Tournament: Wake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Oklahoma CL | Judge:
Current debate over targeted killing is rooted in American exceptionalism-~--the notion that the US is qualitatively different than others, that we have right to impose our divine moral vision, that America is a shining city upon hill that can wage unlimited violence in the form of drone strikes-~--This narrative is perpetuated not just in the CIA war-rooms, but also inside the debate space-~--as a community, we’ve decided to talk about restricting the president’s targeted killing authority, but we can’t stop reading those sweet terrorism and hegemony advantages that still affirm the exceptional nature of drone strikes.
Tom Engelhardt 12 is co-founder of the American Empire Project, runs the Nation Institute's TomDispatch.com, “America’s drone exceptionalism,” 5-14-12, http://www.salon.com/2012/05/14/americas_drone_exceptionalism/ DOA: 11-2-13, y2k
"Recently, top administration ...here as the coolest of machines, as well as cheap alternatives (in money and lives) to sending more armies onto the Eurasian mainland."

This ignores the horrifying reality of US drone warfare-~--millions of innocent civilians are killed for the purpose of US counter-terrorism-~--here are the stories of the victims of drone strikes that we have to recognize.
Mariam Elba 13 Writer @ PolicyMic, “What It's Like to Live With Drone Strikes, In Victims' Own Words,”  11-1-13, http://www.policymic.com/articles/71393/what-it-s-like-to-live-with-drone-strikes-in-victims-own-words
"You’ve heard about drones. You know... strikes is long overdue."

Targeted killing is slowly becoming a post-political issue that only a few listen to-~--that allows the state and military-industrial-complex to hijack the public space to fuel permanent war not just in places like Pakistan or Yemen, but here in our homeland-~--intervention is necessary to reclaim this lost public sphere.
Ian G. R. Shaw 13 is Lecturer in Human Geography (School of Geographical and Earth Sciences) @ University of Glasgow, “Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of U.S. Drone Warfare,” Geopolitics, DOI:10.1080/14650045.2012, DOA: 11-2-13, y2k
"By introducing the term...logic of “death-as-success"

This debate is critical-~--anti-politics generated by the national security state allow unethical and disposable violence that shatters the very foundation of civilization.
Henry A. Giroux 13 currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University. His most recent books include:  On Critical Pedagogy (Continuum, 2011), Twilight of the Social: Resurgent Publics in the Age of Disposability (Paradigm 2012), Disposable Youth: Racialized Memories and the Culture of Cruelty (Routledge 2012), Youth in Revolt: Reclaiming a Democratic Future (Paradigm 2013), and The Educational Deficit and the War on Youth (Monthly Review Press, 2013), America's Disimagination Machine (City Lights) and Higher Education After Neoliberalism (Haymarket) will be published in 2014). Giroux is also a member of Truthout's Board of Directors. “The Shooting Gallery: Obama and the Vanishing Point of Democracy,” 2-12-13, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14483-the-shooting-gallery-obama-and-the-vanishing-point-of-democracy, DOA: 11-5-13, y2k
"We live at a time...  all potentially the targets."

Specifically, the exceptionalist thought is the root cause of violent hierarchy that justifies mass killing of those who are deemed inferior “other”.
William V. Spanos 13 is a distinguished professor of English and Comparative Literature at the SUNY Binghamton, “Shock and Awe:
American Exceptionalism and the Imperatives of the Spectacle in Mark Twain’s,” 2013, DOA: 11-9-13, y2k
"As many critics have observed, Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in .... name of the American peace."

American exceptioanlism allows for violence against racial bodies and hinders our ability to challenge its ideology.
Harvey 2013 (Jennifer, Associate Professor of Religion at Drake University.  Pursuing Trayvon Martin: Historical Contexts and Contemporary Manifestations of Racial Dynamics. Edited by George Yancy.  Chapter: American Exceptionalism: Setting the Scene, pages 106-7)
One of the most powerful bearers of paradox in this case may be that identified by religious studies scholar Anthea Butler. Butler publicly denounced the role of American Exceptionalism in Martin's murder and Zimmerman’s nearly seven weeks of freedom.“ Exceptionalist ideology has permeated .... convoluted terrain on which we encounter Trayvon Martin's murder."

