1ACBan Drones in Yemen 1NCSaudi Relations DA CMR DA Consult the Joint Chiefs CP Positive Peace K
Navy
Semis
Opponent: James Madison CP | Judge: Andrea Reed Jeff Kurr Abraham Corrigan
1ACBan Drones in Yemen 1NCExtra T Death Cults K Iran Sanctions DA
West Point
2
Opponent: NYU CI | Judge: Will Felder
1ACOCO 1NCFlex Da Secure Software CP Biopolitics K
West Point
3
Opponent: CUNY AL | Judge: Steven Warner
1ACOCO 1NCBiopolitics K ONCASE Baudrillard "Politics is dead" Threat Con Case Turns
West Point
6
Opponent: New School DT | Judge: Annabelle North
1ACOCO 1NCSecuritized Subjectivity K
West Point
Octas
Opponent: Rutgers JJ | Judge: Patrick Waldinger Vik Keenan Robert Glass
1ACOCO 1NCFear DA Israel DA ASPEC Anthro K that turned into Capitalism K in the block
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
2AC ASPEC
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: Finals | Opponent: New School DT | Judge: Phillip George Daniel Friedman Robert Glass Counter Interpretation: United States Federal Government refers to the three branches of the federal government. US Legal ‘No Date (“United States Federal Government Law and Legal Definition,” http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/)
The United States -to the people.
9/25/13
2AC Afghanistan DA
Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: James Madison CP | Judge: Sean Ridley Instability inevitable – complete withdrawal now – devastates Afghanistan Rosenberg, New York Times Afghanistan Reporter, 10-4, 2013, (Matthew, "Impasse With Afghanistan Raises Prospect of Total U.S. Withdrawal in 2014", New York Times, PAS) www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/world/asia/impasse-with-afghanistan-raises-prospect-of-total-us-withdrawal-in-2014.html?partner=rssandemc=rssandpagewanted=all 10-5-13
KABUL, Afghanistan — The - a nuclear-armed power.
11/6/13
2AC Agamben
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton BM | Judge: Kathryn Rubino Perm do both-~--their rigid understanding of law destroys emancipatory politics Brännström 8 Leila Brännström is Assistant Professor @ Lund University Faculty of Law. “How I learned to stop worrying and use the legal argument: A critique of Giorgio Agamben’s conception of law,” April, 2008, DOA: 8-25-13, y2k
Giorgio Agamben’s - repressive state-practices.
Perm do plan then the alt in all other instances Wishful calls for revamping sovereignty do nothing – simultaneous political action is vital to prevent short-term threats to survival Lombardi 96 Mark Owen Lombardi is Associate Professor of Science @ Tampa, Perspectives on Third-World Sovereignty, p. 161
Sovereignty is in - the human race.
Action through the state doesn’t uphold it, and their claim that we should never debate state politics makes change impossible Krause and Williams 97 Keith and Michael, Critical Security Studies, p. xvi
First, to stand -contemporary world politics.
When states collapse, the alternatives are always worse for ordinary citizens. Englehart 3 Neil A. Englehart, Assistant Professor of Government and Law at Lafayette College, 2003, “In Defense of State Building: States, Rights, and Justice,” Dissent, Fall, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Academic Search Elite, p. 19-20
No one who - the international system.
Case Outweighs and turns the K
Interventionist stance on war power is good-~--history shows legal solutions are effective Margulies and Metcalf 11 Joseph Margulies is a Clinical Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. He was counsel of record for the petitioners in Rasul v. Bush and Munaf v. Geren. He now is counsel of record for Abu Zubaydah, for whose torture (termed harsh interrogation by some) Bush Administration officials John Yoo and Jay Bybee wrote authorizing legal opinions. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at workshops at the American Bar Foundation and the 2010 Law and Society Association Conference in Chicago. Hope Metcalf is a Lecturer, Yale Law School. Metcalf is co-counsel for the plaintiffs/petitioners in Padilla v. Rumsfeld, Padilla v. Yoo, Jeppesen v. Mohammed, and Maqaleh v. Obama. She has written numerous amicus briefs in support of petitioners in suits against the government arising out of counterterrorism policies, including in Munaf v. Geren and Boumediene v. Bush. “Terrorizing Academia,” Journal of Legal Education, Volume 60, Number 3 (February 2011), http://www.swlaw.edu/pdfs/jle/jle603jmarguilies.pdf, DOA: 8-24-13, y2k
From the vantage - society, was enough.
The state is inescapable – so we should seek to improve it Simmons 99 William Paul Simmons, Bethany College, Department of History and Political Science, ‘99¶ “The Third: Levinas’ Theoretical Move From An-archical Ethics to the Realm of Justice and Politics.” Philosophy and Social Criticism, Vol. 25, No. 6, 83-104 (1999)
Since ‘it is - wants to secure.72
No impact – democracy checks biopolitics Dickinson 04 (Dr. Edward Ross, Professor of History – University of Cincinnati, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’”, Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)
In an important - characterized Nazi policies.
Specifically – Agamben gets it wrong – no impact Heins 5 (Heins, Vis Prof Poli Sci @ Concordia U and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 2K5 (Volker, “Giorgio Agamben and the Current State of Affairs in Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Policy,” 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May, http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=598)
Agamben is not - ignore this difference.and#34;54
Biopower does not result in bare-life – increase in biopower increases the potentialities of life Ojakangas 05 Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies in Finland “Impossible Dialogue on Bio-power,” Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 5-28, May
Moreover, life as - “forms?of?life”.
Their utopian alternative fails and doesn’t turn the case-~--legal solutions are effective check on emergency power-~--they perpetuate authoritarianism. K
9/30/13
2AC Anthropocentrism
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton BM | Judge: Kathryn Rubino Perm Do Both
Perm do plan then the alt in all other instances- either the perm resolves the residual links, or the alt can’t solve itself
Anthropocentrism key to survival - understanding the importance of ecosystems to future generations solves environmental destruction but radical biocentrism causes extinction Hwang 03 (Kyung-Sig, professor in the department of philosophy at Seoul National university, and#34;Apology for Environmental Anthropocentrism,and#34; Asian Bioethics in the 21st century, http://eubios.info/ABC4/abc4304.htm)
While our ability - of human evolution.
Anthropocentrism is inevitable – humans still have to weigh it as a value. Light 02 Andrew George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.438
First, the, perhaps- Lynch and Wells 1998).
Human moral evolution will inevitably lead to an end to speciesism—If humans survive, we can ensure that animals and the earth survive for billions of years. Matheny 07 (J.G., John Hopkins Public Health PhD candidate, “Ought we worry about human extinction?”, 12-6, http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm,
Moral philosophers have - hope for survival.
Case Outweighs and turns the K
It’s impossible to escape anthropocentrism—the alt fails. Grey 93 — William Grey, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland, 1993 (“Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology,” Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Volume 71, Number 4, Available Online at http://www.uq.edu.au/~pdwgrey/pubs/anthropocentrism.html, Accessed 07-27-2011) The attempt to -more cosmic seconds 10.
Human life outweighs –human survival allows for other forms of survival through human skills at adaptation. J. G. Matheny, Ph. D. candidate, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, December 6, 2007, “Ought we worry about human extinction?,” online: http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm
Moral philosophers have -hope for survival.
9/30/13
2AC Anthropocentrism
Tournament: App State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Mercer RR | Judge: Jordan Foley Anthropocentrism key to survival - understanding the importance of ecosystems to future generations solves environmental destruction but radical biocentrism causes extinction Hwang 03 (Kyung-Sig, professor in the department of philosophy at Seoul National university, "Apology for Environmental Anthropocentrism," Asian Bioethics in the 21st century, http://eubios.info/ABC4/abc4304.htm)
While our ability - process of human evolution.
Anthropocentrism is inevitable – humans still have to weigh it as a value. Light 02 Andrew George Mason University Center for Global Ethics director Metaphilosophy, July 2002, Vol 33, No4, “Contemporary Environmental Ethics from Metaethics to Public Philosophy” Wiley, p.438
First, the, perhaps, - (see Lynch and Wells 1998).
