1NC Law K T-Signature Strikes CP-ESR DA-Patent Reform Block K DA Case 2NR Presumption
Georgia
4
Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt
1NC T-Signature Strikes Executive Restraint CP Iran DA State Secrets Privilege DA Security K Block K Iran DA Case 2NR K Case
Georgia
2
Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Len Neighbors
1NC T-Signature Strikes LawfareSecurity K Block TK 2NR T
Georgia
5
Opponent: Vanderbilt SW | Judge: Lincoln Garrett
1NC T-Signature Strikes Immigration DA Keystone DA Courts CP Block Immigration DA Case 2NR DA Case
NDT
1
Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Moczulski, Malsin, Layton
1NC T-Signature Strikes ESR CP SomaliaSoverignty PIC Iran DA Block PIC T 2NR PIC
NDT
3
Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Packer, Hardy, Sruth
1AC Sig Strikes Terrorism and Prolif 1NC Yemen PIC XO CP Iran Sanctions Flex DA 2NR Flex DA Case
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Cites
Entry
Date
Ban Targeted Killing AFF - 1AC - D7
Tournament: D7 | Round: 1 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Lindsey Shook Contention 1: Norms US overreliance on drone strikes is setting a dangerous precedent-~--now is key to change Brooks 13 The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing, Testimony Before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, April 23, 2013, Statement for the Record Submitted By Rosa Brooks, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation
Here is an additional reason to worry about the U.S. overreliance on AND for how to foment instability and –literally -- get away with murder.
If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American AND , then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.
Empirics prove diplomatic pressure solves Zenko 13 Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Wash- ington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Ser- vice, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report, No. 65 January 2013
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space. States choose to follow LOAC based on a system of incentives-~--it’s key to reduce violence by fostering cooperation and compliance Prorock and Appel 13 Alyssa, and Benjamin, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University, “Compliance with International Humanitarian Law: Democratic Third Parties and Civilian Targeting in Interstate War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 00(0) 1-28)
Coercion is a strategy of statecraft involving the threat or use of positive inducements and AND law and greater punishment for violating it when the clarity condition is met. Collapse of norms trigger Asian conflict Brimley 13 How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race, Shawn, Ben Fitzgerald, Ely Ratner, Brimley, Fitzgerald and Ratner are respectively vice-president, and director of the technology and national security program, and deputy director of the Asia program at the center for a new Americansecurity, 9-24-13, The Drone War Comes to Asia, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia#sthash.fOkGdqaz.qCLo6uBb.dpbs
It's now been a year since Japan's previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war. SCS conflict is probable- recent trends heighten escalation Chellaney 1/14 Which global conflicts will dominate in 2014? Jan 14, 2014, Brahma Chellaney, leading strategic thinker and an analyst of international geostrategic trends, Professor of Strategic Studies at the New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research, an independent think-tank; a member of the Board of Governors of the National Book Trust of India; and a nonresident affiliate with the International Centre for the Study of Radicalization at King's College London. He has been a Fellow at the Norwegian Nobel Institute, which through the Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually. He was formerly a member of the Policy Advisory Group headed by the External Affairs Minister of India, http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/which-global-conflicts-will-dominate-2014-_1024277.html
The three potential flashpoints for international conflict in 2014—East Asia, South Asia AND Japanese-controlled Senkaku Islands, it increases the chance of armed conflict. Draws in the US and goes nuclear John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, “Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku AND that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset. Our understanding of Chinese foreign policy is accurate and isn’t exclusively driven by Western ideology-~--Chinese intervention in the Senkaku is driven by CPP’s domestic interest based on nationalist and territorial aim-~--mutual threat perception is inevitable, but engaging in international law prevents escalating violence. Ankit Panda 14 is Associate Editor of The Diplomat and a Research Specialist at Princeton University where he worked on international crisis diplomacy, international security, technology policy, and geopolitics. “Moderating The China Threat: Will China continue to be perceived as a threat by its neighbors? What does it need to do to moderate itself?” 2-12-14, http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/moderating-the-china-threat/ DOA: 2-14-14, y2k
The explanation for this is simple and has been known since the late 1980s. AND persist even though they continue to render China’s neighbors ever-more hostile. Self-fulfilling prophecy is wrong -~-- only our engagement with China prevents extinction Blumenthal et al 11 Dan Blumenthal is a current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, where he directs efforts to monitor, investigate, and provide recommendations on the national security implications of the economic relationship between the two countries. “Avoiding Armageddon with China” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.-com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china?wpisrc=obinsite
The balancing and hedging strategy should involve options to avoid what Traub rightfully describes as AND quo. Not doing so, we fear, would lead to Armageddon. Scenario planning is effective and improves decision-making in the context of Chinese policies Richard Weitz 1, Member of the research staff at the Center for Strategic Studies, CNAC Corporation, January 24, Journal of Strategic Studies, 24:3, 19-48
The most prominent international security issue today among Washington foreign policy makers and international relations AND . Planners also must review them periodically to ensure their continued utility.5 There’s no root cause of violence-~--prefer proximate and empirical causes Sharpe 10 lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233
We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework AND today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously. Default to consequentialism-~--every credible social science concludes that deontological proclivities are illogical. Greene 10 Joshua Greene is Associate Professor of the Social Science @ Department of Psychology, Harvard University, “The Secrete Joke of Kant’s Soul, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf, DOA: 9-2-13, y2k
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human AND religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question. Paradigm focus forecloses pragmatic engagement- having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when AND Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
1AC-~--Plan PLAN: The United States Congress should prohibit the war powers authority of the President of the United States in targeted killings by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles. 1AC-~--Solvency Contention 2: Solvency Plan can limit the scope of targeted killings Cole 13 David, The Nation's legal affairs correspondent, is the author of The Torture Memos: Rationalizing the Unthinkable, "What's Wrong With Obama's Drone Policy", February 13, www.thenation.com/article/172898/whats-wrong-obamas-drone-policy#
The power to kill by remote control anywhere in the world should not unilaterally reside AND our values and the rule of law. What happened to that promise? Only congress can send the signal Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S AND eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
The concept of simulations as an aspect of higher education, or in the law AND undoubtedly necessary, it suggests one potential direction for the years to come.
Congressional ban pressures Obama and mobilizes public resistance against targeted killing. Naiman 12 Robert Naiman is policy director at Just Foreign Policy and president of Truthout's board of directors. “A Reformist Strategy to Downsize the Drone Strike Policy,” 11-27-12, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/12987-a-reformist-strategy-to-downsize-the-drone-strike-policy, DOA: 8-13-13, y2k
I want to talk about what Congress could do about drone strikes in the next AND strikes could be a price imposed for confirmation of the next CIA head. That checks intervention Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k
Congressional dissent also may influence the public’s willingness to back the president during the lead AND for the operation and adjusted its strategic decision making to minimize public backlash. Congress will enforce restriction-~--most recent defense appropriation proves Jon Bellinger 1/26 is a partner in the international and national security law practices at Arnold and Porter LLP in Washington, DC. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations. He served as The Legal Adviser for the Department of State from 2005–2009, as Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Legal Adviser to the National Security Council at the White House from 2001–2005, and as Counsel for National Security Matters in the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice from 1997–2001. “Congressional Control of Intelligence Programs (sometimes),” 1-26-14, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/01/congressional-control-of-intelligence-programs-sometimes/ DOA: 1-31-14, y2k
In the last ten days, an interesting controversy has bubbled up over congressional control AND fund the program, even as they distance themselves from the program now. Power of the purse checks the president Flower and Beavers 9/29 Ruth Flower is the legislative director at the Friends Committee on National Legislation—AND—Beavers is the program assistant for foreign policy at FCNL. “Congress must rein in president's war power,” 9-29-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/325205-congress-must-rein-in-presidents-war-power#ixzz2ghGMnqpX, DOA: 10-3-13, y2k
Lastly, Congress should utilize its most potent tool – the “power of the AND that even decisions of war are subject to the consent of the governed. External checks are effective-~--even if the world of emergency power Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here, AND political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion. Policy relevant and technical citizen deliberation over is key to ethical policy change on drones Mellor 13 The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs,” European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13, y2k
This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to AND the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52
A court finding against the state would put the ball back in the hands of AND must be done, which allows politicians to say their hands are tied."
OR Courts link to politics. Lindsay Harrison 5 is Jenner and Block Litigation Associate. “Does the Court Act as "Political Cover" for the Other Branches?” 11-18-5 legaldebate.blogspot.com, Accessed date: 9-20-12 y2k
While the Supreme Court may have historically been able to act as political cover for AND ruling that, for whatever reason, received the attention of the public.
Justiciability creates barriers to solvency---you’ll never have a test-case. Rosen 11 Richard D. Rosen is Professor of Law and Director, Center for Military Law and Policy, Texas Tech University School of Law and retired Colonel, U.S. Army, “Drones and the U.S. Courts,” 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5280 2010-2011, L/N, Accessed Date: 6-27-13 y2k
Two components of justiciability impose virtually insurmountable barriers to lawsuits challenging the nation's policy of AND are highly classified and subject to the state secrets privilege,20 a purported
al Qaeda or Taliban member will be unable to establish beyond mere conjecture and AND effective means of reaching al Qaeda and the Taliban in their Pakistani sanctuaries.
Courts won’t enforce—causes massive delay Powers and Rothman 2—Stephen Powers is Research Associate for the Center for Social and Political Change at Smith College and Stanley Rothman is Professor of Government and Director of the Center for Social and Political Change at Smith College, “Least Dangerous? Consequences of Judicial Activism,” p179
A recurrent problem with the judiciary’s extension of fundamental rights to the institutions we have AND reversal of court rulings adversely impacting social and political institutions generally takes years.
Or enforcement kills court’s legitimacy---triggers court-stripping and turns enforcement. Bentley, 2007 (Curt, Constrained by the liberal tradition, Brigham Young University Law Review, p. lexis)
This institutional limitation theory focuses primarily on the constraints imposed on the Court because of AND decrees and where it nonetheless doggedly pursues the counter-majoritarian course. n122 Causes roll-back Rosen 11 Richard D. Rosen is Professor of Law and Director, Center for Military Law and Policy, Texas Tech University School of Law and retired Colonel, U.S. Army, “Drones and the U.S. Courts,” 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5280 2010-2011, L/N, Accessed Date: 6-27-13 y2k
Assuming a complaint survives the jurisdictional, justiciability, immunity, and other hurdles to AND , the controversy must be resolved through the political process and outside the courts
2/1/14
CP - ESR - D7 - Round 7
Tournament: D7 | Round: 7 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Heather Barnes, Judd Kimball, Ben Hagwood Object fiat is a voter- avoids the core question of pres powers by fiating away obama’s behavior in the squo- justifies the end war cp which means the neg wins every debate- it’s not in the lit which is key Hansen 12 Victor, Professor of Law, New England Law, New England Law Review, Vol. 46, pp. 27-36, 2011, “Predator Drone Attacks”, February 22, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2009313, PDF
Any checks on the President’s use of drone attacks must come domestically. In the domestic arena the two options are either the courts or Congress. As discussed above, the courts are institutionally unsuited and incapable of providing appropriate oversight. Congress is the branch with the constitutional authority, historical precedent, and institutional capacity to exercise meaningful and effective oversight of the President’s actions.
Cant solve norms Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S AND eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
US drone usage sets a precedent for Russian drone attacks against Chechnya Sexton 12 Buck Sexton served in the CIA, including assignments in the Counterterrorism Center and Office of Iraq Analysis. He is currently an editor for TheBlaze.com and appears nightly on GBTV.com. “Drawbacks of drone war mania,” 2-3-12, L/N, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k
We've set the stage for even more undeclared, borderless conflicts. America's lethal drone AND Our capability to effect violence abroad has outpaced our discussion of its desirability.
Causes Chechnya insurgency Cohen 12 Ariel Cohen, Ph.D., is Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. “A Threat to the West: The Rise of Islamist Insurgency in the Northern Caucasus and Russia’s Inadequate Response,” 3-26-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/a-threat-to-the-west-the-rise-of-islamist-insurgency-in-the-northern-caucasus, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k
Russia’s Northern Caucasus is turning into one of the most volatile, lawless regions in AND to mitigate the rising Islamist threat and the effects of misguided Russian policies.
Only two days ago, Moscow announced that Russian Federation had formulated a new security AND to Russia if the latter decides to use nuclear weapons in Chechyn war.
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war— AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate. Cant solve effective targeting decisions Chehab 12 Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review
The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings AND to erroneous and ideologically tainted policy positions, the notion of giving the Presiden
t unchecked authority in determining who is eligible for assassination can only serve to increase AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review. Links to politics---Congress will backlash to executive power Hallowell 13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/
“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to AND the U.S., effectively blocking Obama’s plan to shutter the jail.
2/27/14
CP - ESR - Georgia - Round 4
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt Perm do both---Congressional targeted killing policy creates checks and balances and political consensus- ensures solvency and resolves link to politics Peter M. Cullen, 2008, (Colonel, Staff Judge Advocate) The Role of Targeted Killing in the Campaign Against Terror, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume6/march_2008/3_08_1_pf.html Some have even argued that there should be legislative authorization for any policy of targeted AND accurate intelligence, they will become an even more potent weapon against transnational terrorism CP causes rollback Spencer Ackerman, 5/29/13 (Defense reporter for Wired), New Drone Strike Undercuts Obama’s Promises on Robot War, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/05/drone-strike-restrictions/
It took all of six days for President Obama to undermine his own new rules AND . That’s shaping up to be the truest line in the president’s speech. Can’t solve for backlash and legitimacy Goldsmith 13 Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003. Professor Goldsmith is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security, “Why the Administration Needs to Get Congress on Board for Its Stealth War,” 3-7-13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/ DOA: 9-12-13, y2k
There is a connection between Senator Paul’s filibuster and the need for a comprehensive renewal AND at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.
“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to AND the U.S., effectively blocking Obama’s plan to shutter the jail.
2/1/14
CP - Transparency - D7 - Round 1
Tournament: D7 | Round: 1 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Lindsey Shook Transparency fails---locks in squo McNeal 13, Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University, 3/5/13, “Targeted Killing and Accountability,” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1819583, Gregory McNeal The transparency related accountability reforms specified above have the ability to expose wrongdoing; however AND of national security and foreign affairs as it is in domestic politics.529 Executive transparency fails—not legally binding, no cred, raises expectations Sarah Knuckey, NYU Law School Project on Extrajudicial Executions Director, Special Advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions, 10/1/13, Transparency on Targeted Killings: Promises Made, but Little Progress, justsecurity.org/2013/10/01/transparency-targeted-killings-promises-made-progress/
Some interpreted these efforts and the President’s speech to mark the beginning of improved transparency AND had “expanded the scope” of who could be targeted in Yemen). Cant solve norms Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war— AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
Links to politics---transparency causes political infighting Jeh Charles Johnson 13, civil, criminal trial lawyer, and General Counsel of the Department of Defense from 2009 to 2012 during the first Obama Administration, graduate of Morehouse College and Columbia Law School, served as Assistant United States Attorney in the Southern District of New York from 1989-1991, 3/18, “A “Drone Court”: Some Pros and Cons,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/jeh-johnson-speech-on-a-drone-court-some-pros-and-cons/
First, continued efforts at transparency, as an important government interest in and of AND adjourned, and the 10 officials go on to other more pressing matters.
