Tournament: Bing | Round: Quarters | Opponent: CUNY MS | Judge: Brian Smith, Cecilia Hagen, Kevin Cenac
ROB PIK 

A) CP Advocacy: We affirm the 1AC sans the role of the ballot claim.

B) Net Benefits:
1) Role of the Ballot = Framework = aff double turn
2) This specific type of framing makes policy stale, is divorced from implementation, and makes debate shitty.
Aalberg et al. 2012 (Toril Aalberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.  Jesper Strömbäck, Mid Sweden University, Sweden and Claes H. de Vreese, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  The framing of politics as strategy and game: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings.  Journalism 2012 13: 162 originally published online 11 November 2011.  Sage)

While changes... of policy making.

3) Exceptionalism
McVicker 2012 (THE TASK OF JOURNALISM IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM IMAGINING THE PROFANE McVicker, Jeanette Philosophy Today; May 2012; 56, 2; ProQuest pg. 243)

There's not much ... self-sustaining-to journalism's detriment.

Impact = Oceans of Blood…
Spanos 2008 (William V, “Global American: The Devastation of Language Under the Dictatorship of the Public Realm,” symploke Vol. 16 Nos 1-2, 2008 pp. 171-214)

And insofar as ... blood to defeat:

C) CP Solves -
Virilio 2004 (Paul, ‘.DIALOGUES./ the Game of Love and Chance: A Discussion with Paul Virilio. Interview with Jérôme Sans’. Electronic document. Available online: http://www.watsoninstitute.org/infopeace/vy2k/sans.cfm) 

JÉRÔME SANS: Video games have ... addicts and nothing more.

Liberal Humanism K

The affirmative’s humanity is embolden to a christian god that died long ago – the desire to help others is rooted in a longing for the possession of this lost ‘truth’ in an attempt to preserve their own power -
NIETZSCHE, 1882
(The Gay Science. Pages 38-39)

On the doctrine... virtue of prostitutes.

And, their world of friendship is built upon an entirely new category 0f enmity. exclusions are inevitable but a politics of inclusivity cannot exclude humans so a category must be created outside of itself.  this production of the inhuman enables NEW AND UNIMAGINABLE MODES OF ABSOLUTE ANNIHILATION as their universal ideal of what it means to be human is exported throughout the globe.
ODYSSEOS, 2K4.
(Louiza, Department of Politics and International Studies, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of London.  “Carl Schmitt and Martin Heidegger on the Line(s) of Cosmopolitanism and the War on Terror.”  Conference on the International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt.  September 9-11. P.18-21)

The second criticism has... humanity and cosmopolitanism.

The drive to eliminate antagonism is sustained by violence in the production of the scapegoat.   social harmony is impossible and the attempt to enact it guarantees massacres against all life that does not coincide with their vision of order.
STAVRAKAKIS, 99.
(Yannis, Acting Director of the MA Programme in Ideology and Discourse Analysis at the University of Essex.  Lacan and the Political. P.100-102)

What I will try to... the utopian mentality.

And, the nazis wore sweatshirts
STRONG, 2K3.
(Tracy B., Professor of Political Science at Harvard. Cardozo Law Review. 24 Cardozo L. rev. 535. January p.L/N)

Thus, Nietzsche's opposition ... eternity of deathly silence... ." n80

alternative text: affirm the human capacity to resist. 

We must reconfigure rights based in resistance – NOT in terms of what we are, but what we are not.  we should prefer agonism to friendship, conflict to passivity and we should say no itsead of yes.  freedom does not originate in PRINCIPLES; it arises out of the abyss of them.  the way the 1ac frames emancipation locks subordination into place and paves the road to the most insidious forms of tyranny done in democracy’s name.
HATAB, ‘02.
(Lawrence J. Professor of Philosophy at Old Dominion University 2002 Prospects for a Democratic Agon Why We can still be Nietzscheans: The Journal of Nietzsche p.MUSE) 

If political respect... done in democracy's name.

Courts CP

The United States Supreme Court should ban indefinite detention.

Policy relevance is key to foreign policy- elites don’t pay attention to abstract theory
Walt 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Stephen M. Walt
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2005, 8:23–48 doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104904

Yet despite the need... on international affairs.

Abstract theorization is ineffective- must be prescriptive
Walt 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Stephen M. Walt
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2005, 8:23–48 doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104904

Fifth, a theory is ...influence busy policy makers.

Academia is insular- no translation to policy-making
Walt 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Stephen M. Walt
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2005, 8:23–48 doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104904

The modest impact... impress other scholars.

Policy education- Technical policy education is key to actualize change
Hodson 10 professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, Derek, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206 note: SSI = socioscientific issues

The final (fourth) level ... establishment of policy.

Indefinite Detention is used in ways to discriminate against others
Feldman 2005 David, Cambridge Law Journal Proportionality and Discrimination in Anti-Terrorism Legislation The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Jul., 2005), pp. 271-273 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500785 . Accessed 8/3/2013 DMW

PART 4 of the Anti-terrorism,... incompatiblewith Articles5 and 14.

Case

Narratives are entirely subjective and has no external criteria for evaluation
Chartier 1 Gary, Lecturer in Business Ethics – La Sierra University, 7 UCLA Asian Pac. Am. L.J. 105, Spring

Chang maintains that...when recognized, requires redress. 40

Personal narratives prevent consensus building
Levasseur and Carlin 1 David G. Levasseur is Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at West Chester University in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Diana B. Carlin is Professor of Communication Studies and Dean of the Graduate School and International Programs at the University of Kansas, “Egocentric Argument and the Public Sphere: Citizen Deliberations on Public Policy and Policymakers”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs 4.3 (2001) 407-43, Muse, 2001

While the personal narratives... should not judge others. 42

They embrace anti-politics – this creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs 97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false ... from civil society.75  

Extinction
Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the ... do just that.   

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the ... undermines political effectiveness.

Tournament: Bing | Round: 5 | Opponent: Rutgers CT | Judge: Daniel Freidman
Anthro

The cosmopolitan, global world the affirmative envisions through Human rights claims mask the violence between species to achieve the good life.
KOCHI 2K9 Kochi Tarik is a lecturer in law and international security at university of Sussex. (species war: law, violence, and animals) ‘law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359

Modern international humanitarian ...they are moral persons.33

1. Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
   Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and... love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

2. Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture many...“an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

3. Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all ... politics and society?

Complexity K

The aff’s understanding of social groups is reductionist and fails – Complexity is key to understanding and resolving social issues
Hendrick 9 Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, “Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications”, Centre for Conflict Resolution, Junecd

Sylvia Walby sees in...saturate the institutional domains.? (Walby, 2007 p. 459)

Thus the alt: reject the aff in favor of complexity theory. Complexity theory is uniquely key to address the ontological depth of differing social inequalities simultaneously
Walby 07 Sylvia Walby, Professor of Sociology at Lancaster University, "Complexity Theory, Systems Theory, and Multiple Intersecting Social Inequalities," Philosophy of the Social Sciences, December 2007; vol. 37, 4: pp. 449-470cd

Social theory faces a ...in social theory.

Courts CP

United States COurts ban indefinite detention.

Courts can restrict detention- empirics prove
Katz 9 Martin J. Interim Dean and Associate Professor of Law, University of Denver College of Law; Yale Law School, J.D. 1991; Harvard College, A.B. 1987. GUANTANAMO, BOUMEDIENE, AND JURISDICTION-STRIPPING: THE IMPERIAL PRESIDENT MEETS THE IMPERIAL COURT CONSTITUTIONAL COMMENTARY Vol. 25:377 2009 Pg.377-78 Accessed 5/22/2013 DMW

In Boumediene v. Bush.,' ...healthy balance of power.

Case

Narratives create the same oppressive nature as dominant discourse.  Narratives are just as suspect, there are the same questions of credibility and the same impositions as to what ideas should be accepted.  

Coughlin 1995  (Anne, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Prof of Law @ the University of Virginia from 1996-present, co-chair of the National Association of Women Lawyers Supreme Court Evaluation Committee and Amicus Committee, was Associate Professor of Law @ Vanderbilt Law School 1991-1995, “Regulating the Self:Autobiographical Performances in Outsider Scholarship, ”Virginia Law Review”, August edition)
For outsiders, autobiography... that wags our legal discourse.

Narratives aren’t a sufficient way of evaluating truth and cannot be applied to policy/law –they are application of subjective truths, narratives, allow for just as much racism as the empirics or legal/policy evidentiary claims they critique.
Coughlin 1995  (Anne, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Prof of Law @ the University of Virginia from 1996-present, co-chair of the National Association of Women Lawyers Supreme Court Evaluation Committee and Amicus Committee, was Associate Professor of Law @ Vanderbilt Law School 1991-1995, “Regulating the Self:Autobiographical Performances in Outsider Scholarship, ”Virginia Law Review”, August edition)
Moreover, the fact that law ...d the sexual advances.18 6

The State is inevitable- ivory tower criticism inevitably fails collapsing the left
Rorty 98
Richard Rorty, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton and the University of Virginia, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford, Achieving our country, 1998, p. 98-99 

The cultural Left ... revitalize leftist politics

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees global politics is dominated by violence
Monbiot 04
(George, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13)

The quest for global solutions ... for its survival.

Change outside the state is temporary --- only engaging institutions produces lasting remedies
Milbrath 96
(Lester W., Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Sociology – SUNY Buffalo Building Sustainable Societies, Ed. Pirages, p. 289)

In some respects... likely to be effective.   

Neoliberalism is inevitable – markets control our thought
Hudson 99
Mark, Progressive Librarian, Fall, “Understanding Information Media in the Age of Neoliberalism: The Contributions of Herbert Schiller”

Neoliberal ideas are ...politics, economy and culture. 

Neoliberalism is key to democracy and stopping war.
Griswold 05
Daniel Griswold, CATO Institute. December 28, 2005. “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among Men” accessed 12/28/10 at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344 

First, trade and ... produce best at home.

Rejecting capitalism recreates the problems the alt claims to solve and causes war
Carden 04
(graduate student in economics at Washington University in St. Louis, Art, June, The Free Market, The Mises Institute Monthly, "Mistaken Identity," vol. 24, no. 6, www.mises.org/freemarket_detail.asp?control=497andsortorder=articledate)

It is always ... that to the bank.

Extinction
Kothari 82
(Rajni, Professor of Political Science – University of Delhi, Toward a Just Social Order, p. 571) 

Attempts at global economic... eventual global holocaust

They embrace anti-politics – this creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs 97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false sense of ...from civil society.75  

Extinction
Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the... to do just that.   

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the ...undermines political effectiveness.

Fear is key to value to life, survival and transcending evil
Greenspan 2003 (Miriam, Pioneer in the Area of Women’s Psychology, Healing Through the Dark Emotions: The Wisdom of Grief, Fear, and Despair, Excerpt of Chapter Three - How Dark Emotions Become Toxic, http://www.miriamgreenspan.com/excerpts/chapterThreeEx.html)

   Grief, fear, and despair...our emotions be

Tournament: Bing | Round: 2 | Opponent: Rutgers JW | Judge: Phil George
Historical Materialism

The cultural turn evoked by “post-strategies” attempts to break part any material analysis through the use of discursive analysis – despite their attempts to incorporate materialism it remains culturalist and stuck within the paradigm of capitalism.
Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, “Class in Culture”, p. 27-29)
On the theoretical level,... to look and#34;outside.and#34;

Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is... otherwise sound matrix. 

The alternative is to reject the aff in favor of historical materialism – historical materialism links social praxis to a decisive judgment on capitalist oppression.
Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungaryand#39;s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 224-225
Historical materialism has... could act accordingly. 

Case

Describing whiteness solely in terms of exploitation shuts out alliances and makes movements against racism harder to form.
Giroux ’97 (Henry A. Giroux, “White Squall: Resistance and the Pedagogy of Whiteness,” Cultural Studies, 11(3), pg. 376-378.

While the recent ... discourse of separatism

Focusing the debate on whiteness makes it into a monolith, sustaining the narcissism that elevates whiteness to a spectacle
Ahmed ‘4 (Sara, University of London Race and Cultural studies, and#34;Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism,and#34; Borderlands, Vol 3 No 2, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm)

3. Whiteness studies is ... could be loved.

Alt can’t overcome deeply engrained whiteness- they only mask it my pretending to reject
Sullivan ‘8 (Shannon Sullivan, Head of Philosophy and Professor of Philosophy, Womenand#39;s Studies, and African and African American Studies at Pennsylvania State University, Spring 2008, “Whiteness as Wise Provincialism: Royce and the Rehabilitation of a Racial Category,” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society: A Quarterly Journal in American Philosophy, Vol. 44, No. 2

While much more can... figure out an answer.

Abandoning Enlightenment notions of progress makes liberation impossible—their criticism forecloses the possibility of productive challenges to power.
Bronner ‘4 (Stephen Eric Bronner, Distinguished Professor of Political Science and a Member of the Graduate Faculty in Comparative Literature and German Studies at Rutgers University, 2004 (Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement, Published by Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231126090, p. 39-40)

Easy enough to criticize ... important than ever. 

Whiteness isn’t the root of oppression- pre-slave trade proves
Mertz ‘3
(October, David Mertz, Ph.D in Philosophy from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, “Review Of Steve Martinotand#39;s the Rule Of Racialization”, http://gnosis.cx/publish/mertz/martinot.html)

Moreover, I think that...(yet) in racial terms

Hip-hop is too anti-establishment to result in political change.
McWhorter 08-PhD in Linguistics @ Stanford University, Associate Professor of Linguistics @ UC-Berkeley,  lecturer @ Columbia University, M.A. in American Studies @ NYU, Fellow @ the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Contributing Editor @ the Manhattan Institutes City Journal, author of several books on Hip Hop in American Culture John, All About the Beat, June 2008, Pg. 85-86, DavidK

Check this out: in 2004... happen, and never could.

Hip hop objectifies women as sexual objects
Weiner 08-music, movies, and pop culture writer @ Slate, writer @ the New York Times Jonah, Slate, “Ladies! I Can’t Hear You! No, Really, I Can’t Hear You!” November 6, 2008, http://www.slate.com/id/2203360/pagenum/2, DavidK

If the pervasive ...s white-trash horror-core.)

Patriarchy is the root cause of war
Reardon 93(Betty, Director, Peace Education Program, Columbia. Women and Peace. Pg. 30-31)

A clearly visible element... will be nuclear holocaust.

They embrace anti-politics – this creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs 97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false sense of... vanished from civil society.75  

Extinction
Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the challenges ... to do just that.   

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees global politics is dominated by violence
Monbiot 04
(George, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13)

The quest for global... for its survival.

Change outside the state is temporary -~-- only engaging institutions produces lasting remedies
Milbrath 96
(Lester W., Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Sociology – SUNY Buffalo Building Sustainable Societies, Ed. Pirages, p. 289)

In some respects personal ... not likely to be effective.   

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the ... undermines political effectiveness.

Util is inevitable
Greene 02
Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf

Some people who... or covertly consequentialist. 

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to existential... we discount future benefits 15,16.

Tournament: Bing | Round: 4 | Opponent: USMA HH | Judge: Guy Risko
T - Prohibition
Interpretation - restrictions are prohibitions.
Northglenn 11
City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.htmljap

Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As... permit or license.

T - Substantial
Interpretation- affirmatives must be a Substantial increase of 30 to 50 in restrictions on offensive cyber operations.
Hantash 06, Patent Attorneys and Engineers Lynch Kneblewski - Sâo Paulo
Feras, 3/16, http://www.freshpatents.com/Method-for-detecting-cystic-fibrosis dt20060316ptan20060057593.php
 0011 A substantial increase in the...wildtype CFTR gene.