Human moral evolution will inevitably lead to an end to speciesism—If humans survive, we can ensure that animals and the earth survive for billions of years. Matheny 07 (J.G., John Hopkins Public Health PhD candidate, “Ought we worry about human extinction?”, 12-6, http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm,
Moral philosophers have - hope for survival.
It’s impossible to escape anthropocentrism—the alt fails. Grey 93 — William Grey, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland, 1993 (“Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology,” Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Volume 71, Number 4, Available Online at http://www.uq.edu.au/~pdwgrey/pubs/anthropocentrism.html, Accessed 07-27-2011) The attempt to - cosmic seconds 10.
Perm do plan then the alternative- Only the permutation enables tough decision-making—the alternative alone results in policy and ethical paralysis. Grey 93 — William Grey, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland, 1993 (“Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology,” Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Volume 71, Number 4, Available Online at http://www.uq.edu.au/~pdwgrey/pubs/anthropocentrism.html, Accessed 07-27-2011) There are a - interest-sensitive matter.
Human life outweighs –human survival allows for other forms of survival through human skills at adaptation. J. G. Matheny, Ph. D. candidate, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, December 6, 2007, “Ought we worry about human extinction?,” online: http://jgmatheny.org/extinctionethics.htm
Moral philosophers have - hope for survival.
2/10/14
2AC Biopolitics K
Tournament: West Point | Round: 3 | Opponent: CUNY AL | Judge: Steven Warner It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory Sullivan 95 (Andrew Sullivan- the New Republic – editor, “Virtually Normal”, pg. 91-93 DATE ACCESSED: 9/20/12) TM
Moreover, mere cultural - human or home.”
Extinction comes first: life is a prerequisite to other values Nye 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; “Nuclear Ethics” pg. 45-46)
Is there any - and moral reasoning.
Rejection spurs Hopeless Nihilism and kills Politics RORTY 1999 Achieving our country Richard Rorty P 36 I see this preference - not a political one.
Kulynych concludes aff – policy oriented debate is a defiant moment of performative politics Jessica Kulynych, Asst Professor of Political Science at Winthrop University, Polity, Winter, 1997, n2 p315(32)
When we look - as passive clients.
Value to life can’t be calculated Schwartz 02 (Lisa, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine – Dartmouth College Medical School, et al., Medical Ethics: A Case Based Approach, www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf)
The first criterion -on its quality.
Value to life is subjective --- life is a prerequisite Schwartz 02 Lisa, Chair at the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, “Medical Ethic: A Case Based Approach” Chapter 6, www.fleshandbones.com/readingroom/pdf/399.pdf
The second assertion - ends in themselves.
Empiricism is best---no prior questions Houghton 08 – Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida (David Patrick, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference? International Politics (2008) 45)
As long ago as - scene today.
11/6/13
2AC Capitalism
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: Finals | Opponent: New School DT | Judge: Phillip George Daniel Friedman Robert Glass Perm do both– using capitalism to fight itself is more effective Rothkrug 90 (Paul, Founder – Environmental Rescue Fund, Monthly Review, March, 41(10), p. 38)
No institution is -that very effort
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac 02 Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601
As a result, -undermines political effectiveness.
No alternative to capitalism Callinicos 10 (Alex, Professor of European Studies at King’s College, London. Bonfire of Illusions 129-130)
By contrast, Martin - of embedded liberalism.
Capitalism is human nature and always reforms itself Johnson 01 (Paul, journalist and historian, National Review, December 3)
From these dozen-and benefited thereby.
Any alternative to capitalism guarantees genocide human rights violations, and poverty Bernstein 5 (Andrew, adjunct professor of philosophy at Pace University ad at the Suny. Senior writer for the Ayn Rand institute, Sept 30. http://www.capitalismmagazine.com/index.php?news=4400
But today, despite - native firms pay. 20
9/25/13
2AC China Detterrence DA
Tournament: JMU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: AJ Warne MADD style deterrence postures fail with cyber-ensures cold war like response of cascading proliferation Morgan 10 Patrick M. Morgan, Tierney Chair, Peace and Conflict, Political Science School of Social Sciences PH.D., Yale University, “Applicability of Traditional Deterrence Concepts and Theory to the Cyber Realm,” Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyber Attacks, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/morgan.pdf jap
An extended conflict-flexible “initial” responses.
11/6/13
2AC Civil Military Relations
Tournament: Navy | Round: 8 | Opponent: USMA OS | Judge: Toby Jacob CMR is at all-time low Micah Zenko 9/29 is the Douglas Dillon fellow with the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations. He writes the blog Politics, Power and Preventive Action. “Widening military-civilian gulf breeds mistrust,” http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20130929/EDIT05/309299977/1147/EDIT07, DOA: 10-13-13, y2k Washington has found - in Benghazi, Libya.
Military backlash against drones now Micah Zenko 13 is a fellow with the Centre for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations. “The Pentagon hates Obama's drone war,” 2-18-13, http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/gadgets/8318346/The-Pentagon-hates-Obamas-drone-war, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k OPINION: General Stanley- following in US footsteps.
Policy disagreements don’t spill over Hansen 9 Victor Hansen, Associate Professor of Law, New England Law School, Summer 2009, “SYMPOSIUM: LAW, ETHICS, AND THE WAR ON TERROR: ARTICLE: UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF MILITARY LAWYERS IN THE WAR ON TERROR: A RESPONSE TO THE PERCEIVED CRISIS IN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS,” South Texas Law Review, 50 S. Tex. L. Rev. 617, p. lexis According to Sulmasy - question that we now turn.
No impact – empirics prove Feaver and Kohn 5 Peter Feaver, professor of Political Science and Public Policy and the director of the Triangle Institute for Security Studies at Duke University, and Richard H. Kohn, Professor of History at the University of North Carolina, 2005, “The Gap: Soldiers, Civilians, and Their Mutual Misunderstanding,” in American Defense Policy, 2005 edition, ed. Paul J. Bolt, Damon V. Coletta, Collins G. Shackelford, p. 339 Concerns about a - provides some answers.
Immigration get kicked---gets passed in the Lame Duck session Shear and Parker, New York Times Staff Writers, 1-1, 2014, (Michael D. and Ashley, "Boehner Is Said to Back Change on Immigration", New York Times, PAS) www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/politics/boehner-is-said-to-back-change-on-immigration.html?partner=rssandemc=rssand_r=0andpagewanted=all 1-1-14
WASHINGTON (CNN) — It’s the new - a White House official said.
Drone restrictions are bipartisan---plan doesn’t ban all drone strikes---that means only a risk of link-turn. National Post 13 “Ending the war on terror, as we knew it,” 5-27-13, L/N
Political capital is useless Epstein and Kim, Politico Reporters, 11-10, 2013, (Reid J. and Seung Min, "White House seeks Republican immigration help", Politico, PAS) www.politico.com/story/2013/11/white-house-seeks-gop-immigration-help-99640.html 11-12-13
“This is something - debt limit battles.
2/11/14
2AC Death Cults K
Tournament: JMU | Round: Octas | Opponent: James Madison MY | Judge: Lincoln Garrett, Heather Hall, Judd Kimball And – our dystopian images of the possibility of mass death are key to mobilizing political action towards new, hopeful futures. Kurasawa 4 (Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology – York University of Toronto, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight”, Constellations, 11(4))
Returning to the-of preventive foresight.
Discursive focus is bad – ignores real political consequences and abandons political action. Taft-Kaufman 95 (Jill, Professor of Speech – CMU, Southern Communication Journal, 60(3), Spring)
The postmodern passwords - budgets that fuel them.
Depictions of death and injustice sparks anger that is needed to mobilize activism Adams 86 (David, Former Director of the Unit for the International Year for the Culture of Peace @ the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Former Professor of Psychology, Wesleyan University, and Specialist, Yale on Brain Mechanisms of Aggressive Behavior (“The Role of Anger in the Consciousness Development of Peace Activists” – International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 4) http://www.culture-of-peace.info/psychophysiology/title-page.html)
Similarly, the first-a letter of protest.