Theorizing this violence through a lens of relational temporalities connected to the war on terror is crucial.  The current momentum active forgetting ensures mass genocide.
Pugliese 2013 (Joseph, Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney.  State violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of torture, black sites, drones. “Genocidal caesurae and the militarization of Native American country” Pages 46-55)
"The articulation of a series of carceral ...and its economies of war."

Thus, we affirm that the United States Federal Government should ban the use of drone strikes. This debate is about providing an academic critique to challenge the notion of American exceptionalism. Criticizing US drone policy is a key starting point to break-down the broader logic of exceptionalism and the violence it has caused in form of security politics since 9/11.
Our role as academics is to provide a political intervention to cultivate informed public through critical engagement-~--that’s necessary to realize the revolutionary potential of radical democracy.
Henry A. Giroux 13 currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University. His most recent books include:  On Critical Pedagogy (Continuum, 2011), Twilight of the Social: Resurgent Publics in the Age of Disposability (Paradigm 2012), Disposable Youth: Racialized Memories and the Culture of Cruelty (Routledge 2012), Youth in Revolt: Reclaiming a Democratic Future (Paradigm 2013), and The Educational Deficit and the War on Youth (Monthly Review Press, 2013), America's Disimagination Machine (City Lights) and Higher Education After Neoliberalism (Haymarket) will be published in 2014). Giroux is also a member of Truthout's Board of Directors. “Intellectuals as Subjects and Objects of Violence,” 9-10-13, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/18704-intellectuals-as-subjects-and-objects-of-violence, DOA: 11-5-13, y2k
"Intellectuals should provide ...responsible and critical agents."

Democracy itself is not the problem, but is a part of PROBLEMATICS-~--areas of contestation that are granted meaning rather than meaning-granting-~--despite drawbacks, democracy can be useful in creating agency and addressing a diverse array of struggle-~--to reject this ideal is to cede meaning to neoliberalism.
Henry Giroux 1, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, “Mis/Education and Zero Tolerance:Disposable Youth and the Politics of Domestic Militarization, boundary 2 28.3 (2001) 61-94, MUSE
"There is growing evidence ...of private concerns.”

Tournament: Navy | Round: Finals | Opponent: GTown BL | Judge: Kyla Sommers, Sean Lowry, Austin Woodruff
1AC-~--Pakistan
Low-value targeting undermines US coin doctrine in Pakistan-~--causes instability
Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). “Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

3. U.S. COMPLICATIONS Strategic Confusion In Afghanistan, the U.
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and makes the task of U.S. diplomats more difficult.24

Afghanistan BSA negotiation is on the brink
Rod Nordland 11/28 is NYT Staff Reporter, “Afghan Leader Lashes Out at U.S. Allies After NATO Drone Strike,” 11-28-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/29/world/asia/afghan-leader-lashes-out-at-us-allies-after-nato-drone-strike.html?_r=0, DOA: 1-14-13, y2k

KABUL, Afghanistan — President Hamid Karzai lashed out at his American allies again on
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could be a consequence of decisions that your government takes or doesn’t take.”

Failure of BSA ends drone operations in Pakistan-~--causes terrorist resurgence, including LeT
Bruce Ridel 1/13 is director of Brookings new Intelligence Project. He has served as an adviser in the White House to the last four presidents. “Al Qaeda’s Next Comeback Could Be Afghanistan And Pakistan,” 1-13-14, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/13/al-qaeda-s-next-comeback-could-be-afghanistan-and-pakistan.html, DOA: 1-14-13, y2k

With the fight for Fallujah, Al Qaeda has roared back to life in Iraq
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-Qaeda renaissance in the most dangerous country in the world, Pakistan.

Modifying US drone policies sustains effective operations
Micah Zenko 13 PhD, is Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventative Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” Council on Foreign Relations, Special Report No. 65, DOA: 1-14-13, y2k

In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: “Where force
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if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.

Accountable drone policies prevent instability in Pakistan
Benjamin R. Farley 12, J.D. with honors, Emory University School of Law, 2011, “Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?” winter, 2012, South Texas Law Review, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, L/N, DOA: 1-14-13, y2k

Effective accountability mechanisms constrain policymakers’ freedom to choose to use force by increasing the costs
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to go to war is more likely to lead the nation into war.