There are at least 4 kinds of OCOs AND they’re aimed at foreign systems
Bradburry ‘11
Steven, Partner, Dechert, LLP. This speech was delivered as the Keynote Address at the Harvard ¶ National Security Journal Symposium, Cybersecurity: Law, Privacy, and Warfare in a Digital ¶ World (Mar 4. 2011).¶ The Developing Legal Framework for Defensive and ¶ Offensive Cyber Operations. http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Vol.-2_Bradbury_Final.pdf ETB

By offensive cyber operations,...fighting or ¶ on a stand-alone basis).

PTX CIR

70 chance CIR will pass, need PC to get last 30
Jim Dee, Sept 9, 2013
Syria puts US ... Congress,and#34; said Staunton.

The plan cost capital – war powers restrictions force Obama to defend war policy at the expense of his domestic agenda – empirically proven
Kriner, Boston University Assistant Political Science Professor, 2010,
(Douglas, “After the Rubicon: Congress, Presidents, and the Politics of Waging War”, 12-1, Pg. 68, PAS) Accessed on Google Books 8-12-13

While congressional support ... war in Iraq.61 ¶ 

Impact: comprehensive reform solves Mexican relations- that’s key to border security and stopping terrorism
Castaneda et al., NYU Politics and Latin American Studies professor, 2005
(Jorge, “NORTH AMERICAN COOPERATION ON THE BORDER”, HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION, 7-12, http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/hearings/109s/28131.txt,  )

I think that attitudes... society about these issues.

Extinction
Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, ‘04
Al-Ahram Weekly, and#34;Extinction!and#34; 8/26, no. 705,  http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm

What would be the ... all be losers.

Courts CP

Courts have the authority
Fisher, Congressional Research Service Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, 2005,
(Louis, “Judicial Review of the War Power”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 3, September, Pg. 466, PAS) http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf 8-15-13

The terrorist attacks of... in time of war.

Politics is a net benefit
Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 01
Gregory Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 2001, Reassessing Judicial Capacity to Resolve Complex Questions of Social Policy, 11 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 127, pg. np

Elected politicians appear ... eliminate abortion restrictions.

Case

Solvency

No solvency – Congressional oversight on cyber operations will fail because of lack of interagency authorities and budget authorization
Wall 2011(Andru E. Senior Associate for Alston and Bird LLP; former senior legal advisor for U.S. Special Operations Command Central (2007-2009). “Article: Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, Intelligence Activities and Covert Action.” Harvard National Security Journal, Vol 3. Pp. 141, http://harvardnsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Vol.-3_Wall1.pdf)

Congress’s failure to ... supports such integration.

Reforms on oversight on OCO’s are useless- president still has ways to get around them
Lorber 2013 Eric, Upenn Law School; Duke University - Department of Political Science Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2017036anddownload=yes Accessed 8/29/2013 DMW
Pg.1001

The lack of congressional ... outside congressional reach.

Obama will just issue and XO after the plan- takes out solvency
Pellerin 3/12 (Cheryl Pellerin- American Forces Press Serviceand#34;Cybercom Builds Teams for Offense, Defense in Cyberspaceand#34; March 12, 2013 www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=119506 date accessed: 8/16/13) TM

Legislation that would... American people about.”

Iran adv.

No Impact- only happens once and targets may feel that the attack wsn’t large enough
Libicki, 2013 Martin C. research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted within the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by OSD, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under Contract W74V8H-06-C-0002. Brandishing Cyberattack Capabilities  http://www.rand.org Accessed 8/29/2013 DMW

The most obvious way... such implications are.

Internet adv.

 Too late to save U.S international credibility GITMO’s poves
Krulak 10 (Charles C., retired general, former commandant of the Marine Corps, and#34;U.S. leadership, credibility pay price of Guantanamoand#34;,  June 13, 2010, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/12/AR2010061203603.html, Date Accessed: Aug 15, 13) IB

The June 7 front-page ... a dime to create it.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the most... undermines political effectiveness.

Util is inevitable
Greene 02
Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf

Some people who ... or covertly consequentialist. 

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to ... we discount future benefits 15,16.

All lives are infinitely valuable
Cummisky 96
David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146. 

We must not obscure... some to save many.

Stratocracy

War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy-~--best statistical studies prove
Owen 11
John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard and#34;DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONYand#34; Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his ... humbling of a superpower.

Tournament: west conn | Round: 3 | Opponent: Bing BE | Judge: Joseph Autry
1
The role of the affirmative is to defend topical plan action by the United States Federal Government.

Our interpretation is grammatically correct
Ericson 3 Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

This is prior question to debate- voting issue for limits and ground- there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote aff- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action- they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

A limited topic of discussion is key to decision-making and advocacy skills- this still provides room for creativity, but targets the discussion
Steinberg and Freeley 8 Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development- posits students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Switch-side is key- forces critical thinking and better advocacy
Keller et al 1 Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost

SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Lundberg 10 Christian O. Lundberg Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.
2

1. Veganism is bad - - 3 reasons:
   -it’s premised on the idea that humans are ‘outside nature,’ which reinscribes the human/nature dualism,
   -its universality is ethnocentric, and
   -it doesn’t prioritize actions and thus fails as a form of animal activism.
   Plumwood 3 (Val Plumwood. Social and Political Theory Program Research School of Social Sciences Australian National University, “Animals and Ecology : Towards a Better Integration,” 2003,  http://socpol.anu.edu.au/pdf-files/Vegpap62020.pdf, DATE ACCESSED: 2/21/14, MT)

The theory I shall recommend rejecting, Ontological Veganism, has numerous problems
for both theory and activism on animal equality and ecology. It ties strategy, philosophy
and personal commitment tightly to personal veganism, abstention from eating and
using animals as a form of individual action. Ontological Veganism insists that neither
humans or animals should ever be conceived as edible or even as usable, confirming the
treatment of humans as ‘outside nature’ that is part of human/nature dualism, and
blocking any reconception of animals and humans in fully ecological terms. Because it is
indiscriminate in proscribing all forms of animal use as having the same moral status, it
fails to provide philosophical guidance for animal activism that would prioritise action on
factory farming over less abusive forms of farming. Its universalism makes it highly
ethnocentric, universalising a privileged ‘consumer’ perspective, ignoring contexts other
than contemporary western urban ones, or aiming to treat them as minor, deviant
‘exceptions’ to what it takes to be the ideal or norm. Although it claims to oppose the
dominant mastery position, it remains subtly human-centred because it does not fully
challenge human/nature dualism, but rather attempts to extend human status and
privilege to a bigger class of ‘semi-humans’ who, like humans themselves, are conceived
as above the non-conscious sphere and ‘outside nature’, beyond ecology and beyond use,
especially use in the food chain. In doing so it stays within the system of human/nature
dualism and denial that prevents the dominant culture from recognising its ecological
embeddedness and places it increasingly at ecological risk.
THE ALTERNATIVE is to reject veganism and instead embrace Ecological Animalism.
2. Ecological Animalism is better than veganism – it deconstructs the human/nature binary and avoids the problems of dogmatism and universalism.  Prefer this comparative evidence.
Plumwood 3 (Val Plumwood. Social and Political Theory Program Research School of Social Sciences Australian National University, “Animals and Ecology : Towards a Better Integration,” 2003, http://socpol.anu.edu.au/pdf-files/Vegpap62020.pdf, DATE ACCESSED: 2/21/14, MT)

The appeal of Ontological Veganism largely depends on the false contrast it draws
between veganism and commodity culture traditions of animal reduction and
human/nature dualism, that is between no use at all and ruthless use based on domination
and denial. But this is in effect a choice between alienation and domination. Adams’
ethnocentric ontological veganism succeeds in this false contrast because its conceptual
framework obscures the distinction between meat and animal food, where meat is a
determinate cultural construction in terms of domination, and animal food is a cultural
determinable. Meat is the result of an instrumentalist-reductionist framework, but the
concept of animal food allows us the means to resist the reductions and denials of meat
by honouring the edible life form as much more than food, and certainly much more than
meat. If we must all, including humans, be ontologised ecologically as edible, as
participating in the food web as a condition of our embodiment, that does not mean we
must all be ontologised reductively as meat. Food, unlike the reductive category of meat
that does not recognise that we are all always more than food, is not a hyperseparated
category and does not have to be a disrespectful category.
This distinction enables Ecological Animalism to stand with Ontological Veganism in
affirming that no being, human or nonhuman, should be ontologised reductively as meat,
and hence in opposing reductive commoditisation of animals. But unlike Ontological
Veganism it can combine the rejection of commoditisation with the framework of
ecology and cultural diversity by maintaining that all embodied beings are food and more
than food, that is, with an ecological ontology. A careful contextualisation of food
practices provides much better guidance for activism than a culturally hegemonic
universalism. Ecological Animalism can provide a strong basis for opposing the
"rationalised" commodity farming practices that reduce animals to living meat and are
responsible for the great bulk and intensity of domestic animal misery in the modern
west. It is of necessity more flexible, less dogmatic and universalist, but can still
vindicate the major activist concerns of the animal defence movement. It would require
us to avoid complicity in contemporary food practices that abuse animals, especially
factory farming, and can agree there are plenty of good reasons for being a vegetarian in
modern urban contexts where food sources are untraceable or treatment of animals
known to be cruel or reductive. But for Ecological Animalism, vegetarianism would not
represent any disgust at ‘corpses’ or ontological revulsion against our mutual condition as
food, but rather protest at the unacceptable conditions of animal life and death in
particular societies that reduce animals and commodify their flesh as ‘meat’, in terms
that minimise their claims on us and on the earth.
Case
Value to life is subjective --- life is a prerequisite
Schwartz 02
Lisa, Chair at the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis,
“Medical Ethic: A Case Based Approach” Chapter 6, www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf

The second assertion made by supporters of the quality of life as a criterion for
AND
imperative that we must treat persons as rational and as ends in themselves.
“No value to life” doesn’t outweigh---prioritize existence because value is subjective and could improve in the future
Tännsjö 11
Torbjörn, the Kristian Claëson Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University, 2011, “Shalt Thou Sometimes Murder? On the Ethics of Killing,” online: http://people.su.se/~jolso/HS-texter/shaltthou.pdf

I suppose it is correct to say that, if Schopenhauer is right, if
AND
suffering (in their lives) than I avoid (in my life).

They embrace anti-politics – this creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs 97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a
AND
universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75  

Extinction
Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
at the beginning stages of a project that seeks to do just that.   

You can’t examine ontology knowing you are going to die
Elshtain 3
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Professor of Social and Political Ethics at the University of Chicago Divinity School (Jean Bethke, “Just War Against Terrorism”, pg. 47

That said, the civic peace that violence disrupts does offer intimations of the peaceable
AND
responsibility to respect and promote the norms and rules that sustain civic peace.
Political Nihilism destroys value to life and Agency
WEST 2004 Cornel West Democracy Matters p 26?

The most frightening feature of imperial America is neither the myopic mendaciousness of the Republican
AND
Sour cynicism, political apathy, and cultural escapism become the pervasive options.

Nihilism reintrenches the worst parts of the status quo
WEST 2004 Cornel West Democracy Matters P 39

These pervasive nihilisms in American democracy today have  made way for a resurgent imperialism—
AND
The pursuit of empire and racist oppressions and exclusions have been intimately interlinked. 

Animal rights devalue humans by denying the accumulation of differences that makes humanity unique.
Lubinski 4  (Joseph Lubinski, Animal Legal and Historical Center, “Introduction to Animal Rights (2nd Ed),” 2004. http://www.animallaw.info/articles/ddusjlubinski2002.htm#Perspectives, DATE ACCESSED: 2/21/14, MT)

Animal rights opponents object to both the concept of rights for nonhumans and its practical
AND
should not overlook the biblical grant of dominion over animals given to man.

Recognizing that humans are different than animals is not only ethical, but necessary.  Radical animal rights positions like the aff devalue humans and nullify human rights.
Schmahmann, et al. 95  (Schmahmann, David R., Polacheck, Lori J., “The case against rights for animals,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review,  Summer 1995, Vol. 22, Issue 4, Ebsco, MT)

In the end, however, it is the aggregate of these characteristics that does
AND
took the place of the human being and the Colorado beetle.26
To some extent, it is a challenge to the value of civilization to dismiss
AND
We know it is impossible to breathe without hurting or exploiting."30
These forms of doctrinaire "animal rightism" ignore the value that society has placed
AND
with the certainty that the life of every individual person is uniquely sacred?
Sometimes the statements of contemporary radical environmentalists and animal rights activists display a profound misanthropy
AND
a cure for AIDS, PETA would "be against it."35
The point is that reverence for human life must be both the starting point and
AND
derive from the fact that we are part of these processes.36
Rights-based approaches to other species reentrench speciest hierarchies
Ash 7  (Kyle Ash is the Legislative Coordinator for the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. He holds an LLM in International Law, an MA in Global Environmental Policy, and a BA in International Affairs and Political Economy. “ARTICLE: WHY "MANAGING" BIODIVERSITY WILL FAIL: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW” Animal Law, 2007, 13 Animal L. 209, lexis, MT)

Part III(b) discusses how to integrate a principle of interspecies equity into
AND
anthrarchy head on and the exclusionary ethic it sustains, which is speciesism.

Using shocking images or language to persuade people that eating animals is wrong is counter-productive – it decreases the credibility of the argument and comes off as way too extreme.
Mika, ’06  (Marie, dept of sociology at Ohio State University, Social Forces, Volume 85, Number 2, December 2006 “Framing the Issue: Religion, Secular Ethics and the Case of Animal Rights Mobilization” project muse)

One purpose of the three moral shock ads used in the campaign (Figures 1-3) is to engender a frame transformation in the uninitiated. The reaction to this imagery by the participants in this study was visceral, immediate, strong and negative. The Nazi image was deeply offensive to many, particularly those of the Jewish faith, who were outraged by the comparison of concentration camp victims to animals:
Female (F): I’m Jewish, and that Holocaust thing really bothers me. You can’t take our biggest tragedy of exterminating six million people and say don’t kill an animal or eat a chicken!
An unprompted and consistently made comparison was that of this image and the bloody lamb to the “abortion trucks,” small trucks that roam college campuses with billboard-sized graphic images of aborted fetuses:
Male (M): I think it’s almost too much shock value where people would
AND
angry at the advertiser than you do at people who are aborting babies.
F: Yeah, like the trucks and whatever, it’s like, it’s really extreme. They be going really extreme like that... Oh, that was making me like, oh, that’s so disgusting. They’re sick. I think they’re sick. They got sick minds to drive around with a dead fetus on the thing. I wouldn’t be, “Oh, abortion’s bad.” I would be like, “Oh, they’re (those who display the image) sick people.” That’s what I would think.
The overwhelmingly negative reaction to the moral shock ads may relate to the differences in
AND
. Some of the other ads went unnoticed or elicited only tepid responses.
Even if anthropocentrism is the root cause of everything bad, refusing to engage in criticism in a way that unites groups only marginalizes movements against dominant legal hegemony.  The representations of the 1AC delegitimize such criticism by angering groups – only rejection of the representations can solve
Hall 05
(Lee, legal director for Friends of Animals, an animal rights advocacy group founded in New York in 1957, Dissident Voice, “Civil Rights Groups to PETA:  You have Used Us Enough”, September 3, accessed online August 22, p. http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Sept05/Hall0903.htm) DMZ
PETAs exhibit makes emblematic displays out of images of slaves, indigenous people and other
AND
threat, not the former, that animal rights theory is really about.

The status quo is structurally improving
Dash 13
Co-Founder and Managing Director at Activate, a new kind of strategy consultancy that advises companies about the opportunities at the intersection of technology and media co-founder and CEO of ThinkUp, which shows you how to be better at using your social networks, publisher, editor and owner of Dashes.com, my personal blog where I've been publishing continuously since 1999, entrepreneur, writer and geek living in New York City (Anil Dash, 4 February 2013, “THE WORLD IS GETTING BETTER. QUICKLY.,” http://dashes.com/anil/2013/02/the-world-is-getting-better-quickly.html)

The world is getting better, faster, than we could ever have imagined.
AND
of resources, time and effort to tackling the problems we have left.