2/27/14
CP - Zones PIC - D7 - Round 5
Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Jeff Kurr Exception kills solvency Chen 12 Julia Chen, Boston College Law School, JD, Law, “Restoring Constitutional Balance: Accommodating the Evolution of War,” November, 2012, Boston College Law Review, 53 B.C. L. Rev 1767, L/N, Accessed Date: 12-23-13, y2k
The use of technology, such as UAVs and cyber-warfare, which fall AND , since they were not military personnel, the Resolution did not apply. Plan causes broader fights and attacks on Obama’s war powers Bresnahan 13 5/7/13 John, “Senators discuss revising 9/11 resolution”, Politico, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=5D34D2EA-4EBE-461D-B44B-86AA6C3378A7
Top senators in both parties have begun talks to revise the congressional resolution authorizing the AND the president’s authority as commander-in-chief to combat terrorism worldwide. They also link to the n/b Hathaway et al 12 Oona, Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor AND YALE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 2012 Accessed 8/10/2013 DMW
With U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on a tour of the AND but one with far greater potential for escalation and great-power intervention.
2/27/14
DA - Afghanistan - D7 - Round 5
Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Jeff Kurr SQ drone strategy is Afghanistan is ineffective---changing targeting practices to limit civilian casualties are key Ackerman 13 Spencer Ackmerman is Guardian Staff, “US drone strikes more deadly to Afghan civilians than manned aircraft – adviser: Study focusing on one year of conflict contradicts claims that robotic planes are more precise than manned counterparts,” 7-2-13, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/us-drone-strikes-afghan-civilians, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k
A study conducted by a US military adviser has found that drone strikes in Afghanistan AND any kind of warfare that doesn't have room for improvement," Lewis said.
As Mark Bowden discusses in this month's Atlantic cover story, there is great debate AND that strengthens the very groups the U.S. seeks to destroy. Prefer consensus---signature strikes strengthens insurgency Glaser 12 John Glaser, House Members Call on Obama to Legally Justify ‘Signature’ Drone Strikes, 6-13-12, http://news.antiwar.com/2012/06/13/house-members-call-on-obama-to-legally-justify-signature-drone-strikes/ DOA: 9-3-13, y2k
“We are concerned that the use of such ‘signature’ strikes could raise the AND . applies its current policy, the stronger Al Qaeda seems to get.”
2/27/14
DA - Flex - D7 - Round 1
Tournament: D7 | Round: 1 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Lindsey Shook Flexibility is bad---causes presidential adventurism---entirety of the 1AC is the reason why restricting to personality strike is better---solves your impact. Guiora and Blank 12 Amos Guiora and Laurie Blank are Guardian Staff, “Targeted killing's 'flexibility' doctrine that enables US to flout the law of war,” 8-10-12, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/targeted-killing-flexibility-doctrine-flout-law-war, DOA: 9-8-13, y2k
Targeting individuals who pose an imminent threat to the US is a lawful exercise of AND on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.
Perceived presidential resolve is irrelevant for global stability Kitfield 11 James Kitfield is Senior Correspondent for The National Journal, three-time winner of the Gerald R. Ford Award for Distinguished Reporting on National Defense, “Power Down,” 11-17-11, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/an-indispensible-nation-no-more~-~-20111117, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
Republicans lay the blame for those international woes on President Obama’s doorstep. They object AND , and they defy the efforts of any one nation,” Haass says.
Conversely, the argument that it is never possible to provide advance process in lethal AND , it is necessary to begin with a serious assessment of existing procedures.
2/27/14
DA - Flex -D7 - Round 5
Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Jeff Kurr Flexibility is bad---causes presidential adventurism---entirety of the 1AC is the reason why restricting to personality strike is better---solves your impact. Guiora and Blank 12 Amos Guiora and Laurie Blank are Guardian Staff, “Targeted killing's 'flexibility' doctrine that enables US to flout the law of war,” 8-10-12, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/targeted-killing-flexibility-doctrine-flout-law-war, DOA: 9-8-13, y2k
Targeting individuals who pose an imminent threat to the US is a lawful exercise of AND on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.
Perceived presidential resolve is irrelevant for global stability Kitfield 11 James Kitfield is Senior Correspondent for The National Journal, three-time winner of the Gerald R. Ford Award for Distinguished Reporting on National Defense, “Power Down,” 11-17-11, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/an-indispensible-nation-no-more~-~-20111117, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
Republicans lay the blame for those international woes on President Obama’s doorstep. They object AND , and they defy the efforts of any one nation,” Haass says.
Conversely, the argument that it is never possible to provide advance process in lethal AND , it is necessary to begin with a serious assessment of existing procedures. Unipolarity doesn’t create peace Fettweis 10 Christopher Fettweis, Professor of Political Science at Tulane University, 2010, Dangerous Times? The International Politics of Great Power Peace, p. 172-174
The primary attack on restraint, or justification for internationalism, posits that if the AND two decades is fairly plain: The world grew more peaceful while the United
States cut its forces. No state seemed to believe that its security was endangered AND worth noting for our purposes that the United States was no less safe.
2/27/14
DA - Immigration - Georgia - Round 5
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 5 | Opponent: Vanderbilt SW | Judge: Lincoln Garrett Won’t pass Berman, The Hill Congress Reporter, 1-29, 2014, (Russell, "Boehner must decide on immigration", The Hill, PAS) thehill.com/homenews/house/196740-boehner-must-decide-on-immigration-reform 1-29-14
The release of House Republican principles on immigration reform this week will ignite a contentious AND the heat of a midterm election under a Democratic president that Republicans distrust. AND- It gets kicked Bennett and Memoli, LA Times Staff Writers, 1-30, 2014, (Brian and Michael A., "House leaders lay out principles for immigration reform", LA Times, PAS) www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-house-immigration-reform-principles-20140130,0,5804580.story?track=rssandutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+latimes2Fnews2Fpolitics+28L.A.+Times+-+Politics29#axzz2rqFbN45D 1-30-14
CAMBRIDGE, Md. – A Republican blueprint for immigration reform offers legalization for some AND incumbents facing challenges from the right from having to make a tough vote. Health care thumps Finkel 1/15 (David Finkel editor of Against the Current, “Will the Iran deal hold?” http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article3239, Date accessed: 2/1/14) TM
A politically weakened U.S. president is pulled by a powerful domestic lobby AND ” of the Iranians and abandonment of Israel in its hour of existential peril
Congress left for its holiday recess with a modest nod toward bipartisanship: For the AND party leaders would make a New Year’s resolution to give bipartisanship a chance. Loser’s lose is false Brian Beutler 13 is Salon staff writer, 9/9/13, GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term , www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/ DOA: 1-2-14, y2k
When President Obama decided to seek authorization to bomb Syria, he didn’t just throw AND or a farm bill, or a budget deal, or anything else.
Republicans’ top goal is to take back control of the Senate from Democrats, and AND or a very different Congress – that hopes of real lawmaking are revived.
No STEM shortage Crego, Munoz, and Islam 12 Ed Crego is a management consultant who has led major consulting practices specializing in strategic planning, customer focus, and organizational transformation. Ed has written several business books and spoken extensively in his areas of expertise for organizations such as the American Management Association and the Conference Board, George Muñoz is currently chair of the Munoz Investment Advisory Group. George was the Assistant Secretary and CFO of the United States Treasury and President and CEO of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation during the Clinton administration. He serves on a number of corporate boards including Marriott International, Altria Group and the National Geographic Society, and Frank Islam was the founder of the QSS Group an information technology consulting firm which he sold to Perot Systems in 2007 for $250 M. Frank currently heads his own investment group, hosts his own Washington D.C. talk show, "Washington in Review," and serves on the advisory committee for the Export Import Bank and the Industry Trade Advisory Committee for the Department of Commerce. “The Skilled Worker Shortage Fallacy,” 07/19/2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/george-munoz-frank-islam-and-ed-crego/the-skilled-worker-shorta_b_1677881.html, Accessed Date: 3-26-13 y2k
America has a serious shortage of skilled workers and that is a primary cause of AND "low skill" requiring less than high school or high school degrees.
5. Runaway nanobots! Eric Drexler, the father of nanotechnology, calls it AND of an inch per second, barely fast enough to chase a snail."
2/1/14
DA - Iran - Georgia - Round 4
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt UQ overwhelms and PC’s not key – the fight’s already won, and AIPAC’s lost all influence Jim Lobe 1/23, Washington D.C. correspondent and chief of the Washington bureau of Inter Press Service (IPS), 2014, Top Israel Lobby Group Loses Battle on Iran, But War Not Over, http://original.antiwar.com/lobe/2014/01/22/top-israel-lobby-group-loses-battle-on-iran-but-war-not-over/
Eight years ago, Stephen Rosen, then a top official at the American Israel AND bill and hundreds against. That certainly has to make a difference.” Sanctions are veto-proof Kornbluh 1/29 Rubio: Senate Should Pass Veto-Proof Iran Sanctions Bill, Jacob Kornbluh, 1/29/14, http://jpupdates.com/2014/01/29/rubio-senate-pass-veto-proof-iran-sanctions-bill/
The Senate should move forward with Iran sanctions, despite President Obama’s stated intention to AND negotiation that will prevent them from becoming a nuclear power,” he said. PC fails Patrick Clawson 1/17 is Director of Research @ Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Why are congressional Democrats considering new Iran sanctions?” 1-17-14, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-25749219, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-25749219, DOA: 1-17-14, y2k
This week President Barack Obama met congressional Democrats, asking them to vote against sanctions AND fall on their sword for the president, that is a tough sell.
A Senate delay over an unrelated health care issue could be the silver lining for AND more time — without new sanctions — to pursue a deal with Iran. Obama veto solves Carol E. Lee and Jay Solomon, Dec. 19, 2013, Obama Issues Rare Veto Threat on Iran Bill, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304866904579268611658114286
The White House issued a rare veto threat in response to a bipartisan Senate bill AND half of the lawmakers sponsoring the new bill are from his own party.
WASHINGTON — Nearly a dozen years after the hijackings that transformed America, President Obama AND threat closely resembles the types of attacks we faced before 9/11.”
4. Israel’s Veto Players Although Netanyahu may be ready to attack Iran’s nuclear facilities AND IDF and the head of Mossad had led to military action being stopped.”
Deal fails Rubin 1/31 (Jennifer Rubin "Sanctions have failed, so what next for Iran?" 1/31/14 www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2014/01/31/sanctions-have-failed-so-what-next-for-iran/ date accessed: 2/1/14) TM
Frankly, sanctions had little chance to force Iran to capitulate without the additional threat AND he also will have ceded U.S. leadership — to Israel.
2/1/14
DA - Keystone - Georgia - Round 5
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 5 | Opponent: Vanderbilt SW | Judge: Lincoln Garrett Rider fails—previous Keystone amendments prove. Battistoni 12—Alyssa Battistoni is Salon Staff. “Pipeline foes beat back bogus gas price claims,” 3/9/12, http://www.salon.com/topic/keystone_xl_pipeline/ Accessed date: 10/11/12 y2k Ever since President Obama delayed the decision to grant TransCanada a permit to build the AND 56 votes it garnered were just shy of the 60 needed to pass.
Pipeline is inevitable—companies will bypass Battistoni 12—Alyssa Battistoni is Salon Staff. “The truth about Keystone: Focus on the pipeline distracts from the real question: Whether we should be using tar sands oil in the first place,” 3/30/12, http://www.salon.com/topic/keystone_xl_pipeline/, Accessed date: 10/11/12 y2k Other companies aren’t waiting around to see what happens with Keystone XL either: Enbridge AND is a temporary victory, and one more important in symbolism than substance.
Oil transport is inevitable- BUT pipeline development reduces industrial accidents. Jaffe 10/5— Amy Myers Jaffe is an energy consultant and executive director for energy and sustainability at the University of California, Davis, Graduate School of Management. “No: We Will Need This Oil,” http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443995604578001901362643448.html?mod=googlenews_wsj, Accessed date: 10/11/12 y2k As for concerns about the threat to the environment from possible leaks in the pipeline AND out of the ground and to the market, any way they can.
Pipeline Construction is inevitable—environmental impact is small. Brenhouse, staff reporter for International Tribune, 10-12-10 Hillary, “From oily sands in Canada, energy and loud protest; Opponents of pipeline say cleaner fuel will soon make it 'obsolete'” l/n accessed date: 12-31-11 y2k TransCanada, the energy giant based in Calgary, Alberta, has already built two AND continue to rise by about 1 percent a year,'' he said. No water wars Katz 11 Director of the Akirov Institute for Business and Environment at Tel Aviv University. PhD, David, Hydro-Political Hyperbole, Global Environmental Politics, 11; 1; Feb 2011
A number critiques have been leveled against both the theory and the empirical evidence behind AND been uncommon.36 They found that cooperation was much more common than co
With U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on a tour of the AND but one with far greater potential for escalation and great-power intervention.
2/1/14
DA - Minimum Wage - D7 - Round 5
Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Jeff Kurr Minimum wage won’t pass –Republicans wont get on board Memoli, LA Times Washington Correspondent, 2-13, 2014, (Michael A., "House Democrats will seek to force vote on minimum wage", Los Angeles Times, PAS) www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-house-democrats-minimum-wage-20140213,0,6140581.story?track=rssandutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+latimes2Fnews2Fpolitics+28L.A.+Times+-+Politics29#axzz2tG8LeTYh 2-13-14
CAMBRIDGE, Md. – Democrats will seek to force a House vote on raising AND than usual this year to try and shape the election-year conversation. PC fails- cant change republicans Parsons, LA Times White House Correspondent, 2-12, 2014, (Christi, "Obama raises minimum wage for federal contractors", Los Angeles Times, PAS) www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-obama-minimum-wage-20140212,0,4710539.story?track=rssandutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+latimes2Fnews2Fpolitics+28L.A.+Times+-+Politics29#axzz2tAEdP3ja 2-14-12
WASHINGTON -- After promising for weeks to do so, President Obama on Wednesday signed AND Boehner (R-Ohio) has dismissed Obama’s executive action as insignificant. Drone restrictions are bipartisan---plan doesn’t ban all drone strikes---that means only a risk of link-turn. National Post 13 “Ending the war on terror, as we knew it,” 5-27-13, L/N
Congress left for its holiday recess with a modest nod toward bipartisanship: For the AND party leaders would make a New Year’s resolution to give bipartisanship a chance.
The U.S. economy looks like it has reached escape velocity. But AND Fed's preferred price measure, regained its precrisis high in the third quarter. No econ impact Jervis 11 Robert Jervis, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved AND times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.
Of all the time-honored failings for which we criticize sitting presidents -- by AND a branch of government, it has grown under Republicans and Democrats alike. No focus link---they will multitask Hoekstra 9/16 Republican Pete Hoekstra represented Michigan's 2nd congressional district from 1993 to 2011 in the House of Representatives. He is the former chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. “Why can't Congress master the simple art of multi-tasking?” 9-16-13, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/16/why-cant-congress-master-simple-art-multi-tasking/#ixzz2f4J3IupC, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
It’s almost surreal to imagine a time when a government so sharply divided between Republicans AND more prosperous America. It happened before, and it can happen again.
Congress left for its holiday recess with a modest nod toward bipartisanship: For the AND party leaders would make a New Year’s resolution to give bipartisanship a chance. No patent troll problems in the squo Mossoff 13 Oct 4, 2013 (Adam, GAO Report Confirms No “Patent Troll” Litigation Problem, http://cpip.gmu.edu/2013/10/04/gao-report-confirms-no-patent-troll-litigation-problem/)
At long last, an important and positive step has been taken in this regard AND extrapolated its conclusion that current concerns expressed about patent licensing companies were misplaced.
Obama also …businesses. Changing substantive requirement is key Seymore 2013 Sean B. Seymore, Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School. J.D., University¶ of Notre Dame, 2006; Ph.D. (Chemistry), University of Notre Dame, 2001;¶ M.S.Chem., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996; B.S., University of Tennessee,¶ 1993., The Presumption of Patentability, Minnesota Law Review. 2012, Vol. 97 Issue 3, p990-1046. 57p., ebscojap The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Patent Office) has¶ AND would, at least in theory, improve the quality of issued patents. US econ is on the up- many indicators Lahart 1/15 U.S. Economy Turns Onto Road to Wellville, U.S. Economy Turns Onto Road to Wellville, JUSTIN LAHARt, Jan. 15, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304419104579322640716735138
The U.S. economy looks like it has reached escape velocity. But AND Fed's preferred price measure, regained its precrisis high in the third quarter. No econ impact Jervis 11 Robert Jervis, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425
Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved AND times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.
