 521-522)

It will be useful at this … in Iran and the Middle East. 

OR

b.) They cant solve the reasons it would happen
Cha 01 – Associate Prof. Gov. and School of Foreign Service – Georgetown U., Journal of Strategic Studies (Victor, “The second nuclear age: Proliferation pessimism versus sober optimism in South Asia and East Asia”,  24:4, InformaWorld)

This contribution makes … desirable, is not likely.

Prolif doesn’t cause war
Sagan and Waltz, 2003
(Scott D., professor of Political Science at Stanford University, co-director: Center for International Security and Cooperation, Kenneth N., adjunct professor of Political Science at Columbia University, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, pg 118-119) tmb

Proximity is a constantly .. sober.”63 And in the Kargil campaign, India never sent its troops across the line of control.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Warden
Security threats are political constructions by experts to justify constant militarism
Aziz Rana 12, Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell University Law School; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School; PhD., Harvard University, July 2012, “NATIONAL SECURITY: LEAD ARTICLE: Who Decides on Security?,” 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1417
Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what … and embody a central and routine instrument for incorporating mass voice into state decision-making.

Failure to criticize security discourse threatens extinction
Pinar Bilgin 5 Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, P164-5
Thinking about the future from a ….-constitutive potential of their thinking would be complicit in perpetuating regional insecurity in the Middle East.

Notions of US legal prestige and modeling solidify global inequality by replacing political violence with legal violence---turns the case because it subordinates effective domestic systems to predatory rule of law models
Ugo Mattei 3, Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of International and Comparative Law, ¶ U.C. Hastings; Professore Ordinario di Diritto Civile, Università di Torino A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance, ic.ucsc.edu/rlipsch/pol160A/Mattei.pdf
This essay attempts to develop a theory of … has been transformed into legal violence.

The alternative is to refuse the affirmative’s endorsement of the security state, in favor of subjecting the 1ACs discourse to intellectual scrutiny. Critical intellectualism is key to solve extinction---voting negative outweighs hypothetical plan consequences  
Jones 99—IR, Aberystwyth (Richard, “6. Emancipation: Reconceptualizing Practice,” Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html, AMiles)

The central political task of the … and a challenge to critical security studies.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Warden
No first use is not seen as credible multiple reasons – 

1. Only the initiator of the pledge believes it – Cold War proves
   Yu and Guangqian, PhD Candidate Tsinghua University, 09
   Rong Yu is a Ph. D. candidate at the Institute of International Strategy and Development, School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University AND Peng Guangqian is editor-in-chief of Strategic Sciences and has long been engaged in research on military strategy and international affairs. 2009 (Issue 13 - Winter / Nuclear No-First-Use Revisited http://www.chinasecurity.us/index.php?option=com_contentandview=articleandid=225andItemid=8)jap

During the Cold War, both sides .. unilateral absolute security.

Cant solve pak modeling  - Political support doesn’t cause NFU only the military will
Kuncheria, Staff writer, 08
C.J., “Pakistan ready for nuclear no first use offer,” http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-36643720081122?pageNumber=1andvirtualBrandChannel=0 rmg

Pakistan is willing to …. They would have to be brought kicking and screaming," Bhaskar said.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: JMU | Judge:
Shift to military doesn’t solve transparency

Ackerman 13

Spencer Ackerman, Wired DangerRoom, 3/20/13, Little Will Change If the Military Takes Over 

CIA’s Drone Strikes, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/03/military-drones/

There’s an argument that … he wants to get, down in the weeds.”

The military will shift to JSOC

Sullivan 13 – 

(Andrew, “Will Drone Reform Make A Difference?,” http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2013/03/

20/reining-in-the-cias-drones/)

Daniel Klaidman reports that … of its intelligence activities.

This turns the case – prevents any accountability – the squo is comparatively 

better

Kaplan 13 – Slate columnist on foreign policy

(Fred, “The Drones Are in the Details,” http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/

war_stories/2013/03/

john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html)

Shifting control of drone … committees about its covert operations.)

Military won’t allow JSOC oversight

Chesney 12 – (2012, Robert, Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at the University of Texas 

School of Law, non-resident Senior Fellow of the Brookings Institution, “Military-Intelligence 

Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate… SASC and HASC.

CIA oversight is sufficient

Lohmann 12 – second-year student at Harvard Law School, where she is director of the 

Harvard Law National Security Research Committee. She graduated with a B.A. in political 

science from the University of California, Berkeley

(Julia, “Distinguishing CIA-Led from Military-Led Targeted Killings,” http://

www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/effects-of-
particular-tactic-on-issues-related-to-targeted-killings/)

Targeted killings are usually … and to additional confusion in determining what process is required.