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees global politics is dominated by violence
Monbiot 04
(George, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13)

The quest for global solutions is difficult and divisive. Some members of this movement
AND
to prevent climate change from destroying the conditions it requires for its survival.

Tournament: clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bing KS | Judge: Christy Webster Dunn
Fw
The role of the ballot is to answer the resolutional question- The aff’s failure to advance a topical defense of federal policy undermines debate’s potential

Our interpretation is grammatically correct
Ericson 3 Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4

The Proposition of Policy…that you propose. 

This is prior question to debate- voting issue for limits and ground- there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote aff- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action- they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

A limited topic of discussion is key to decision-making and advocacy skills- this still provides room for creativity, but targets the discussion
Steinberg and Freeley 8 Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45

Debate is a means … in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development- posits students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government … contextualize and act on information.14

Switch-side is key- forces critical thinking and better advocacy
Keller et al 1 Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost

SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional … pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Lundberg 10 Christian O. Lundberg Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major problem … increasingly complex world. 

K
Agamben is anthropocentric. His limit figures of homo sacer, the refugee, bare life, whatever being are all based in human beings alone
Calarco 2000 (Matthew, “On the borders of language and death: Agamben on the question of the animal,” Philosophy Today, Vol. 44, p. 91-)
Even where Agamben … in forming our question. 

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and … love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).
Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf
Within the picture many …animal life is “an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all equally reduced … future of politics and society?

Case

Their naïve critique of the US undermines domestic support for leadership
Holmes ‘8 – Vice President, Foreign and Defense Policy Studies and Director, Institute for International Studies (Kim, 3/14, Liberty's Best Hope, http://www.heritage.org/Research/WorldwideFreedom/hl1069.cfm)

But there is a deeper… in the European Union.

US engagement is inevitable---maintaining Hegemony is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geopolitical hotspot and to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13
Stephen Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College AND John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul AND John Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. “Lean Forward,” Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, Accessed date: 1-9-13 y2k

In Defense of American Engagement … could well be disastrous.
Describing whiteness solely in terms of exploitation shuts out alliances and makes movements against racism harder to form.
Giroux ‘97
(Henry A. Giroux, “White Squall: Resistance and the Pedagogy of Whiteness,” Cultural Studies, 11(3), pg. 376-378.

While the recent scholarship …h a discourse of separatism

They embrace anti-politics – this creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs 97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false sense of … vanished from civil society.75  

Extinction
Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the …. that seeks to do just that.   

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the most …undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to … discount future benefits 15,16.

Wishful calls for revamping sovereignty do nothing – simultaneous political action is vital to prevent short-term threats to survival
Lombardi 96
Mark Owen Lombardi is Associate Professor of Science @ Tampa, Perspectives on Third-World Sovereignty, p. 161

Sovereignty is in …e for the human race.

Action through the state doesn’t uphold it, and their claim that we should never debate state politics makes change impossible
Krause and Williams 97
Keith and Michael, Critical Security Studies, p. xvi

First, to stand too far … contemporary world politics.

No impact – democracy checks biopolitics
Dickinson 04
(Dr. Edward Ross, Professor of History – University of Cincinnati, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’”, Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)

In an important programmatic … characterized Nazi policies. 

When states collapse, the alternatives are always worse for ordinary citizens.
Englehart 3
Neil A. Englehart, Assistant Professor of Government and Law at Lafayette College, 2003, “In Defense of State Building: States, Rights, and Justice,” Dissent, Fall, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Academic Search Elite, p. 19-20

No one who has … the international system.

Tournament: west conn | Round: 5 | Opponent: Bing KS | Judge: Michelle Wu
1
The role of the affirmative is to defend topical plan action by the United States Federal Government.

Our interpretation is grammatically correct
Ericson 3 Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

This is prior question to debate- voting issue for limits and ground- there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote aff- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action- they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

A limited topic of discussion is key to decision-making and advocacy skills- this still provides room for creativity, but targets the discussion
Steinberg and Freeley 8 Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development- posits students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Switch-side is key- forces critical thinking and better advocacy
Keller et al 1 Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost

SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
AND
yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Lundberg 10 Christian O. Lundberg Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world.
2
The demand to universalize identity results in self-repression, violent assimilation and the eradication of others.
Connelly 2 William Connelly, Professor of Political Science at John Hopkins, Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox, 2002 pg 176-178cd

Finally, then there is a dimension containing, shall we say, a double
AND
might increase the susceptibility of this contingency to tactics of self-modification.

Heteronormativity ensures the violent extermination of difference through normalized organization and control
Yep 2004 Gust A., Professor of Communication Studies at San Francisco State University, Ph.D. in Communication., Queer Theory and Communication: From Disciplining Queers to Queering the Discipline(s), pg. 18jap
In this passage, Simmons vividly describes the devastating persuasiveness of hatred and violence in
AND
living at the intersections of race, class, gender, and sexuality.     
The alternative is to vote neg in favor of a method of forgetting – The affirmative relies on a linear temporality that enhances paranoid rationalities for action and precludes new forms of knowledge-production – forgetfulness as a method is an interruption to generational modes of transmission that ensure the continuity of ideas, family lines, and normativity
Halberstam 11 Judith Halberstam, Professor of English and Director of The Center for Feminist Research at University of Southern California, The Queer Art of Failure. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011; pg 69-74cd

Jesse and Chester forgot where they parked their car, did not remember¶ saving
AND
one that is rarely¶ reflected in mainstream texts about memory and forgetting.

Case

They embrace anti-politics – this creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs 97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false sense of empowerment that comes with such mesmerizing impulses is accompanied by a
AND
universal, collec- tive interests that had vanished from civil society.75  

Extinction
Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip
AND
at the beginning stages of a project that seeks to do just that.   

Ontology must be secondary to the prior question of political practice
Jarvis 00
Darryl, Senior Lecturer in International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism, p. 128-9

More is the pity that such irrational and obviously abstruse debate should so occupy us
AND
to address the real life plight of those who struggle at marginal places.

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees global politics is dominated by violence
Monbiot 04
(George, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13)

The quest for global solutions is difficult and divisive. Some members of this movement
AND
to prevent climate change from destroying the conditions it requires for its survival.

The State is inevitable- ivory tower criticism inevitably fails collapsing the left
Rorty 98
Richard Rorty, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton and the University of Virginia, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford, Achieving our country, 1998, p. 98-99 

The cultural Left often seems convinced that the nation-state is obsolete, and
AND
people and of those who clean the professionals' toilets—might revitalize leftist politics
We control uniqueness—human well-being is on the rise
Goklany 09
Worked with federal and state governments, think tanks, and the private sector for over 35 years. Worked with IPCC before its inception as an author, delegate and reviewer. Negotiated UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Managed the emissions trading program for the EPA. Julian Simon Fellow at the Property and Environment Research Center, visiting fellow at AEI, winner of the Julian Simon Prize and Award. PhD, MS, electrical engineering, MSU. B.Tech in electrical engineering, Indian Institute of Tech. Indur, “Have increases in population, affluence and technology worsened human and environmental well-being?” 2009, http://www.ejsd.org/docs/HAVE_INCREASES_IN_POPULATION_AFFLUENCE_AND_TECHNOLOGY_WORSENED_HUMAN_AND_ENVIRONMENTAL_WELL-BEING.pdf

Although global population is no longer growing exponentially, it has quadrupled since 1900.
AND
per capita, and the prevalence of malnutrition (Goklany 2007a, 2007b).

Tournament: navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: jmu cp | Judge: steve pointer
K
The affirmative’s humanity is embolden to a christian god that died long ago – the desire to help others is rooted in a longing for the possession of this lost ‘truth’ in an attempt to preserve their own power -
NIETZSCHE, 1882
(The Gay Science. Pages 38-39)

On the doctrine of the … virtue of prostitutes.
And, their world of friendship is built upon an entirely new category 0f enmity. exclusions are inevitable but a politics of inclusivity cannot exclude humans so a category must be created outside of itself.  this production of the inhuman enables NEW AND UNIMAGINABLE MODES OF ABSOLUTE ANNIHILATION as their universal ideal of what it means to be human is exported throughout the globe.
ODYSSEOS, 2K4.
(Louiza, Department of Politics and International Studies, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of London.  “Carl Schmitt and Martin Heidegger on the Line(s) of Cosmopolitanism and the War on Terror.”  Conference on the International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt.  September 9-11. P.18-21)

The second criticism … humanity and cosmopolitanism.

The drive to eliminate antagonism is sustained by violence in the production of the scapegoat.   social harmony is impossible and the attempt to enact it guarantees massacres against all life that does not coincide with their vision of order.
STAVRAKAKIS, 99.
(Yannis, Acting Director of the MA Programme in Ideology and Discourse Analysis at the University of Essex.  Lacan and the Political. P.100-102)

What I will try to …with the utopian mentality.

And, the nazis wore sweatshirts – greatest evil done in name of doing good
STRONG, 2K3.
(Tracy B., Professor of Political Science at Harvard. Cardozo Law Review. 24 Cardozo L. rev. 535. January p.L/N)

Thus, Nietzsche's opposition to … eternity of deathly silence... ." n80

alternative text: reject the aff in order to affirm the human capacity to resist.
We must reconfigure rights based in resistance – NOT in terms of what we are, but what we are not.  we should prefer agonism to friendship, conflict to passivity and we should say no itsead of yes.  freedom does not originate in PRINCIPLES; it arises out of the abyss of them.  the way the 1ac frames emancipation locks subordination into place and paves the road to the most insidious forms of tyranny done in democracy’s name.
HATAB, ‘02.
(Lawrence J. Professor of Philosophy at Old Dominion University 2002 Prospects for a Democratic Agon Why We can still be Nietzscheans: The Journal of Nietzsche p.MUSE) 

If political respect implies … tyranny done in democracy's name.

DA
Uniqueness – Obama political capital is preventing new Iran sanctions now
Associated Press, 1-15, 2014,
("Dems signal willingness to wait on Iran sanctions", The New Zealand Herald, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 1-16-14 

WASHINGTON (AP) Under pressure from …not become a nuclear state.

The plan costs capital – war power restrictions fall on party lines
Nzelibe, Northwestern Assistant Law Professor, 2011,
(Jide, “Partisan Conflicts Over Presidential Authority”, Northwestern University School of Law, 53 William and Mary Law Review 389, Pg. 392-393, PAS)
This Essay suggests a contrary view: … conduct foreign affairs.5

Political capital is key to prevent sanctions – shift from domestic policies now
Andrew Hammond 11/13 was formerly a special adviser in the government of former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, and also a geopolitical analyst at Oxford Analytica. “Iranian diplomacy underscores Obama's search for legacy,” 11-13-13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/13/opinion/iran-obama-legacy-hammond/ DOA: 11-14-13, y2k

Significant progress was … continues to build up steam in 2014.

Sanctions tank the deal – spurs proliferation  
Thielmann 1/12 Senators are wrong on tougher Iran sanctions, January 12, 2014, Greg Thielmann, is a senior fellow of the Arms Control Association and a former U.S. Foreign Service officer who later served on the staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20140112_Senators_are_wrong_on_tougher_Iran_sanctions.html

Iran and its six … yet to be made.

Iranian proliferation causes regional nuclear conflict
Edelman et al 11 The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran, The Limits of Containment, Eric S. Edelman, Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr, and Evan Braden Montgomery JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2011, ERIC S. EDELMAN is a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9. ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH is President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. EVAN BRADEN MONTGOMERY is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran

Yet this view is far … nuclear arms race.

Case

Solvency
Statutes ineffective to challenge presidential authority
Vermeule 6 A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER? PANEL II: THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS, Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Fordham Law Review, November, 2006, 75 Fordham L. Rev. 631, Lexis 

Political constraints. Ackerman's … executive action in emergencies.

Contention 1
Imperialism is an undeniable good – our evidence is comparative
Kurtz 03
 Research Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, (Stanley, April/May, “Democratic Imperialism: A Blueprint” http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3449176.html)

Our commitment to political … favor of liberal imperialism.

Imperialism is key to check global wars and disease spread
Ferguson 04
Niall, Historian @ NYU, COLLOSSAS: THE PRICE OF AMERICA?S EMPIRE, 2004, pp. 24-5

Unlike the majority of … of some kind of external authority.
Pandemics Cause Extinction
Quammen 12
(David, award-winning science writer,  columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, also worked for National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals,  “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” )

Infectious disease is … and viruses in particular.

Rejecting predictions means decision makers will rely on preconceived conceptions
Fitzsimmons 7 Michael, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06/07

But handling even this … the decision-makers  themselves. 

Predictions are feasible. They can be made logically from empirical evidence.
Chernoff 9—Fred Chernoff is Professor of IR and Director of IR @ Colgate University. “Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory,” European Journal of International Relations, 15:1, Sage, Accessed date: 10/26/12 y2k

For these and other reasons, … evident from the foregoing discussion.

Rejection of securitization causes the state to become more interventionist—turns the K
Tara McCormack, ’10, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 127-129)
The following section will … emancipatory theoretical approaches.

Overwhelming consensus of experts conclude threats are real---1 risk is sufficient
Cambanis 12
Thanassis is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k

President Obama and his …it wrong, we’re in trouble.”

Securitization Inevitable
Trombetta 08
Maria Julia Trombetta is Postdoctoral Research @ Department of Economics of Infrastructure, Delft University of Technology. “The Securitization of the Environment and the Transformation of Security”, 3-19-8, http://archive.sgir.eu/-uploads/Trombetta-the_securitization_of_the_environment_and_the_transformation_of_security.pdf

Second, within the School’s framework, … claim be different from that of similar ones?

Contention 2
No objective data on civilian casualties---their numbers are inflated
Byman 13 Daniel Byman is a Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice,” July/August 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139453/daniel-byman/why-drones-work?page=show, Accessed Date: 6-24-13 y2k

Despite the obvious benefits of … than other types of force.

All alternatives are more dangerous
Byman 13 Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice, Daniel L. Byman, July/August 2013, professor at Georgetown University's Security Studies Program. He served as a staff member on the 9/11 Commission and worked for the U.S. government, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman

Critics of drone strikes … tactics against militant groups.

SQ drone policies are effective- cripples Al Qaida
Johnson 12 Patrick B. Johnston is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution. He is the author of "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns," published in International Security (Spring 2012). “Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida,” 8-22-12, http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html, DOA: 7-26-13, y2k

Should the U.S. continue … after his ouster from Sudan.
No defense-Risk is high
Bunn, et al, 10/2/13
 Bunn, Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School andCo-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998.http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html

I. Introduction In 2011, Harvard’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and
AND
the intention to acquire and use nuclear weapons is as strong as ever.

Extinction
Hellman 8
(Martin, PH.D. and  professor emeritus of electrical engineering at Stanford University, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence”, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf, Accessed 1-18-14, LKM)

The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
AND
assume that preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option.
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Util is inevitable
Greene 02
Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf

Some people who talk of balancing rights may think there is an algorithm for deciding
AND
represents is either dogmatic in an esoteric sort of way or covertly consequentialist. 

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to existential risks cannot be one of trial-and-error.
AND
on whether and how much we discount future benefits 15,16.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU GP | Judge: Nate Milton
K
Indefinite detention creates human animal distinctions that have spilled to every area of detention-from the government to the individuals within- only eliminating this distinction allows for the recognition of the detanees
Pugliese 2013 Joseph, Macquarie University¶ Associate Professor, Resarch Director MMCCS, nominated for the Joseph B. and Toby Gittler Prize, Brandeis University, U.S.A., in recognition of his research and social justice work on race, ethnicity and racism. In 2010 he was awarded Macquarie University Arts Faculty Excellence in Teaching Award "For inspiring students to learn critical thinking skills, oriented by an ethics of social justice, in order engage in learning as a transformative experience." State Violence and the Execution of Law, Biopolitical caesurae of torture, black sites, drones, Pg.67-71 Accessed 10/3/2013 DMW

As in so many of the …¶ photographs were trophies.”