2/27/14
DA - State Secrets Privilege - Georgia - Round 4
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt Drone restrictions now Jon Bellinger 1/26 is a partner in the international and national security law practices at Arnold and Porter LLP in Washington, DC. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations. He served as The Legal Adviser for the Department of State from 2005–2009, as Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Legal Adviser to the National Security Council at the White House from 2001–2005, and as Counsel for National Security Matters in the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice from 1997–2001. “Congressional Control of Intelligence Programs (sometimes),” 1-26-14, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/01/congressional-control-of-intelligence-programs-sometimes/ DOA: 1-31-14, y2k
In the last ten days, an interesting controversy has bubbled up over congressional control AND fund the program, even as they distance themselves from the program now. No internal link to a complete collapse of the State Secret Privilege – those are straw args Glenn Greenwald 9, Salon,“The 180-degree reversal of Obama’s State Secrets position”, 2-10-9, http://www.salon.com/2009/02/10/obama_88/, DOA: 1-16-14, y2k
Nobody — not the ACLU or anyone else — argues that the State Secrets privilege AND moronic strawmen advanced by people who have no idea what they’re talking about.
WASHINGTON — A federal appeals court held Friday that the Central Intelligence Agency must disclose AND memorandums related to the killing of both citizens and to targeted killings generally. No judicial roll back Rosen 11 Richard D. Rosen is Professor of Law and Director, Center for Military Law and Policy, Texas Tech University School of Law and retired Colonel, U.S. Army, “Drones and the U.S. Courts,” 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5280 2010-2011, L/N, Accessed Date: 6-27-13 y2k
Two components of justiciability impose virtually insurmountable barriers to lawsuits challenging the nation's policy of AND effective means of reaching al Qaeda and the Taliban in their Pakistani sanctuaries.
US drone usage sets a precedent for Russian drone attacks against Chechnya Sexton 12 Buck Sexton served in the CIA, including assignments in the Counterterrorism Center and Office of Iraq Analysis. He is currently an editor for TheBlaze.com and appears nightly on GBTV.com. “Drawbacks of drone war mania,” 2-3-12, L/N, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k
We've set the stage for even more undeclared, borderless conflicts. America's lethal drone AND Our capability to effect violence abroad has outpaced our discussion of its desirability.
Causes Chechnya insurgency Cohen 12 Ariel Cohen, Ph.D., is Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. “A Threat to the West: The Rise of Islamist Insurgency in the Northern Caucasus and Russia’s Inadequate Response,” 3-26-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/a-threat-to-the-west-the-rise-of-islamist-insurgency-in-the-northern-caucasus, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k
Russia’s Northern Caucasus is turning into one of the most volatile, lawless regions in AND to mitigate the rising Islamist threat and the effects of misguided Russian policies.
Only two days ago, Moscow announced that Russian Federation had formulated a new security AND to Russia if the latter decides to use nuclear weapons in Chechyn war.
2/1/14
K - Law - D7 - Round 7
Tournament: D7 | Round: 7 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Heather Barnes, Judd Kimball, Ben Hagwood Permute – do the plan and non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative – political pressure with legal reform solves – the alternative alone is likely to lead to pure majoritarian tyranny Cole, 12 – professor of law at Georgetown (David, “Are We Stuck with the Imperial Presidency?” 6/7, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/jun/07/are-we-stuck-imperial-presidency/?pagination=false)
Despite its limitations, Posner and Vermeule’s book underscores a critically important point about modern AND We cannot survive as a constitutional democracy true to our principles without both.
External checks are effective---even if the world of emergency power Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here, AND political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion. Legal norms don’t cause wars and the alt can’t solve David Luban 10, law prof at Georgetown, Beyond Traditional Concepts of Lawfare: Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare, 43 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 457, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1620andcontext=facpub, DOA: 1-25-14, y2k Among these associations is the positive, constructive side of politics, the very foundation AND would be a political decision. It would simply be a bad one. Threats are real and alternative fails---responding through experts knowledge is good Cole 12 – professor of law at Georgetown (David, “Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy” 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1617-1625 (2012), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1085) Rana is right to focus our attention on the assumptions that frame modern Americans’ conceptions AND about security threats; it is also at least in part objectively based. Paradigm focus forecloses pragmatic engagement- having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when AND Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Legalism is key to prevent violence---our norms advantage proves Schureman 6—William E. Scheueman is Professor of Political Science @ Indiana University, Constellations, 13(1), p. 116
Schmitt offers three reasons in support of this view. First, he implicitly relies AND such conflicts before an international court or tribunal probably would have failed.22 Political constraints fail – weak media, governmental secrecy and the existence of a wide array of war powers abuses Giraldi, 12 - Philip Giraldi, a former CIA officer, is executive director of the Council for the National Interest (“Defending the Indefensible” 9/13, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/defending-the-indefensible/
Posner is comfortable with the only restraint on executive power being the somewhat amorphous consent AND Americans (possibly excluding University of Chicago law professors) has fallen sharply.
2/27/14
K - LawfareSecurity Emory AB - Georgia - Round 2
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Len Neighbors Absolute rejection of drones are counter-productive---alternatives are morally worse---prefer pragmatic, middle-ground approach to counter-terror Tooley 13 Mark Tooley is president of the Institute on Religion and Democracy. “Drone policy can be moral policy,” 8-15-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-faith/wp/2013/08/15/drone-policy-can-be-moral-policy/ DOA: 8-15-13, y2k
In many cases drone critics, if not absolute pacifists, are de facto pacifists AND -minded mediation. The Christian Just War tradition is not a rigid formula
Despite its limitations, Posner and Vermeule’s book underscores a critically important point about modern AND of law and human rights following the terrorist attacks of September 11.6 But what was essential to the political pressure that forced President Bush’s hand was its AND around a distinctly legal challenge, objecting to departures from distinctly legal norms. Congress’s own actions made it clear that had Guantánamo been left purely to politics, AND appeal to law informs politics, and that politics reinforces the law’s appeal. Posner and Vermeule understand the importance of politics as a checking force in the modern AND We cannot survive as a constitutional democracy true to our principles without both. totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt—engagement is critical to de-securitization. Bilgin 5 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.
Admittedly, providing a critique of existing approaches to security, revealing those hidden assumptions AND of critical approaches to re-think security in both theory and practice. Prefer consequentialism even if our epistemology is suspect. Cowen 4 Tyler Cowen, Department of Economics @ George Mason University, "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism," November 2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15
The epistemic critique relies heavily on a complete lack of information about initial circumstances. AND uncertainty should not stop us from pursuing large upfront benefits of obvious importance.
Consequentialism is good---every study of credible social science proves deontological proclivities are illogical. Greene 10 Joshua Greene is Associate Professor of the Social Science @ Department of Psychology, Harvard University, “The Secrete Joke of Kant’s Soul, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf, DOA: 9-2-13, y2k
What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human AND religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question.
Orthodox IR is inevitable Guzzini 98 Senior Research Fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute and Associate Professor of Political Science, International Relations, and European Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, 1998, Stefano, Realism in International Relations, p. 212
Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible AND in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.
No prior question Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when AND Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment. Threats are real and legitimate---rational risk assessment flips aff Knudsen 1 Olav F. Knudsen is Professor Emeritus of Political Science @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing Securitization,” p. 360
In the post-Cold War period, agenda-setting has been much easier AND instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.
Ontology must be secondary to the prior question of political practice and problem-solving. Darryl Jarvis 2k is Senior Lecturer in International Relations @ University of Sydney, “International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism,” p. 128-9 More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us AND work to address the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places Legal norms don’t cause wars and the alt can’t solve David Luban 10, law prof at Georgetown, Beyond Traditional Concepts of Lawfare: Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare, 43 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 457, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1620andcontext=facpub, DOA: 1-25-14, y2k Among these associations is the positive, constructive side of politics, the very foundation AND would be a political decision. It would simply be a bad one. External checks are effective---even if the world of emergency power Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here, AND political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion. National security justification is inevitable Thanassis Cambanis 12 is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k
President Obama and his presumptive challenger Mitt Romney agree on at least one important matter AND says. “But if he gets it wrong, we’re in trouble.” Expert predictions and analysis is key to effective political discussion---process of debate solves their offense. Stephen Turner 1 is Professor of Philosophy @ University of South Florida. “What is the problem with Experts?” JSTOR, Accessed date: 12-23-12 y2k
The answer to Fish is to treat the liberal principle of neutrality not as an AND claims are legitimate, belies the image of the liberal public as victim.
Desecuritization is not emancipatory---it’s worse for every tangible impact they isolate Nunes 7 – Joao Reis Nunes, Marie Curie Fellow and Ph. D. Candidate in International Politics at University of Wales, Aberystwyth, September 2007, “Politics, Security, Critical Theory: A Contribution to Current Debates on Security,” online: http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Nunes-joaonunes-politicssecuritycriticaltheory.pdf
Yet, not all of the proponents of CSS would agree that security is something AND ‘human wrongs’, ‘facts’ that dominate politics in a global scale an
d that can be said to constitute the ‘subject-matter’ of security studies AND realistic and rational that the others14. CSS=Critical Security Studies
2/1/14
K - Neolib - D7 - Round 1
Tournament: D7 | Round: 1 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Lindsey Shook Perm do both—totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt—engagement is critical to de-securitization. Bilgin 5 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.
Admittedly, providing a critique of existing approaches to security, revealing those hidden assumptions AND of critical approaches to re-think security in both theory and practice.
Threats are real and alternative fails---responding through experts knowledge is good Cole 12 – professor of law at Georgetown (David, “Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy” 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1617-1625 (2012), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1085) Rana is right to focus our attention on the assumptions that frame modern Americans’ conceptions AND about security threats; it is also at least in part objectively based.
Legal norms don’t cause wars and the alt can’t solve David Luban 10, law prof at Georgetown, Beyond Traditional Concepts of Lawfare: Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare, 43 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 457, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1620andcontext=facpub, DOA: 1-25-14, y2k Among these associations is the positive, constructive side of politics, the very foundation AND would be a political decision. It would simply be a bad one.
Perm do both— Abandoning globalization now triggers their impacts—aff is key to cooperative solutions that solves. Goldin 12—Ian Goldin is Director of Oxford Martin School and Professor of Globalisation and Development. “Globalization: The good, the bad and the uncertain”, 01 Feb 2012, http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/blog/view/136, Accessed date: 9-17-12 y2k When over 2000 world leaders of government, business and academia descended on Davos last AND and jump from one crisis management to the next, at our peril. Neolib is sustainable and inevitable---no alt Jones 11—Owen, Masters at Oxford, named one of the Daily Telegraph's 'Top 100 Most Influential People on the Left' for 2011, author of "Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class", The Independent, UK, "Owen Jones: Protest without politics will change nothing", 2011, www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/owen-jones-protest-without-politics-will-change-nothing-2373612.html My first experience of police kettling was aged 16. It was May Day 2001 AND of revolt, there remains no left to give it direction and purpose.
Trade eliminates the only rational incentives for war—proves sustainability Gartzke 11 Erik Gartzke is an associate Professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego PhD from Iowa and B.A. from UCSF "SECURITY IN AN INSECURE WORLD" www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/09/erik-gartzke/security-in-an-insecure-world/ Almost as informative as the decline in warfare has been where this decline is occurring AND developed world, with the exception of unconventional methods, such as terrorism. The world is thus divided between those who could use force but prefer not to AND each other. There are several explanations, as Mack has pointed out. The easiest, and I think the best, explanation has to do with an AND were increasingly expensive to administer and which contained tangible assets of limited value. Of comparable importance is the move to substantial consensus among powerful nations about how international AND while the disgruntled developing world is incapable of acting on respective nations’ dissatisfaction. While this version of events explains the partial peace bestowed on the developed world, AND that cannot be bridged by the presence of market mechanisms or McDonald’s restaurants. If the peace observed among western, developed nations is to prove durable, it AND the consolidating forces of prosperity prevail, that war becomes a durable anachronism.
Shocks to the system are the ONLY propensity for conflict—liberal norms have eradicated warfare and structural violence—every field study proves JOHN HORGAN 9 is Director of the Center for Science at Stevens Institute of Technology, former senior writer at Scientific American, B.A. from Columbia and an M.S. from Columbia “The End of the Age of War,” Dec 7, http://www.newsweek.com/id/225616/page/1 The economic crisis was supposed to increase violence around the world. The truth is AND pageant -contestants—or something like it may finally come to pass.
We control uniqueness—human well-being is on the rise Goklany 9 Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years. Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA. Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?” 2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf
Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled since 1900. AND per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b).
Representation doesn’t shape reality—it’s the other way around. Fram-Cohen 85—Michelle Fram-Cohen is a freelance translator and interpreter between Hebrew and English that has published articles on literature, translation theory, and philosophy, “Reality, Language, Translation: What Makes Translation Possible,” 1985, Paper presented at the American Translators Association Conference, http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/michellefr-amcohen//possibilityoftranslation.html)
The idea that language is created inside one's mind independently of outside experience eliminates the AND not by itself provide a sufficient image of modern reality for modern users.
Desecuritization is not emancipatory---it’s worse for every tangible impact they isolate Nunes 7 – Joao Reis Nunes, Marie Curie Fellow and Ph. D. Candidate in International Politics at University of Wales, Aberystwyth, September 2007, “Politics, Security, Critical Theory: A Contribution to Current Debates on Security,” online: http://archive.sgir.eu/uploads/Nunes-joaonunes-politicssecuritycriticaltheory.pdf
Yet, not all of the proponents of CSS would agree that security is something AND realistic and rational that the others14. CSS=Critical Security Studies
2/27/14
K - Queer Theory - D7 - Round 5
Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Jeff Kurr Their all or nothing approach ignores important legal reforms that are key to the transformative critical trans politics he advocates for. Organizing for legal reform radicalizes and motivates key resistance groups. This turns the case. The benefit of legal reforms far outweighs the risk of co-option. Levi, The Director of the Transgender Rights Project of GLAD, and Shay, AND Vol. 29, No. 4,July/Augw;t 2012 In adopting an all or nothing approach,¶ however, Spade fails to acknowledge ways AND than committing the resources for the advocacy required to expand them. In ad
dition,¶ organizing to pass antidiscrimination laws has¶ activated and radicalized LGBTQ advocacy¶ AND efforts¶ is to miss the ocean for the tidal pool beside it.
AND---no risk of cooption offense---every tangible struggle on behalf of politicized queer demands alters the very makeup of the social order. A queer ethic should not identify with futurelessness but rather should affirm openness and political contingency. Bateman 6 R Benjamin Bateman, doctoral candidate in English at the University of Virginia, Spring 2006, The Minnesota Review, online: http://www.theminnesotareview.org/journal/ns6566/bateman_r_benjamin_ns6566_stf1.shtml, accessed March 15, 2007
The most telling moment in Edelman's book, and the most important for grasping the AND instability of all norms and social orders, their intrinsic capacity for change. Political engagement isn’t just queer assimilation – it radically changes the terms of the political itself. The social order is NOT inevitably exclusive to queers – working through the political process can and does produce not just a better but a different social order for queers. Brenkman 2 John Brenkman, Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the CUNY Graduate Center and Baruch College, 2002, Narrative, Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 189-190
Innovation is a crucial concept for understanding the gay and lesbian movement, which emerged AND challenge to homophobia and a volatilizing of social relations within the nonpolitical realm.