Pakistan nukes are vulnerable- terrorist acquisition possible
Kugelman 1/10 One More Reason to Worry about Pakistan’s Nukes, January 10, 2014, Michael Kugelman is the senior program associate for South Asia at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/one-more-reason-worry-about-pakistan’s-nukes-9686?page=1

Last year, Pakistan experienced a wave of leadership transitions. The country welcomed a
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city” than the billions the United States spends on its own nuclear arsenal

LeT will launch attacks against India-~--causes escalation
Blank 13 Jonah Blank is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation. An anthropologist by training, he is author of the books Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras, and Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana through India. From 1999-2011, Blank served as Policy Director for South and Southeast Asia on the staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Before entering government service, he served as senior editor and foreign correspondent for US News and World Report, where he reported from Indonesia, India, Nepal and Pakistan. In his life as an anthropologist, Blank was the first outside researcher to conduct ethnographic fieldwork among the Daudi Bohras, a Shi'a Muslim community with approximately one million adherents throughout South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and other parts of the world; his research focused on how a traditionalist community used the tools of modernity to combat the threats posed by modernity. Blank began his career in Japan, as finance editor of Tokyo's Asahi Evening News. He has been a reporter for Fortune magazine, and has written for publications ranging from Foreign Affairs to the New Yorker to the Washington Post. Blank received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, and is a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. “Lashkar-e Taiba and the Threat to the United States of a Mumbai-Style Attack,” June, 2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT300/CT390/RAND_CT390.pdf, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Fourth, LeT has a unique potential to precipitate a major war between India and
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world would obviously have a monumental impact on US strategic and economic interests. 

Conflict goes nuclear
Suri 1/12 The nuclear nightmare, Manil Suri Jan 12, 2014, a professor of mathematics and affiliate professor of Asian studies at the University of Maryland, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-12/deep-focus/46112370_1_indian-mujahideen-death-toll-dirty-bomb

Can terrorists get their hands on an N-bomb in Pakistan? The Bhatkal
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emotion, is needed to ensure the nuclear red line is never crossed.

LeT specifically can access the nuclear arsenal
Rotella 13 An award-winning foreign correspondent and investigative reporter, Sebastian worked for almost 23 years for the Los Angeles Times, covering everything from terrorism to arts to the Mexican border. He served most recently as a national security correspondent in Washington, D.C., and his previous posts include international investigative correspondent and bureau chief in Paris and Buenos Aires, with assignments in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2006, he was named a Pulitzer finalist for international reporting for his coverage of terrorism and Muslim communities in Europe. He won the German Marshall Fund's senior award for excellence in European reporting the same year. He was part of a team whose coverage of al-Qaida received an award from the Overseas Press Club and finalist honors for Harvard University's Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2002. In 2001, he won Columbia University's Maria Moors Cabot Prize for his career coverage of Latin America. His work in Latin America also won honors from the Overseas Press Club, the Inter-American Press Association and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. “Terror Group Recruits From Pakistan’s ‘Best and Brightest’” 4-4-13, http://www.propublica.org/article/terror-group-recruits-from-pakistans-best-and-brightest, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Imagine a terrorist group that recruits tens of thousands of young men from the same
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Pakistan and has cranked up its anti-American rhetoric, Fair said.

They will strike the US
Tellis 12 The Menace That Is Lashkar-e-Taiba, Ashley J. Tellis, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace specializing in international security, defense, and Asian strategic issues, MARCH 13, 2012, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/13/menace-that-is-lashkar-e-taiba/a2hn

Though the international community first began taking notice of the terrorist group Lashkar-e
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groups—with Pakistani cooperation if possible, but without it if necessary.

Causes accidental nuclear war
Barrett et al. 13 6/28, Anthony, PhD, Engineering and
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and Russia,” Science and Global Security 21(2): 106-133

War involving significant fractions of the U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals,
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making one or both nations more likely to misinterpret events as attacks.16

Alternatives to drone trigger instability
Ahmad 12 Adam Ahmad is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security and a reporting assistant at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His work focuses on South Asia and U.S. covert action. “Drones: Here to stay,” 11-7-12, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/07/drones_here_to_stay, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k

The debate concerning the use of armed Predator drones to neutralize al Qaeda and a
AND
or for worse, blemishes and all, drones are here to stay. 