And, their speciesist world-view is unsustainable.
Berry 95 (Thomas, Ph.D. from the Catholic University of America in European intellectual history  “The viable human” in Deep Ecology for the 21st Century, ed. George Sessions)

A deep cultural pathology … fostered by our commercial industrial establishment'.

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and its …. love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture … is “an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all equally …politics and society?

CP
Text: The U.S. Supreme Court should rule that people being detained indefinitely receive due process.

Courts have the authority
Fisher, Congressional Research Service Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, 2005,
(Louis, “Judicial Review of the War Power”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 3, September, Pg. 466, PAS) http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf 8-15-13

The terrorist attacks … actions in time of war.

Politics is a net benefit
Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 01
Gregory Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 2001, Reassessing Judicial Capacity to Resolve Complex Questions of Social Policy, 11 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 127, pg. np

Elected politicians appear to "… eliminate abortion restrictions.

DA
Budget agreement will pass---PC is key
Calmes and Parker 10/10 Jackie Calmes and Ashley Parker are NYT Staff Reporters, “No Quick Deal, but Offer by G.O.P. on Debt Shifts the Tone,” 10-10-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/us/politics/debt-limit-debate.html?_r=0, DOA: 10-10-13, y2k

In statements afterward that … temporarily remove that threat.

Weakening Obama guts PC necessary to raise the debt ceiling
Lillis and Wasson 9/7 Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote, Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote, Mike Lillis and Erik Wasson, 09/07/13, http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats

The prospect of wounding …. to do in Congress, that's for sure," the aide said Friday.

Debt ceiling kills economy- its on the brink
Kurtzleben 10/2 How Each New Fiscal Crisis Makes the Economy a Little Shakier, DANIELLE KURTZLEBEN, business and economics reporter for U.S. News and World Report, October 2, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/10/02/how-each-new-fiscal-crisis-makes-the-economy-a-little-shakier

That prospect is …will pick up as Oct. 17 approaches.

Decline goes nuclear
Royal 10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010¶ Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods … interdependence and do not specifically consider

DA

Detention closure increases drones use- undermines counter terrorism  
Goldsmith 12 Proxy Detention in Somalia, and the Detention-Drone Tradeoff, Jack Goldsmith, Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003, member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law, June 29, 2012, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/06/proxy-detention-in-somalia-and-the-detention-drone-tradeoff/

There has been … treated worse.

The impact is extinction
Sid-Ahmed, 04 – Al-Ahram political analyst (Mohamed, “Extinction!,” Al Ahram Weekly, No. 705, August/September 1, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)
What would be the …we will all be losers.
Case
Solvency
Be highly suspicious of their “ethic solves” claims – the sovereign power will still continue to subvert as long as socio-political conditions and processes exist to reconstitute itself
Neal 2007 (Andrew. PhD Lecturer of Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science at the University of Edinburgh. “Georgio Agamben and the politics of the exception” Paper presented at the Sixth Pan-European International Relations Conference of the SGIR. 12-15 September 2007. Pg 24-25)

The reason why … socio-political practices.

No solvency- NDAA restricts detainee transfer
Hains 11 William M. received his Juris Doctor from the J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, in April 2011. He currently serves as a law clerk for the Honorable J. Frederic Voros Jr. on the Utah Court of Appeals Brigham Young University Law Review 2011 B.Y.U.L. Rev. 2283 Lexis Nexis, Accessed 5/21/2013 DMW

The Ghailani verdict and the … from a habeas court. n32

No difference in rights between US prisons and Gitmo
Spencer et al 5 Jack Spencer, Director, Roe Institute, Ariel Cohen, Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Alane Kochems, Heritage Expert, "No Good Reason To Close Gitmo," 6-14-05, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/06/no-good-reason-to-close-gitmo da 8-16-13

Changing the physical location … the detainees and close Guantanamo Bay.
Closing Gitmo shift prisoners elsewhere
Spencer et al 5 Jack Spencer, Director, Roe Institute, Ariel Cohen, Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Alane Kochems, Heritage Expert, "No Good Reason To Close Gitmo," 6-14-05, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/06/no-good-reason-to-close-gitmo da 8-16-13

The function of Guantanamo … than they do today.

Patriarchy
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the … undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to … discount future benefits 15,16.

Feminist critiques reify difference falsely and recreate the same epistimological problems under a mask of sensitivity
Jarvis 00  
(Daryl, Lecturer in Government and International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline)

Celebrating and reifying … and theoretical endeavor.

Their overgeneralization of patriarchy essentialize men as well
Jarvis 00  
(Daryl, Lecturer in Government and International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline)

We might also extend …generalizations and crude caricatures.

Feminist thought just reproduces gender stereotypes
Witworth 94
prof of political science and female studies @ York U, (Feminism and International Relations, pg 20, 1994)

Even when not concerned … feminists pause to reconsider this position.

Structural violence

The status quo is structurally improving
Dash 13
Co-Founder and Managing Director at Activate, a new kind of strategy consultancy that advises companies about the opportunities at the intersection of technology and media co-founder and CEO of ThinkUp, which shows you how to be better at using your social networks, publisher, editor and owner of Dashes.com, my personal blog where I've been publishing continuously since 1999, entrepreneur, writer and geek living in New York City (Anil Dash, 4 February 2013, “THE WORLD IS GETTING BETTER. QUICKLY.,” http://dashes.com/anil/2013/02/the-world-is-getting-better-quickly.html)

The world is getting better, … problems we have left.

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 08
Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595¶ Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. ¶ He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty … potentially radically – political. 

Preventing nuclear war is the prerequisite to solving systemic impacts
Folk 78
Folk, Prof of Religious and Peace Studies at Bethany College, Jerry, “Peace Educations – Peace Studies: Towards an Integrated Approach,” Peace and Change, Vol. V, No. 1, spring, P. 58

Those proponents of …view of negative peace.

Tournament: clarion | Round: 6 | Opponent: jmu gp | Judge: jeff ciak
CP
A) CP Advocacy: We affirm the 1AC sans the plan Text.

B) Net Benefits:
1) Plan Text = Framework = aff double turn
2) This specific type of framing makes policy stale, is divorced from implementation, and makes debate Ineffective
Aalberg et al. 2012 (Toril Aalberg, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.  Jesper Strömbäck, Mid Sweden University, Sweden and Claes H. de Vreese, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  The framing of politics as strategy and game: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings.  Journalism 2012 13: 162 originally published online 11 November 2011.  Sage)

While changes in the political system … phase of policy making.

3) Exceptionalism
McVicker 2012 (THE TASK OF JOURNALISM IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM IMAGINING THE PROFANE McVicker, Jeanette Philosophy Today; May 2012; 56, 2; ProQuest pg. 243)

There's not much surprise … self-sustaining-to journalism's detriment.

Impact = Oceans of Blood…
Spanos 2008 (William V, “Global American: The Devastation of Language Under the Dictatorship of the Public Realm,” symploke Vol. 16 Nos 1-2, 2008 pp. 171-214)

And insofar as … of blood to defeat:

C) CP Solves -
Virilio 2004 (Paul, ‘.DIALOGUES./ the Game of Love and Chance: A Discussion with Paul Virilio. Interview with Jérôme Sans’. Electronic document. Available online: http://www.watsoninstitute.org/infopeace/vy2k/sans.cfm) 

JÉRÔME SANS: Video games have an … addicts and nothing more.

CP

TEXT: The United States Supreme Court should require that people being detained either receive civilian trials or are released

Policy relevance is key to foreign policy- elites don’t pay attention to abstract theory
Walt 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Stephen M. Walt
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2005, 8:23–48 doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104904

Yet despite the need … on international affairs.

Abstract theorization is ineffective- must be prescriptive
Walt 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Stephen M. Walt
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2005, 8:23–48 doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104904

Fifth, a theory is …busy policy makers.

Academia is insular- no translation to policy-making
Walt 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Stephen M. Walt
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 2005, 8:23–48 doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104904

The modest impact of …will impress other scholars.

Policy education- Technical policy education is key to actualize change
Hodson 10 professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, Derek, “Science Education as a Call to Action,” Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 197-206 note: SSI = socioscientific issues

The final (fourth) level of sophistication … the establishment of policy.

Change outside the state is temporary --- only engaging institutions produces lasting remedies
Milbrath 96
(Lester W., Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Sociology – SUNY Buffalo Building Sustainable Societies, Ed. Pirages, p. 289)

In some respects … likely to be effective.   

Turning away from the state prevents mobilization for good causes.
Goble ‘98
(Paul, Publisher of RFE/RL, “THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEPOLITICIZATION,” Radio Free Europe, October 12, 1998, http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1998/10/981012I.html

First, as people turn …e governments to be able to deliver. 

Indefinite Detention is used in ways to discriminate against others
Feldman 2005 David, Cambridge Law Journal Proportionality and Discrimination in Anti-Terrorism Legislation The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Jul., 2005), pp. 271-273 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500785 . Accessed 8/3/2013 DMW

PART 4 of the Anti-terrorism,Crimeand SecurityAct 2001 (the ATCS Act) allowed the Home Secretary to … ATCSAct to be incompatiblewith Articles5 and 14.

K
Indefinite detention creates human animal distinctions that have spilled to every area of detention-from the government to the individuals within- only eliminating this distinction allows for the recognition of the detanees
Pugliese 2013 Joseph, Macquarie University¶ Associate Professor, Resarch Director MMCCS, nominated for the Joseph B. and Toby Gittler Prize, Brandeis University, U.S.A., in recognition of his research and social justice work on race, ethnicity and racism. In 2010 he was awarded Macquarie University Arts Faculty Excellence in Teaching Award "For inspiring students to learn critical thinking skills, oriented by an ethics of social justice, in order engage in learning as a transformative experience." State Violence and the Execution of Law, Biopolitical caesurae of torture, black sites, drones, Pg.67-71 Accessed 10/3/2013 DMW

As in so many of …these¶ photographs were trophies.”

And, their speciesist world-view is unsustainable.
Berry 95 (Thomas, Ph.D. from the Catholic University of America in European intellectual history  “The viable human” in Deep Ecology for the 21st Century, ed. George Sessions)

A deep cultural pathology … industrial establishment'.

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and … love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture … “an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all equally … of politics and society?

Case
Solvency
Their plan, which states to give all people being detained a trial or release which in the squo already happens for those detained in the United States.  No inherency.
Be highly suspicious of their “ethic solves” claims – the sovereign power will still continue to subvert as long as socio-political conditions and processes exist to reconstitute itself
Neal 2007 (Andrew. PhD Lecturer of Politics and International Relations, School of Social and Political Science at the University of Edinburgh. “Georgio Agamben and the politics of the exception” Paper presented at the Sixth Pan-European International Relations Conference of the SGIR. 12-15 September 2007. Pg 24-25)

The reason why the … and socio-political practices.

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees global politics is dominated by violence
Monbiot 04
(George, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13)

The quest for global solutions … it requires for its survival.

Change outside the state is temporary --- only engaging institutions produces lasting remedies
Milbrath 96
(Lester W., Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Sociology – SUNY Buffalo Building Sustainable Societies, Ed. Pirages, p. 289)

In some respects personal … likely to be effective.   

Patriarchy
Closing Gitmo shift prisoners elsewhere
Spencer et al 5 Jack Spencer, Director, Roe Institute, Ariel Cohen, Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Alane Kochems, Heritage Expert, "No Good Reason To Close Gitmo," 6-14-05, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/06/no-good-reason-to-close-gitmo da 8-16-13

The function of Guantanamo … access than they do today.

Domestic prisons only reinscribe situations of patriarchy
Bennet 01 (Darcy K. War Bonnett, “Women in Prison Tell It Like It Is,” Off Our Backs,  Feb 2001, http://www.kersplebedeb.com/mystuff/feminist/trapped_patriarchy_oob.html, DATE ACCESSED: 10/29/13, MT)

I was brought in, … least help pay bills

Feminist critiques reify difference falsely and recreate the same epistimological problems under a mask of sensitivity
Jarvis 00  
(Daryl, Lecturer in Government and International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline)

Celebrating and reifying … disci¬plinary knowledge and theoretical endeavor.

Structural violence

The status quo is structurally improving
Dash 13
Co-Founder and Managing Director at Activate, a new kind of strategy consultancy that advises companies about the opportunities at the intersection of technology and media co-founder and CEO of ThinkUp, which shows you how to be better at using your social networks, publisher, editor and owner of Dashes.com, my personal blog where I've been publishing continuously since 1999, entrepreneur, writer and geek living in New York City (Anil Dash, 4 February 2013, “THE WORLD IS GETTING BETTER. QUICKLY.,” http://dashes.com/anil/2013/02/the-world-is-getting-better-quickly.html)

The world is getting better, …problems we have left.

Structural violence doesn’t escalate – they essentialize degrees of violence, systems of violence are not causal to international war
Hinde and Pulkkinnen 01
Cambridge Psychology Professor and University of Jyväskylä Psychology Professor, 2001, ¶ (Robert and Lea, “Human Aggressiveness and War”, Pugwash, Vol. 2, No. 3, September, Pg. 5-6, PAS) http://www.pugwash.org/reports/rc/Papers_2-3.pdf 1-17-13 

People are capable …l factors remain largely unexplored.

Tournament: navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: jmu ym | Judge: austin woodruff
T
ASPEC – 1NC Shell 

A. Violation – The Affirmative fails to specify an agent of action.
B. Interpretation: USFG isn’t all three branches
C. C. Failure to specify is illegitimate and a voting issue.

1. Ground – Specifying an agent is critical to Disads relating to the specific agent of action and Counterplans to use a different agent.  
   2. Moving Target – Failure to specify an agent in the plan text allows the affirmative to shift out of 1NC arguments by allowing new 2AC clarification about the agent of action

K
The aff’s attempt to limit the president’s power is based in the language of the law of war, wherein lies in a violent, speciecist foundation
KOCHI 2K9 Kochi Tarik is a lecturer in law and international security at university of Sussex. (species war: law, violence, and animals) ‘law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359, MT

In everyday speech, … resides species war. 

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and its … love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture … is “an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all equally … future of politics and society?

CP

The president of the United States should issue an executive order to switch supervision of the drone program to Title 10 of the United States Code.

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive order is one … statutes of the United States.2 )

DA
Uniqueness – Obama political capital is preventing new Iran sanctions now
Associated Press, 1-15, 2014,
("Dems signal willingness to wait on Iran sanctions", The New Zealand Herald, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 1-16-14 

WASHINGTON (AP) Under pressure from the … not become a nuclear state.

The plan costs capital – war power restrictions fall on party lines
Nzelibe, Northwestern Assistant Law Professor, 2011,
(Jide, “Partisan Conflicts Over Presidential Authority”, Northwestern University School of Law, 53 William and Mary Law Review 389, Pg. 392-393, PAS)
This Essay suggests a contrary view…flexibility to conduct foreign affairs.5

Political capital is key to prevent sanctions – shift from domestic policies now
Andrew Hammond 11/13 was formerly a special adviser in the government of former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, and also a geopolitical analyst at Oxford Analytica. “Iranian diplomacy underscores Obama's search for legacy,” 11-13-13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/13/opinion/iran-obama-legacy-hammond/ DOA: 11-14-13, y2k

Significant progress was…, the U.S. economic recovery continues to build up steam in 2014.

Sanctions tank the deal – spurs proliferation  
Thielmann 1/12 Senators are wrong on tougher Iran sanctions, January 12, 2014, Greg Thielmann, is a senior fellow of the Arms Control Association and a former U.S. Foreign Service officer who later served on the staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20140112_Senators_are_wrong_on_tougher_Iran_sanctions.html

Iran and its six negotiating /… deals yet to be made.

