Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: 

K

Bored with the banality of modern life, whites think contact with the other is a way to "spice it up" and have a transformative experience while trying to not feel racist. This ideology reduces the other to its use value, preventing any change and strengthening the current power structure

hooks 92 (bell, Ph.D. from the University of California, Santa Cruz, 1992, "Eating the Other," from "Black Looks: Race and Representation," pages 21-22, da 10-10-13, http://www.scribd.com/doc/118302450/Eating-the-Other-bell-Hooks) KJS
Contemporary working-class British slang playfully converges the discourse of desire, sexuality,
AND
since you are never that, except precisely by being condemned to it).
To make one’s self vulnerable to the seduction of difference, to seek an encounter
AND
the hope is that they will reenter that world no longer the same.

This turns the aff into a 9 minute terrorism theme park, where you can vote aff and be a good liberal for 2 hours at a time. Within the debate context, this is nothing more than accommodation. The affirmative is a vampiric form of exploitation.

Grande 4 (Sandy Grande. Red Pedagogy: Native American Social and Political Thought. 2004. Page 92-93.)
Indeed, various critical scholars have revealed "essentialism" as an integral part of
AND
the First Universal Races Conference with W.E.B. Dubois."

Thus the alternative – the role of the modern Western intellectual is not to interrogate oppression, but how we deal with and interrogate our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place.

Chow 93 (Rey Chow, Professor of English and Comp Lit, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, pp 17)

While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons – especially in cases where
AND
off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

The United States federal government should substantially increase statutory and/or judicial restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States sufficient to prevent the imprisonment of prisoners in indefinite imprisonment facilities. All prisoners should be transferred to the White House at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave Northwest, Washington. All instances of torture must take place in the White House’s rose garden.

Our strategy is preferable: In early September of 2006, historical narratives collided because the guerilla artist "Banksy," set up a life-size detainee doll in the Frontierland section of Disneyland. Such an impossible and grotesque image momentarily revealed the convergence of violent genealogies that make indefinite imprisonment facilities a reality. Our method is preferable because it functions as an apostrophe rather than just an inversion of hierarchies

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph,"State Violence and the Execution of Law : Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites" Routledge)

Banksy’s Guantanamo doll in Disneyland generates a politico-cultural charge that accrues from the
AND
begins, right next to us, two yards away from us.’61

Only an act of apostrophe reveals the relational geographies of biopolitics and allows for effective advocacy

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph, "State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites" Routledge)

On 8 September 2006, the guerrilla artist Banksy staged another of his politico-
AND
of the scare marks ensures that the one can never become the other.

The affirmative, in their call for state action, situates itself within the legal frameworks of the war on terror – using the law as a starting point for your method necessarily casts populations as outside of the law. That results in an ideology perpetuating black sites.

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph, "State Violence and the Execution of Law : Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites" Routledge)

Soon after the story of the systemic torture perpetrated at Abu Ghraib broke in the
AND
preserve, these redacted legal texts evidence the incommensurability of law to justice.

They don’t start with the question of bare life – that means they re-entrench existing hierarchies
Agamben 1998 (Giorgio Agamben, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer, 1998, pg. 11)-mikee

In contrasting the "beautiful day" (euemeria) of simple life with the
AND
in the perfect senselessness to which the society of the spectacle condemns it.

There is no hope for the classical politics of the affirmative.  Only a solution that first examines the way bare life is produced can we respond to the atrocities of our time.

Agamben in 1998 (Giorgio Agamben, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer, 1998, pg. 187-188)-mikee

It is on the basis of these uncertain and nameless terrains, these difficult zones
AND
a limit beyond which they cannot venture without risking an unprecedented biopolitical catastrophe.

The affirmative’s glorification of the debate round as a site for politics produces the zone of indistinction that makes a disposable population possible. There is no return from the camp and simply including more life into political relevance will end in an unprecedented biopolitical catastrophe.

Agamben in 1998 (Giorgio Agamben, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer, 1998, pg. 187-188)-mikee

It is on the basis of these uncertain and nameless terrains, these difficult zones
AND
a limit beyond which they cannot venture without risking an unprecedented biopolitical catastrophe.