Death is ontologically evil and we should struggle against it. Paterson 3 Craig Paterson, Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island ,“A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, SAGEPub. Contrary to those accounts-all human possibility.82
11/6/13
2AC Death Cults Navy Semis
Tournament: Navy | Round: Semis | Opponent: James Madison CP | Judge: Andrea Reed Jeff Kurr Abraham Corrigan Policy relevant debate about war powers is critical to hold the government accountable --- must engage specific proposals to solve Mellor 13 The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs,” European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13, y2k
This section of criticise its policies.”51
And, fear rhetoric is key to prioritization of threats Giddens 2k (Anthony; served as Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) from 1997 to 2003. Previously a Fellow and Professor of Sociology at King's College, Cambridge. “Runaway world : how globalization is reshaping our lives” 2000; pg 47-49)
In these circumstances- when we are not.
And, even if they win numbing, concrete actions and policy solves back- nuclear movement proves White 86 (Ralph, Emeritus Prof. Social Psych. – George Washington U., in “Psychology and the Prevention of Nuclear War”, Ed. White, p. 558-561)
4. Psychic numbing and -from hitting out" (p. 542).
And, apocalyptic rhetoric is key to value to life- death gives meaning to the present Ringmar 96 – senior lecturer in government, London School of Economics (Erik, On the Ontological Status of the State, European Journal of International Relations 2.4, p 459-60)
Such loose apocalyptic - that or the other.
One speech act doesn’t cause securitization Ghughunishvili 10 Securitization of Migration in the United States after 9/11: Constructing Muslims and Arabs as Enemies Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations European Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Paul Roe http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2010/ghughunishvili_irina.pdf
As provided by - relate to their speeches
Self-fulfilling prophecy is backwards –Failure to express our fears causes them to occur Macy 95 Joanna General Systems Scholar and Deep Ecologist, Ecopsychology
There is also - that very fate.
Focus on methodology causes endless paradigm wars Wendt 98 (professor of international security – Ohio State University, 1998 (Alexander, “On Constitution and Causation in International Relations,” British International Studies Association)
As a community- caricatures of science
War- detailed military education prevents extinction Military education is key to ethical knowledge production – ensures that we learn from our past mistakes HANSON 2007 (Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, “Why Study War?” City Journal, Summer)
It’s no surprise - obligation to stop them.
The fact that international relations is constructed doesn’t deny the accuracy of our impact claims – violence still exists and only the 1ac solves it Jarvis 2000 (Darryl SL, Director of the Research Institute for International Risk and Lecturer in International Relations, The University of Sydney “International relations and the challenge of postmodernism” p. X)
Just because -seem to preoccupy Ashley'.
Empiricism is good—our truth claims are correct and provide useful guides even if they are wrong. Walt 05 Stephen M. Walt is Professor of Kennedy School of Government @ Harvard, “The Relationship Between Theory and Policy in International Relations,” Annual Review Political Science, 2005. 8:23–48, pg. 25-26, http://www.iheid.ch/webdav/site/p-olitical_science/shared/political_science/3452/walt.pdf, Accessed date: 9-7-12 y2k
Policy decisions can - hermeneutical or interpretivist approaches.
Reps don't shape reality with security Balzacq 5 Thierry, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at Namur University, “The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context” European Journal of International Relations, London: Jun 2005, Volume 11, Issue 2
However, despite important - are central to it.
All lives are infinitely valuable Cummisky 96 David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146.
We must not - to save many.
2/11/14
2AC Detterrence DA
Tournament: App State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan KM | Judge: Henry Fields Clear counterstrike legitimacy maintains deterrence Kesan 2012 Jay P. and Carol M., Professor, H. Ross and Helen Workman Research Scholar, and Director of the Program in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, University of Illinois College of Law, Research Fellow, University of Illinois College of Law, Mitigative Counterstriking: Self-defense and deterrence in cyberspace, Spring, 2012, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology, 25 Harv. J. Law and Tec 415, accessed 11/11/13jap
Ideas, computers, and - against these threats.
2/10/14
2AC Fear DA
Tournament: West Point | Round: Octas | Opponent: Rutgers JJ | Judge: Patrick Waldinger Vik Keenan Robert Glass Empiricism is best-~--no prior questions Houghton 08 – Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida (David Patrick, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference? International Politics (2008) 45)
The assumption after -begin to unravel. Fear spurs compassion, mobilizing people to protect and give meaning to life Greenspan 2003 (Miriam Greenspan – Pioneer in the Area of Women’s Psychology – 2003 (“An Excerpt from Healing through the Dark Emotions: The Wisdom of Grief, Fear, and Despair by Miriam Greenspan,” www.spiritualityhealth.com/newsh/excerpts/bookreview/excp_5513.html)
"Fear is a - without fear."
Prior questions fail and paralyze politics Owen 2 David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7
Commenting on the -vicious circle arises.
11/6/13
2AC Fem IR
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: Finals | Opponent: New School DT | Judge: Phillip George Daniel Friedman Robert Glass Case OW Feminist international relations recreate the oppressive structures they seek to dismantle by assigning and categorizing by gender. Stern and Zalewski 09 MARIA STERN, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg university, AND MARYSIA ZALEWSKI, Director of Centre for Gender Studies at university of Aberdeen. “Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization” Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journals) DF
Rejecting the aff reinforces static IR boundaries and prevents academic possibilities for feminist advancement. Vote aff to embrace an ethic of ‘both’ and strategically combine the aff’s policy goals with the feminist understanding of security. Shepherd 07 Laura J., Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, “Victims, Perpetrators and Actors’ Revisited:1 Exploring the Potential for a Feminist Reconceptualisation of (International) Security and (Gender) Violence,” BJPIR: 2007 VOL 9, 239–256
This adherence is - changed’ (Milliken 1999, 244).
Gender biases in international relations don’t exist and the alternative feminist perspective is fictional as well. Murray 97 Alastair J.H., Politics Department, University of Wales Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, , p. 192
Whilst Tickner's feminism - for our students.
IR feminists vastly over simplify the diverse field of international relations literature—they need a specific link our aff. Caprioli 04 (“Feminist IR Theory and Quantitative Methodology: A Critical Analysis” Mary Caprioli, Dept. of Political Science, University of Tennessee. International Studies Review. Volume 42 Issue 1 Page 193-197, March 2004. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0020-8833.00076).
Conventional feminist IR - and violence have
Realism Inevitable- multiple factors Mearsheimer 01 John, Co-Director of IR Policy at University of Chicago and Former research fellow at the Brookings institute, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pg 3. )
Why do great - a mighty power.
Turn and alt doesn’t solve: feminism silences voices of non-Western, non-white women. Goetz 91 research fellow in Development studies at U of Sussex, (Anne Goetz, “Gender and International Relations,” Harper and Row, 1991, J)
Third world women - by a counter-elite.
Discourse kritiks create a linguistic straightjacket which turns the K and leads to extinction Roskoski and Peabody 91 (Matthew, Joe, Florida State University, “Critique of Language Argument,”)
If there is - die. (Katz 156).
9/25/13
2AC Feminism
Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: West Virginia DR | Judge: Jeff Kurr Policy relevant debate about war powers is critical to hold the government accountable --- must engage specific proposals to solve Mellor 13 The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations, “Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs,” European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13, y2k
This section of criticise its policies.”51
You’ve got the framing backwards- the Plan is prior because your questions will never be fully settled Cochran 99 (Molly Cochran, Assistant Professor of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999 (Normative Theory in International Relations: A Pragmatic Approach, Published by Cambridge U. Press, ISBN 0521639654, p. 272)
To conclude this -normative theorists generally.
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences Isaac 02 Jeffrey C. Isaac, James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and director of the Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life at Indiana University, Bloomington. He writes regularly for Dissent, and his most recent book is Democracy in Dark Times. “Ends, Means, and Politics” at http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=601
As a result, - undermines political effectiveness.
All lives are infinitely valuable Cummisky 96 David Cummisky, Professor of Philosophy @ Bates College. 1996. “Kantian Consequentialism.” 145-146.
We must not - some to save many.
Masculinity is not the root cause of war Ehrenreich 99 Ph.D Cellular Immunology @ Rockefeller University, author of 21 books, political activist (Barbara, “Fukuyama’s Follies” “Men Hate War Too”, 1999, Foreign Affairs Volume 78, No. 1, January/February, http://www.metu.edu.tr/~utuba/Ehrenreich20etal.pdf, Spector
If Fukuyama had - challenge to the Pentagon.