Iranian proliferation causes regional nuclear conflict
Edelman et al 11 The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran, The Limits of Containment, Eric S. Edelman, Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr, and Evan Braden Montgomery JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2011, ERIC S. EDELMAN is a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9. ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH is President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. EVAN BRADEN MONTGOMERY is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran

Yet this view is far too … nuclear arms race.

Case

Solvency
Statutes ineffective to challenge presidential authority
Vermeule 6 A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER? PANEL II: THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS, Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Fordham Law Review, November, 2006, 75 Fordham L. Rev. 631, Lexis 

Political constraints. Ackerman's framework … executive action in emergencies.

Shift in control now – multiple government sources confirm
Zakaria and Hosenball 13 Tabassum Zakaria and Mark Hosenball, Reuters, 5-20-13, "Pentagon to take over some CIA drone operations : sources," 5-20-13, www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/21/us-usa-drones-idUSBRE94K03720130521 da 10-29-13cd

(Reuters) - President Barack Obama's … government overreach broke last week.

Terror
The drone program is legitimate now- no risk of backlash
LaFranchi 6-3-13, Howard LaFranchi, Staff writer / June 3, 2013, Christian Science Monitor, American public has few qualms with drone strikes, poll finds, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2013/0603/American-public-has-few-qualms-with-drone-strikes-poll-finds, 

When a US drone strike last … (61 percent) favor keeping it open.

Transparency legitimizes the drones program
Shah 13 Rhetoric or reality on drones? President Obama's recent speech on national security fell short when it came to addressing drones, 26 May 2013, Naureen Shah is a lecturer-in-law at Columbia Law School's Human Rights Institute and co-author of the report The Civilian Impact of Drones, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/05/2013526224110408976.html

The ultimate danger is … they are the reality.

Pakistan won’t trust US drone agreements – we already break those policies
Craig 11/2/13 (Tim Crig is a Washington Post Pakistan Bureau Chief, based in Islamabad. Former D.C. Reporter.  “Drone kills Taliban chief Hakimullah Mehsud; Pakistan accuses U.S. of derailing peace talks,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistani-official-accuses-us-of-sabotage-as-drone-targets-taliban-leaders-in-northwest/2013/11/01/1463d0c2-431d-11e3-b028-de922d7a3f47_story.html, DATE ACCESSED: 11/3/13, MT)

A U.S. drone strike killed … ambush from the front,” he said.

Reforms cause backlash – no trust in Shariff
Rehmat 13
(Kamran Rehat is theEditor at Dateline Islamabad, News Editor at Dawn News and earned his degree from the University of The Punjab. “Balochistan To Test Sharif’s Resolve,” http://www.gulf-times.com/opinion/189/details/356865/balochistan-to-test-sharifE28099s-resolve, Last Accessed 10/9/13) ELJ
Prime Minister Nawaz … by the enemies of the state.

Turn – Pakistan will always endorse terrorism- 8 Reasons
1 – Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2 – Power vacuum = No true leader
3 – Democracy
4 – Secularism
5 – Foreign Policy
6 – Media/Education
7 – No value or respect for human resource or citizens
8 – War economics
Videa 13
Videa is an online news reporter written by journalist scholars. “Why Pakistan Will Always Promote Terrorism,” http://videathink.com/latest-atricle/why-pakistan-will-always-promote-terrorism/, Last Accessed 12/21/13) ELJ

The brutality of Mumbai … it will happen ever.

SQ drone policies are effective - disables Al-Qaeda
Johnson 12 Patrick B. Johnston is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution. He is the author of "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns," published in International Security (Spring 2012). “Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida,” 8-22-12, http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html, DOA: 7-26-13, y2k
Should the U.S. continue to strike … 1996, after his ouster from Sudan.

All other alternatives are way more dangerous
Byman 13 Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice, Daniel L. Byman, July/August 2013, professor at Georgetown University's Security Studies Program. He served as a staff member on the 9/11 Commission and worked for the U.S. government, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman
Critics of drone strikes … against militant groups.

No impact to terrorism – it’s not an existential threat and even if you believe them, any type of conflict will be limited and localized, prefer our evidence it’s more empirical
Mockli 12
Daniel mockli is a Senior Researcher @ Center for Security Studies in International Relations and Security Network, "Terrorism as a Manageable Risk -- Yes it is," http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?lng=enandid=152973andtabid=1453321093andcontextid774=152973andcontextid775=152971 9-21-13, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

Eleven years after …, though they may cause mass panic.

Modeling
US credibility gone – there were too many international mistakes in 2013.
Fiscal Times - December 20, 2013 ("Top 10 US Foreign Policy Blunders of 2013", by David Francis, http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2013/12/20/Top-10-US-Foreign-Policy-Blunders-2013 - accessed 1/13/14) kc

This past year was a … eliminating political opponents.

Plan’s modeling restricts Turkish strikes on Kurdish militants
Roberts 13 (Kristin Roberts, News Editor for National Journal, M.A. in security studies from Georgetown University, “When the Whole World Has Drones,” The National Journal, March 22, 2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
Hyperbole? Consider this… capabilities of this generation. 

PKK resurgence threatens Northern Iraq and collapses regional stability
Clark 08 (Perry Clark, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, U.S. Army War College, “Reassessing U.S. National Security Strategy: the Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK),” Strategy Research Project, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA478197andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

The PKK is a … influence events there.”65

Global nuclear war
Corsi 07 (Jerome, Ph.D. in Political Science – Harvard University, “War with Iran is Imminent”, World Net Daily, 1-8, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53669)

If a broader …., much as World Wars I
No impact to prolif---no capability
Singer 13 The Proliferation of Drones, 19/06/2013, Peter W. Singer, director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution, https://ip-journal.dgap.org/en/ip-journal/topics/proliferation-drones

Those worried about … that will eventually allow it to do so

Tournament: clarion | Round: 4 | Opponent: liberty cc | Judge: joe patrice
T
Prohibit 1NC

Interpretation - restrictions are prohibitions.
Northglenn 11
City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.htmljap

Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. … any permit or license.

Violation – the plan does not prohibit the President, it only adds a step in the process of decisionmaking to make it more difficult.

Reasons to vote negative:

1. Ground – not prohibiting presidential actions makes all DA links and counterplan competition impossible since the AFF isn’t required to stop the President from doing anything.  Access to this ground is key to negative preparation to check AFF topic selection and infinite prep at the beginning of the season.

2. Brightline – the plan text either prohibits or it does not – our interpretation establishes a clear division of topical and non-topical affirmatives, which reduces judge intervention and preserves clash in the debate.

3. Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless "conditions" that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves
Bidirectionality – Absent prohibition they can create conditions that functionally increase authority
Posner 12 (Eric, University of Chicago Law, “Deference to the Executive in the United States After September 11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel”, http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE20TO20THE20EXECUTIVE.pdf)
To see why, consider an example …. If it did not, people would not enter contracts.

4. Limits – The topic is huge – 4 areas times 2 mechanisms all with separate literature and unique advantages – Allowing subsets creates an impossible research burden

CP

The president of the United States should issue an executive order to require congressional pre-authorization from congressional Intelligence committees for targeted killing as a first resort outside zones of active hostilities

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive order … the president and a general reference to statutes of the United States.2 )
DA
CIR will pass, but it’s going to be close and a fight---PC is key and there’s momentum
Orlando Sentinel 11/1 “What we think: It'll take both parties to clear immigration logjam,” 11-1-13, http://www.orlandosen-tinel.com/news/opinion/os-ed-immigration-reform-congress-20131031,0,7750574.story?dssReturn, DOA: 11-1-13, y2k
For those who thought the end of …er for security, and better for the future of their party.

Restricting war powers costs political capital – Republicans oppose restraints
Nzelibe, Northwestern Assistant Law Professor, 2011,
(Jide, “Partisan Conflicts Over Presidential Authority”, Northwestern University School of Law, 53 William and Mary Law Review 389, Pg. 392-393, PAS) 

This Essay suggests a contrary view… President’s flexibility to conduct foreign affairs.5
Immigration reform is key to breaking down xenophobic racism.
Kenan Malik 11 is a writer, lecturer and broadcaster, is the author, most recently, of "From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and its Legacy." “The Best Way to Deal With Xenophobia,” 7-28-11, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/07/27/will-the-norway-massacre-deflate-europes-right-wing/the-best-way-to-deal-with-xenophobia, Accessed Date: 2-1-13 y2k

Far right and populist …. rather than by the second, politicians help strengthen, not weaken, xenophobic attitudes.

K
The drive for security is rooted in a capitalist logic that distributes insecurity to populations in marginalized spaces around the globe – justifying further intervention and blowback, turns the case.
Goodman 9 Senior Lecturer at the University of Technology in Sydney
James Goodman, “Rethinking Insecurity War and Violence,” http://www.scribd.com/doc/68230825/4/Global-capitalism-and-the-production-of-insecurity, 7-7-12,
In capitalist societies insecurity … in the War on Terror.

Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale
Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that … otherwise sound matrix. 

Thus our alternative is an unconditional commitment to the Communist Hypothesis.  Every ethical decision should be infused with all of the significance of humanity’s destiny.  The question regarding the plan is “does it confirm or contradict the communist hypothesis.”  If we win a link, you reject the affirmative - they reduce life to a barbaric ratrace and stand opposed to universal emancipation.  
Alain Badiou, former Chair of Philosophy at École normale supérieure, 2008.  The Meaning of Sarkozy, pp. 97-103 

I would like to …history of this hypothesis.

Fidelity to the Idea of Communism means subordination of all other goals and the incorporation of all other agendas.  This debate round should be considered a referrendum on the future – cast your ballot in favor of the Truth of communism.  
Badiou, former Chair of Philosophy at École normale supérieure, 2010.  The Idea of Communism pp. 245-260

So we can now return …. We can, so we must.

Case

Solvency
Congressional oversight fails
Sorcher 13 National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program, Sara Sorcher, Staff Writer, National Security, May 30, 2013, National Journal’s National Security Insiders Poll is a periodic survey of defense and foreign policy experts, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311

Some Insiders, even as they … of the armed forces."

Statutes ineffective to challenge presidential authority
Vermeule 6 A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER? PANEL II: THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS, Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Fordham Law Review, November, 2006, 75 Fordham L. Rev. 631, Lexis 

Political constraints. …g executive action in emergencies.

Relations

Relations
Relations high and stable
Times of India 13 "US-Pak relations moving towards stability: Sherry Rehman," 1-30-13, articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-30/us/36634990_1_india-and-pakistan-sherry-rehman-stealth-helicopter, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

WASHINGTON: Pakistan's…t provided to the US in getting Osama bin Laden.

Detention is a massive alt cause to international cred
Robbins 13 Drones: Transparency on Rules for Their Use Is a Must, Carla Anne Robbins, February 14, 2013, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-02-14/drones-transparency-on-rules-for-their-use-is-a-must

That wall of silence … (which he tried and failed to close).

Stability
Pakistan supports the Taliban
HRW 01
(Human Rights Watch, 2001, "Pakistan's Support of the Taliban", www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm, Date Accessed: 9/7/13, MSN)

The Pakistan government … activities, particularly smuggling.

No terrorist threat---comprehensive data flips neg
Zakaria 13 Fareed Zakaria, leading journalists at TIME and CNN, "The Future of the Terrorist Threat to America," 5-10-13, globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/05/10/the-future-of-the-terrorist-threat-to-america/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

We are now a little more than three weeks from … safe in the future.
No impact- Pakistan collapse wont escalte
Dasgupta 13 (Sunil Dasgupta is Director of the University of Maryland Baltimore County Political Science Program at the Universities at Shady Grove and non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, East Asia Forum, February 25, 2013, "How will India respond to civil war in Pakistan?", http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/25/how-will-india-respond-to-civil-war-in-pakistan/ Date Accessed: 9/30/13) TM

As it is, India and Pakistan … policy with the United States.

No Impact-Nuclear war won’t lead to extinction
Martin 83
(Brian, Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science Australian National University, “The fate of the extinction arguments”, http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/83fea.html) 

When nuclear weapons … light listed by Schell. 

No impact- India will continue relations with Pakistan no matter what- even if there’s a coup
Chand, Indo-Asian News Service, 07
(Manish, 11-11, India 'deeply worried' about instability in Pakistan, , Accessed 2-20-10)
http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/India-concerned-over-situation-in-Pak/257213/Article1-257250.aspx NJR

"So, in short, we are concerned… to be carried forward," Menon said.

Norms
Deterrence
Plan’s modeling restricts Turkish strikes on Kurdish militants
Roberts 13 (Kristin Roberts, News Editor for National Journal, M.A. in security studies from Georgetown University, “When the Whole World Has Drones,” The National Journal, March 22, 2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321)
Hyperbole? Consider this: Iran… robotics capabilities of this generation. 

PKK resurgence threatens Northern Iraq and collapses regional stability
Clark 08 (Perry Clark, Lieutenant Colonel, US Army, U.S. Army War College, “Reassessing U.S. National Security Strategy: the Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK),” Strategy Research Project, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA478197andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf)

The PKK is a recognized terrorist organization by the U.S. and the international community. … for the governments that rule them and the western powers that try to influence events there.”65

Global nuclear war
Corsi 07 (Jerome, Ph.D. in Political Science – Harvard University, “War with Iran is Imminent”, World Net Daily, 1-8, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=53669)

If a broader war …, much as World Wars I and II began.

Regulating drones are insufficient- need broader engagement
Foust 12 Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project and the author of Afghanistan Journal: Selections from Registan.net. He is also a member of the Young Atlanticist Working Group. MORE Joshua's research focuses on the role of market-oriented development strategies in post-conflict environments, and on the development of metrics in understanding national security policy. He has written on strategic design for humanitarian interventions, decision-making in counterinsurgency, and the intelligence community's place in the national security discussion. Previous to joining ASP, Joshua worked for the U.S. intelligence community, where he focused on studying the non-militant socio-cultural environment in Afghanistan at the U.S. Army Human Terrain System, then the socio-cultural dynamics of irregular warfare movements at the National Ground Intelligence Center, and later on political violence in Yemen for the Defense Intelligence Agency. Joshua is a columnist for PBS Need to Know, and blogs about Central and South Asia at the influential blog Registan.net. A frequent commentator for American and global media, Joshua appears regularly on BBC World, Aljazeera, and international public radio. Joshua is also a regular contributor to Foreign Policy's AfPak Channel, and his writing has appeared in the New York Times, Reuters, and the Christian Science Monitor,  "The Political Consequences of a Drones-First Policy," 1-27-12, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/the-political-consequences-of-a-drones-first-policy/252129/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

The problem with the … post-Saleh future.

US restrictions doesn’t solve
Anderson 10 Kenneth Anderson is a law professor at Washington College of Law, American University, a research fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a Non-Resident Visiting Fellow at the Brookings Institution, April 10th 2010, “Acquiring UAV Technology”, http://www.volokh.com/2010/04/09/acquiring-uav-technology/

I’ve noticed a number of posts and comments around the blogosphere on the spread of UAV technology. Which indeed is happening; … parties, all on their own.

Tournament: navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: liberty cs | Judge: deverick murray
Cause of drones is a violent speciest foundation - pattern of death proves
Pugliese 11 (Joseph Pugliese- Discipline Leader of Cultural Studies and Associate Professor in the Department of¶ Media, Music, Communication and Cultural Studies, Macquarie ,“PROSTHETICS OF LAW AND THE ANOMIC VIOLENCE OF DRONES” Griffith Law Review, 2011, Volume 20, Number 4. Date accessed: 7/6) TM

The military term ‘pattern of life’ is inscribed with two intertwined¶ systems of
AND
the ‘principle of scarcity with respect to agency and¶ personhood’.53
*we do not endorse speciest language – an example of militaristic anthropocentric thought

Not challenging the human/animal opposition propagates speciesism – we need to abandon human-centric framework.
Bell and Russell 2K (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)//

For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and
AND
Russell, Bell, and Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1

The cosmopolitan, global world the affirmative envisions through Human rights claims mask the violence between species to achieve the good life.
KOCHI 2K9 Kochi Tarik is a lecturer in law and international security at university of Sussex. (species war: law, violence, and animals) ‘law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359

Modern international humanitarian law both inherits aspects of the Westphalian system and moves beyond it
AND
are conceptualized and expected to act as if they are moral persons.33

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and its consequences are the manifestation of the practice of radical
AND
book, we love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
“an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Anthropocentrism is the root-cause of patriarchy, slavery, racism, and any form of domination.
Best, Associate Professor of Department of Humanities and Philosophies at University of Texas, 2007
Steven, “Book Review: The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume V, Issue 2, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/JCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf accessed date: 11-7-11 y2k

It is little understood that the first form of oppression, domination, and hierarchy
AND
inflicted on black slaves were developed and perfected centuries earlier through animal exploitation. 