Deconstruction is preferable to their strategy of direct resistance – their strategy always results in recreating impacts by deferring oppression farther towards the periphery of the biopolitical hierarchy

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph,"State Violence and the Execution of Law : Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites" Routledge)

Throughout the course of this interrogation log, al-Qahtani is repeatedly `reminded
AND
compunction — without having to think ’in terms of guilt or innocence.’

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Dartmouth KS | Judge: 

FW

Our interpretation is that the affirmative should exclusively defend the desirability of a topical policy enacted by the United States federal government.

"Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum

Army Officer School, 04 (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
AND
resolved:"Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

And, "United States Federal Government should" means the debate is solely about the outcome of a policy established by governmental means

Ericson, 03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley ’13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Linking the ballot to a should question in combination with USFG simulation teaches the skills to organize pragmatic consequences and philosophical values into a course of action
Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor. 

 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy
Steinberg and Freeley ’13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
AND
should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.

Argument and clash are possible despite different subject positions—a starting point of engagement is critical to reconcile identities with methods of change
Anderson 6
Amanda, Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Humanities and English at Brown University, Spring 2006, "Reply to My Critic(s)," Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 2, p. 281-290

MY RECENT BOOK, The Way We Argue Now, has in a sense two
AND
generality, to finding a way to live together under conditions of difference.

Switching sides activates critique
Stevenson, PhD, senior lecturer and independent consultant – Graduate School of the Environment @ Centre for Alternative Technology, ’9
(Ruth, "Discourse, power, and energy conflicts: understanding Welsh renewable energy planning policy," Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Volume 27, p. 512-526)

It could be argued that this result arose from the lack of expertise of the
AND
must be an understanding of the power rationalities at work in the process.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: USMA BS | Judge: 

FW

Your decision should answer the resolutional question: Is the enactment of topical action better than the status quo or a competitive option? 

1. "Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum
   Army Officer School ’04
    (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)
   The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
   AND
   with dock g.  A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:"
   Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. "USFG should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means
Ericson ’03
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action. That undermines preparation and clash. Changing the question now leaves one side unprepared, resulting in shallow, uneducational debate. Requiring debate on a communal topic forces argument development and develops persuasive skills critical to any political outcome. 

Simualted national security law debates inculcate agency and decision-making skills—that enables activism and avoids cooption  
Laura K. Donohue, Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown Law, 4/11/13, National Security Law Pedagogy and the Role of Simulations, http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/National-Security-Law-Pedagogy-and-the-Role-of-Simulations.pdf

The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law
AND
undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity
Steinberg and Freeley ’13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy
Steinberg and Freeley ’13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
AND
should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.

Linking the ballot to a should question in combination with USFG simulation is key
Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor. 

 Joas’ re-interpretation of Dewey’s pragmatism as a "theory of situated creativity
AND
the contingent outcomes and domain-specific processes of problem-based scenarios.  

Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate
Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor. 

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
AND
dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion
Morson 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. 

A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
AND
most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going. 

Switching sides activates critique
Stevenson, PhD, senior lecturer and independent consultant – Graduate School of the Environment @ Centre for Alternative Technology, ’9
(Ruth, "Discourse, power, and energy conflicts: understanding Welsh renewable energy planning policy," Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Volume 27, p. 512-526)

It could be argued that this result arose from the lack of expertise of the
AND
must be an understanding of the power rationalities at work in the process.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Strong pres key to deter Iran – commander in chief must be in control

Kramer 9/17/13
http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2013/09/17/israel-likes-its-u-s-presidents-strong-2/
Martin Kramer is President of Shalem College, a new undergraduate liberal arts college in
AND
for Near East Policy, and Harvard University’s Olin Institute for Strategic Studies.
Israel Likes Its U.S. Presidents Strong

But I focused instead on Obama’s earlier "turnaround": his decision to seek authorization
AND
being a constitutional imperative, is a sign of trouble at the top.

Only trust in US stops Israeli attack on Iran

Birnbaum 9/12/13
http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114691/israel-strike-iran-how-obamas-syria-waffling-makes-it-more-likely-http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114691/israel-strike-iran-how-obamas-syria-waffling-makes-it-more-likely
Ben Birnbaum is a writer living in Israel.