Their alternative doesn’t solve war- women are no less susceptible to violence Ehrenreich 99 Ph.D Cellular Immunology @ Rockefeller University, author of 21 books, political activist (Barbara, “Fukuyama’s Follies” “Men Hate War Too”, 1999, Foreign Affairs, Volume 78, No.1, January/February, http://www.metu.edu.tr/~utuba/Ehrenreich20etal.pdf, Spector
Whatever our genetic - and Mohandas K. Gandhi.
Perm Do Both-We don’t need to exclude the aff-Their Author Cuomo 96 (Chris J. Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and Director of the Institute for Women's Studies at the Univerity of Georgia, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence”, Published in Hypatia 11.4 nb, pp. 31-48) CH
I propose that - war and militarism.
Preventing nuclear war is the prerequisite to solving systemic impacts Folk 78 Folk, Prof of Religious and Peace Studies at Bethany College, Jerry, “Peace Educations – Peace Studies: Towards an Integrated Approach,” Peace and Change, Vol. V, No. 1, spring, P. 58
Those proponents of - view of negative peace.
The State is inevitable Rorty 98 Richard Rorty, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton and the University of Virginia, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford, Achieving our country, 1998, p. 98-99
The cultural Left - revitalize leftist politics
The status quo is structurally improving Dash 2/4 Co-Founder and Managing Director at Activate, a new kind of strategy consultancy that advises companies about the opportunities at the intersection of technology and media co-founder and CEO of ThinkUp, which shows you how to be better at using your social networks, publisher, editor and owner of Dashes.com, my personal blog where I've been publishing continuously since 1999, entrepreneur, writer and geek living in New York City (Anil Dash, 4 February 2013, “THE WORLD IS GETTING BETTER. QUICKLY.,” http://dashes.com/anil/2013/02/the-world-is-getting-better-quickly.html) The world is - the problems we have left.
Working within the state resolves gender violence Tickner 1 feminist IR theorist and a distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services, American University, 2001, J. Ann, Gendering World Politics, p. 11-13
Feminist theories are -theories have been focused and developed.
War turns structural violence Bulloch 08 Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595¶ Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. ¶ He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies
But the idea - potentially radically – political.
Structural violence doesn’t escalate – they essentialize degrees of violence, systems of violence are not causal to international war Hinde and Pulkkinnen 01 Cambridge Psychology Professor and University of Jyväskylä Psychology Professor, 2001, ¶ (Robert and Lea, “Human Aggressiveness and War”, Pugwash, Vol. 2, No. 3, September, Pg. 5-6, PAS) http://www.pugwash.org/reports/rc/Papers_2-3.pdf 1-17-13
Illiberal majoritarian transitions cause genocide and war Zakaria 97 Fareed Zakaria, PhD Poli Sci @ Harvard, Managing Editor of Foreign Affairs, 1997 (http://www.fareedzakaria.com/ ARTICLES/other/democracy.html
Lang's embarrassment highlights two common, and often mistaken, assumptions -- that the forces of democracy are the forces of ethnic harmony and of peace. Neither is necessarily true. Mature liberal democracies - do with democracy
Reductions are vital to prevent overreach that damages our civil liberties Boles 12 David, Professor of Law New York University, “Rights and Votes” The Yale Law Journal¶ April, 2012¶ Yale Law Journal¶ 121 Yale L.J. 1286, LexisNexis
The Madisonian idea - executive despotism. n46
Extinction Benoit 80 Emile, Senior Research Associate and Professor Emeritus – Columbia University, Progress and Survival: An Essay on the Future of Mankind, p. 97-8
It must be clear, - status and orientation.
11/6/13
2AC Framework
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: 6 | Opponent: CUNY MS | Judge: Joe Patrice Resolved means to enact by law Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the - establish by law”.
Federal Government refers to the national government. Hartley 96 John, “American Civics”, p. 39, Google Print
The term federal - in Washington, D.C.
9/25/13
2AC Iran Strikes DA
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 3 | Opponent: Boston College BC | Judge: Ellen Stolarski Obama resisting Israeli calls on Iran now- softer line solves Iran conflict Joshua Hersh and Christina Wilkie, 09/21/2013 (Huffington Post's Middle East correspondent) Obama's Strategy Of Talking To Countries Instead Of Going To War Might Just Be Crazy Enough To Work, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/21/obama-iran_n_3966606.html
But while it's - only harden Iranian interlocutors.
Turn- Iran strikes would prevent Iranian proliferation Brooks, 2006 (Peter, Senior fellow at The Heritage Foundation, is the author of "A Devil's Triangle: Terrorism, WMD and RogueStates",June8, lrttp://wwn.thccolrscrvativcvoice.com/catr:{ory/179.htm)
What about U.S. - folly of its proliferation perfidy.
Turn- A strike on Iran is necessary to stop world destruction Beres, a professor of international law at Purdue University, is the author of many works on nuclear strategy. 07 (Louis Rene. May 8, "Diplomacy alone won't stop Iran's nuclear ambitions." http :/ / n,rvrv.csrnonitor.cnor / 2007/ 0508/ p09s01-c oop.htm )
Iran's latest defiance -could be unendurable.
Turn- ATTACKING IRAN WILL PREVENT NUCLEAR TERRORISM, STRIKES AT ISRAEL, AND GLOBAL PROLIF MURAVCHIK,2OO6/ loshua scholar at the Arnerican Enterprise Institute, November 19, ht tp: / /www. lat imes.com/ r rews/opinion/ la-op-muravchikl9nov-19,06,18 1154.stor ,Kv.S .
WE MUST bomb -entire nonproliferation system.
11/6/13
2AC Israel Co-op DA
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wayne State BH | Judge: Lindsey Shook Deterrence fails for cyber operations – multiple barriers Nielson 2012 Army Lieutenant Colonel SUZANNE C. NIELSEN is an associate professor in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. She is responsible for the International Relations Program and teaches courses in international relations and national security. “Pursuing Security in Cyberspace: Strategic and Organizational Challenges,” Foreign Policy Research Ins, Elsevier Ltd, Summer 2012, Epsco jap
Network defender at - a concrete legal price as well.
11/6/13
2AC SMRS CP
Tournament: Clarion | Round: Quarters | Opponent: James Madison GP | Judge: Taylor Hahn Nate Milton Aaron Swanlek Links to politics Fairley 10 Peter, IEEE Spectrum, May, "Downsizing Nuclear Power Plants,” spectrum.ieee.org/energy/nuclear/downsizing-nuclear-power-plants/0
However, there are they’re just as nuclear.
SMRs empirically fail at commercialization Magwood 11 commissioner – NRC, 7/14/’11 (William, “ECONOMICS AND SAFETY OF MODULAR REACTORS; COMMITTEE: SENATE APPROPRIATIONS; SUBCOMMITTEE: ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT,” CQ Congressional Testimony)
Tournament: West Point | Round: 6 | Opponent: New School DT | Judge: Annabelle North Perm do both-~--reformism is the better alternative-~--Yes, US has done some bad stuff, but that doesn’t mean that system of hegemony itself is bad-~--they provide no alternative and collapse the western cultural institutions which results in mass violence-~--benevolent heg solves-~--turns the K. Michael J. Thompson 3 is the founder and editor of Logos and teaches political theory at Hunter College, CUNY. His new book, Islam and the West: Critical Perspectives on Modernity has just been released from Rowman and Littlefield Press. “Iraq, Hegemony and the Question of American Empire,” http://www.logosjournal.com/thompson_iraq.htm, Accessed date: 1-14-13 y2k
It is rare that - of without enthusiasm."
US hegemony isn’t driven by exclusive self-interest-~--Libya proves benevolent hegemony is possible-~--reject their totalizing critique-~--the alt results in autocratic apathy which is comparatively worse. Sam Sussman 12 is a student researcher and columnist at Swarthmore College. He is currently researching Chinese student nationalism through the J. Roland Pennock Fellowships in Public Affairs. “Left Behind: Re-Evaluating American Hegemony,” August 27, 2012 http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/08/27/left-behind-re-evaluating-american-hegemony/ Accessed date: 1-14-13 y2k
Over the past - decisive autocratic apathy.