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?

Now is the key time to challenge speciesism
Linzey, 2012,
Andrew, IS THE IDEA OF HUMAN RIGHTS SPECIESIST?, http://therightsfuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/The_Rights_Future_CT8_Human_Rights_Speciesist.pdf. Accessed 9.8.12

The collapse of intellectual confdence in the specialness of the human, the decline in
AND
are so entirely in the hands of its human master (or mistress).

Individual rejection spills over and has the same effect as everyone adopted this position
Adams, 2010
Carol, The Sexual Politics of Meat, 30th anniversary edition, p. 231

The results of rebuking a meat-eating patriarchal world should not be minimized simply
AND
that women were more likely to observe the boycott than their husbands were.

Don’t trust their truth claims – too rooted in an anthropocentric framework
Bartlett, 02
Steven J., Animal Law, Roots of human resistance to animal rights: Psychological and conceptual blocks. http://www.animallaw.info/journals/jo_pdf/lralvol8_p143.pdf

Human attitudes, policies, and behavior are influenced not only by the species’ underlying
AND
to the subject of this comment  that are to be derived from it.

The set of ideas in terms of which we construe events in the real  world
AND
make our desired goals unreachable,  because we misconstrue reality in fundamental ways.  

Gregory Bateson later introduced a similar notion of “pathologies  of epistemology” to point
AND
are most of us governed by epistemologies that we know to be  wrong.”

When I first read Bateson’s words, I believed they were wrong,  and I
AND
epistemological  lunacy . . . leads inevitably to various sorts of disaster.”155

Tournament: west point | Round: 5 | Opponent: liberty cs | Judge: Matthew Bartholomae
T
Restrictions are prohibitions
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf

3. The ordinary definition of … did not agree to restrict his license.

The plan offers oversight- its review not a prohibition of authority

1.Limits- justifies tiny affs that don’t alter the SQ
2.Ground- all core link ground is to actually limiting the presidents authority
3.Precision- only our interpretation defines “restrictions on authority”- that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis
4.Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless "conditions" that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves
Bidirectionality – Absent prohibition they can create conditions that functionally increase authority
Posner 12 (Eric, University of Chicago Law, “Deference to the Executive in the United States After September 11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel”, http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE20TO20THE20EXECUTIVE.pdf)
To see why, consider …not, people would not enter contracts.

5.F/x T- it is not in itself a prohibition- mixes burdens and causes unpredictable steps 

CP

The president of the United States should issue an executive order to require that all remotely piloted aircraft targeting entities in the space known as Pakistan recieve have prior consent from the government of Pakistan.

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive order …statutes of the United States.2 )
DA
Immigration will pass---Obama’s PC is key
Reid J. Epstein 10/17 is Politico Staff Reporter, “Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy,” 10-17-13, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=00B694F1-5D59-4D13-B6D1-FC437A465923, DOA: 10-18-13, y2k

President Barack Obama made… significant Republican votes.” 

Restricting war powers costs political capital – Republicans oppose restraints
Nzelibe, Northwestern Assistant Law Professor, 2011,
(Jide, “Partisan Conflicts Over Presidential Authority”, Northwestern University School of Law, 53 William and Mary Law Review 389, Pg. 392-393, PAS) 

This Essay suggests a … conduct foreign affairs.5
CIR is key to food security and ag competitiveness
ACIR 7 THE AGRICULTURE COALITION FOR IMMIGRATION REFORM, December 4, 2007, http://www.aila.org/content/fileviewer.aspx?docid=24034andlinkid=169473

Dear Member of Congress: … and legal farm labor force. 

Food insecurity leads to devastating wars and famine.
Larson, 2003

(  Under Secretary for Agricultural Affairs, 03, “Food Insecurity, Famine, and U.S. National Interests Alan P. Larson, Under Secretary for Business, Economic, and Agricultural Affairs, Testimony Before the House International Relations Committee Washington, DC April 1, 2003 http://www.state.gov/e/rls/rm/2003/ 19346.htm”)

Mr. Chairman, famine … people cannot afford.

Case

Relations

Afghan
Relations high and stable
Times of India 13 "US-Pak relations moving towards stability: Sherry Rehman," 1-30-13, articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-30/us/36634990_1_india-and-pakistan-sherry-rehman-stealth-helicopter, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

WASHINGTON: Pakistan's …getting Osama bin Laden.

Instability inevitable – US withdrawal
Rosenberg, New York Times Afghanistan Reporter, 10-4, 2013,
(Matthew, "Impasse With Afghanistan Raises Prospect of Total U.S. Withdrawal in 2014", New York Times, PAS) www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/world/asia/impasse-with-afghanistan-raises-prospect-of-total-us-withdrawal-in-2014.html?partner=rssandemc=rssandpagewanted=all 10-5-13 

KABUL, Afghanistan — The … — and a nuclear-armed power.
Congressional restrictions undermine the executive- tanks heg
Yoo 6 Yoo, John, an American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration, "Exercising wartime powers: the need for a strong executive." Harvard International Review 28.1 (2006): 22+. Opposing Viewpoints In Context.

The Iraq is beginning … US national security.

Declining education sector, the economy and political clout are all reasons why heg collapse is inevitable
McCoy, 10 (Alfred, J.R.W. Smai,  Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “How America will collapse”, 12/6/10, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2010/12/06/america_collapse_2025/index.html)
Today, three main … Century ends in silence.

Terror
Pakistan supports the Taliban
HRW 01
(Human Rights Watch, 2001, "Pakistan's Support of the Taliban", www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghan2/Afghan0701-02.htm, Date Accessed: 9/7/13, MSN)

The Pakistan government … activities, particularly smuggling.

SQ drone policies are effective- cripples Al Qaida
Johnson 12 Patrick B. Johnston is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution. He is the author of "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns," published in International Security (Spring 2012). “Drone Strikes Keep Pressure on al-Qaida,” 8-22-12, http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/08/drone-strikes-keep-pressure-on-al-qaida.html, DOA: 7-26-13, y2k

Should the U.S. …, after his ouster from Sudan.
No terrorist threat---comprehensive data flips neg
Zakaria 13 Fareed Zakaria, leading journalists at TIME and CNN, "The Future of the Terrorist Threat to America," 5-10-13, globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/05/10/the-future-of-the-terrorist-threat-to-america/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

We are now a little more … safe in the future.

Sharif
Pakistan in shambles due to corruption, allows terrorism to run rampant
Imtiaz and Arnoldy 13
(Sabia Imtiaz, CS Monitor correspondent, Ben Arnoldy, Staff Writer for the Christian Science Monitor, 7/9/13,  "Why was Pakistan a safe haven for Osama? Pervasive corruption", www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2013/0709/Why-was-Pakistan-a-safe-haven-for-Osama-Pervasive-corruption, Christian Science Monitor, Date Accessed:10/7/13, MSN)

In the nine years that … not yet a failed state.'"

Sharif’s reforms fail, they cause too much backlash – Pakistani government is realizing his proposals are too good to be true
Rehmat 13
(Kamran Rehat is theEditor at Dateline Islamabad, News Editor at Dawn News and earned his degree from the University of The Punjab. “Balochistan To Test Sharif’s Resolve,” http://www.gulf-times.com/opinion/189/details/356865/balochistan-to-test-sharifE28099s-resolve, Last Accessed 10/9/13) ELJ
Prime Minister Nawaz … enemies of the state.

Sharif’s efforts fail he’s been in office since June 5, 2013, there’s been attacks within the last month. Recent drone strikes prove that Sharif’s resolve doesn’t solve for drones - the Pakistani government sees Sharif as America’s puppet AND Sharif’s just using his resolve to gain credibility from the Pakistani people. 

Regulating drones are insufficient- need broader engagement
Foust 12 Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project and the author of Afghanistan Journal: Selections from Registan.net. He is also a member of the Young Atlanticist Working Group. MORE Joshua's research focuses on the role of market-oriented development strategies in post-conflict environments, and on the development of metrics in understanding national security policy. He has written on strategic design for humanitarian interventions, decision-making in counterinsurgency, and the intelligence community's place in the national security discussion. Previous to joining ASP, Joshua worked for the U.S. intelligence community, where he focused on studying the non-militant socio-cultural environment in Afghanistan at the U.S. Army Human Terrain System, then the socio-cultural dynamics of irregular warfare movements at the National Ground Intelligence Center, and later on political violence in Yemen for the Defense Intelligence Agency. Joshua is a columnist for PBS Need to Know, and blogs about Central and South Asia at the influential blog Registan.net. A frequent commentator for American and global media, Joshua appears regularly on BBC World, Aljazeera, and international public radio. Joshua is also a regular contributor to Foreign Policy's AfPak Channel, and his writing has appeared in the New York Times, Reuters, and the Christian Science Monitor,  "The Political Consequences of a Drones-First Policy," 1-27-12, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/the-political-consequences-of-a-drones-first-policy/252129/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

The problem with the … a post-Saleh future.

No impact- India will continue relations with Pakistan no matter what- even if there’s a coup
Chand, Indo-Asian News Service, 07
(Manish, 11-11, India 'deeply worried' about instability in Pakistan, , Accessed 2-20-10)
http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/India-concerned-over-situation-in-Pak/257213/Article1-257250.aspx NJR

"So, in short, we are concerned. … forward," Menon said.

Deterrence solves
Tellis 2 (Ashley, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Orbis, Winter, p. 24-5)

In the final analysis… South Asian region.

Economics solves
Tellis 2 (Ashley, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Orbis, Winter, p. 19)

In any event, … and the United States.

No Water Wars.
Allouche 2011
Jeremy Allouche, PhD in International Relations from MIT “The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade,” Food Policy, January 2011, 

The question of resource …hat climate change will lead to instability and violent conflict, the evidence base to substantiate the connections is thin ( Barnett and Adger, 2007 and Kevane and Gray, 2008).
Balochistan stability is a lost cause
Staff Report/Pakistan Today 12
(Pakistan Today is a leading newspaper in Pakistan. “Balochistan May Be a Lost Cause If Corrective Measures Not Faken: Atlaf,” February 19, 2012, http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/02/19/news/national/altaf-links-women-empowerment-to-stronger-pakistan/, Last Accessed 10/10/13) ELJ
KARACHI - Muttahida Qaumi Movement (… be a lost cause. 

Solvency
SQ solves- shift to pentagon control
Turkish Weekly 13 Obama to hand part of drone program to Pentagon, 22 May 2013, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/150662/obama-to-hand-part-of-drone-program-to-pentagon.html

According to the officials… accountability, and increase transparency.”

Obama can circumvent the plan- covert loopholes
Lohmann 1-28-13 Julia, director of the Harvard Law National Security Research Committee, BA in political science from the University of California, Berkeley, “Distinguishing CIA-Led from Military-Led Targeted Killings,” http://www.lawfareblog.com/wiki/the-lawfare-wiki-document-library/targeted-killing/effects-of-particular-tactic-on-issues-related-to-targeted-killings/

The U.S. military—…and overzealous Executive actions.

Tournament: west point | Round: 1 | Opponent: rutgers ew | Judge: waldinger
DA
A narrative from our coach, Jackie Poapst:

FW
The ballot’s sole purpose is to answer the resolutional question: Is the outcome of the enactment of a topical plan better than the status quo or a competitive policy option? 

Prefer our interpretation:
Grammar- the only way to create a predictable interpretation of the resolution
Federal Government refers to the national government.
Hartley 96 John, “American Civics”, p. 39, Google Print

The term federal …in Washington, D.C.

Resolved means to enact by law
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition

Definition ofthe …“to establish by law”.

Predictable limits and Ground- they allow any individual ideology, theory or cause to become an aff, which negates our ability to effectively research the aff. The impact is rigorous testing, which is key to value to life.
Zappen 4 James, Prof. Language and Literature – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, “The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition”, p. 35-36

Finally, Bakhtin describes the … of Gorgias, Polus, and Callicles. 

Decision Making- Limited topic of discussion is key to decision-making and advocacy skills- this still provides room for creativity
Steinberg and Freeley 8 Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-

Debate is a means of … will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of policy questions is crucial for skills development- forces engagement with competing perspectives to improve social outcomes, it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University's Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think … contextualize and act on information.14

Plan-focus- critical frameworks change the role of the ballot from a yes / no question about the desirability of the plan to something else. This undermines the singular logical purpose of debate: the search for the best policy. 

Decision-making is key to social improvements in all facets of life
Steinberg and Freeley 8 Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10

If we assume it to …. through reasoned debate.

Deliberative Democracy- forums utilizing switch-side debate and agonistic contestation prevent moral dogmatism
Muir 93 Star, Prof. Comm. – George Mason U., Philosophy and Rhetoric, “A Defense of the Ethics of Contemporary Debate”, 26(4), pp. 288-290

Values clarification, Stewart is correct …a reasoned moral identity. 

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems
Lundberg 10 Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major problem … to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

K
Using speciest language – such as “less human” - distort the realities of animal lives and reinforce anthropocentrism and speciesism
Adams, 2000
Carol J. The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist- Vegetarian Critical Theory, pg 94

We also distance … bone to pick with you. (See Figure 3: Liberate Your Language)
Speciesism results in the torturing and suffering of billions of non-human animals per year.
 Reynolds, June 12, 2012
Jonathan , (Associate Professor of Philosophy and Humanities, University of Texas, El Paso) Vicious Speciesism Ubiquitous in Modern Society, accessed 9/21/12, http://drstevebest.wordpress.com/tag/speciesism-2/

The non-human …price as a result.

Anthropocentrism is the root-cause of patriarchy, slavery, racism, and any form of domination.
Best, Associate Professor of Department of Humanities and Philosophies at University of Texas, 2007
Steven, “Book Review: The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust” Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume V, Issue 2, http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/JCAS-Special-Issue-Women-of-Color-November-3-FINAL-2010.pdf accessed date: 11-7-11 y2k

It is little … through animal exploitation.
Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture many … is “an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all … future of politics and society?

Case
Case
The plan fails –- fails to garner popular support – preferring policymaking is key to engagement and checking political elites
McClean‘1 (David E., “The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope,” Am. Phil. Conf., www.american-philosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm, )

Yet for some reason, … the so-called "managerial class."

Can’t generate Uniqueness- the State is inevitable- ivory tower criticism inevitably fail collapsing the left and any hope for change
Rorty ’98Richard Rorty, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton and the University of Virginia, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford, Achieving our country, 1998, p. 98-99 

The cultural Left often …—might revitalize leftist politics.

Value to life can’t be calculated
Schwartz 02
(Lisa, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine – Dartmouth College Medical School, et al., Medical Ethics: A Case Based Approach, www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf)

The first criterion … based on its quality. 

Relying on individual-level strategies fails and guarantees global politics is dominated by violence
Monbiot 04
(George, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13)

The quest for global…requires for its survival.

Change outside the state is temporary --- only engaging institutions produces lasting remedies
Milbrath 96
(Lester W., Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Sociology – SUNY Buffalo Building Sustainable Societies, Ed. Pirages, p. 289)

In some respects personal … likely to be effective.   