JSOC is exempt

Lohmann 12 – second-year student at Harvard Law School, where she is director of the 

Harvard Law National Security Research Committee. She graduated with a B.A. in political 

science from the University of California, Berkeley

(Julia, “Distinguishing CIA-Led from Military-Led Targeted Killings,” http://

www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/effects-of-
particular-tactic-on-issues-related-to-targeted-killings/)

The U.S. military—in particular, the Special Operations Command (SOCOM), and its subsidiary entity, the Joint Special 

Operations …, as well as its congressional reporting rules.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Louisville | Judge: Joe Bellon
Your decision should answer the resolutional question: Is the enactment of topical action 

better than the status quo or a competitive option? 

1. “Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum

Army Officer School ‘04

(5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the … petition the mayor.

2. “USFG should” means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental 

means

Ericson ‘03

(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third 

Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: … the future action that you propose. 

They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action. That 

undermines preparation and clash. Changing the question now leaves one side unprepared, 

resulting in shallow, uneducational debate. Requiring debate on a communal topic forces 

argument development and develops persuasive skills critical to any political outcome. 

C. You should vote negative:

First, DECISION MAKING impact –

Simualted national security law debates inculcate agency and decision-making skills—that 

enables activism and avoids cooption 

Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the 

Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-
Simulations.pdf

The concept of simulations as an … direction for the years to come.

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid 

a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making 

benefits of the activity

Steinberg and Freeley ‘13

David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National 

Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, 

Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil 

rights law, Argumentation and Debate

Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling … point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy

Steinberg and Freeley ‘13

David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National 

Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, 

Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil 

rights law, Argumentation and Debate

Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

In the spring of 2011, facing a … of decision making. Decisions should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.

Second impact is Dialogue. Debate’s critical axis is a form of dialogic communication within a 

confined game space.

Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys 

dialogue in debate

Hanghoj 8

http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/

2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf

 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008 

 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish

Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of

Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have

taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the

Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab

Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant

professor. 

Debate games are often based … goal, should be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by 

magnifying the benefits of any discussion

Morson 4

http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf#page=331

Northwestern Professor, Prof. Morson's work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the 

history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his 

favorite writers -- Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of 

literature to philosophy. 

A belief in truly dialogic … is itself the most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going. 

Dialogue is critical to affirming any value—shutting down deliberation devolves into 

totalitarianism and reinscribes oppression

Morson 4

http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf#page=331

Northwestern Professor, Prof. Morson's work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the 

history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his 

favorite writers -- Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of 

literature to philosophy.

 Bakhtin viewed the whole process of “ideological” (in the sense of ideas and values, however unsystematic) 

development as an endless dialogue. .. much the same way, in an ongoing spiral of intolerance.

Lastly, prefer specificity—simulation about war powers is uniquely empowering 

Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the 

Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-
Simulations.pdf

2. Factual Chaos and Uncertainty

One of the most important skills … to create conditions of learning.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cal | Judge:
Interpretation - Restrictions are prohibitions on action

Schiedler-Brown ‘12

Jean, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, 

Washington, The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/

A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf

3. The ordinary …not agree to restrict his license.

Violation – the aff releases detainees – this doesn’t curtail presidential war powers in the area of 

indefinite detention. 

Limits – allowing usfg action that doesn’t result in curtailing obamas war powers explodes the topic 

- simply releasing detainees would be the same as moving our army in order to restrict war making 

powers. 

Ground – being so untopical makes it impossible to garner solvency deficits and debate the plan. 

Reason to vote negative

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: JMU | Judge:
The plan restricts all targeted killing operations – it’s a blanket review applied 

despite the authority used

This is distinct OR extra-topical – 

A) “Drone operations” include surveillance

Khan 12 – 

(Azmat, “Should the State Dept Outsource Drone Operations to Private Contractors?,” http://

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/should-the-state-dept-outsource-
drone-operations-to-private-contractors/)

Taking over a role formerly … poses unique risks, particularly in Iraq.

Contextual ev proves our distinction

Gaist 13

(“US Expands Global Drone Warfare,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/us-expands-global-drone-
warfare/5343612)

As part of “Operation Nomad Shadow,” … Obama’s administration’s global drone war.

B) Signatures strikes

Targeted killing requires an identified target and a name on a kill list – 

Signature strikes are distinct

Uebersax 12 - psychologist, writer and former RAND Corporation military analyst.