Heg is morally justifiable Reus-Smit 4 Christian, IR @ Australian Nat’l, American Power and World Order p. 109-115
The final ethical - is never right.
Cyber impacts outweigh – they are the largest existential risk we are facing Goodin 2013 Dan Goodin, Security Editor of Ars Technica, For first time, US military says it would use offensive cyberweapons, Mar 13 2013, arstechnica.com/security/2013/03/for-first-time-us-military-says-it-would-use-offensive-cyberweapons/jap
Alexander's testimony came -mitigate potential risks."
Scenario planning cyber war scenarios is key to prevent cyber impacts Clarke and Knake 2010 Richard, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States, and Robert, Cybersecurity and homeland security expert. Cyber War: The next threat to national security and what to do about it, 2010. https://www.bit9.com/download/eBook/eBook_Richard_Clarke_Cyber_War_Chapter.pdfjap
In the seminal - U.S. and China.
Just because sometimes truth claims are wrong doesn’t mean we should reject truth. Doing so inhibits our ability to make coherent assertions about the world. Make the negative prove why our specific claim are socially constructed and not objective. Sokal, Department of Physics at NYU, 1997 (Alan, Truth Reason, Objectivity, and the Left New Politics 6(2) p 126 August 20)
But claiming something -about that world
Perm do both—totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt—engagement is critical to de-securitization. Bilgin 05 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.
Admittedly, providing a - theory and practice.
Overwhelming consensus of experts conclude threats are real-~--1 risk is sufficient Cambanis 12 Thanassis is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k
President Obama and - we’re in trouble.”
Perm do plan then the alt in all other instances Changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures- perm solves Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates - that is human history.
Securitization Inevitable Trombetta 08 Maria Julia Trombetta is Postdoctoral Research @ D
11/6/13
2AC Security
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: Finals | Opponent: New School DT | Judge: Phillip George Daniel Friedman Robert Glass Case Outweighs and turns the K
Cyber impacts outweigh – they are the largest existential risk we are facing Goodin 2013 Dan Goodin, Security Editor of Ars Technica, For first time, US military says it would use offensive cyberweapons, Mar 13 2013, arstechnica.com/security/2013/03/for-first-time-us-military-says-it-would-use-offensive-cyberweapons/jap
Alexander's testimony came -mitigate potential risks."
Scenario planning cyber war scenarios is key to prevent cyber impacts Clarke and Knake 2010 Richard, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States, and Robert, Cybersecurity and homeland security expert. Cyber War: The next threat to national security and what to do about it, 2010. https://www.bit9.com/download/eBook/eBook_Richard_Clarke_Cyber_War_Chapter.pdfjap
In the seminal - U.S. and China.
Just because sometimes truth claims are wrong doesn’t mean we should reject truth. Doing so inhibits our ability to make coherent assertions about the world. Make the negative prove why our specific claim are socially constructed and not objective. Sokal, Department of Physics at NYU, 1997 (Alan, Truth Reason, Objectivity, and the Left New Politics 6(2) p 126 August 20)
But claiming something -about that world
Perm do both—totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt—engagement is critical to de-securitization. Bilgin 05 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.
Admittedly, providing a - theory and practice.
Overwhelming consensus of experts conclude threats are real---1 risk is sufficient Cambanis 12 Thanassis is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k
President Obama and - we’re in trouble.”
Perm do plan then the alt in all other instances Changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures- perm solves Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates - that is human history.
Prefer consequentialism even if our epistemology is suspect. Cowen 04 Tyler Cowen, Department of Economics @ George Mason University, "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism," November 2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15
The epistemic critique - of obvious importance.
Prefer our authors---their evidence is so steeped in anti-Americanism that they can’t make reliable evaluations about US hegemony Ravenal 9 Earl C. Ravenal, distinguished senior fellow in foreign policy studies @ Cato, is professor emeritus of the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is an expert on NATO, defense strategy, and the defense budget. He is the author of Designing Defense for a New World Order. What's Empire Got to Do with It? The Derivation of America's Foreign Policy.” Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society 21.1 (2009) 21-75
Finally, there is -appeasing their objectives.
Util is inevitable Greene 02 Joshua Greene, Department of Psychology, Princeton University. “A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF PRINCETON UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” NOVEMBER 2002. http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~jgreene/GreeneWJH/Greene-Dissertation.pdf
Some people who - or covertly consequentialist.
Extinction outweighs Bostrom 2 Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html
Our approach to - discount future benefits 15,16.
9/25/13
2AC Security v West Virginia
Tournament: JMU | Round: 3 | Opponent: West Virginia AH | Judge: Jeff Kurr Same as Above
11/6/13
2AC Spanos
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton BM | Judge: Kathryn Rubino Perm Do Both Changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures- perm solves Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates - that is human history.
Perm do the plan and do the alt in all other instances Perm solves- analysis of the material and discursive is key Cochran 99 (Molly Cochran, Assistant Professor of International Affairs at the Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999 (Normative Theory in International Relations: A Pragmatic Approach, Published by Cambridge U. Press, ISBN 0521639654, p. 272)
To conclude this - normative theorists generally.
US hegemony isn’t driven by exclusive self-interest-~--Libya proves benevolent hegemony is possible-~--reject their totalizing critique-~--the alt results in autocratic apathy which is comparatively worse. Sam Sussman 12 is a student researcher and columnist at Swarthmore College. He is currently researching Chinese student nationalism through the J. Roland Pennock Fellowships in Public Affairs. “Left Behind: Re-Evaluating American Hegemony,” August 27, 2012 http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/08/27/left-behind-re-evaluating-american-hegemony/ Accessed date: 1-14-13 y2k
Over the past decade, -decisive autocratic apathy.
Alt doesn’t solve- Spanos’ criticism causes abandonment of the public sphere and political marginalization J. Russell Perkin 93 (Associate Professor of English at Saint Maryand#39;s University) 1993 Postmodern Culture 3.3, “Theorizing the Culture Wars,” Project Muse
My final criticism - Spanos is recommending.
Makes their impacts inevitable Boggs 97 – professor of social sciences, Los Angeles (Carl, The Great Retreat, Theory and Society 26.6, jstor)
The false sense - from civil society.75
Blaming imperialism for all oppression masks more violent forms of oppression – prefer our evidence, its comparative Fred Halliday 99 (Middle East Report) 1999 “The Middle East at the Millennial Turn” http://www.merip.org/mer/mer213/213_hallliday.html
Recent developments in - the Middle East.
No Impact - Western power and imperialism doesn’t foster violent interventions Martin Shaw 1 (Professor of International Relations and Politics at the University of Sussex) April 2001 “The Problem of the Quasi-Imperial State” http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/CGPE/Failed20States/shaw.pdf
Furthermore, Western leaders - from the Western state.
Positivism best and epistemology doesn’t come first Houghton 8 – Associate Professor of International Relations Theory at the University of Central Florida (David Patrick, Positivism ‘vs’ Postmodernism: Does Epistemology Make a Difference? International Politics (2008) 45 )
As long ago as - relations scene today.
Spanos’s theory has no historical backing and his incoherence prevents the realization of any alternative Bryant 97 John, Professor of English at Hofstra. “Review: Democracy, Being, and the Art of Becoming America” College English, Vol. 59, No. 6. (Oct., 1997), pp. 705-711
As bracing as - more effective voice.
Pointing out flaws with imperialism is not enough—there are real threats posed by terrorism that the alternative must be able to solve. Gitlin, 06 - Professor of Journalism and Sociology at Columbia University - 2006(Todd, The Intellectuals And The Flag, p. 151)
During the Bush - against the unprecedented.
Policy implications are necessary to test theory FEAVER 2001 (Peter, Asst. Prof of Political Science at Duke University, Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation, p 178)
At the same -already does so.