Endless investigation of power makes real struggles against oppression impossible.
Hicks, 03- Professor and chair of philosophy at Queens College of the CUNY (Steven V., “Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Foucault: Nihilism and Beyond,” Foucault and Heidegger: Critical Encounters, Ed. Alan Milchman and Alan Rosenberg, p. 109, Questia)

Hence, the only “ethico-political choice” … …sphere, to the idealization of asceticism.

They embrace anti-politics – this creates atrocity, and cedes politics to the Right.
Boggs 97
(CARL BOGGS – Professor and Ph.D. Political Science, National University, Los Angeles -- Theory and Society 26: 741-780)

The false sense of …from civil society.75  

Extinction
Small ‘6
(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,  “Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment,  Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be … seeks to do just that.   

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the most … undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to …discount future benefits 15,16.

Tournament: west point | Round: 4 | Opponent: rutgers jj | Judge: vik keenan
T
A. Violation – The Affirmative fails to specify an agent of action.
B. Interpretation: USFG isn’t all three branches
C. C. Failure to specify is illegitimate and a voting issue- makes them a Moving Target allows the affirmative to shift out of 1NC arguments by allowing new 2AC clarification about the agent of action

DA
Detention preferred to drones now- high presidential authority key
Vladeck and Jacob
(Stephen 1. Professor of Law at the Washington College of Law at American University, And Greg partner at O’Melveny and Myers in Washington, D.C,  “Detention Policies: What Role for Judicial Review?”, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/detention_policies_what_role_for_judicial_review/, Accessed 10/16/13, LKM)

The short chapter… as Boumediene’s true legacy. 

Increased restrictions on detention spur drone use – gets adopted internationally and flips all your advantages
Roberts 13
(Dan, Chief of the D.C. Bureau of The Guardian, “BUSH LAWYER: Drone Strikes Are Worse Than Indefinite Detention”, http://www.businessinsider.com/bush-administration-lawyer-drone-strikes-being-used-as-alternative-to-guantnamo-2013-5#ixzz2cSBL5zvK, Accessed 10-16-13, LKM)
John Bellinger, who was … civilian casualties," she added.

Drone prolif results in global attacks on nuclear facilities casing meltdowns – four warrants they’ll be used
McKillop 13
Andrew, Foreign Affairs correspondent, “The Coming Global Drone War,” 3/3,http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39288.html *Evidence is gender-modified* RK

To date no …. The problem is that everybody else will also be forced to do so.

Causes extinction
Wasserman 2 (Harvey, Senior Editor – Free Press, Earth Island Journal, Spring, www.earthisland.org/eijournal/new_articles.cfm?articleID=457andjournalID=63) RK

 The intense radioactive heat …must be shut down

CP

The president of the United States should issue an executive order to ban Indefinite Detention

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive order … of the United States.2 )

DA

Immigration will pass---Obama’s PC is key
Reid J. Epstein 10/17 is Politico Staff Reporter, “Obama’s latest push features a familiar strategy,” 10-17-13, http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=00B694F1-5D59-4D13-B6D1-FC437A465923, DOA: 10-18-13, y2k

President Barack Obama made … significant Republican votes.” 

The plan costs political capital – ending indefinite detention invites massive backlash
McAuliff, Huffington Post Washington Correspondent, 2013,
(Michael, "Indefinite Detention Of Americans Survives House Vote", Huffington Post, 6-14, PAS) www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/13/indefinite-detention-americans_n_3437923.html 8-14-13

WASHINGTON -- The U.S. House …terrorists on U.S. soil."

Reform is key to growth
Haskins, Brookings Economic Studies Senior Fellow, 2-7, 2013, ¶ (Ron, "Do Republicans Stand a Chance on Immigration Reform?", Brookings, PAS) www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/02/07-republicans-immigration-reform-haskins 2-7-13 

It would be difficult … native-born Americans.

Decline goes nuclear
Royal 10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010¶ Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215

Less intuitive is how periods …and do not specifically consider

K
Indefinite detention creates human animal distinctions that have spilled to every area of detention-from the government to the individuals within- only eliminating this distinction allows for the recognition of the detanees
Pugliese 2013 Joseph, Macquarie University¶ Associate Professor, Resarch Director MMCCS, nominated for the Joseph B. and Toby Gittler Prize, Brandeis University, U.S.A., in recognition of his research and social justice work on race, ethnicity and racism. In 2010 he was awarded Macquarie University Arts Faculty Excellence in Teaching Award "For inspiring students to learn critical thinking skills, oriented by an ethics of social justice, in order engage in learning as a transformative experience." State Violence and the Execution of Law, Biopolitical caesurae of torture, black sites, drones, Pg.67-71 Accessed 10/3/2013 DMW

As in so many of … photographs were trophies.”

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and its …love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

Crossapply their bare life impact from the 1AC

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all equally… future of politics and society?

Case
Solvency

NDAA prohibits any funds toward the transfer of Guantanamo detainees
NDAA 12 The National Defense and Authorization Act of 2013, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112hr4310enr/pdf/BILLS-112hr4310enr.pdf

Subtitle D—Counterterrorism  Sec. 1021. Extension of authority to … and other foreign entities.

Closing Gitmo shift prisoners elsewhere
Spencer et al 5 Jack Spencer, Director, Roe Institute, Ariel Cohen, Senior Research Fellow for Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy, The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Alane Kochems, Heritage Expert, "No Good Reason To Close Gitmo," 6-14-05, www.heritage.org/research/reports/2005/06/no-good-reason-to-close-gitmo da 8-16-13

The function of Guantanamo … than they do today.

Detainees could be placed in other prisons
Posner 13 (Eric, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, “The U.S needs Guantanamo”, 6-7-13, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/01/09/guantanamo-10-years-later/the-us-needs-guantanamo, Date Accessed: Aug 16, 13) IB

If Guantánamo were closed, the U.S… hardly preferable to Guantánamo Bay.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the most important … undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to existential … much we discount future benefits 15,16.

Torture
Just because we stop indefinite detention, does not mean we solve torture.  When they get trials, they are going to go through interrogation techniques that will be even worse.

Guantanamo has vastly improved conditions- domestic prisons would be worse
Daskal 13 Don’t Close Guantánamo, JENNIFER DASKAL, fellow and adjunct professor at Georgetown Law Center, served as counsel to the assistant attorney general for national security at the Department of Justice and as senior counterterrorism counsel at Human Rights Watch, January 10, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/opinion/dont-close-guantanamo.html?_r=1and

Guantánamo in 2013 is a … level of harshness.

If we stop indefinitely detaining, we will just have a country that has worse human rights laws do our dirty work and detain them for us.
Orientalism
Domestic detention fails- causes break outs and attacks
Geraghty 9 Jim Geraghty, staff writer for National Review, ‘How housing detainees in maximum security prisons impacts the American citizens residing nearby is beyond me.’" 1-22-09, www.nationalreview.com/campaign-spot/8021/how-housing-detainees-maximum-security-prisons-impacts-american-citizens-residing

If a detainee were …disapproving words of Le Monde.

Extinction
Sid-Ahmed 4 Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Al-Ahram Weekly political analyst, 2004, Al-Ahram Weekly, "Extinction!" 8/26, no. 705,  http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm

What would be the consequences …will all be losers.

Attaining objective knowledge production on Middle East is still possible---their all-or-nothing approach produces backlash that prevent effective political discussion.
Kamiya 6 Gary Kamiya is a Salon’s Contributing Writer, “How Edward Said took intellectuals for a ride,” 12-6-6, http://www.salon.com/2006/12/06/orientalism/ DOA: 8-30-13, y2k

Said’s book provoked a furious …more Orientalism, not less.

Tournament: west conn | Round: 2 | Opponent: USMA | Judge: John Nagy
T
A. Interpretation- affirmatives must be a Substantial increase of 30 to 50 in restrictions.
Hantash 06, Patent Attorneys and Engineers Lynch Kneblewski - Sâo Paulo
Feras, 3/16, http://www.freshpatents.com/Method-for-detecting-cystic-fibrosis dt20060316ptan20060057593.php
 0011 A substantial increase in the amount of a CFTR target segment
AND
from an identically processed sample from an individual with a wildtype CFTR gene.

That means the aff must restrict the President’s authority over all humans in the armed forces
Lorber 2013
Eric, * J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science. “COMMENT: Executive Warmaking Authority and Offensive Cyber Operations: Can Existing Legislation Successfully Constrain Presidential Power?” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 15 U. Pa. J. Const. L. 961
As is evident from a textual analysis, n177 an examination of the legislative history
AND
"armed forces" means human members of the United States armed forces.

In means throughout
Words and Phrases ‘8 (Words and Phrases Permanent Edition, “In,” Volume 20A, p. 205-215 March 2008, Thomson West)

Colo. 1887. In the act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction “in” their respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, ect., the word “in” should be construed to mean throughout such counties.

Violation- The plan increases restrictions on some of the President’s authority over armed forces into hostilities. That’s not a substantial increase of restrictions on war power authority in the area of introduction of armed forces. 

Reasons to vote negative:

1. Ground- Our interpretation employs a flexible and reasonable definition of substantially but still excludes tiny subsets of each of areas.

2. Education: Our interp ensures the entire category of hostilities are explored, ensuring the best topic debates. 

DA
Presidential war powers high
Posner 13 President Ruthless, Eric Posner, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 23, 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/obama_s_speech_he_s_just_like_bush_in_pushing_the_limits_of_executive_power.html

In his speech today about the future of American counterterrorism operations, President Obama said
AND
, but they are wrong to believe that Obama has violated the law.

Congressional restrictions undermine the executive- tanks heg
Yoo 6 Yoo, John, an American attorney, law professor, and author. He served as a political appointee, the Deputy Assistant U.S. Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (OLC), during the George W. Bush administration, "Exercising wartime powers: the need for a strong executive." Harvard International Review 28.1 (2006): 22+. Opposing Viewpoints In Context.

The Iraq is beginning to look like a rerun of the Vietnam War, and
AND
international terrorism, maintaining this flexibility is critical to preserving US national security.

Heg solves extinction
Brooks et al 13 Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement, Foreign Affairs, January 2013, Stephen G. Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth, G. John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, and William C. Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth, http://mcfr.wildapricot.org/Resources/Documents/2013-05 2020Brooks20Ikenberry20FA20Stay20Engaged201301.pdf

Since the end of World War II, the United States has pursued a single
AND
an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

XO

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive order is one of several unilateral tools presidents may use to carry out
AND
president and a general reference to statutes of the United States.2 )

DA
No Sanctions- Obama PC is key to prevent nuclear Iran and war
Raju and Everett 2/6 Bill Clinton, AIPAC urge delay on Iran sanctions, MANU RAJU and BURGESS EVERETT, 2/6/14, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/02/bill-clinton-iran-sanctions-103219.html

The White House’s push to delay an Iran sanctions vote got a big boost this
AND
war, equally unacceptable. We have to give these negotiations a chance.”

Fights over war powers devastate Obama’s Iran strategy
Lawrence J. Haas 13 is former communications director for Vice President Gore, writes widely on foreign affairs and is author of “Sound the Trumpet: The United States and Human Rights Promotion.”  “President-Congress Clash Over Iran Sanctions Won’t Serve U.S. Interests,” 12-12-13, http://www.ibtimes.com/president-congress-clash-over-iran-sanctions-wont-serve-us-interests-1507102, DOA: 1-30-14, y2k

A congressional push for more sanctions against Iran raises a difficult question related to the
AND
. That won’t do his successor, or the nation, any good.
Nuclear war
Edelman et al 11 The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran, The Limits of Containment, Eric S. Edelman, Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr, and Evan Braden Montgomery JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2011, ERIC S. EDELMAN is a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9. ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH is President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. EVAN BRADEN MONTGOMERY is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran

Yet this view is far too sanguine. Above all, it rests on the
AND
capabilities, raising the possibility of a highly unstable regional nuclear arms race.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne CD | Judge: Neil Butt
T
Restrictions are prohibitions
Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington,  The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf

3. The ordinary definition o... to restrict his license.

The plan offers oversight- its review not a prohibition of authority

Limits- justifies tiny affs that don’t alter the SQ
Ground- all core link ground is to actually limiting the presidents authority
Precision- only our interpretation defines “restrictions on authority”- that’s key to adequate preparation and policy analysis
F/x T- it is not in itself a prohibition- mixes burdens and causes unpredictable steps 

CP
The president of the United States should issue an executive order to establish a federal internal review board with oversight jurisdiction over targeted killing authorization.

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive order is ...of the United States.2 )

DA
Budget agreement will pass---PC is key
Calmes and Parker 10/10 Jackie Calmes and Ashley Parker are NYT Staff Reporters, “No Quick Deal, but Offer by G.O.P. on Debt Shifts the Tone,” 10-10-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/us/politics/debt-limit-debate.html?_r=0, DOA: 10-10-13, y2k

In statements afterward ... temporarily remove that threat.

Weakening Obama guts PC necessary to raise the debt ceiling
Lillis and Wasson 9/7 Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote, Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote, Mike Lillis and Erik Wasson, 09/07/13, http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats

The prospect of wounding ... the aide said Friday.

Debt ceiling kills economy- its on the brink
Kurtzleben 10/2 How Each New Fiscal Crisis Makes the Economy a Little Shakier, DANIELLE KURTZLEBEN, business and economics reporter for U.S. News and World Report, October 2, 2013, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/10/02/how-each-new-fiscal-crisis-makes-the-economy-a-little-shakier

That prospect is made... as Oct. 17 approaches.

Decline goes nuclear
Royal 10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010¶ Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215

Less intuitive is how ... not specifically consider

K

The affirmative fundamentally ignores the current socio-political occasion governed by a military metaphysics of violence.  We are in the midst of a neoliberal revolution converging with violence to place all life under the universalizing sign of the permanent war zone. The 1AC constitutes an act of willfully forgetting the task of the intellectual to render violence visible rather than (re)organize the ongoing production of violence.
This debate is a question of competing trajectories of intellectual inquiry - Vote negative to renounce the affirmative’s endorsement of scholarship that focuses exclusively on the technocratic administration of war.
Giroux 2013 (Henry A. Giroux, Professor at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University. The Violence of Organized Forgetting, Truthout | Op-Ed.  Monday, 22 July 2013 00:00, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/17647-the-violence-of-organized-forgetting)

Any determination of the ballot demands a prior question, one which attends to the unique confinements and constraints of both our current socio-political occasion but also this specific occasion and space of debate.
Bowers 2011 (C.A. Bowers, University of Oregon.  Ecologically and Culturally Informed Educational Reforms in Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies.  Critical Education.  Volume 2 Number 14 December 20, 2011 ISSN 1920-4125)
Classroom teachers and university ... country’s traditional newspapers.

CASE

Heg
Multiple alt causes– gitmo, warming, and the financial crisis
Beinart, City university political science professor, 2010
(Peter, “How the Financial Crisis Has Undermined U.S. Power”, 6-21, http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1995884,00.html)

The Obama Administration's charm ... by China's cash offensive. 

Declining education sector, the economy and political clout are all reasons why heg collapse is inevitable
McCoy, 10 (Alfred, J.R.W. Smai,  Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, “How America will collapse”, 12/6/10, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2010/12/06/america_collapse_2025/index.html)
Today, three main threats ...ends in silence.
?
The power and security difference proves hegemony can’t deter conflict indefinitely and any further attempts at power projection result in global insecurity.
Fiammenghi 11. (Davide, postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Politics, Institutions, History at the University of Bologna. “The Security Curve and the Structure of International Politics.” International Security, Spring 2011.) http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00037

Beyond a certain point,... state’s expansionist efforts.

Heg leads to draw-in to Taiwan war – alliance guarantees
Layne 6 Christopher Layne (Associate Professor in the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University) 2006 “The Peace of Illusions” p 167-8
Since the cold war, ... becoming quite real.