(John, “The Four Kinds of Drone Strikes,” http://satyagraha.wordpress.com/2012/05/23/the-
four-kinds-of-drone-strikes/)

We must begin with clear …, and basic human decency.

c) covert authority 

Title 10 operations are war powers – the plan restricts covert actions

Rizzo 10 - lawyer at the Central Intelligence Agency for 34 years

(John, “address to ABA’s Standing Committee on Law and National Security,” Interview 

transcribed at http://emptywheel.firedoglake.com/2010/05/11/john-rizzo-dods-engaged-in-
cyberwarfare-with-limited-oversight/)

I did want to mention–cause I find this interesting–cyberwarfare, on the issue of cyberwarfare. Again, increasing discussion 

there clearly is an active arena, will continue to be active. For us lawyers, certainly for the lawyers in the intelligence 

community, I’ve always found fascinating and personally I think it’s a key to understanding many of the legal and political 

complexities of so-called cyberlaw and cyberwarfare is the division between Title 10, Title 10 operations and Title … 

action operations conducted by CIA.

They restrict covert operations, that’s outside of war

Kaplan 13 – Slate columnist on foreign policy

(Fred, “The Drones Are in the Details,” http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/

war_stories/2013/03/

john_brennan_wants_the_pentagon_to_take_command_of_the_cia_s_drone_strike.html)

To put it in legal terms, … “not include traditional military activities.”*

This is distinct from war powers authority

Damrosch 89 – Professor of Law @ Columbia U

(Lori, “SPECIAL ISSUE: THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION IN ITS THIRD CENTURY: FOREIGN 

AFFAIRS: DISTRIBUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY: COVERT OPERATIONS,” 83 A.J.I.L. 

795)

Much recent writing focuses on ways that the … political funding is consistent with U.S. domestic law.

Extra is a voting issue 

Ground – steals core neg shift, loopholes and counterplan ground

Proves resolution insufficient – outside jurisdiction

Solvency booster – get to fiat more branches, more actions

Adding on other powers drastically increases the research burden – war powers 

is already large enough

Taylor 5 – now a JD from William and Mary

(Jarred, “Searching for a More Perfect Union,” https://docs.google.com/document/d/

1ypiOXjRVPWzNxDsFVJ0S1n-QfIGtXzp7Y59meEwd-bE/edit?hl=en_US)

It would take even … bear highlighting.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 1 | Opponent: Harvard DT | Judge: Warden
Interp- "Armed forces" refers to human members of the military, NOT weapon systems or capabilities
Lorber 13
{Eric, JD Candidate at University of Pennsylvania Law School, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 15 (Jan 2013), KRS}

As is evident from a textual .. of the armed forces, such a conclusion is not determinative.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: JMU | Judge:
Can’t solve without totally ending drone strikes

The News 13 (“Obama's drone speech could improve Pakistan ties”, 5/24/13, http://

www.thenews.com.pk/article-102381-Obamas-drone-speech-could-improve-Pakistan-ties)

‘‘Obama has finally responded to …’ the ministry said in a statement.

Pakistanis are angry about civilian deaths and sovereignty – Not transparency

Global Post 12 (“Anti-American sentiment on the rise in Pakistan”, 6/28/12, http://

www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/united-states/120628/anti-american-
sentiment-the-rise-pakistan)

Anti-American sentiment … they kill civilians as well as militants."

Bab al-Mandab strait not at risk- AQAP doesn’t posses the capability to severely 

disrupt stability and any attack would be detected

Saul 11

Jonathan, 6/3, “Analysis - Vital shipping lanes can weather turmoil in Yemen”, Reuters, http://

uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/03/uk-yemen-shipping-idUKTRE75240220110603

Merchant ships using a vital … to be a will "to maintain the current level of warships to protect shipping."

Saudi Arabia will fill the gap

International Oil Daily ‘11

“Yemen Gets More Saudi Oil,” July 21, 2011 Thursday lexis AD 8/27/11

Saudi Arabia’s fourth … between February and June.

No scenario for nuclear terror---consensus of experts

Matt Fay 13, PhD student in the history department at Temple University, has 

a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s 

in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational 

Security Studies from American Military University, 7/18/13, “The Ever-Shrinking 

Odds of Nuclear Terrorism”, webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?

q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+andcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=us

andclient=firefox-a

For over a decade now, one of … assessments indicate it should.

Aggrate risk is non-existent 

Mueller in ‘10

John Mueller, professor of political science at Ohio State University. “Calming Our Nuclear 

Jitters”. Issues in Science and Technology. 1… off the deed drop to one in well over three billion.