They strive for illegible knowledge production for the queer body – they don’t know about the real queer bodies---I am tired of people considered within the straight community feeling like they can steal my narrative for their own gain. Their endorsement of the undercommons is just another version of the closet – which perpetuates the queer oppression they attempt to solve QRT 1990 Queers read this, A leaflet distributed at pride march in NYC; June, 1990 Published anonymously by Queers http://untorellipress.noblogs.org/files/2013/10/queers-read-this.pdfjap
I have friends. Some of them are straight. Year after year, I AND about queer anger. Otherwise, tell them to shut up and listen.
Affirming radical negativity is a dead end for actual queer politics – there’s no one listening to their demand for an affirmation of negativity, and those demands only trade off with on-balance better forms of queer activism. Bateman 6 R Benjamin Bateman, doctoral candidate in English at the University of Virginia, Spring 2006, The Minnesota Review, online: http://www.theminnesotareview.org/journal/ns6566/bateman_r_benjamin_ns6566_stf1.shtml, accessed March 15, 2007
Queer theorists more politically programmatic than Edelman frequently neglect this point. Michael Warner, AND that which is most queer, and queer-able, in children.
2/27/14
K - Security - Georgia - Round 4
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt Permute – do the plan and non-mutually exclusive parts of the alternative – political pressure with legal reform solves – the alternative alone is likely to lead to pure majoritarian tyranny Cole, 12 – professor of law at Georgetown (David, “Are We Stuck with the Imperial Presidency?” 6/7, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/jun/07/are-we-stuck-imperial-presidency/?pagination=false)
Despite its limitations, Posner and Vermeule’s book underscores a critically important point about modern AND We cannot survive as a constitutional democracy true to our principles without both. External checks are effective---even if the world of emergency power Aziz Z. Huq 12, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School, "Binding the Executive (by Law or by Politics)", May 25, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/400-ah-binding.pdf
Paulson ’ s genuflection and Obama ’ s reticence, I will contend here, AND political actors’ exertions and legal rules will prove effective in limiting such discretion. Threats are real and alternative fails---responding through experts knowledge is good Cole 12 – professor of law at Georgetown (David, “Confronting the Wizard of Oz: National Security, Expertise, and Secrecy” 44 Conn. L. Rev. 1617-1625 (2012), http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1085) Rana is right to focus our attention on the assumptions that frame modern Americans’ conceptions AND about security threats; it is also at least in part objectively based. Securitization is inevitable Guzzini 98 Senior Research Fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute and Associate Professor of Political Science, International Relations, and European Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, 1998, Stefano, Realism in International Relations, p. 212
Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible AND in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism. No prior question Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213
The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when AND Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment. Apocalyptic rhetoric is inevitable and alt fails Thanassis Cambanis 12 is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k
President Obama and his presumptive challenger Mitt Romney agree on at least one important matter AND says. “But if he gets it wrong, we’re in trouble.”
2/1/14
K - WildersonAnti-blackness
Tournament: D7 | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rutgers RS | Judge: Shree Awsare Permutation --- do the plan and burn down the state both as thought experiment Rethinking and decisive action are NOT mutually exclusive. Hanspeter Padrutt, psychiatrist, Daseinanalytisches Institut, Zurich, ‘92 “HEIDEGGER AND THE EARTH”, Ladelle McWhorter, ed., p.31.
Once in a while the conceptual interplay of theory and praxis is put against this AND philosophy e.g., a cybernetic worldview - that also has consequences.
Methodologies are always imperfect – endorsing multiple epistemological frameworks can correct the blindspots of each Stern and Druckman 00 (Paul, National Research Council and Daniel, Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution – George Mason University, International Studies Review, Spring, p. 62-63)
Using several distinct research approaches or sources of information in conjunction is a valuable strategy AND the results coming from any single study, method, or data source. The combination of advocacies is effective---no cooption Bhambra 10—U Warwick—AND—Victoria Margree—School of Humanities, U Brighton (Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’, http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_) We suggest that alternative models of identity and community are required from those put forward AND ” since they are produced by very real actions, practices and projects.
Link 1NC does not deny the specific claims to the 1ac- it’s a link of omission- there is not point in the 1AC that attempts to downplay racism Rorty 2 (Professor of Comparative Literature @ Stanford, `02 (Richard, Peace Review, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 152-153)
I have no quarrel with Cornell's and Spivak's claim that "what is missing in AND have been told, and should be told, in many other ways. Debating about the state does not mean capitulating to it- discussing government policy creates critical understanding that facilitates resistance against its worst abuses- the plan is a negative action Donovan and Larkin 6 Clair and Phil, Australian National University, Politics, Vol. 26, No. 1
We do not suggest that political science should merely fall into line with the government AND findings to other academics and not the practitioners within the institutions they study.
Law Good Law is capable of radical change Orly Lobel 7, University of San Diego Assistant Professor of Law, 2007, The Paradox of Extralegal Activism: Critical Legal Consciousness and Transformative Politics,” 120 HARV. L. REV. 937, http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/lobel.pdf
V. RESTORING CRITICAL OPTIMISM IN THE LEGAL FIELD “La critique est aisée; AND constantly redefining the boundaries of legal reform and making visible law’s broad reach. Policy focus key to combat racism---anti-blackness is not ontological Jamelle Bouie 13, staff writer at The American Prospect, Making and Dismantling Racism, http://prospect.org/article/making-and-dismantling-racism Over at The Atlantic, Ta-Nehisi Coates has been exploring the intersection of AND helped destroy it. There's no reason racism can't work the same way. Legal challenges are critical acts of resistance---even if it fails, resistance is life-affirming Muneer I. Ahmad 9, is a Clinical Professor of Law, Yale Law School, 2009, “RESISTING GUANTÁNAMO: RIGHTS AT THE BRINK OF DEHUMANIZATION”, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 103, p. 1683, American University, WCL Research Paper No. 08-65 I argue that while we might hope for rights to obtain transformative effect—to AND , state violence is so extreme as to attempt to extinguish the human.
Impact Structural inequality improving Currie 8 Duncan Currie is managing editor of THE AMERICAN, Speechwriter and Policy Advisor in U.S. Senate, Office of Senator John Cornyn, Editorial Director at The George W. Bush Institute, Deputy Managing Editor at National Review, Managing Editor at The American Enterprise Institute, Harvard University, http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/
Measuring racial progress is all about perspective. Since Appomattox, the struggle for racial AND , about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women.”
Social death as inevitable makes agency impossible and oversimplifies resistance Brown 9 Vincent Brown, Prof. of History and African and African-American Studies @ Harvard Univ., December 2009, "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, p. 1231-1249
Specters of the Atlantic is a compellingly sophisticated study of the relation be- tween AND That is precisely what the women on the Hudibras fought to accomplish.31
Mono-causal explanations of white supremacy are counterproductive Shelby 7 Tommie Shelby, Harvard Professor of African and African American Studies and Professor of Philosophy, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity, 2007, p. 147-8.
Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on AND developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher education.)
Modernity isn’t the root cause of violence- the alternative leaves us unable to deal with any global problems. Curtler 97 Hugh Mercer, Prof. Phil. – Southwest State U. “Rediscovering values: coming to terms with Postmodernism”, Netlibrary, p. 164-165
At the same time, we must beware the temptation to reject out of hand AND the face of hysteria. There are additional problems with postmodernism, however.
Alt Their pessimistic view of racial gains becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy Thernstrom 98 Abigail Thernstrom 98 is the vice chairwoman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and as an adjunct scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Stephan Thernstrom is Winthrop Research Professor of History at Harvard University. “Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go” http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/03/spring-affirmativeaction-thernstrom accessed date: 7-18-12 y2k
Black progress over the past half-century has been impressive, conventional wisdom to AND with the optimism, insight, and energy that further progress surely demands.
Militantly oppositional black resistance generates backlash from the right and the left- it materially reverses efforts towards racial justice Shelby 7 Tommie Shelby, Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard, 2007, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity
Even if it were possible to effectively mobilize a multicorporatist Black Power program without running AND elect effective political representation without the support of like-minded nonblack citizens. Rethinking thinking is a recipe for disaster – the black hole of philosophy will indefinitely delay needed action to confront immediate crises Booth 95 (Kenneth, Professor of International Politics – University of Wales, Aberystwyth, International Relations Theory Today, Ed. Booth and Smith, p. 330)
The implications of saying ‘Dare not to know’ in international relations are profound. AND the year 2045 can be taken as the symbolic marker of the future.
State is inevitable- your tear it down they will rebuild it Holcombe, ‘04 Randall G. Holcombe is DeVoe Moore Professor of Economics at Florida State University. The Independent Review, v. VIII, n. 3, Winter 2004, ISSN 1086-1653, 2004, pp. 325–342. “ Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable” accessed 5/27/11 at http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_holcombe.pdf
The contractarian literature of Rawls (1971), Buchanan (1975), and especially Tullock AND from the capacity of those in government to force their rule on others.
Black-white binary is an insufficient analysis of racism Perea 97 Professor of Law at the University of Florida, Juan F. Perea, "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought," Oct. 5, 1997, JSTOR
Paradigms of race shape our understanding of race and our definition of racial problems. AND that will not fit the box are often not seen at all."29 negativity accepts the foundational premises of racism as its starting point for politics bell hooks 96, Killing Rage: Ending Racism, Google Books, 269-272 269More than ever before in our history, black Americans are succumbing to and internalizing AND be anti-racist, that racism is not some immutable character flaw. Of course many white people are comfortable with a rhetoric of race that suggests racism AND who have internalized racism that they can never be really free of racism. These feelings aíso then obscre the reality of white privi lege. As AND of racist thought which teaches that all black people are alike. Unfortunately, 271so many white people are eager to believe racism cannot be changed because internalizing that AND to make sacrifices, to courageously endure the uncomfortable to challenge and change. Whites, people of color, and black folks are reluctant to commit themselves fully and deeply to an anti-racist struggle that is ongoing because there is such a pervasive feeling of hopelessness—a conviction that nothing will ever change. How any of us can continue to hold those feelings when we study the history of racism in this society
and see how much has changed makes no logical sense. Clearly we have not AND tance will emerge everywhere. That is where we must go from here.
2/27/14
NDT RD 3 - 1AR
Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Packer, Hardy, Sruth Terror AQAP is still a threat Joseph A. Warrick 3/3 is a retired U.S. Army Warrant Officer with over 18 years experience within the SOF community and nearly 30 years total experience in Counterintelligence and HUMINT operations both within and outside of SOF. He is currently serving as an PE ops officer within the SOF Community with duty at Fort Bragg, NC. “Radical Islamic Terrorism,” 3-3-14, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/radical-islamic-terrorism, DOA: 3-22-14, y2k In its first paragraph, “In Focus: Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula AND and will be replaced by aspects of the social movement which is AQ.
A U.S. drone strike in December that killed at least a dozen AND shift full control of the drone campaign from the CIA to the Pentagon. Rules have changed---the new guidance document allows for civilian strikes Kristina Wong 12/3 is Washington Times Staff, “Obama war chiefs widen drone kill box: Lethality of collateral damage ‘must not be excessive’ 12-3-13, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/dec/3/pentagon-gives-more-room-for-deadly-error-in-drone/?page=all, DOA: 1-2-14, y2k
The Pentagon has loosened its guidelines on avoiding civilian casualties during drone strikes, modifying AND version defines the term as objects “located inside the collateral hazard area.” Signature strikes cause targeting mistakes---military votes aff Greenfield 13 DANYA GREENFIELD is the deputy director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, where she leads the Yemen Policy Group. “The Case Against Drone Strikes on People Who Only 'Act' Like Terrorists,” 8-19-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-case-against-drone-strikes-on-people-who-only-act-like-terrorists/278744/ DOA: 8-26-13, y2k
As Mark Bowden discusses in this month's Atlantic cover story, there is great debate AND that strengthens the very groups the U.S. seeks to destroy.
An explanation of the difference between a "signature strike" and "personality strike AND vehicles of militants or compounds, eavesdropping on cell phone conversations, etc.).
CP pERM Perm solves their flex DA Douglas Kriner, Assistant Profess of Political Science at Boston University, 2010, After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War, p. 59-60
Presidents and politicos alike have long recognized Congress's ability to reduce the political costs that AND S. interests or the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution."36
Solvency More rollback evidence Benjamin McKelvey, Jun-15-2011, (Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law) Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power, 44 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 1353, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf
The Obama Administration has addressed the controversy over ¶ targeted killing in an effort to AND and legitimate use of targeted ¶ killings in narrowly ta¶ ilored circumstances.
Legal restrictions are key---self-restraint fails Cesca 13 Bob Cesca is an American director, producer, writer, actor, blogger and political commentator. He is the Managing Editor of The Daily Banter, a news and opinion site founded by Ben Cohen, where he also writes a daily political column. “It’s Time to End the War or Regulate the Drones,” 2-6-13, http://thedailybanter.com/2013/02/its-time-to-end-the-war-or-regulate-the-drones/ DOA: 9-6-13, y2k
If the administration opts to continue this policy, it should be compelled to lay AND team of White House lawyers could fashion a slippery justification for each one.
No enforcement---Obama won’t restrain Friedman 13 Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies. His areas of expertise include counter-terrorism, homeland security and defense politics. He is the author of dozens of op-eds and journal articles and co-editor of two books, including Terrorizing Ourselves: Why U.S. Counterterrorism Policy Is Failing and How to Fix It, published in 2010. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science and an affiliate of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “President’s Drone Speech: Good on Rhetoric, Bad on Policy,” 5-23-13, http://www.cato.org/blog/presidents-drone-speech-good-rhetoric-bad-policy, DOA: 8-26-13, y2k
President Obama’s Tuesday speech was intended to convey that he is taking a more measured AND starting by providing the legal end date for the war justifying those powers.
CP strengthens the executive---kills enforcement Swanson 9 – David, Master’s Degree in Philosophy from the University of Virginia, Chair of the Accountability and Prosecution Working Group of United for Peace and Justice, "Dangerous Executive Orders", Op-ed News, 1/25, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Dangerous-Executive-Orders-by-David-Swanson-090125-670.html, DOA: 1-1-14, y2k
The Center for Constitutional Rights has expressed concern that President Obama's executive order banning torture AND the other violated laws for which no such formal orders have been given?
Courts won’t act- Congress key to check the executive Benjamin McKelvey, Jun-15-2011, (Executive Development Editor on the Editorial Board of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law ) Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power, 44 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 1353, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf
The targeted killing of Americans, as demonstrated by the ¶ Aulaqi¶ case, AND establishing clear principles that safeguard ¶ fundamental due process liberties from potential executive overreach
Flex Best scholarship proves---congressional involvement is key Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k
Because they are legally binding, legislation and appropriations passed by Congress directly impinge on AND politics generally, and Congress in particular, to gauge the nation’s resolve.
Plan solves after-the-fact objections that kill flex David J. Barron 8 is Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, "The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb — A Constitutional History", Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis, DOA: 1-1-14, y2k
By the conclusion of the Clinton Administration, however, it appeared that something of AND much to say about the question of unilateral executive use of military force. Lack of congressional involvement in warmaking devastates US resolve by creating strategic uncertainty Michael L. Smidt 9 is Leeutenant Colonel, USMA, “The Proposed 2009 War Powers Consultation Act,” 3-19-9, DOA: 12-22-13, y2k
Although the primary benefit from a joint Congressional and Presidential decision to commit the armed AND means that only half of the power available to the government is employed.