China-Taiwan war escalates globally and goes nuclear
Hunkovic, 09 – American Military University (Lee, “The Chinese-Taiwanese Conflict,” http://www.lamp-method.org/eCommons/Hunkovic.pdf)
A war between China in this study.

Terror
No causal relationship between drones attack and resentment
Swift 12 Christopher Swift is a fellow at the University of Virginia’s Center for National Security Law, “Strikes in Yemen Aren’t Pushing People into al-Qaeda,” 7-1-12, http://christopher-swift.com/publications/the-drone-blowback-fallacy, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

Recent revelations that ...tool to solve it.”

No impact to terrorism---threats are low and effects will be limited
Mockli 12
Daniel mockli is a Senior Researcher @ Center for Security Studies in International Relations and Security Network, "Terrorism as a Manageable Risk -- Yes it is," http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Special-Feature/Detail/?lng=enandid=152973andtabid=1453321093andcontextid774=152973andcontextid775=152971 9-21-13, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

Eleven years after ... cause mass panic.

No terrorist threat---comprehensive data flips neg
Zakaria 13 Fareed Zakaria, leading journalists at TIME and CNN, "The Future of the Terrorist Threat to America," 5-10-13, globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/05/10/the-future-of-the-terrorist-threat-to-america/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

We are now a ... country safe in the future.

Solvency
Congressional oversight fails- politics, leaks, expertise
Sorcher 13 National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program, Sara Sorcher, Staff Writer, National Security, May 30, 2013, National Journal’s National Security Insiders Poll is a periodic survey of defense and foreign policy experts, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311

Some Insiders, even ... the armed forces."

Oversight isn’t enforced
Junod 12 Tom Junod America Targets People to Kill. Why Is Congress AWOL? Tom Junod, Jun, 10, 2012, http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/congress-drone-strike-oversight-10520312 

And the reason ... barely any choice.

President will ignore oversight – use executive privilege to provide poor information
Berman, NYU Law Center for Justice National Security Project Counsel, 2010,
(Emily, "LINCOLN'S LEGACY: ENDURING LESSONS OF EXECUTIVE POWER: ARTICLE: EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE DISPUTES BETWEEN CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT: A LEGISLATIVE PROPOSAL", Albany Government Law Review, 3 Alb. Gov't L. Rev. 741, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 9-26-13

These examples illustrate ..under-disclosure of information.

Drone courts sanction the practice- causes drone use against non immanent threats
Jaffer 13 Judicial Review of Targeted Killings, Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU's Center for Democracy, 126 Harv. L. Rev. F. 185 (2013) http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/126/april13/forum_1002.php

While judicial engagement...than narrow it.

Drone courts increase targeted killing
Rosen 13 Courting Disaster A new idea to limit drone strikes could actually legitimize them, JEFFREY ROSEN, legal affairs editor of The New Republic, FEBRUARY 11, 2013, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/112392/drone-courts-congress-should-exercise-oversight-instead

On Sunday, Robert... future, not less.

Tournament: navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: wvu af | Judge: melissa mistretta
ASPEC 

A. Violation – The Affirmative fails to specify an agent of action.
B. Interpretation: USFG isn’t all three branches
C. C. Failure to specify is illegitimate and a voting issue for ground
FW
The role of the ballot is to defend topical plan action by the United States Federal Government

Our interpretation is grammatically correct
Ericson 3 Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

This is prior question to debate- voting issue for limits and ground- there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote aff- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action- they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

K
The aff’s attempt to limit the president’s power is based in the language of the law of war, wherein lies in a violent, speciecist foundation
KOCHI 2K9 Kochi Tarik is a lecturer in law and international security at university of Sussex. (species war: law, violence, and animals) ‘law, culture, and the humanities’, 353-359, MT

In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors,  
AND
suggestion that at the foundation of the Law of war resides species war. 

Speciesist discourse creates the radical othering of non-human animals reducing them to bare life.
Catlaw 2012 Thomas J. Catlaw is associate professor of public affairs at  the School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University. Regarding the Animal On Biopolitics and the Limits of Humanism in Public Administration http://mesharpe.metapress.com/media /3pvxjjyxmn7wwcxwhkdr/contributions /v/3/2/8/ v328380 63kujg256.pdf

Speciesism, commodification, and its consequences are the manifestation of the practice of radical
AND
book, we love, hate, and eat (Herzog, 2010).

Bare life leads to unending violence and genocide against those deemed not politically worthy.
KOCHI and ORDAN 2K8 (Tarik Kochi is a professor at Queen’s University. Noam Ordan is a professor at Bar llan University)  “an argument for the global suicide of humanity”, vol 7. no. 4., bourderlands e-journal http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf

Within the picture many paint of humanity, events such as the Holocaust are considered
AND
“an eternal Treblinka” (Singer, 1968, p.750).

Thus the Alternative: Vote negative to reject the ethical exceptionalism of the 1AC. Rejecting the affirmative opens up the understanding of the species-being, allowing us to move beyond the religion of humanism.
HUDSON 2K4 Laura, The Political Animal: Species-Being and Bare Life, mediations journal, http://www.mediationsjournal.org/files/Mediations23_2_04.pdf

We are all equally reduced to mere specimens of human biology, mute and uncomprehending
AND
exploitation, how are we to envision the future of politics and society?
CP

The president of the United States should issue an executive order to introduce hostilities outside of the United States.

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive order is one of several unilateral tools presidents may use to carry out
AND
president and a general reference to statutes of the United States.2 )

DA
Uniqueness – Obama political capital is preventing new Iran sanctions now
Associated Press, 1-15, 2014,
("Dems signal willingness to wait on Iran sanctions", The New Zealand Herald, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 1-16-14 

WASHINGTON (AP) Under pressure from the Obama administration, Senate Democrats who favor
AND
the same goal, ensuring that Iran does not become a nuclear state.

The plan costs capital – war power restrictions fall on party lines
Nzelibe, Northwestern Assistant Law Professor, 2011,
(Jide, “Partisan Conflicts Over Presidential Authority”, Northwestern University School of Law, 53 William and Mary Law Review 389, Pg. 392-393, PAS)
This Essay suggests a contrary view: if certain conditions hold, partisan power holders
AND
- tions as interfering with the President’s flexibility to conduct foreign affairs.5

Political capital is key to prevent sanctions – shift from domestic policies now
Andrew Hammond 11/13 was formerly a special adviser in the government of former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, and also a geopolitical analyst at Oxford Analytica. “Iranian diplomacy underscores Obama's search for legacy,” 11-13-13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/13/opinion/iran-obama-legacy-hammond/ DOA: 11-14-13, y2k

Significant progress was reportedly made last weekend in Geneva toward a landmark nuclear agreement with
AND
U.S. economic recovery continues to build up steam in 2014.

Sanctions tank the deal – spurs proliferation  
Thielmann 1/12 Senators are wrong on tougher Iran sanctions, January 12, 2014, Greg Thielmann, is a senior fellow of the Arms Control Association and a former U.S. Foreign Service officer who later served on the staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20140112_Senators_are_wrong_on_tougher_Iran_sanctions.html

Iran and its six negotiating partners (the P5+1) are about to
AND
already been struck and demanding the impossible for deals yet to be made.

Iranian proliferation causes regional nuclear conflict – escalates globally
Edelman et al 11 The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran, The Limits of Containment, Eric S. Edelman, Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr, and Evan Braden Montgomery JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2011, ERIC S. EDELMAN is a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9. ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH is President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. EVAN BRADEN MONTGOMERY is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran

Yet this view is far too sanguine. Above all, it rests on the
AND
capabilities, raising the possibility of a highly unstable regional nuclear arms race.

Case
Solvency
Statutes ineffective to challenge presidential authority
Vermeule 6 A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER? PANEL II: THE EMERGENCY CONSTITUTION IN THE POST-SEPTEMBER 11 WORLD ORDER: SELF-DEFEATING PROPOSALS: ACKERMAN ON EMERGENCY POWERS, Adrian Vermeule, Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Fordham Law Review, November, 2006, 75 Fordham L. Rev. 631, Lexis 

Political constraints. Ackerman's framework statute is supposed to perform a constitutional function. It
AND
Act as well as the other framework statutes governing executive action in emergencies.

Advantage 1a

Can’t solve all instances of ruralism – mountaintop fracking is a strong instance that perpertuates ruralism that they can’t solve.

Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Isaac 02
Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601   

As a result, the most important political questions are simply not asked. It
AND
not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Extinction outweighs
Bostrom 2
Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to existential risks cannot be one of trial-and-error.
AND
on whether and how much we discount future benefits 15,16.

East Asian military presence is key to contain China through regional soft and hard balancing.
Goh 2009 Evelyn, Asst. Prof. @ Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies - Nanyang Technological University, "Great powers and Southeast Asian Regional security strategies: omni-enmeshment, balancing and hierarchical order," Julyjap

In the wake of the Cold War, the prognosis for East Asia appeared to
AND
by facilitating the continued U.S. commitment to the region.2

Japan alliance key to heg – maintains power balances in Asia
Geson 12 (Joseph Geson “Maintaining Hegemony” Published in
AND
International Coordinating Committee. Date accessed: 6/4/13) TM

In many ways, the U.S.-Japan military alliance, imposed on
AND
called “missile defenses” designed to “neutralize all of China’s missiles.”

Asian war escalates- causes extinction
Mohan 13
(C. Raja, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region,” background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf)

Three broad types of conventional conflict confront Asia. The first is the prospect of
AND
geographic scope and the normative basis for a future security order in Asia.

US support necessary in Afghanistan, now is the critical time
Roulo 13
(Claudette Roulo, of the American Forces Press Service, 8/14/13, "Afghans Lead the Fight in Afghanistan, General Says", www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=120623, Date Accessed: 8/14/13, MSN)
Afghan security forces are in the lead and continue to grow in capacity and capability
AND
“And they believe they're winning and I tend to agree with them.”

Middle East instability leads to global nuclear war
Steinbach, 3/3/02 ( John, DC Iraq Coalition, Centre for Research on Globalisation, “Israeli Nuclear weapons: a threat to piece”, http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/mat0036.htm )

Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass destruction in such an unstable region
AND
whatever reason- the deepening Middle East conflict could trigger a world conflagration." 

Multiple forward bases key for travel flexibility and safety – multiple possible routes
Lustombo et. al 2013
(Michael J. Lostumbo, Michael J. McNerney, Eric Peltz, Derek Eaton, David R.
Frelinger, Victoria A. Greenfield, John Halliday, Patrick Mills, Bruce R. Nardulli, Stacie
L. Pettyjohn, Jerry M. Sollinger, Stephen M. Worman. From the RAND Corperation, a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. The research described in this report was prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted within the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by OSD, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. “Overseas basing of U.S. military forces : an assessment of relative costs and strategic benefits,” RAND Corporation, 2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR201/RAND_RR201.pdf, DATE ACCESSED: 8/16/13, MT)

The foundation of the global reach of the U.S. military comes
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deny access to en route bases. Finally, having multiple routes increases capacity
Military power key to hegemony
Kagan 12 (Robert Kagan "Not Fade Away: Against the Myth of American Decline" 1/17/12 www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/01/17-us-power-kagan date accessed: 4/15/13) TM

Military capacity matters, too, as early nineteenth-century China learned and Chinese
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battle. American naval power remains predominant in every region of the world. 

Hegemonic Decline causes Transition wars
Brzezinski 12
Zbigniew is a CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also a senior research professor of international relations at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, in Washington, D.C. He is cochair of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus and a member of the International Advisory Board of the Atlantic Council He was a member of the Policy Planning Council of the Department of State from 1966 to 1968; chairman of the Humphrey Foreign Policy Task Force in the 1968 presidential campaign; director of the Trilateral Commission from 1973 to 1976; and principal foreign policy adviser to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential campaign. From 1977 to 1981, Dr. Brzezinski was national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter. “After America: How does the world look in an age of U.S. decline? Dangerously unstable.” 1-3-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full, Accessed date: 12-30-12 y2k

Not so long ago, a high-ranking Chinese official, who obviously had
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policy -- or start bracing itself for a dangerous slide into global turmoil.

US has the responsibility to use its hegemony – lack of legitimate action allows for anarchy to fill the cap – spiraling the world into endless war and chaos
Kaplan 13 – Robert D. Kaplan is Chief Geopolitical Analyst at Stratfor, a geopolitical analysis firm, and author of the bestselling new book The Revenge of Geography. “The World Is Marching Toward Anarchy,” 5-15-13, http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2013/04/18/the_world_is_marching_toward_anarchy_105085-full.html at May 15, 2013, Accessed Date: 5-15-13 y2k
Everyone loves equality: equality of races, of ethnic groups, of sexual orientations
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of order. For without order -- without hierarchy -- there is nothing.
Advantage 1b
Nationalism sustains the neoliberal order – alt doesn’t solve
Harvey 07
(David, PhD of Anthropology at Cambridge, “A Brief History of Neoliberalism” p. 195-196)

But the neoconservatives also assert a higher moral purpose, at the core of which
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to deal with the revolutions in Central America in the 1980s for example).

Neoliberalism is key to democracy and stopping war.
Griswold 05
Daniel Griswold, CATO Institute. December 28, 2005. “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among Men” accessed 12/28/10 at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344 

First, trade and globalization have reinforced the trend toward democracy, and democracies don't
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acquire them peacefully by trading away what they can produce best at home.

Neoliberalism might be terrible, but it’s great for restoring hegemony.
Fairbanks and Lloyd, 11
Robert P Fairbanks II is an Assistant Professor at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration, Richard Lloyd is Associate Professor of Sociology at Vanderbilt University. Ethnography March 25, 2011 vol. 12 no. 1 3-11 “ Critical ethnography and the neoliberal city: The US example” accessed 6/12/11 on SAGE journals online. 

Economically, restructuring has been characterized by the globalization of finance capital, the decline
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transnational elite into realms of financial privilege not seen since the Gilded Age.

Rejection of capitalism causes massive transition wars
Harris 03
(Lee, Analyst – Hoover Institution and Author of The Suicide of Reason, “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing”, Policy Review, January, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html)

This is the immiserization thesis of Marx. And it is central to revolutionary Marxism
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the social order and all socialist schemes would be reduced to pipe dreams.

Extinction
Kothari 82
(Rajni, Professor of Political Science – University of Delhi, Toward a Just Social Order, p. 571) 

Attempts at global economic reform could also lead to a world racked by increasing turbulence, a greater sense of insecurity among the major centres of power -- and hence to a further tightening of the structures of domination and domestic repression – producing in their wake an intensification of the old arms race and militarization of regimes, encouraging regional conflagrations and setting the stage for eventual global holocaust
No alternative to capitalism
Callinicos 10
(Alex, Professor of European Studies at King’s College, London. Bonfire of Illusions 129-130)

By contrast, Martin Wolf has taken a somewhat more nuanced position: “The
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the pendulum, is now generating a reaction in favour of embedded liberalism. 

Capitalism is key to space
Garmong 04
(Robert, Ph.D. in Philosophy – University of Texas at Austin, Writer – Ayn Rand Institute, “Privatize Space Exploration: The Free-Market Solution For America's Space Program”, Capitalism Magazine, 6-27, http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=3763)

Nor would it be difficult to spur the private exploration of space--it's been
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will only be by unleashing the creative force of free and rational minds.
 We have now made the first steps toward the stars. Before us are enormous technical difficulties, the solution of which will require even more heroic determination than that which tamed the seas and the continents. To solve them, America must unleash its best engineering minds, as only the free market can do.

Extinction is inevitable without space exploration
Carreau 2
 (Mark, Winner – 2006 Space Communicator Award, MA in Journalism – Kansas State University, “Top Experts See Space Study As Key to Human Survival”, The Houston Chronicle, 10-19, Lexis)

With Apollo astronaut John Young leading the charge, top aerospace experts warned Friday that
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. "We should not place all of our eggs in one basket."