The second misconception is that there is a meaningful debate within the Israeli government and
AND
to strike in the event that its own window of military opportunity closes.

Extinction

Hindustan Times 9/24/12
http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/RestOfAsia/World-War-III-may-erupt-if-Israel-attacks-Iran-official/Article1-934709.aspx-http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/RestOfAsia/World-War-III-may-erupt-if-Israel-attacks-Iran-official/Article1-934709.aspx

A top Iranian official has said a World War III may erupt if his country
AND
and will definitely target them if a war breaks out," he added.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Using the law as a starting point for your method casts populations as outside of the law. That results in an ideology perpetuating black sites

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph, "State Violence and the Execution of Law : Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites" Routledge)

Soon after the story of the systemic torture perpetrated at Abu Ghraib broke in the
AND
preserve, these redacted legal texts evidence the incommensurability of law to justice.

Indefinite detention becomes a zone of exception in which torture and killing can be practiced with impunity.

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph,"State Violence and the Execution of Law : Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites" Routledge)

Geocorpographies of torture In my attempt to delineate the complex operation of imperial power within
AND
she heard laughing from within the room during these incidents. 1°2

The alternative is to vote negative as an apostrophe – that disrupts the hegemonic narratives shaping the status of the detainee

Pugliese 13 – Associate Professor of Macquarie University specializing in social justice (Joseph,"State Violence and the Execution of Law : Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites" Routledge)

Banksy’s Guantanamo doll in Disneyland generates a politico-cultural charge that accrues from the
AND
begins, right next to us, two yards away from us.’61

Kowledge production is an a priori question- if our scholarship is flawed then debate is meaningless- method shapes all argumentation

Greenhalgh and Russell, 09 – *Trisha, Professor of Primary Health Care at University College, London and Jill, senior lecturer in public policy at Queen Mary University, London ("Evidence-based policymaking: a critique," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 52, no. 2, Spring 2009, Academic OneFile)RK

A critical reading of this debate suggests that setting priorities for health care is a
AND
disincentivizing .junk food in schools," and "drugs for macular degeneration"?

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

Their rule of law mindset locks in a politics of neoliberalism

Degenhardt 13 (Teresa, Criminology Professor, Queen’s University, Belfast. "The overlap between war and crime: unpacking Foucault and Agamben’s studies within the context of the war on terror," Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology Between war and crime 2013, Vol. 5(2): 29-58) KJS
Violent practices in the international sphere, the legal discourses by which they are either
AND
re-think the ways in which politics and the political are structured. 

Neoliberalism is the driving force of all scenarios for human extinction.

Deutsch 2009
/Judith, president, Science for Peace. Member of Canadian psychoanalytic society, "Pestilence, Famine, War, Neoliberalism, and Premature Deaths," Peace Magazine, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v25n3p18.htm-http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v25n3p18.htm/
At present, threats to human existence come from at least four directions: climate
AND
narrow class interests and investments in the military, non-renewable energy,
privatized health care.¶ The powerful and wealthy few control the military-industrial complex
AND
possession, continuing weapons development, and thinly disguised reliance on threatened use."

Economic collapse inevitable: money is a false concept of wealth that when combined with faulty economic calculations and indefinite death will inevitably implode
Atcheson 12 (John, John Atcheson has more than 30 years in energy and the environment with government, private industry, and the nation’s leading think tanks. He is working on his own novel about climate change. "A Book Review Of ’The Crash Course’: The Unsustainable Future Of Our Economy, Energy and Environment," April 28, 2012, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/04/28/469780/a-book-review-of-the-crash-course-the-unsustainable-future-of-our-economy-energy-and-environment/-http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/04/28/469780/a-book-review-of-the-crash-course-the-unsustainable-future-of-our-economy-energy-and-environment/) KJS
Martenson is an intellectual omnivore. From peak oil to finance to economics, he
AND
are the instrument panel for understanding the economy, then we’re flying blind.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

1.