I/L: SS Bad --- 2AC Specifically, Signature strikes fail in Yemen---high-value targeting solves stability and AQAP Johnsen 13 Gregory Johnsen, a former Fulbright Fellow in Yemen, is currently a Ph.D. candidate in Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. Johnsen has written for a variety of publications on Yemen including, among others, Foreign Policy, The American Interest, The Independent, The Boston Globe, and The National. “How to Beat Al-Qaeda in Yemen,” 8-15-13, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-15/how-to-beat-al-qaeda-in-yemen.html, DOA: 9-6-13, y2k
Somewhere in Yemen are about two dozen individuals whom the U.S. is AND , it’s long past time to start putting those advantages to better use. Leadership decapitation is effective Lynn-Jones 12 Sean M. Lynn-Jones is Editor of International Security, the International Security Program's quarterly journal, and Belfer Center Studies in International Security published by MIT, “Do Drone strikes on Al-Qaida make us safer?”, Power and Policy, 6-8-12, http://www.powerandpolicy.com/2012/06/08/do-us-drone-strikes-on-al-qaida-make-us-safer/#.UfttvmTwLGA, DOA: 8-14-13, y2k
Does killing the leaders of terrorist groups make the United States more secure? Is AND target in its calculation that the benefits of decapitation strikes outweigh the costs.
Low level targets are not a threat to the US and too easily replaced for drones to be effective. Adam Baron, August 12, 2013 Yemenis exasperated with US focus on beheading Al Qaeda; (correspondent) With Yemen yet again in the news last week because of the local Al Qaeda group, Yemenis want the US to begin addressing what they consider their real problems. Christian Science Monitor, Lexis
The United States has begun launching drone strikes against suspected al-Qaeda operatives in AND We are very concerned about AQAP. It’s the most active operational franchise.”
Norms Norms Key
SQ drone strikes collapses norms on use of force---robust IR theory and empirics conclude that US leverage solves---re-establishing high-value target norm is key---prevents the notion of unrestricted warfare unique to drones that prevents escalation. That’s Whibley, Zenko, and and Knoll. Turkey specifically models US CT policies---causes intervention to PKK insurgents. That’s Stein.
China models US drones Scott Shane 11 is a national security correspondent for the NYT, “Coming Soon: The Drone Arms Race,” October 8, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/sunday-review/coming-soon-the-drone-arms-race.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0, Accessed Date: 6-28-13 y2k AT the Zhuhai air show in southeastern China last November, Chinese companies startled some AND Then it was armed and everywhere. That is the path we’re on.” Causes Asian intability Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis 8 is division director and professor of liberal arts and international studies at Colorado School of Mines, 2008, "Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China," Asian Affairs: An American Review, 2008, Vol. 35, Issue 1, pg. 15-30, ebsco Alternative Futures¶ The scenario most worrisome to the Chinese would be the Uyghur Muslim AND a fragmenting China. Political instability in China would impact all of Asia. Asian war goes nuclear---no defense---interdependence and institutions don’t check Mohan 13 C. Raja Mohan is distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region,” background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf Three broad types of conventional conflict confront Asia. The first is the prospect of AND geographic scope and the normative basis for a future security order in Asia. Causes Indo-Pak conflicts---impact defense doesn’t apply Boyle 13 Michael J. Boyle is Assistant Professor of Political Science @ La Salle University, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf, International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, Accessed Date: 6-4-13 y2k
A second consequence of the spread of drones is that many of the traditional concepts AND nuclear powers, thus magnifying the risks of a spiral of conflict between them
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most AND well lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate
US drone usage sets a precedent for Russian drone attacks against Chechnya Sexton 12 Buck Sexton served in the CIA, including assignments in the Counterterrorism Center and Office of Iraq Analysis. He is currently an editor for TheBlaze.com and appears nightly on GBTV.com. “Drawbacks of drone war mania,” 2-3-12, L/N, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k
We've set the stage for even more undeclared, borderless conflicts. America's lethal drone AND Our capability to effect violence abroad has outpaced our discussion of its desirability.
Causes Chechnya insurgency Cohen 12 Ariel Cohen, Ph.D., is Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. “A Threat to the West: The Rise of Islamist Insurgency in the Northern Caucasus and Russia’s Inadequate Response,” 3-26-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/a-threat-to-the-west-the-rise-of-islamist-insurgency-in-the-northern-caucasus, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k
Russia’s Northern Caucasus is turning into one of the most volatile, lawless regions in AND to mitigate the rising Islamist threat and the effects of misguided Russian policies.
Only two days ago, Moscow announced that Russian Federation had formulated a new security AND to Russia if the latter decides to use nuclear weapons in Chechyn war.
Off 2AC---XO---Top-Level Perm do both---Congressional targeted killing policy creates checks and balances and political consensus- ensures solvency and resolves link to politics Peter M. Cullen, 2008, (Colonel, Staff Judge Advocate) The Role of Targeted Killing in the Campaign Against Terror, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume6/march_2008/3_08_1_pf.html Some have even argued that there should be legislative authorization for any policy of targeted AND accurate intelligence, they will become an even more potent weapon against transnational terrorism Links to politics Hallowell 13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/
“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to AND the U.S., effectively blocking Obama’s plan to shutter the jail.
As a result, much of what the administration says about its secret war— AND for which he alone is today responsible, is increasingly viewed as illegitimate.
The CP isn’t sufficient – binding restraints access signaling Scheuerman, 12 William E. Scheuerman, Professor of Political Science and West European Studies at Indiana University, “Review Essay: Emergencies, Executive Power, and the Uncertain Future of US Presidential Democracy”, Law and Social Inquiry, Summer, 37 Law and Soc. Inquiry 743, p. lexis Posner and Vermeule rely on two main claims. First, even if the president AND seems like a pale replacement for liberal legalism and the separation of powers.
Fiating self-binding mechanism is a voting issue---they avoid core implementation question---only reciprocal interp because aff has to debate circumvention. Obama won’t self-restrain Spencer Ackerman, 5/29/13 (Defense reporter for Wired), New Drone Strike Undercuts Obama’s Promises on Robot War, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/05/drone-strike-restrictions/
The CIA has not bombed Pakistan for 55 days, the longest pause between drone AND senior targets or carry out strikes if it felt an attack was imminent. Restrictions inevitable- is a question of reform by design or default Drones are inevitable- its just a question of effectiveness- 1AC was a impact turns to aggressive usage US targeted killing operations are not “dynamic”---delay doesn’t jeopardize drone strikes Deborah Pearlstein 13 is Assistant Professor of Law, Cardozo Law School @ Yeshiva University. “Enhancing Due Process in Targeted Killing,” October 2013, http://www.acslaw.org/sites/default/files/Pearlstein_-_Due_Process_in_Targeted_Killing.pdf, DOA: 11-14-13, y2k
Conversely, the argument that it is never possible to provide advance process in lethal AND , it is necessary to begin with a serious assessment of existing procedures. No spillover Their “weak president” link is wrong Kitfield 11 James Kitfield is Senior Correspondent for The National Journal, three-time winner of the Gerald R. Ford Award for Distinguished Reporting on National Defense, “Power Down,” 11-17-11, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/an-indispensible-nation-no-more~-~-20111117, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
Republicans lay the blame for those international woes on President Obama’s doorstep. They object AND , and they defy the efforts of any one nation,” Haass says. Statutory checks improve war-fighting Matthew C. Waxman 13, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School; Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War”, Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123 (2014), 8/25/2013, PDF, DOA: 12-29-13, y2k
A second argument, this one advanced by some congressionalists, is that stronger legislative AND by pointing foreign actors to the appropriate institution or process for reading them. 2AC Iran
What are the consequences of this crisis for the U.S.-Russian relationship AND great, but any effect that there is will be a negative one. PC Not key Kampeas 1/29 Groups opposing new Iran sanctions team up, RON KAMPEAS, January 29, 2014, http://www.timesofisrael.com/groups-opposing-new-iran-sanctions-team-up/
WASHINGTON (JTA) — A loose coalition of advocacy groups and policy experts, AND the past, in part because of the advocacy of the coalition members. Plan causes agenda crowd-out---solves the DA Donna Cassata 13 is AP Staff Reporter, “Health care dispute could delay Iran sanctions,” 11-15-13, http://www.morningjournal.com/general-news/20131115/health-care-dispute-could-delay-iran-sanctions, DOA: 1-17-14, y2k
A Senate delay over an unrelated health care issue could be the silver lining for AND more time — without new sanctions — to pursue a deal with Iran.
No spill-over---loser’s lose is wrong Brian Beutler 13 is Salon staff writer, 9/9/13, GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term , www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/ DOA: 1-2-14, y2k
When President Obama decided to seek authorization to bomb Syria, he didn’t just throw AND or a farm bill, or a budget deal, or anything else. Deal fails Gary Samore 2/18 is Executive Director for Research, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, interviewed by Jeffrey Goldberg, Bloomberg Staff Reporter, “Obama Weapons Expert: No Chance of Success With Iran,” 2-18-14, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-18/obama-weapons-expert-no-chance-of-success-with-iran.html, DOA: 2-21-14, y2k
Until recently, Gary Samore was the Barack Obama administration’s top expert on weapons of AND some point in the future feel strong enough to walk away from negotiations. We turn Turkey No Israeli strikes---assumes the deal Zachary Keck 11/28 is associate editor of The Diplomat. “Five Reasons Israel Won't Attack Iran,” 11-28-13, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/five-reasons-israel-wont-attack-iran-9469?page=2, DOA: 1-19-14, y2k
Although not a member of the P5+1 itself, Israel has always loomed AND the last minute when faced with what it views as an existential threat. No arms race Jones 2/18/2013 Peter, ¶ Associate professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa Rapid nuclear proliferation doesn't happen;, LexisNexis, 7/20/2013 DMW
It's a good narrative for those who want to attack Iran, but history shows AND might otherwise be a hard sell to a war-weary American public. Prez leadership isn’t key Jacobs and King ’10 (University of Minnesota, Nuffield College, (Lawrence and Desmond, “Varieties of Obamaism: Structure, Agency, and the Obama Presidency,” Perspectives on Politics (2010), 8: 793-802)
But personality is not a solid foundation for a persuasive explanation of presidential impact and AND roadblocks, and anticipated voter reactions. Presidential sales pitches go only so far No strikes impact Ward 2012 Alex e-international relations writer, Durham University Iran’s Nuclear Programme and the Stability of the Middle East http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/02/irans-nuclear-programme-and-the-stability-of-the-middle-east/ Accessed 7/19/2013 DMW
These factors considered, a covert campaign coordinated by the CIA and Mossad has been AND role as a counter-hegemonic Islamic regional leader (Rakel, 2007).
No US strike Anne Applebaum 10, Washington Post, “Prepare for war with Iran -- in case Israel strikes”, 2-23, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/22/AR2010022203528.html Let's be serious for a moment: Barack Obama will not bomb Iran. This is not because he is a liberal, or because he is a peacenik, or because he doesn't have the guts to try and "save his presidency" in this time-honored manner, as Daniel Pipes has urged and Sarah Palin said she would like him to do. The president will not bomb Iran's nuclear installations for precisely the same reasons that George AND and no American president could expect public support for more than a nanosecond.
2AC PIC Perm do both---no external net-benefit Can’t solve for norms CP must be textually and functionally competitive---they are plan plus because they say the plan AND THE “EXCEPT” YEMEN---we don’t take a stance---aff ground
3/28/14
NDT Rd 3- 1AC
Tournament: NDT | Round: 3 | Opponent: Dartmouth CC | Judge: Packer, Hardy, Sruth 1AC --- Terrorism Contention : Terrorism Signature strikes undermine counter-terrorism---causes civilian casualties and kills Yemeni legitimacy---shift to high-value targeting solves Emker 13 Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemen, Stacey Emker, Master’s candidate at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, JANUARY 14, 2013, https://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/ The United States has placed great emphasis on fighting the militant Islamic group based in AND of President Hadi to target only key, local Yemeni leaders of AQAP. Blowback theory is true John Glaser 12 is Editor of Antiwar.com, “Is ‘Drone Blowback’ Really a Fallacy?” 7-2-12, http://antiwar.com/blog/2012/07/02/is-drone-blowback-really-a-fallacy/ DOA: 3-23-14, y2k In Foreign Affairs, Christopher Swift attempts to debunk what he calls the “drone AND of anti-American sentiment. And the Yemen situation is still evolving. Statistical research concludes---drones cause retaliatory violence Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). “Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k Between 2004 and 2009, our research and databases compiled by others document a dramatic AND sentiment, which may force sudden policy adjustments by political and military actors. AQAP has the intent to attack Cilluffo et al 13 Subcommittee Hearing: Understanding the Threat to the Homeland from AQAP, September 18, 2013, Mr. Frank J. Cilluffo, Associate Vice President, Director, Homeland Security Policy Institute, The George Washington University, Ms. Katherine Zimmerman, Senior Analyst, The American Enterprise Institute, Mr. Brian Katulis, Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress, http://www.securityassistance.org/content/understanding-threat-homeland-aqap#sthash.0ztnhYSX.dpuf Yet to do so would be a real mistake. Notwithstanding the importance of Syria AND up on ahead of time, when we are still left of boom. Nuclear terrorism is feasible and likely Bunn et al. 13 "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism," Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School and Co-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and AND the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever. Extinction Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers, AND should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes. US will retaliate---goes nuclear Lt. Col. Harry Conley 3 is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air and Space Power Journal, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html, Accessed Date: 2-14-13 y2k The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the AND be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”48
1AC --- Proliferation Contention : Proliferation SQ Collapses norms on violence- now is key Whibley 13 The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent, James Whibley received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand in 2012, His research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security, February 6th, 2013, http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/ If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American AND , then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying. Establishing high-value target norms is key David L. Knoll 12 is a freelance defense analyst. He is a doctoral candidate in International Relations at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. “Will America's Addiction to Drone Strikes Backfire? The over-use of armed UAVs sets a dangerous precedent as more nations acquire the technology.” 10-23-12, http://thediplomat.com/2012/10/ok-drone-the-global-proliferation-of-uavs/ DOA: 2-11-14, y2k In the first Persian Gulf War, a small group of Iraqi soldiers famously surrendered AND contribute to rather than detract from U.S. and global security. Empirics prove drones norms would be effective Zenko 13 Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Wash- ington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Ser- vice, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report, No. 65 January 2013 History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space. Statutory restrictions are key Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S AND eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
Turkey models US drone policies---causes failed intervention to strike PKK Aaron Stein 12 is a Ph.D candidate at King’s College, London and the Nonproliferation Program Director at the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies an independent think tank in Istanbul. “Flying Blind: Why Armed Drones May Detract from Turkish Security,” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/27/flying-blind-why-armed-drones-may-detract-from-turkish-security/ DOA: 1-11-14, y2k Eager to land the decisive blow in its long-standing battle with its Kurdish AND is serious about its pledges to increase minority rights and deepen Turkish democracy. That escalates to a full-scale war and kills Turkish soft-power Sinan Ulgen 13 is Visiting Scholar @ Carnegie Europe, “Erdogan’s Kurdish Gambit,” 4-11-13, http://carnegieeurope.eu/publications/?fa=51503, DOA: 1-15-14, y2k Conflict in the Middle East threatens not only the security of many of its states AND cites the PKK leader as threatening the government with full-scale war. Resurgent PKK guerilla attacks cause regional escalation Patrick Cockburn 13 is Foreign Commentator of the Year @ Independent (Editorial Intelligence Comment Awards 2013), “After decades of war, can the Kurds finally find peace?” 5-6-13, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/after-decades-of-war-can-the-kurds-finally-find-peace-8605190.html, DOA: 1-15-14, y2k On Wednesday, some 2,000 Turkish Kurd guerrillas will begin their withdrawal from AND its Kurdish minority, but this does not mean it will do so. Causes great power war Gulriz Cokcek 2 is Faculty @ Dept. of Pol Sci, UC Santa Barbara, “Ethnic Conflict and Interstate War: An Analysis of the Kurdish Problem” Prepared for presentation at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/gokcek.html, DOA: 1-15-14, y2k The tensions over the Kurdish conflict, which eventually escalated to the brink of war AND the Arabs, Persians, and Turks, a viable solution is needed.