9/30/13
2AC T-DCO
Tournament: JMU | Round: 6 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: AJ Warne Offensive Cyber operations are destructive military operations Lin 2010 (Herbert S. Lin, Chief Scientist at the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council of the National Academies; “Offensive Cyber Operations and the Use of Force,” Journal Of National Security Law andPolicy Vol. 4:63. http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/06_Lin.pdf)
“For purposes of - that information exfiltrations “
11/6/13
2AC Taoism-Piglet K
Tournament: Clarion | Round: Quarters | Opponent: James Madison GP | Judge: Taylor Hahn Nate Milton Aaron Swanlek K isn’t a prior quesiton-Empiricism is good—our truth claims are correct and provide useful guides even if they are wrong. Walt 05 Stephen M. Walt is Professor of Kennedy School of Government @ Harvard, “The Relationship Between Theory and Policy in International Relations,” Annual Review Political Science, 2005. 8:23–48, pg. 25-26, http://www.iheid.ch/webdav/site/p-olitical_science/shared/political_science/3452/walt.pdf, Accessed date: 9-7-12 y2k
Policy decisions can or interpretivist approaches.
Turn—Even supporters of Daoism realize that Western attempts to embrace Daoism are utopian and lead to destruction of morality while instituting irrational politics that lead to fascism, oppression, and dehumanization. Dumain 05Ralph Dumain, Librarian/Archivist, CLR James Institute, 23 May 2005 ,“Taoism and the Tao of Bourgeois Philosophy,” http://www.autodidactproject.org/my/tao1.html assessed October 31, 13 LMM
Clarke takes a re-embodiment. 197-198
P-P-P-Perm consult P-P-P-Pooh- we’ll do the plan upon pooh’s recomendations
Perm I think you might be able to do both – but I’m not sure.
The Perm Solves best. By not taking preemptive action, we are able to do nothing and still solve for problems. Benjamin Hoff, 1982 "Tao of Pooh". pg 70.
When we learn - said Pooh.
The Alt Fails, being like Piglet means running away, fearful of problems he doesn't understand. Be like Christopher Robin, who can solve problems. Benjamin Hoff, 1982 "Tao of Pooh". pg 55.
Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: John Carroll MM | Judge: Keegan Tomik PLAN
Plan: The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by banning the use of drones for targeted killing in Yemen.
Advantage One: Terrorism
We solve
First, blowback Yemeni drone strikes ensure AQAP sympathizers and new followers – nationalism and Anti-Americanism – prefer our evidence, it’s from Yemeni citizens Shiban 2013 Baraa Shiban is a member of the Yemeni National Dialogue Conference and Reprieve's project coordinator in Yemen, “Drone strikes in Yemen are an obstacle to democracy,”http:www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/09/2013918595250580.html, September 2, 2013, accessed 1/7/14jap
One year ago -goals rejected too.
Drones fail for Yemen – AQAP is organized differently than other affiliates and Yemeni tribal politics ensure blowback Shepard 12 Michelle, award-winning journalist and author of Decade of Fear: Reporting from Terrorism’s Grey Zones (2011) and Guantanamo’s Child (2008). She is the national security correspondent for The Toronto Star, Canada’s largest newspaper, and has reported among other places from Somalia, Yemen, Pakistan, Albania, Turkey, Kenya and Guantanamo Bay, "Understanding Yemen’s Al Qaeda Threat," PBS Frontline Interview with Azmat Khan, May 29, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/al-qaeda-in-yemen/understanding-yemens-al-qaeda-threat/, accessed 1/7/14jap
The success rate - will deftly capitalize.
Drones kill 50 times as many innocent people as they kill actual terrorists Al-Shamahi 13 (Abubakr Al-Shamahi, Writer of Al Jazeera, The Guaradian, And Majalla. Holds an MA in Middle Eastern Studies, 3/12/13, "Drone Strikes in Yemen and Pakistan: Collateral Damage?", www.fairobserver.com/article/drone-strikes-yemen-pakistan-collateral-damage, Date Accessed: 1/14/14, MSN)
Civilians are dying, - well as the US.
Second is domestic counter-terrorism: US drone attacks kill grassroots counter terrorism in Yemen – causes blowback and al Qaeda domestic legitimacy Gosztola 2013 Kevin Gosztola, trusted author who publishes his writing regularly to OpEdNews and Open Salon and he is a 2009 Young People For Fellow. In Congressional Briefing, Yemeni Delegation Describe Terror Drones Bring to Their Communities, Wednesday November 20, 2013, http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2013/11/20/in-congressional-briefing-yemeni-delegation-describe-terror-drones-bring-to-their-communities/, accessed 1/6/14jap
Third is AQAP tactic shift: Drone strikes increase AQAP efficiency – force a change in tactics that makes it impossible to garner intelligence. Only diplomatic shift solves AQAP terrorism Bayoumy 2013 YARA BAYOUMY, Insight: In Yemen, al Qaeda gains sympathy amid U.S. drone strikes, 12/13/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/13/us-yemen-us-drones-insight-idUSBRE9BC0A020131213, accessed 1/3/14jap
The strikes have -terrorism will continue."
Increased intel solves – more effective means for counter terrorism Scahill 2012 Jeremy Scahill, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine. A two-time winner of the George Polk Award, Scahill is author of the international best-seller Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army. He has reported from Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia, Iraq and other U.S. war zones. PBS Frontline Interview with Azmat Khan, May 29, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/al-qaeda-in-yemen/understanding-yemens-al-qaeda-threat/, accessed 1/7/14jap
I believe the -from the sky.
Best Studies prove-Risk of nuclear terrorism is real and high now Bunn 13 (Matthew, Valentin Kuznetsov, Martin B. Malin, Yuri Morozov, Simon Saradzhyan, William H. Tobey, Viktor I. Yesin, and Pavel S. Zolotarev. "Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism." Paper, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, October 2, 2013, Matthew Bunn. Professor of the Practice of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School andCo-Principal Investigator of Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Vice Admiral Valentin Kuznetsov (retired Russian Navy). Senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Senior Military Representative of the Russian Ministry of Defense to NATO from 2002 to 2008. • Martin Malin. Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. • Colonel Yuri Morozov (retired Russian Armed Forces). Professor of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and senior research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief of department at the Center for Military-Strategic Studies at the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces from 1995 to 2000. • Simon Saradzhyan. Fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Moscow-based defense and security expert and writer from 1993 to 2008. • William Tobey. Senior fellow at Harvard University’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and director of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, deputy administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation at the U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration from 2006 to 2009. • Colonel General Viktor Yesin (retired Russian Armed Forces). Leading research fellow at the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and advisor to commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia, chief of staff of the Strategic Missile Forces from 1994 to 1996. • Major General Pavel Zolotarev (retired Russian Armed Forces). Deputy director of the Institute for U.S. and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Russian Ministry of Defense from1993 to 1997, section head - deputy chief of staff of the Defense Council of Russia from 1997 to 1998., 10/2/2013, “Steps to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism: Recommendations Based on the U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment”, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/23430/steps_to_prevent_nuclear_terrorism.html)
I. Introduction In 2011- strong as ever. Extinction Hellman 8 (Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)
The threat of -not an option.
Nuclear Terrorism causes Accidental US-Russia Nuclear War-Extinction Barrett Baum and Hostetler 13 (Anthony; PhD in Engineering and Public Policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Fellow in the RAND Stanton Nuclear Security Fellows Program, and Director of Research at Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Seth; PhD in Geography from Pennsylvania State University, Research Scientist at the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, and Executive Director of Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, Kelly; BS in Political Science from Columbia and Research Assistant at Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, “Analyzing and Reducing the Risks of Inadvertent Nuclear War Between the United States and Russia”, http://sethbaum.com/ac/2013_NuclearWar.pdf, Accessed 12-31-13, LKM)
The US has - to their future. Second link is sovereignty Plan solves Yemeni legitimacy – reinforcing domestic sovereignty over internal affairs increases perception of Yemeni governmental stability Bailey 2013 Pam, freelance journalist and activist/cofounder of Global Exchange and CodePink: Women for Peace, How America’s killer Drone strikes undermine Yemeni democracy, http://muslimvillage.com/2013/08/27/43053/americas-killer-drone-strikes-undermine-yemeni-democracy/, accessed 1/7/14jap
“We had no - their own country.