The rhetoric of indefinite detention is an extension of a government narrative that attempts to locate prisoners outside of international law and norms

Ahmad 9 (RESISTING GUANTÁNAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION Muneer I. Ahmad* Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School and counsel for Guantamo prisoners http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v103/n4/1683/LR103n4Ahmad.pdf-http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v103/n4/1683/LR103n4Ahmad.pdf 

Throughout this Article, I refer to the individuals incarcerated at Guantánamo as ?prisoners
AND
Guantánamo, a reality I believe is better captured by describing them as prisoners

====The narrative you prefer will determine the social meaning of our scholarship and social order of our community====
Ahmad 9 (RESISTING GUANTÁNAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION Muneer I. Ahmad* Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School and counsel for Guantamo prisoners http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v103/n4/1683/LR103n4Ahmad.pdf-http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v103/n4/1683/LR103n4Ahmad.pdf
Yet narrative does not merely reflect a social order. The discursive act of narration
AND
simultaneously producer and product of the other.? LINCOLN, supra, at 210

Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: USMA BS | Judge: 

K

Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, "The Enemy System" http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

Our response is to interrogate the epistemological failures of the 1ac—-prevents inevitable extinction

Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis

While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward
AND
of state security planning in the context of counter-terrorism operations abroad.
The intensifying problematisation and externalisation of Muslim-majority regions and populations by Western security
AND
the efficacy of the prevailing geopolitical and economic order is ideologically beyond question.
As much as this analysis highlights a direct link between global systemic crises, social polarisation and state militarisation, it fundamentally undermines the idea of a symbiotic link between natural resources and conflict per se. Neither ’resource shortages’ nor ’resource abundance’ (in ecological, energy, food and monetary terms) necessitate conflict by themselves.
There are two key operative factors that determine whether either condition could lead to conflict
AND
to externalisation of those groups, and the legitimisation of violence towards them.
Ultimately, this systems approach to global crises strongly suggests that conventional policy ’reform’ is
AND
of the post-carbon era through social, political and economic transformation.
Yet conventional theoretical and policy approaches fail to (1) fully engage with the
AND
, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Missouri State | Judge: 

Security threats are political constructions by experts to justify constant militarism

Aziz Rana 12, Assistant Professor of Law, Cornell University Law School; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School; PhD., Harvard University, July 2012, "NATIONAL SECURITY: LEAD ARTICLE: Who Decides on Security?," 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1417
Despite such democratic concerns, a large part of what makes today’s dominant security concept
AND
central and routine instrument for incorporating mass voice into state decision-making.

Failure to criticize security discourse threatens extinction

Pinar Bilgin 5 Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, P164-5
Thinking about the future from a critical security perspective need not be limited to ’desired’
AND
their thinking would be complicit in perpetuating regional insecurity in the Middle East.

Notions of US legal prestige and modeling solidify global inequality by replacing political violence with legal violence—-turns the case because it subordinates effective domestic systems to predatory rule of law models

Ugo Mattei 3, Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of International and Comparative Law, ¶ U.C. Hastings; Professore Ordinario di Diritto Civile, Università di Torino A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance, ic.ucsc.edu/~rlipsch/pol160A/Mattei.pdf
This essay attempts to develop a theory of imperial law that is able to explain
AND
imperial law. Factors of resistance need to be fully appreciated as well.
I. AMERICAN LAW: FROM LEADERSHIP TO DOMINANCE The years following the Second World
AND
general aspects about the nature of law as a device of global governance.
Observing historical patterns of legal hegemony allows us to critique the distinction between two main
AND
stressing on the idea of consent within a notion of "prestige."8
Little effort is necessary to challenge the sufficiency of this basic taxonomy in introducing legal
AND
of consent to the present pattern of international economic and political dominance.9
In this essay I suggest that a fundamental cultural construct of presumed consent is the
AND
proactive politically accountable institutions such as direct administrative apparatuses of the State.11
This essay attempts to open a radical revision of some accepted modes of thought about
AND
in the well-known parable of the tragedy of the commons.13
My object of observation is a legal landscape in transition. I wish to analyze
AND
globalization and of economic Empire political violence has been transformed into legal violence.