Successful peace talks key to EU membership, economic growth Al Jazeera, 22 Oct 2013 PKK threatens to renew fight in Turkey, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/pkk-threatens-renew-fight-turkey-201310226444407255.html Negotiations with the PKK were unthinkable until only a few years ago and Recep Tayyip AND human-rights record, held back its EU candidacy and undermined economic growth Turkey’s accession solves extinction Egemen Bagis and Louis Michel, December 12, 2011 (Turkey's minister for European affairs and its chief negotiator in the accession talks. Louis Michel is a liberal Belgian MEP), Turkey and EU membership: a win-win situation, EU Observer, http://euobserver.com/opinion/114603 Enlargement is, first and foremost, a political goal of the EU aiming at AND democracy. The EU should encourage these efforts, not evade its commitments.
PLAN: The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.
1AC --- Solvency Contention : Solvency Congress makes drones effective Chehab 12 Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review. Restraint is key to sustainability of the drones program Zenko 13 Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Wash- ington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Ser- vice, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report, No. 65 January 2013 The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone use and sacrificing freedom AND the human intelligence networks on the ground that are critical for identifying targets. Congressional ban pressures Obama and mobilizes public resistance against signature strikes Naiman 12 Robert Naiman is policy director at Just Foreign Policy and president of Truthout's board of directors. “A Reformist Strategy to Downsize the Drone Strike Policy,” 11-27-12, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/12987-a-reformist-strategy-to-downsize-the-drone-strike-policy, DOA: 8-13-13, y2k I want to talk about what Congress could do about drone strikes in the next AND strikes could be a price imposed for confirmation of the next CIA head. That checks intervention Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k Congressional dissent also may influence the public’s willingness to back the president during the lead AND for the operation and adjusted its strategic decision making to minimize public backlash. Congress will enforce restriction---most recent defense appropriation proves Jon Bellinger 1/26 is a partner in the international and national security law practices at Arnold and Porter LLP in Washington, DC. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations. He served as The Legal Adviser for the Department of State from 2005–2009, as Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Legal Adviser to the National Security Council at the White House from 2001–2005, and as Counsel for National Security Matters in the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice from 1997–2001. “Congressional Control of Intelligence Programs (sometimes),” 1-26-14, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/01/congressional-control-of-intelligence-programs-sometimes/ DOA: 1-31-14, y2k In the last ten days, an interesting controversy has bubbled up over congressional control AND fund the program, even as they distance themselves from the program now. Oversight capabilities are effective Sorcher 13 Sara Sorcher is National Journal Staff, “National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program.” 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311, Accessed Date: 7-8-13 y2k Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members AND , and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.”
2AC
3/28/14
Norms ADV - A2 Pan - Georgia - Round 2
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Len Neighbors China’s expansion to South China Sea is rooted in historical national identity — the alternative is naiive Prabhakar 11 Dr.W.Lawrence S., Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India; Adjunct Senior Fellow, Centre for Asian Strategic Studies, New Delhi, India; Guest Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras., “ The Evolving Geopolitics in the South China Sea”, PDF Sovereignty Concerns and the apprehension of sovereignty violations by contending states both regional and extra AND and aerial staging points in a sea of contending territorial and resources disputes.
Self-fulfilling prophecy is wrong and they cause extinction Blumenthal et al 11 ( Dan Blumenthal is a current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, where he directs efforts to monitor, investigate, and provide recommendations on the national security implications of the economic relationship between the two countries. “Avoiding Armageddon with China” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china?wpisrc=obinsite) The balancing and hedging strategy should involve options to avoid what Traub rightfully describes as AND quo. Not doing so, we fear, would lead to Armageddon. Scenario planning’s uniquely key to effective China policy Richard Weitz 1, Member of the research staff at the Center for Strategic Studies, CNAC Corporation, January 24, Journal of Strategic Studies, 24:3, 19-48
The most prominent international security issue today among Washington foreign policy makers and international relations AND . Planners also must review them periodically to ensure their continued utility.5
2/1/14
Pakistan ADV - A2 Orientalism - Georgia - Round 2
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Len Neighbors Terrorist threats are real---you should default to our scholarly and peer-reviewed work on terrorism---our Rosetta and Thinkel evidence concludes through objective studies that threat of LeT is real. Exum 12 Andrew Exum is a Senior Fellow with the Center for a New American Security. A native of East Tennessee, Exum was educated in Philadelphia, Beirut and London. From 2000 until 2004, Exum served on active duty in the U.S. Army. He led a platoon of light infantry in Kuwait and Afghanistan in 2001 and 2002 and later led a platoon of Army Rangers in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Exum returned to Afghanistan in 2009 to serve as an advisor to Gen. Stanley McChrystal and subsequently participated in an assessment conducted for Gen. David Petraeus in 2010. Exum served as a subject matter expert on Egypt and the Levant for the 2008-2009 CENTCOM Assessment Team. Exum earned a B.A. in classics and English literature from the University of Pennsylvania in 2000 and received the Cane Award upon graduation. He later earned an M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from the American University of Beirut and a Ph.D. in War Studies from the University of London. Exum has also formally studied in Cairo, Paris and Tangier. Exum aims to engage in conversations with his readers through social media. While on a one-year fellowship at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Exum started a blog on small wars and insurgencies, Abu Muqawama, that he continues to edit at CNAS. Exum was also named by Foreign Policy magazine as one of the top 100 voices in foreign policy on Twitter. Exum is a member of the American Political Science Association, the Middle East Studies Association, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations. “On Terrorism Experts,” 3-27-12, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/abumuqawama/2012/03/terrorism-experts.html, DOA: 8-29-13, y2k
As those of you who follow my Twitter feed know, I have been drawn AND Glenn Greenwald what's what about due process or Constitutional law, do you? Reject their epistemology claims---our knowledge productions are objective and there are legitimate threats. Semiei 9 Mohammad Semiei is Faculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Northern Campus, Amir Abad, Tehran, Iran, “Neo-orientalism? A critical appraisal of changing Western perspectives: Bernard Lewis, John Esposito and Gilles Kepel,” http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/8495/1/Mohammad_SAMIEI_ADDED.pdf, DOA: 8-30-13, y2k
Influenced by some postmodernist schools of thought, Said’s whole approach suffers from four fundamental AND Sunni extremists happened in the real world and reached its apex in September 11 Representation doesn’t shape reality—it’s the other way around. Fram-Cohen 85—Michelle Fram-Cohen is a freelance translator and interpreter between Hebrew and English that has published articles on literature, translation theory, and philosophy, “Reality, Language, Translation: What Makes Translation Possible,” 1985, Paper presented at the American Translators Association Conference, http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/michellefr-amcohen//possibilityoftranslation.html)
The idea that language is created inside one's mind independently of outside experience eliminates the AND not by itself provide a sufficient image of modern reality for modern users.
2/1/14
Pakistan ADV - A2 Strikes Low - Georgia - Round 4
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt Drone strikes are not going down and still kills civilians---no functional changes Bergen and Rowland 10/25 Peter Bergen is CNN's national security analyst, a director at the New America Foundation—AND—Jennifer Rowland is a graduate student at Harvard University's Kennedy School. “Did Obama keep his drone promises?” 10-25-13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/ DOA: 10-29-13, y2k
(CNN) -- On May 23, President Barack Obama gave a major speech AND Louis Brandeis observed a century ago, "Sunlight is the best disinfectant."
2/1/14
Signature Strikes AFF - 1AC - D7
Tournament: D7 | Round: 7 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Heather Barnes, Judd Kimball, Ben Hagwood 1AC---Terrorism Contention : Terrorism Low value targeting in Yemen causes resentment Greenfield 13 The Case Against Drone Strikes on People Who Only 'Act' Like Terrorists, DANYA GREENFIELD, AUG 19 2013, deputy director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, where she leads the Yemen Policy Group, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-case-against-drone-strikes-on-people-who-only-act-like-terrorists/278744/
The problem with signature strikes is that they open the door to a much higher AND not necessarily planning an imminent act of terror or hold a leadership position.
The United States has placed great emphasis on fighting the militant Islamic group based in AND , debilitating AQAP represents the first step in improving the overall security situation.
By targeting AQAP’s local leadership, the U.S. can eliminate the individuals AND of President Hadi to target only key, local Yemeni leaders of AQAP. Restraint is key to sustainability of the drones program Zenko 13 Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Wash- ington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Ser- vice, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report, No. 65 January 2013
The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone use and sacrificing freedom AND the human intelligence networks on the ground that are critical for identifying targets. Alternatives to drones are worse in Yemen Byman 13 Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice, Daniel L. Byman, July/August 2013, Research Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Senior Fellow, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman
Critics of drone strikes often fail to take into account the fact that the alternatives AND even if achieved, they still might not reduce the allure of jihad. Yemeni instability destabilizes entire Mid-East and bolsters AQAP’s capability---specifically kills MEC’s arms control negotiation Dr. Ahmed Saif 12 is Executive Director of the Sheba Centre for Strategic Studies AND _Conference.pdf, DOA: 2-18-14, Y2K
Yemen’s ongoing domestic crisis has profound regional and global implications. This is due to AND which the region’s state actors might contemplate as part of the envisioned MEC.
The international community, perhaps led by China, Russia, the United States, AND be a long and tortuous path to a WMD-free Middle East. Relations prevent nuclear conflict Allison and Blackwill 11 Allison Graham is Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs @ Harvard’s Kennedy School—AND—Robert Blackwill is Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy @ CFR, “10 reasons why Russia still matters,” Politico, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/67178.html, DOA: 7-23-13, y2k
That central point is that Russia matters a great deal to a U.S AND .S. success, or failure, in advancing our national interests. Nuclear terrorism causes extinction---it’s probable Martin E. Hellman 8 Professor @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat AND assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. AQAP will target commercial aviation Ben Brandt 11 is a director at Lime, a political risk consultancy based in the United Arab Emirates. Prior to joining Lime, he worked as a threat analyst for a major U.S. airline, as well as at the New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness. Mr. Brandt holds an MA in Security Studies from Georgetown University. “Terrorist Threats to Commercial Aviation: A Contemporary Assessment,” Nov 30, 2011, http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/terrorist-threats-to-commercial-aviation-a-contemporary-assessment, DOA: 2-11-14, y2k
Aviation-Related Plots Since 9/11 and the Regulatory Response A number of AND air carrier, particularly if backup facilities were to be targeted as well. That shuts down the industry---robust research concludes Chris Kjelgaard 7 is NBC Staff, “New Terror Attack Could be Costly for Airliners,” 8-30-7, http://www.nbcnews.co-m/id/20515498/#.UvrrGvldW4I, DOA: 2-11-14, y2k
The terrorist attacks on the U.S. commercial aviation system on Sept. AND I think everyone understands the industry is in some ways very fragile financially." Commercial airlines are key to CRAF---solves WMD attacks and irregular warfare Lieutenant Colonel Michael W. Grismer 11 Jr., USAF, is assigned to the J3 East Division U.S. Central Command Branch of the U.S. Transportation Command at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, “Transforming the Civil Reserve Air Fleet,” JFQ / issue 63, 4th quarter 2011,
The expeditionary nature of U.S. warfare today relies on rapid global reach AND today, with 32 airlines committing more than 1,100 aircraft.10 1AC---China Contention 2: Norms SQ collapses norms on violence---now is key Whibley 13 The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent, James Whibley received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand in 2012, His research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security, February 6th, 2013, http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/
If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American AND , then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying. Establishing high-value target norms is key---sets a better precedent that restricts use of force David L. Knoll 12 is a freelance defense analyst. He is a doctoral candidate in International Relations at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. “Will America's Addiction to Drone Strikes Backfire? The over-use of armed UAVs sets a dangerous precedent as more nations acquire the technology.” 10-23-12, http://thediplomat.com/2012/10/ok-drone-the-global-proliferation-of-uavs/ DOA: 2-11-14, y2k
In the first Persian Gulf War, a small group of Iraqi soldiers famously surrendered AND contribute to rather than detract from U.S. and global security. Empirics prove drones norms would be effective Zenko 13 Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Wash- ington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Ser- vice, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report, No. 65 January 2013
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space. Causes Asian conflict Brimley 13 How China sparked a dangerous unmanned arms race, Shawn, Ben Fitzgerald, Ely Ratner, Brimley, Fitzgerald and Ratner are respectively vice-president, and director of the technology and national security program, and deputy director of the Asia program at the center for a new Americansecurity, 9-24-13, The Drone War Comes to Asia, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/17/the_drone_war_comes_to_asia#sthash.fOkGdqaz.qCLo6uBb.dpbs
It's now been a year since Japan's previously ruling liberal government purchased three of the AND political leadership, these technologies could very well lead the region into war. China-Japan conflict causes extinction Kevin R. Baker 12 is Member of the Compensation Committee of Calfrac, Chair of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Century Oilfield Services Inc. from August 2005 until November 10, 2009, when it was acquired by the Corporation. He also has served as the President of Baycor Capital Inc., 9/17/2012, “What Would Happen if China and Japan Went to War?”, http://appreviews4u.com/2012/09/17/what-would-happen-if-china-and-japan-went-to-war/
China is not an isolationist country but it is quite nationalistic. Their allies include AND maybe 20 years at best, if there are ample supplies of course.
1AC---Solvency Congressional ban pressures Obama and mobilizes public resistance against signature strikes Naiman 12 Robert Naiman is policy director at Just Foreign Policy and president of Truthout's board of directors. “A Reformist Strategy to Downsize the Drone Strike Policy,” 11-27-12, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/12987-a-reformist-strategy-to-downsize-the-drone-strike-policy, DOA: 8-13-13, y2k
I want to talk about what Congress could do about drone strikes in the next AND strikes could be a price imposed for confirmation of the next CIA head. That checks intervention Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k
Congressional dissent also may influence the public’s willingness to back the president during the lead AND for the operation and adjusted its strategic decision making to minimize public backlash. Congress will enforce restriction---most recent defense appropriation proves Jon Bellinger 1/26 is a partner in the international and national security law practices at Arnold and Porter LLP in Washington, DC. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations. He served as The Legal Adviser for the Department of State from 2005–2009, as Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Legal Adviser to the National Security Council at the White House from 2001–2005, and as Counsel for National Security Matters in the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice from 1997–2001. “Congressional Control of Intelligence Programs (sometimes),” 1-26-14, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/01/congressional-control-of-intelligence-programs-sometimes/ DOA: 1-31-14, y2k
Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members AND , and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.” Power of the purse checks the president Flower and Beavers 9/29 Ruth Flower is the legislative director at the Friends Committee on National Legislation—AND—Beavers is the program assistant for foreign policy at FCNL. “Congress must rein in president's war power,” 9-29-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/325205-congress-must-rein-in-presidents-war-power#ixzz2ghGMnqpX, DOA: 10-3-13, y2k
Lastly, Congress should utilize its most potent tool – the “power of the AND that even decisions of war are subject to the consent of the governed.
2/27/14
Signature Strikes AFF - 1AC - Georgia
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt 1AC---Georgia Plan
PLAN: The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.
Pakistan Signature Strikes fail- a shift to the personality strikes is key Shah 12 Pir Zubair Shah is the Edward R. Murrow press fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He joins CFR from the New York Times. He was a reporter in Pakistan, working in the Waziristan tribal area along the border with Afghanistan. During his fellowship at CFR, Mr. Shah will be working on his book, telling the story of Pakistan thorough his own journey from a tribal boy to a New York Times reporter. He shared the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting for his work at the New York Times and was a 2012 Nieman Fellow. “Drone strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas could create backlash,” 10-10-12, http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/drone-strikes-pakistans-tribal-areas-could-create-backlash, DOA: 9-6-13, y2k
Over the three and a half years of Barack Obama’s presidency, “signature strikes AND in a region where the United States can not afford any more enemies.