Yemen instability spills over – ensures terrorist control over the entire region Yuriditsky 11 Lev, Associate of the Institute for Gulf Affairs; “Yemen's Chaos - August 2011,”http:yuriditsky.blogspot.com/2011/09/yemens-chaos-august-2011.html, accessed 1/7/14jap
As the situation - It already is.
Yemen is on the brink- becoming a failed state causes middle east instability Hedberg 2010 Lt Col Nicholas, US Navy, paper submitted in fulfillment of a MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH ASIA, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA) at the Naval Postgraduate School; “THE EXPLOITATION OF A WEAK STATE: AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA IN YEMEN,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA524655andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf, accessed 1/7/14jap
Only congress can send the signal Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html
Plan guarantees enforcement---constraining the executive’s targeting decisions are key Goldsmith 12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover Task Force on National Security and Law. He served in the Bush administration as assistant attorney general in charge of the Office of Legal Counsel. His new book is Power and Constraint: The Accountable Presidency after 9/11. “Fire When Ready: Obama's targeted drone strikes -- even on Americans -- aren't illegal. In fact, there's a solid legal foundation and a number of checks and balances upholding his right to take out terrorists.” 3-19-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, DOA: 9-5-13, y2k
Instead of convincing -the rule of law.
Robust scholarship concludes---Congress will enforce Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k
With the -effectively employs them.
Yemen is the epicenter on current drone strikes – fuels massive AQAP recruitment efforts and al Qaeda sympathizers Ackerman 2013 Spencer, Guardian Correspondent, Barrage of drone strikes in Yemen show flaws of US counter-terrorism strategy, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/12/yemen-drone-strikes-us-policy, accessed 1/3/14jap
If the barrage - being: drones strikes
2/10/14
OCO 1AC
Tournament: NE Regional Opener | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rochester MP | Judge: Maneo Chowdhury Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting the first use of Offensive Cyber Operations.
Contention 1: Hegemony Stuxnet began a new era of cyber attacking – action now is key to prevent massive consequences to national security Mudrinich 12 Major Erik M. Mudrinich (B.A., cum laude, St. Olaf College; J.D. Hamline University School of Law; L.L.M., University of Nebraska College of Law) is the Chief, Space and Operations Law, 14th Air Force, Vandenberg AFB, CA. “CYBER 3.0: THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STRATEGY FOR OPERATING IN CYBERSPACE AND THE ATTRIBUTION PROBLEM,” The Air Force Law Review, 68 A.F. L. Rev. 167, 2012, lexis jap
*169 Stuxnet was designed - emerging threat is needed.
*Scenario A is the Grid Grid vulnerable to attacks now – smart grids raise the risk Bent et al 12 Annarita Giani has her Ph.D. in Engineering from the Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, and her Laurea in Mathematics from the Universita' di Pisa, Italy.¶ She is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, EECS, at the University of California at Berkeley, 2007-2013 and was a researcher at the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Pisa, Italy, 1996-2001. Russell Bent has his PhD in Comp. Sci from Brown, his Masters in Comp. Sci from Brown, his B.S. in comp. sci from Rochester, and a B.A. in history from Rochester. He is a Technical Staff Member at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and has been a Research and Teaching Assistant at Brown University, and a Software Developer and Researcher at the University of Rochester. “Addressing Smart Grid Cyber Security,” CSIIRW ’12 10/30 – 11/1/12, Ebsco jap
Protecting the country's -performance and resilience.
Chemical Terrorism causes nuclear retaliation Conley 03 (Harry W. USAFA; MBA, University of West Florida; MS, Georgia Institute of Technology-chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements Langley AFB, “Not with Impunity Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack”, Air and Space Power journal Spring 2003, Accessed 9-17-13, LKM)
The number of - promises had been made.”
Independently-Contamination of freshwater destroys any possibility for life on Earth. Jackson et al 1 Robert B Steven W. Spring “Water in a Changing World”, Issues in Ecology, Ecological Society of America, http://www.biology.duke.edu/jackson/issues9.pdf
Life on earth - for human use
Military reliance on the grid provides an incentive for grid attack –an attack kills power projection AND independently causes nuclear war Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B. andres is Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications, Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712jap
More recently, awareness - grid went offline.
*Scenario B is Soft Power Cyber force trades off with ability to leverage Soft Power – kills international perceptions Belk and Noyes 12 (Robert (Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School) and Matthew (studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting), “On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy”, 3-20-12, Office of Naval Research, RSR)
Over the past - American soft power.
Soft power key to stop the spread of infectious disease Nye 4 (Joseph, dean of harvard’s kennedy school of government, Christian Science Monitor, “US Military Primacy is fact – so, now, work on ‘soft power’ of persuasion”, April 29, Lexis Nexis, accessed 6/30/06
The manner with - in foreign policy.
Pandemics Cause Extinction Quammen 12 (David, award-winning science writer, columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, also worked for National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” )
Infectious disease is - viruses in particular.
Soft Power key to Hegemony Norrlof 10 Carla, political science professor at Toronto, America’s Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperationjap
That Provokes East Asian war in 2013 Solana 13 Javier and Ian Bremmer, January 25, (Foreign Minister of Spain, Secretary-General of NATO. Ian Bremmer is President of Eurasia Group), A New Year of Global Conflict, The New Times, Conflicts are much - a heavy price. Asian war escalates- causes extinction Mohan 13 (C. Raja, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region,” background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf)
Three broad types - order in Asia.
Chinese cyber attacks kill military power projection – the military relies on information technology AND we are on the brink now for major attacks, action must be taken now Nielson 12 Army Lieutenant Colonel SUZANNE C. NIELSEN is an associate professor in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. She is responsible for the International Relations Program and teaches courses in international relations and national security. “Pursuing Security in Cyberspace: Strategic and Organizational Challenges,” Foreign Policy Research Ins, Elsevier Ltd, Summer 2012, Epsco jap
National security. A - respond to them.
US engagement is inevitable---maintaining Hegemony is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geopolitical hotspot and to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College AND John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul AND John Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. “Lean Forward,” Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, Accessed date: 1-9-13 y2k
In Defense of -well be disastrous.
Hegemonic Decline causes Transition wars Brzezinski 12 Zbigniew is a CSIS counselor and trustee and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board. He is also a senior research professor of international relations at the School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, in Washington, D.C. He is cochair of the American Committee for Peace in the Caucasus and a member of the International Advisory Board of the Atlantic Council He was a member of the Policy Planning Council of the Department of State from 1966 to 1968; chairman of the Humphrey Foreign Policy Task Force in the 1968 presidential campaign; director of the Trilateral Commission from 1973 to 1976; and principal foreign policy adviser to Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential campaign. From 1977 to 1981, Dr. Brzezinski was national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter. “After America: How does the world look in an age of U.S. decline? Dangerously unstable.” 1-3-12, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/03/after_america?page=full, Accessed date: 12-30-12 y2k
Not so long - into global turmoil.
War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/
Andrew Mack and - of a superpower.
Contention 2: Solvency
US cyber policy creates norms – will be modeled Belk and Noyes 12 Robert and Matthew, Robert is, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School.. Following graduation, he is scheduled to report to the Naval Operations staff in the Pentagon to develop and execute Navy network and cybersecurity policy, Matthew studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting.. He has a degree in Computer Science and Applied Computational Mathematics from the University of Washington. “On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy”, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/cybersecurity-pae-belk-noyes.pdf, Accessed 9-1-13jap-lkm
The NRC report - to this standard.
Congress is key to cyber – governing rules are undetermined for the president Webster 13 (Stephen Webster is the web editor of TheProgressive and a staff writer of Raw Story. “Obama Gets Power To Wage Preemptive Cyber Warfare,”http:www.rawstory.com/rs/2013/02/04/obama-gets-power-to-wage-pre-emptive-cyber-warfare/, Last Accessed 9/4/13) ELJ
The president is - if Congress cannot.
NFU prevents cyber attacks Caplan 13 Nathalie Caplan, Conflict Management and Resolution Graduate Program University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2013, “Cyber War: the Challenge to National Security”, Global Security Studies, Volume 4, Issue 1, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Caplan20Cyber.pdf assessed August 30, 13 LMM
Another vital element - and assign blame.