The alternative is to refuse the affirmative’s endorsement of the security state, in favor of subjecting the 1ACs discourse to intellectual scrutiny. Critical intellectualism is key to solve extinction—-voting negative outweighs hypothetical plan consequences

Jones 99—IR, Aberystwyth (Richard, "6. Emancipation: Reconceptualizing Practice," Security, Strategy and Critical Theory, http://www.ciaonet.org/book/wynjones/wynjones06.html, AMiles)

The central political task of the intellectuals is to aid in the construction of a
AND
should act as both an inspiration and a challenge to critical security studies.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU | Judge:
USfg is the federal government, not the people.
Costello and Thomas ’2K
(George A. and Kenneth R., Congressional Research Service, The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution~~preamble/~~23annotations-http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution~preamble/)

Article Text I Annotations We the People of the United States. in Order to
AND
declares one object to be, ’to provide for the common defense.’

Statutory restriction is Control or limits imposed on an activity under its ruling legislation.
BusinessDictionary.com 13
(statutory restriction. BusinessDictionary.com. WebFinance, Inc. September 21, 2013 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/statutory-restriction.html, KRS)

Supreme Court action would impose "Judicial restrictions"
Weida 2 (Jason Collins Weida, Candidate for Juris Doctor, University of Connecticut School of Law, 2005; Bachelor of Arts, Gettysburg College, 2002, "A Republic of Emergencies: Martial Law in American Jurisprudence," Connecticut Law Review Summer, 2004 36 Conn. L. Rev. 1397, KRS) 

Jackson’s concurrence in Youngstown codified the Court’s rationale in the cases of the Second World
AND
scope of martial law, and the costs it is willing to bear.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU | Judge: 

War powers authority is derived from congressional statute – restrictions are increased via statutory or judicial prohibitions on the source

CURTIS A. BRADLEY, Richard A. Horvitz Professor of Law and Professor of Public Policy Studies, Duke Law School, Harvard Journal of Law 26 Public Policy ~Vol. 33 No. 1~ 2010.
http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=273026context=faculty_scholarship
The scope of the President’s independent war powers is notoriously unclear, and courts are
AND
States to await¶ instructions to carry outfurther attacks after September 11.9 

Violation:

The plan is an implicit delegation of "authority" – must stamp the originating statute to "increase restrictions on"

Graham Cronogue, Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2013; A NEW AUMF: DEFINING COMBATANTS IN THE WAR ON TERROR, DUKE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE 26 INTERNATIONAL LAW ~Vol. 22:377 2012~ http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=129426context=djcil
The AUMF’s broad "all necessary and appropriate force" language ¶ confers on the
AND
and prevents the "gloss" that comes from congressional ¶ acquiescence.85

Vote to require a statutory source:

Stabilizes topical authority and both restriction mechanisms – best chance of predictable aff limits and complementary neg ground

pleas for reasonability just warrant precision – only check on bi-directionality and Commander-in-Chief affs

Colby P. Horowitz 2013 "CREATING A MORE MEANINGFUL ¶ DETENTION STATUTE: LESSONS LEARNED ¶ FROM HEDGES V. OBAMA," FORDHAM L.R. Vol. 81, http://fordhamlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/Vol_81/Horowitz_April.pdf
Thus, there at least two ways to interpret section 1021 under Justice ¶ Jackson’s
AND
or vague terms in the statute might actually expand the President’s authority.338
338. See Chesney, supra note 33, at 792–93 (explaining that some observers view ambiguities in detention statutes as constituting "an implied delegation of authority to the executive to provide whatever further criteria may be required").

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Missouri State | Judge: 

Interp- "Armed forces" refers to human members of the military, NOT weapon systems or capabilities

Lorber 13 
~{Eric, JD Candidate at University of Pennsylvania Law School, "Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?" University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 15 (Jan 2013), KRS~}

As is evident from a textual analysis,177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
human members of the armed forces, such a conclusion is not determinative.

Violation - They restrict nuclear response, not ground troops

Standards:

Ground- This explodes the topic by changing the posture of weapons systems, allowing any aff that is tangentially related to the military-this guts our predictable ground and allows complete bans on any future possible deployment

Limits – they justify restrictions on an infinite number of weapon systems or capabilities that are impossible to predict – only our interp provides a clear brightline based on statutory interpretation and history of the War Powers Act.