Leadership decapitation is effective Jones 12 Do Drone Strikes on al-Qaida Make Us Safer? Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Editor of International Security, the International Security Program's quarterly journal, series editor of the Belfer Center Studies in International Security, July 20, 2012, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/07/20/do-drone-strikes-on-al-qaida-make-us-safer/
Two studies published in the spring 2012 issue of the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center’s AND target in its calculation that the benefits of decapitation strikes outweigh the costs.
Low value targeting undermines the counterinsurgency doctrine- key to prevent radicalization Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). “Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k
3. U.S. COMPLICATIONS Strategic Confusion In Afghanistan, the U. AND and makes the task of U.S. diplomats more difficult.24
Low level strikes increase tensions with Pakistan- disrupts relationships Foust 12 Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project and the author AND -likely/259756/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k
Pakistani ambassador to the U.S. Sherry Rehman recently made an unsurprising statement AND come 2014, that might be enough to keep things mostly under control.
Restraint of strikes is the litmus test to Pakistan relations Rodriguez 13 Alex Rodriguez is Los Angeles Times Staff, "Obama's drone limits may bolster ties with Pakistan," 5-24-13, articles.latimes.com/2013/may/24/world/la-fg-pakistan-drones-20130525, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k
President Obama's commitment to scaling back the use of unmanned aircraft to kill suspected terrorists AND a role for the people in the countries where the drones are used."
Relations solve stability Nelson 12 Rick “Ozzie” Nelson is vice president for business development at Cross Match Technologies, a former director of the CSIS Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Program, and currently a nonresident senior associate at CSIS. He is a former Navy helicopter pilot with over 20 years of operational and intelligence experience, including assignments at the National Security Council (NSC) and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). He joined CSIS in September 2009, after retiring from the U.S. Navy, where he served in a variety of senior policy and operational positions. His last military assignment was with the Joint Special Operations Command. In 2005, he was selected to serve as an inaugural member in the NCTC Directorate of Strategic Operational Planning. Prior to his assignment at NCTC, Nelson served as associate director for maritime security in the Office of Combating Terrorism on the NSC staff at the White House, where he led the development of the National Strategy for Maritime Security. Other career assignments have included counterterrorism team leader in Deep Blue, the navy’s operational think tank created after September 11; navy legislative fellow for Senator Edward M. Kennedy; assistant aviation officer community manager; and flag aide in Okinawa, Japan, to the commander of naval amphibious forces in the Western Pacific. He is operationally trained in naval helicopter strike warfare in the SH-60B Seahawk and SH-2F Seasprite helicopters, and he has deployed around the world and flown in support of numerous operations. Nelson graduated from the George Washington University in 1989 with a B.A. in political science, holds an M.A. in national security studies from Georgetown University, and is a graduate of the Naval War College. He is an adjunct lecturer at Georgetown University, where he teaches courses on homeland security and counterterrorism. “When Chaos Equals Opportunity: The U.S.-Pakistan Relationship in Turmoil,” 6-5-12, http://csis.org/publication/when-chaos-equals-opportunity-us-pakistan-relationship-turmoil, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k
Q3: Do Pakistan and the United States really need each other? A3: AND economic support, the prospects for a stable and prosperous Pakistan are grim.
ZENKO: I'd just add that this administration, part of its reform efforts going AND to be more transparent, to put this on a more firmer footing.
Alternatives to drones trigger instability Ahmad 12 Adam Ahmad is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security and a reporting assistant at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His work focuses on South Asia and U.S. covert action. “Drones: Here to stay,” 11-7-12, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/07/drones_here_to_stay, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k
The debate concerning the use of armed Predator drones to neutralize al Qaeda and a AND or for worse, blemishes and all, drones are here to stay.
Multiple groups can attack Cole et al 12 Leonard Cole Director of Program on Terror Medicine and Security University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Randall Larsen Founding Director of The WMD Center, Charles Allen Principal of The Chertoff Group, Dr. Evelyn Farkas is Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense of Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia Policy, D.A. Henderson, MD, MPH is Distinguished Scholar Professor of Medicine Center for Biosecurity at University of Pittsburgh, Brian Michael Jenkins is Senior Advisor to the President, RAND Corporation, Paul McHale is President of Civil Support International, LLC, Marin Strmecki is Senior Vice President and Director of Programs at Smith Richardson Foundation, Daniel Prieto is Vice President and Practice Lead Public Sector Strategy and Innovation at IBM Global Business Services.”WMD Terrorism: An Update on the Recommendations of the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism,” The Aspen Institute Homeland Security Group’s WMD Working Group, 11/15/2012, http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/hsi/AHSG20WMD20Paper2011.15.12.pdf, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k
Current trends in Pakistan are worrisome. Its political situation borders on chaos, and AND can anyone be that the United States could do anything effective in time?
Pakistan nukes are vulnerable- terrorist acquisition possible Kugelman 1/10 One More Reason to Worry about Pakistan’s Nukes, January 10, 2014, Michael Kugelman is the senior program associate for South Asia at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/one-more-reason-worry-about-pakistan’s-nukes-9686?page=1
Last year, Pakistan experienced a wave of leadership transitions. The country welcomed a AND city” than the billions the United States spends on its own nuclear arsenal
LeT will launch attacks against India---causes escalation Blank 13 Jonah Blank is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation. An anthropologist by training, he is author of the books Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras, and Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana through India. From 1999-2011, Blank served as Policy Director for South and Southeast Asia on the staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Before entering government service, he served as senior editor and foreign correspondent for US News and World Report, where he reported from Indonesia, India, Nepal and Pakistan. In his life as an anthropologist, Blank was the first outside researcher to conduct ethnographic fieldwork among the Daudi Bohras, a Shi'a Muslim community with approximately one million adherents throughout South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and other parts of the world; his research focused on how a traditionalist community used the tools of modernity to combat the threats posed by modernity. Blank began his career in Japan, as finance editor of Tokyo's Asahi Evening News. He has been a reporter for Fortune magazine, and has written for publications ranging from Foreign Affairs to the New Yorker to the Washington Post. Blank received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, and is a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. “Lashkar-e Taiba and the Threat to the United States of a Mumbai-Style Attack,” June, 2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT300/CT390/RAND_CT390.pdf, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k
Fourth, LeT has a unique potential to precipitate a major war between India and AND world would obviously have a monumental impact on US strategic and economic interests.
Can terrorists get their hands on an N-bomb in Pakistan? The Bhatkal AND emotion, is needed to ensure the nuclear red line is never crossed.
LeT specifically can access the nuclear arsenal Rotella 13 An award-winning foreign correspondent and investigative reporter, Sebastian worked for almost 23 years for the Los Angeles Times, covering everything from terrorism to arts to the Mexican border. He served most recently as a national security correspondent in Washington, D.C., and his previous posts include international investigative correspondent and bureau chief in Paris and Buenos Aires, with assignments in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2006, he was named a Pulitzer finalist for international reporting for his coverage of terrorism and Muslim communities in Europe. He won the German Marshall Fund's senior award for excellence in European reporting the same year. He was part of a team whose coverage of al-Qaida received an award from the Overseas Press Club and finalist honors for Harvard University's Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2002. In 2001, he won Columbia University's Maria Moors Cabot Prize for his career coverage of Latin America. His work in Latin America also won honors from the Overseas Press Club, the Inter-American Press Association and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. “Terror Group Recruits From Pakistan’s ‘Best and Brightest’” 4-4-13, http://www.propublica.org/article/terror-group-recruits-from-pakistans-best-and-brightest, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k
Imagine a terrorist group that recruits tens of thousands of young men from the same AND Pakistan and has cranked up its anti-American rhetoric, Fair said.
They will strike the US Tellis 12 The Menace That Is Lashkar-e-Taiba, Ashley J. Tellis, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace specializing in international security, defense, and Asian strategic issues, MARCH 13, 2012, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/13/menace-that-is-lashkar-e-taiba/a2hn
Though the international community first began taking notice of the terrorist group Lashkar-e AND groups—with Pakistani cooperation if possible, but without it if necessary.
That causes great-power nuclear war Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Zealand @ the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. EBSCO, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k
A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers A terrorist nuclear attack, AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
Norms
Signature Strikes set a dangerous precedent of aggressive drones use Eviatar 12 Daphne Eviatar is a senior counsel in the law and security program of Human Rights First, “Obama’s Drone Policy Misreading International Law,” 5-3-12, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/75863.html, DOA: 9-15-13, y2k
White House Counterterrorism Adviser John Brennan’s speech on targeted killings Monday has largely been hailed AND casualties. That’s a problem which Americans may quickly realize could hit home.
Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States AND policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting.
Empirics prove norm setting is effective- gives diplomatic leverage Micah Zenko 13, CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, PhD in Political Science from Brandeis University, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” CFR Special Report 65, January 2013
History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by AND more likely to use lethal force against the United States and its allies.
Lack of norms cause Chinese drone aggression Christopher Bodeen 13, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html
BEIJING -- Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China's AND camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.
Causes Senkaku conflict Davis 12 Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis has lived and worked in Asia for many years. Initially her academic research focused on China. She and her family lived in China on several occasions, primarily in Nanjing and Beijing, and traveled extensively throughout the Chinese countryside. During her time at Johns Hopkins University SAIS, she met former President George H W Bush on several occasions regarding China issues. Her work on the Chinese energy policy and the environment expanded to other parts of Asia, including field work and publications on Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and Korea.After 17 years in academia, Dr. Davis took a hiatus to work for the US Government on issues related to Asia. Based in Hawaii, she travelled regularly to Asia to work on issues of preventive diplomacy. These USG projects included discussions on China with Pakistan, aiding Bangladesh during a difficult political time, and working with the Nepalese officials during the transition from monarchy to representative democracy as well as a citation for her work on the EP3 incident. Simultaneous to these on-the- ground projects, Dr. Davis maintained a rigorous academic agenda that including briefing US senators and congressmen, top US military officers, and foreign government officials on issues related to China and Asia. “China to rule the seas-unmanned,” 12-6-12, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NL06Ad01.html, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k
In the cold blue waters between China and Japan, a Chinese fishing craft collided AND to specific power goals. Today, China looks to be a winner.
SCS conflict is probable- recent trends heighten escalation Chellaney 1/14 Which global conflicts will dominate in 2014? Jan 14, 2014, Brahma Chellaney, leading strategic thinker and an analyst of international geostrategic trends, Professor of Strategic Studies at the New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research, an independent think-tank; a member of the Board of Governors of the National Book Trust of India; and a nonresident affiliate with the International Centre for the Study of Radicalization at King's College London. He has been a Fellow at the Norwegian Nobel Institute, which through the Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually. He was formerly a member of the Policy Advisory Group headed by the External Affairs Minister of India, http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/which-global-conflicts-will-dominate-2014-_1024277.html
The three potential flashpoints for international conflict in 2014—East Asia, South Asia AND Japanese-controlled Senkaku Islands, it increases the chance of armed conflict.
Draws in the US and goes nuclear John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, “Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/
The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku AND that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset.
Solvency
Plan guarantees enforcement---constraining the executive’s targeting decisions are key Goldsmith 12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover AND upholding his right to take out terrorists.” 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, DOA: 9-5-13, y2k
Instead of convincing critics, Attorney General Holder's defense of the Obama administration's targeted killing AND the Obama administration's targeting killing practices are embedded in the rule of law.
Robust scholarship concludes---Congress will enforce Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k
With the erosion of congressional checks on presidential war powers, these scholars note, AND , then, identifies the conditions under which Congress most effectively employs them.
Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members AND , and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.”
DoD shift will ensure compliance Friedman 13 Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies. His areas of expertise include counter-terrorism, homeland security and defense politics. He is the author of dozens of op-eds and journal articles and co-editor of two books, including Terrorizing Ourselves: Why U.S. Counterterrorism Policy Is Failing and How to Fix It, published in 2010. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science and an affiliate of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “President’s Drone Speech: Good on Rhetoric, Bad on Policy,” 5-23-13, http://www.cato.org/blog/presidents-drone-speech-good-rhetoric-bad-policy, DOA: 8-26-13, y2k
Apparently, the administration will also shift control over all drone strikes from the Central AND more power over the Pentagon than the Intelligence Committees have over the CIA.
Congressional certainty is key Cronogue 12 Graham Cronogue, Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2013, “A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror,” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 22:377, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil, DOA: 9-12-13, y2k
Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably AND the future and prevents the “gloss” that comes from congressional acquiescence.
Only congress can send the signal Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S AND eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
Congress will invoke the power of the purse Elsea et al 13 Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative Attorney; Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney; Thomas J. Nicola, Legislative Attorney; CRS Report for Congress, “Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations”, 2-19-13, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/206121.pdf, DOA: 9-22-13, y2k
The Purpose Statute states that funds may be used only for purposes for which they AND exceeding the amount— zero—that Congress has appropriated for the prohibited purpose
WASHINGTON — Nearly a dozen years after the hijackings that transformed America, President Obama AND threat closely resembles the types of attacks we faced before 9/11.”
2/1/14
Signature Strikes AFF - 1AC - NDT
Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Cal MS | Judge: Moczulski, Malsin, Layton Signature Strikes AFF---1AC---NDT 1AC --- Terrorism Contention : Terrorism Signature strikes undermine counter-terrorism---causes civilian casualties and kills Yemeni legitimacy---shift to high-value targeting solves Emker 13 Analyzing the US Counterterrorism Strategy in Yemen, Stacey Emker, Master’s candidate at the Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, JANUARY 14, 2013, https://blogs.shu.edu/diplomacy/2013/01/analyzing-the-us-counterterrorism-strategy-in-yemen/ The United States has placed great emphasis on fighting the militant Islamic group based in AND of President Hadi to target only key, local Yemeni leaders of AQAP. Blowback theory is true John Glaser 12 is Editor of Antiwar.com, “Is ‘Drone Blowback’ Really a Fallacy?” 7-2-12, http://antiwar.com/blog/2012/07/02/is-drone-blowback-really-a-fallacy/ DOA: 3-23-14, y2k In Foreign Affairs, Christopher Swift attempts to debunk what he calls the “drone AND of anti-American sentiment. And the Yemen situation is still evolving. Statistical research concludes---drones cause retaliatory violence Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). “Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k Between 2004 and 2009, our research and databases compiled by others document a dramatic AND sentiment, which may force sudden policy adjustments by political and military actors. AQAP has the intent to attack Cilluffo et al 13 Subcommittee Hearing: Understanding the Threat to the Homeland from AQAP, September 18, 2013, Mr. Frank J. Cilluffo, Associate Vice President, Director, Homeland Security Policy Institute, The George Washington University, Ms. Katherine Zimmerman, Senior Analyst, The American Enterprise Institute, Mr. Brian Katulis, Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress, http://www.securityassistance.org/content/understanding-threat-homeland-aqap#sthash.0ztnhYSX.dpuf Yet to do so would be a real mistake. Notwithstanding the importance of Syria AND up on ahead of time, when we are still left of boom. Nuclear terrorism is feasible and likely Bunn et al. 13 "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism," Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School and Co-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and AND the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever. Extinction Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers, AND should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes. US will retaliate---goes nuclear Lt. Col. Harry Conley 3 is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air and Space Power Journal, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html, Accessed Date: 2-14-13 y2k The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may well be the AND be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”48
1AC --- Proliferation Contention : Proliferation SQ Collapses norms on violence- now is key Whibley 13 The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent, James Whibley received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand in 2012, His research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security, February 6th, 2013, http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/ If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American AND , then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying. Establishing high-value target norms is key David L. Knoll 12 is a freelance defense analyst. He is a doctoral candidate in International Relations at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. “Will America's Addiction to Drone Strikes Backfire? The over-use of armed UAVs sets a dangerous precedent as more nations acquire the technology.” 10-23-12, http://thediplomat.com/2012/10/ok-drone-the-global-proliferation-of-uavs/ DOA: 2-11-14, y2k In the first Persian Gulf War, a small group of Iraqi soldiers famously surrendered AND contribute to rather than detract from U.S. and global security. Empirics prove drones norms would be effective Zenko 13 Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Wash- ington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Ser- vice, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report, No. 65 January 2013 History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabili- ties is often AND should be informed by comparable efforts in the realms of cyber and space. Statutory restrictions are key Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S AND eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
Turkey models US drone policies---causes failed intervention to strike PKK Aaron Stein 12 is a Ph.D candidate at King’s College, London and the Nonproliferation Program Director at the Center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies an independent think tank in Istanbul. “Flying Blind: Why Armed Drones May Detract from Turkish Security,” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/27/flying-blind-why-armed-drones-may-detract-from-turkish-security/ DOA: 1-11-14, y2k Eager to land the decisive blow in its long-standing battle with its Kurdish AND is serious about its pledges to increase minority rights and deepen Turkish democracy. That escalates to a full-scale war and kills Turkish soft-power Sinan Ulgen 13 is Visiting Scholar @ Carnegie Europe, “Erdogan’s Kurdish Gambit,” 4-11-13, http://carnegieeurope.eu/publications/?fa=51503, DOA: 1-15-14, y2k Conflict in the Middle East threatens not only the security of many of its states AND cites the PKK leader as threatening the government with full-scale war. Resurgent PKK guerilla attacks cause regional escalation Patrick Cockburn 13 is Foreign Commentator of the Year @ Independent (Editorial Intelligence Comment Awards 2013), “After decades of war, can the Kurds finally find peace?” 5-6-13, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/after-decades-of-war-can-the-kurds-finally-find-peace-8605190.html, DOA: 1-15-14, y2k On Wednesday, some 2,000 Turkish Kurd guerrillas will begin their withdrawal from AND its Kurdish minority, but this does not mean it will do so. Causes great power war Gulriz Cokcek 2 is Faculty @ Dept. of Pol Sci, UC Santa Barbara, “Ethnic Conflict and Interstate War: An Analysis of the Kurdish Problem” Prepared for presentation at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting, http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/gokcek.html, DOA: 1-15-14, y2k The tensions over the Kurdish conflict, which eventually escalated to the brink of war AND the Arabs, Persians, and Turks, a viable solution is needed.