Preemption justifies massive retaliation – NFU solves Clarke and Knake 2010 Richard, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States, and Robert, Cybersecurity and homeland security expert. Cyber War: The next threat to national security and what to do about it, 2010. https://www.bit9.com/download/eBook/eBook_Richard_Clarke_Cyber_War_Chapter.pdfjap
In nuclear war - to a war.
SQ deterrence doctrine does nothing to stop cyber threats and leaves us wide open – NFU needed Brecht 09 Lyle A Brecht, National Cyber Systems Infrastructure Security Review, September 24, 2011,“The Strategic Elements of Cyber Warfare”, Scribd.com, http://www.scribd.com/doc/57767711/The-Strategic-Elements-of-Cyber-Warfare assessed August 30, 13 LMM
With cyber weapons, - unwarranted and unproductive.
9/24/13
OCO App State 1AC
Tournament: App State | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison CP | Judge: Ravi Rao Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting the first use of Offensive Cyber Operations.
Contention 1: Hegemony Cyber weapons Proliferation is Inevitable and U.S. Defenses are weak now Lewis 10/13/13 (James Andrew, Director and Senior Fellow of the Technology and Public Policy Program the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “On the offensive in the cyberspace arms race”, http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/13/business/on-the-offensive-in-the-cyberspace-arms-race/#.UnBi9lM1exO, Accessed 10-29-13, LKM) The most damaging - behind other nations.
Stuxnet began a new era of cyber attacking – action now is key to prevent massive consequences to national security Mudrinich 12 Major Erik M. Mudrinich (B.A., cum laude, St. Olaf College; J.D. Hamline University School of Law; L.L.M., University of Nebraska College of Law) is the Chief, Space and Operations Law, 14th Air Force, Vandenberg AFB, CA. “CYBER 3.0: THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STRATEGY FOR OPERATING IN CYBERSPACE AND THE ATTRIBUTION PROBLEM,” The Air Force Law Review, 68 A.F. L. Rev. 167, 2012, lexis jap
*169 Stuxnet was designed -emerging threat is needed.
*Scenario A is the Grid Grid vulnerable to attacks now – smart grids raise the risk Bent et al 12 Annarita Giani has her Ph.D. in Engineering from the Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, and her Laurea in Mathematics from the Universita' di Pisa, Italy.¶ She is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, EECS, at the University of California at Berkeley, 2007-2013 and was a researcher at the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Pisa, Italy, 1996-2001. Russell Bent has his PhD in Comp. Sci from Brown, his Masters in Comp. Sci from Brown, his B.S. in comp. sci from Rochester, and a B.A. in history from Rochester. He is a Technical Staff Member at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and has been a Research and Teaching Assistant at Brown University, and a Software Developer and Researcher at the University of Rochester. “Addressing Smart Grid Cyber Security,” CSIIRW ’12 10/30 – 11/1/12, Ebsco jap
Protecting the country's - performance and resilience.
Chemical Terrorism causes nuclear retaliation Conley 03 (Harry W. USAFA; MBA, University of West Florida; MS, Georgia Institute of Technology-chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements Langley AFB, “Not with Impunity Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack”, Air and Space Power journal Spring 2003, Accessed 9-17-13, LKM)
The number of - had been made.”
Independently-Contamination of freshwater destroys any possibility for life on Earth. Jackson et al 1 Robert B Steven W. Spring “Water in a Changing World”, Issues in Ecology, Ecological Society of America, http://www.biology.duke.edu/jackson/issues9.pdf
Life on earth - for human use
Military reliance on the grid provides an incentive for grid attack –an attack kills power projection AND independently causes nuclear war Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B. andres is Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications, Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712jap
More recently, awareness - grid went offline.
*Scenario B is Soft Power Cyber force trades off with ability to leverage Soft Power – kills international perceptions Belk and Noyes 12 (Robert (Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School) and Matthew (studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting), “On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy”, 3-20-12, Office of Naval Research, RSR)
Over the past - American soft power.
Soft power key to stop the spread of infectious disease Nye 4 (Joseph, dean of harvard’s kennedy school of government, Christian Science Monitor, “US Military Primacy is fact – so, now, work on ‘soft power’ of persuasion”, April 29, Lexis Nexis, accessed 6/30/06
The manner with - power in foreign policy.
Pandemics Cause Extinction Quammen 12 (David, award-winning science writer, columnist for Outside magazine for fifteen years, also worked for National Geographic, Harper's, Rolling Stone, the New York Times Book Review and other periodicals, “Could the next big animal-to-human disease wipe us out?,” )
Infectious disease is - viruses in particular.
Soft Power key to Hegemony Norrlof 10 Carla, political science professor at Toronto, America’s Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperationjap
That Provokes East Asian war in 2013 Solana 13 Javier and Ian Bremmer, January 25, (Foreign Minister of Spain, Secretary-General of NATO. Ian Bremmer is President of Eurasia Group), A New Year of Global Conflict, The New Times, Conflicts are much-exact a heavy price. Asian war escalates- causes extinction Mohan 13 (C. Raja, distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, March 2013, Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People’s Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region,” background paper for the Asian Development Bank Institute study on the Role of Key Emerging Economies, http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2013/10737.pdf)
Three broad types - security order in Asia.
Chinese cyber attacks kill military power projection – the military relies on information technology AND we are on the brink now for major attacks, action must be taken now Nielson 12 Army Lieutenant Colonel SUZANNE C. NIELSEN is an associate professor in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. She is responsible for the International Relations Program and teaches courses in international relations and national security. “Pursuing Security in Cyberspace: Strategic and Organizational Challenges,” Foreign Policy Research Ins, Elsevier Ltd, Summer 2012, Epsco jap
National security. A - respond to them.
US engagement is inevitable---maintaining Hegemony is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geopolitical hotspot and to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College AND John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul AND John Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. “Lean Forward,” Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, Accessed date: 1-9-13 y2k
In Defense of American - well be disastrous.
War is at its lowest level in history because of US primacy---best statistical studies prove Owen 11 John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/
Andrew Mack and - of a superpower.¶
Contention 2: Solvency
Congressional restrictions on OCOs send a global signal of cyber leadership that solves reckless use of OCOs Bastby 12 (Judy, Chairwoman of the American Bar Association’s Privacy and Computer Crime Committee, CEO of Global Cyber Risk, “U.S. Administration's Reckless Cyber Policy Puts Nation at Risk” June 4, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jodywestby/2012/06/04/u-s-administrations-reckless-cyber-policy-puts-nation-at-risk/2/, Last Accessed 9/30/13) ELJ
Perhaps more important - and aggressive president.
It provides international credibility that creates stables norms for deterring preemptive use Clarke and Knake ‘12 (Richard (former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States) and Robert (Cybersecurity and homeland security expert at the Council on Foreign Relations), Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It, Harper Collins Books, 2012, Last Accessed 9/29/13) ELJ
Balancing our desire - international sanctions increased.
It’s reverse causal — lack of norms guarantee escalatory conflict — the U.S. is key Lewis 11, (James Andrew, Senior Fellow at CSIS, Confidence-building and international agreement in cybersecurity, citizenlab.org/cybernorms2012/Lewis2011.pdf, Last Accessed 9/30/13) ELJ
Alternatives to a -for greater security.
Risk Outweighs-The U.S. doesn’t need OCO’s to compensate for some other deficiency Clarke and Knake 2010 Richard, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States, and Robert, Cybersecurity and homeland security expert. Cyber War: The next threat to national security and what to do about it, 2010. https://www.bit9.com/download/eBook/eBook_Richard_Clarke_Cyber_War_Chapter.pdfjap
In nuclear war -phase to a war.
Status Quo leaves us wide open – NFU needed Brecht 09 Lyle A Brecht, National Cyber Systems Infrastructure Security Review, September 24, 2011,“The Strategic Elements of Cyber Warfare”, Scribd.com, http://www.scribd.com/doc/57767711/The-Strategic-Elements-of-Cyber-Warfare assessed August 30, 13 LMM
With cyber weapons, - unwarranted and unproductive.