Successful peace talks key to EU membership, economic growth Al Jazeera, 22 Oct 2013 PKK threatens to renew fight in Turkey, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/pkk-threatens-renew-fight-turkey-201310226444407255.html Negotiations with the PKK were unthinkable until only a few years ago and Recep Tayyip AND human-rights record, held back its EU candidacy and undermined economic growth Turkey’s accession solves extinction Egemen Bagis and Louis Michel, December 12, 2011 (Turkey's minister for European affairs and its chief negotiator in the accession talks. Louis Michel is a liberal Belgian MEP), Turkey and EU membership: a win-win situation, EU Observer, http://euobserver.com/opinion/114603 Enlargement is, first and foremost, a political goal of the EU aiming at AND democracy. The EU should encourage these efforts, not evade its commitments.
PLAN: The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.
1AC --- Solvency Contention : Solvency Congress makes drones effective Chehab 12 Ahmad, Georgetown University Law Center, Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings AND choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review. Restraint is key to sustainability of the drones program Zenko 13 Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies, Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Wash- ington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Ser- vice, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report, No. 65 January 2013 The choice the United States faces is not between unfettered drone use and sacrificing freedom AND the human intelligence networks on the ground that are critical for identifying targets. Congressional ban pressures Obama and mobilizes public resistance against signature strikes Naiman 12 Robert Naiman is policy director at Just Foreign Policy and president of Truthout's board of directors. “A Reformist Strategy to Downsize the Drone Strike Policy,” 11-27-12, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/12987-a-reformist-strategy-to-downsize-the-drone-strike-policy, DOA: 8-13-13, y2k I want to talk about what Congress could do about drone strikes in the next AND strikes could be a price imposed for confirmation of the next CIA head. That checks intervention Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k Congressional dissent also may influence the public’s willingness to back the president during the lead AND for the operation and adjusted its strategic decision making to minimize public backlash. Congress will enforce restriction---most recent defense appropriation proves Jon Bellinger 1/26 is a partner in the international and national security law practices at Arnold and Porter LLP in Washington, DC. He is also Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations. He served as The Legal Adviser for the Department of State from 2005–2009, as Senior Associate Counsel to the President and Legal Adviser to the National Security Council at the White House from 2001–2005, and as Counsel for National Security Matters in the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice from 1997–2001. “Congressional Control of Intelligence Programs (sometimes),” 1-26-14, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/01/congressional-control-of-intelligence-programs-sometimes/ DOA: 1-31-14, y2k In the last ten days, an interesting controversy has bubbled up over congressional control AND fund the program, even as they distance themselves from the program now. Oversight capabilities are effective Sorcher 13 Sara Sorcher is National Journal Staff, “National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program.” 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311, Accessed Date: 7-8-13 y2k Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members AND , and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.”
3/28/14
T - Commander-in-Chief - D7 - Round 1
Tournament: D7 | Round: 1 | Opponent: GW AS | Judge: Lindsey Shook C/I– authority doesn’t need to be stamped explicitly. Words and Phrases 4 (Volume 4a, Cumulative Supplement Pamphlet, p. 275)
U.S.N.Y. 1867. Under the federal judiciary act AND . 258, 6 Wall. 258, 18 L.Ed. 829
Counter interp- war powers include Commander in Chief powers Doug Linder, 2013 (Constitutional law professor at University of Missouri, Kansas City, received his J.D. from Stanford Law School)War and Treaty Powers, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/warandtreaty.htm
The Constitution divides war powers between the Congress and the President. This division was AND threats and in part due to the many-headed nature of Congress. A. Ground---No aff meets your interp because every war power area is applied differently by the president---more relevant for your DA ground because it better reflects the status quo---AND They would eliminate signature strikes aff---that’s core aff. Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k
The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA AND killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11 B. Over-limit---every war power area deal with prohibition on specific tactics---they would eliminate ban preemptive strikes or hostilities aff. Paul Waldman, September 4, 2013 (contributing editor) War Powers for Dummies, The American Prospect, http://prospect.org/article/war-powers-dummies
Not to be annoyingly pedantic, but what you're thinking of is actually the War AND the president to make reports to Congress when he does take military action. AND- Tactics are a key war power authority Robert McMahon, Sept 1, 2013 Balance of War Powers: The U.S. President and Congress, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/united-states/balance-war-powers-us-president-congress/p13092
The U.S. Constitution empowers the president to wage wars as commander in AND two branches to induce them to work together on such a vital issue.
2/27/14
T - Signature Strikes - D7 - Round 7
Tournament: D7 | Round: 7 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Heather Barnes, Judd Kimball, Ben Hagwood Signature strikes allow for specific targeting---solves your offense. William 13 Williams, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Islamic studies professor 5-31-13 Brian Glyn, “Inside the Murky World of 'Signature Strikes' and the Killing of Americans With Drones” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/nside-the-murky-world-of-_b_3367780.html, accessed 1-7-14, y2k
An explanation of the difference between a "signature strike" and "personality strike AND vehicles of militants or compounds, eavesdropping on cell phone conversations, etc.). AND-Meets Obama’s definition Sledge 13 Matt Sledge is Huffington Post Staff, “Drone 'Signature Strike' Witness Responds To Obama Speech: 'I Don't Trust A Single Word,'” 06/19/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/drone-signature-strike_n_3421586.html
Such so-called "signature strikes" are one of the most controversial practices AND that drones sometimes make mistakes, but said their work must carry on. Counter-interpretation---Targeted killing is the premeditated killing of suspected terrorist targets Zilinskas 8 Justinas Žilinskas is Member at International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission Lithuania Education Management, “TARGETED KILLING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW,” DOA: 9-18-13, y2k
2.3. Targeted Killing 2.3.1. Two elements This AND /persons) suspected of terrorism, with explicit or implicit governmental approval’. 1) Signature strikes are the core aff---their interpretation over-limits and jacks aff ground. Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k
The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA AND killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11 2) Limits explosion is inevitable---definition of targeted killing doesn’t exist---you should prefer real-world and contextual interpretation. Sell 12 Daniel Sell, B.A. in History, Capital University, 2004; M.A. in Slavic and East European Studies, The Ohio State University, 2008; J.D. Candidate, Capital University Law School, May 2013, “The United States’ Policy of Targeted Killing and the Use of Force: Another Exception to the United Nation’s Use of Force Regime, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2167770, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
A. Defining “Targeted Killing” One overarching problem that exists when writing on AND gunships, drones, the use of car bombs, and poison.”33
2/27/14
T - Signature Strikes - Georgia - Round 2
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory AB | Judge: Len Neighbors Signature strikes allow for specific targeting---solves your offense. William 13 Williams, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Islamic studies professor 5-31-13 Brian Glyn, “Inside the Murky World of 'Signature Strikes' and the Killing of Americans With Drones” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/nside-the-murky-world-of-_b_3367780.html, accessed 1-7-14, y2k
An explanation of the difference between a "signature strike" and "personality strike AND vehicles of militants or compounds, eavesdropping on cell phone conversations, etc.). AND-Meets Obama’s definition Sledge 13 Matt Sledge is Huffington Post Staff, “Drone 'Signature Strike' Witness Responds To Obama Speech: 'I Don't Trust A Single Word,'” 06/19/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/drone-signature-strike_n_3421586.html
Such so-called "signature strikes" are one of the most controversial practices AND that drones sometimes make mistakes, but said their work must carry on. Counter-interpretation---Targeted killing is the premeditated killing of suspected terrorist targets Zilinskas 8 Justinas Žilinskas is Member at International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission Lithuania Education Management, “TARGETED KILLING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW,” DOA: 9-18-13, y2k
2.3. Targeted Killing 2.3.1. Two elements This AND /persons) suspected of terrorism, with explicit or implicit governmental approval’. 1) Signature strikes are the core aff---their interpretation over-limits and jacks aff ground. Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k
The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA AND killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11 AND-Drones are key targeted killing aff. Zenko 13 Micah Zenko is CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council of Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736, Accessed Date: 6-4-13 y2k
Compared to other military tools, the advantages of using drones— particularly, that AND more likely policy option compared to capturing suspected militants or other nonmilitary options. 2) Limits explosion is inevitable---definition of targeted killing doesn’t exist---you should prefer real-world and contextual interpretation. Sell 12 Daniel Sell, B.A. in History, Capital University, 2004; M.A. in Slavic and East European Studies, The Ohio State University, 2008; J.D. Candidate, Capital University Law School, May 2013, “The United States’ Policy of Targeted Killing and the Use of Force: Another Exception to the United Nation’s Use of Force Regime, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2167770, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
A. Defining “Targeted Killing” One overarching problem that exists when writing on AND gunships, drones, the use of car bombs, and poison.”33 AND- Anderson changed his minds---signature strikes is T Kenneth Anderson 13, Professor of International Law at American University, June 2013, “The Case for Drones,” Commentary, Vol. 135, No. 6 ARE DRONE TECHNOLOGY AND TARGETED KILLING really so strategically valuable? The answer depends in AND order to pick the moment when there might be the fewest civilian casualties.
2/1/14
T - Signature Strikes - Georgia - Round 4
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgia KL | Judge: Neil Butt Signature strikes allow for specific targeting---solves your offense. William 13 Williams, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Islamic studies professor 5-31-13 Brian Glyn, “Inside the Murky World of 'Signature Strikes' and the Killing of Americans With Drones” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/nside-the-murky-world-of-_b_3367780.html, accessed 1-7-14, y2k
An explanation of the difference between a "signature strike" and "personality strike AND vehicles of militants or compounds, eavesdropping on cell phone conversations, etc.). AND-Meets Obama’s definition Sledge 13 Matt Sledge is Huffington Post Staff, “Drone 'Signature Strike' Witness Responds To Obama Speech: 'I Don't Trust A Single Word,'” 06/19/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/drone-signature-strike_n_3421586.html
Such so-called "signature strikes" are one of the most controversial practices AND that drones sometimes make mistakes, but said their work must carry on. Counter-interpretation---Targeted killing is the premeditated killing of suspected terrorist targets Zilinskas 8 Justinas Žilinskas is Member at International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission Lithuania Education Management, “TARGETED KILLING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW,” DOA: 9-18-13, y2k
2.3. Targeted Killing 2.3.1. Two elements This AND /persons) suspected of terrorism, with explicit or implicit governmental approval’. 1) Signature strikes are the core aff---their interpretation over-limits and jacks aff ground. Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k
The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA AND killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11 2) Limits explosion is inevitable---definition of targeted killing doesn’t exist---you should prefer real-world and contextual interpretation. Sell 12 Daniel Sell, B.A. in History, Capital University, 2004; M.A. in Slavic and East European Studies, The Ohio State University, 2008; J.D. Candidate, Capital University Law School, May 2013, “The United States’ Policy of Targeted Killing and the Use of Force: Another Exception to the United Nation’s Use of Force Regime, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2167770, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
A. Defining “Targeted Killing” One overarching problem that exists when writing on AND gunships, drones, the use of car bombs, and poison.”33
2/1/14
T - Signature Strikes - Georgia - Round 5
Tournament: Georgia | Round: 5 | Opponent: Vanderbilt SW | Judge: Lincoln Garrett Signature strikes allow for specific targeting---solves your offense. William 13 Williams, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Islamic studies professor 5-31-13 Brian Glyn, “Inside the Murky World of 'Signature Strikes' and the Killing of Americans With Drones” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/nside-the-murky-world-of-_b_3367780.html, accessed 1-7-14, y2k
An explanation of the difference between a "signature strike" and "personality strike AND vehicles of militants or compounds, eavesdropping on cell phone conversations, etc.). AND-Meets Obama’s definition Sledge 13 Matt Sledge is Huffington Post Staff, “Drone 'Signature Strike' Witness Responds To Obama Speech: 'I Don't Trust A Single Word,'” 06/19/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/drone-signature-strike_n_3421586.html
Such so-called "signature strikes" are one of the most controversial practices AND that drones sometimes make mistakes, but said their work must carry on. Counter-interpretation---Targeted killing is the premeditated killing of suspected terrorist targets Zilinskas 8 Justinas Žilinskas is Member at International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission Lithuania Education Management, “TARGETED KILLING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW,” DOA: 9-18-13, y2k
2.3. Targeted Killing 2.3.1. Two elements This AND /persons) suspected of terrorism, with explicit or implicit governmental approval’. 1) Signature strikes are the core aff---their interpretation over-limits and jacks aff ground. Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k
The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA AND killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11 AND-Drones are key targeted killing aff. Zenko 13 Micah Zenko is CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council of Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736, Accessed Date: 6-4-13 y2k
Compared to other military tools, the advantages of using drones— particularly, that AND more likely policy option compared to capturing suspected militants or other nonmilitary options. 2) Limits explosion is inevitable---definition of targeted killing doesn’t exist---you should prefer real-world and contextual interpretation. Sell 12 Daniel Sell, B.A. in History, Capital University, 2004; M.A. in Slavic and East European Studies, The Ohio State University, 2008; J.D. Candidate, Capital University Law School, May 2013, “The United States’ Policy of Targeted Killing and the Use of Force: Another Exception to the United Nation’s Use of Force Regime, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2167770, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k
A. Defining “Targeted Killing” One overarching problem that exists when writing on AND gunships, drones, the use of car bombs, and poison.”33