1AC-~--Norms
US drone policy sets a dangerous precedent-~--shatters global use of force
James Whibley 13 received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand in 2012.  His research is soon to be published in Intelligence and National Security. “The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent,” 2-6-13, http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/ DOA: 1-14-13, y2k

If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American
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, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

Its reverse causal- US key to shape norms
Dr. Robert Farley 12 is an assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky. “Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent,” 10-11-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent, DOA: 7-25-13, y2k

Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
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policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Lack of norms cause Chinese drone aggression
Christopher Bodeen 13, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html

BEIJING -- Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China's
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camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

Causes Senkaku conflict
Davis 12 Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis has lived and worked in Asia for many years. Initially her academic research focused on China. She and her family lived in China on several occasions, primarily in Nanjing and Beijing, and traveled extensively throughout the Chinese countryside. During her time at Johns Hopkins University SAIS, she met former President George H W Bush on several occasions regarding China issues. Her work on the Chinese energy policy and the environment expanded to other parts of Asia, including field work and publications on Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and Korea.After 17 years in academia, Dr. Davis took a hiatus to work for the US Government on issues related to Asia. Based in Hawaii, she travelled regularly to Asia to work on issues of preventive diplomacy. These USG projects included discussions on China with Pakistan, aiding Bangladesh during a difficult political time, and working with the Nepalese officials during the transition from monarchy to representative democracy as well as a citation for her work on the EP3 incident. Simultaneous to these on-the- ground projects, Dr. Davis maintained a rigorous academic agenda that including briefing US senators and congressmen, top US military officers, and foreign government officials on issues related to China and Asia. “China to rule the seas-unmanned,” 12-6-12, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NL06Ad01.html, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

In the cold blue waters between China and Japan, a Chinese fishing craft collided
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to specific power goals. Today, China looks to be a winner. 

SCS conflict is probable- recent trends heighten escalation
Chellaney 1/14 Which global conflicts will dominate in 2014? Jan 14, 2014, Brahma Chellaney, leading strategic thinker and an analyst of international geostrategic trends, Professor of Strategic Studies at the New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research, an independent think-tank; a member of the Board of Governors of the National Book Trust of India; and a nonresident affiliate with the International Centre for the Study of Radicalization at King's College London. He has been a Fellow at the Norwegian Nobel Institute, which through the Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually. He was formerly a member of the Policy Advisory Group headed by the External Affairs Minister of India, http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/which-global-conflicts-will-dominate-2014-_1024277.html

The three potential flashpoints for international conflict in 2014—East Asia, South Asia
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Japanese-controlled Senkaku Islands, it increases the chance of armed conflict. 

Draws in the US and goes nuclear
John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, “Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
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that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset. 

1AC-~--Plan
PLAN: The United States Congress should establish a limited ex ante judicial review for targeted killing by drones. 

1AC-~--Solvency
Executive control of drone strikes lead to group-think-~--causes massive policy failure and civilian deaths.
Ahmad Chehab 12 Georgetown University Law Center, “Retrieving the Role of Accountability in the Targeted Killings Context: A Proposal for Judicial Review,” DOA: 1-13-14, y2k

The practical, pragmatic justification for the COAACC derives largely from considering social psychological findings
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choices and evaluate available alternatives than when subject to little to no review.

Ex-ante courts creates effective drone operations- solves error and legitimacy
Ilya Somin 13 is Professor of law at George Mason University School of Law, “Hearing on ‘Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing’” Testimony Before the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Human Rights, 4-23-13, DOA: 1-13-14, y2k

In my view, the use of targeted killings by drones is not inherently illegal
AND
. But I very much hope that such a conjecture is unduly pessimistic.

Ex ante drone court improves targeting decisions and legitimacy of drone program
Benjamin McKelvey 11 is Vanderbilt University JD Candidate and Vanderbilt journal of transnational law editorial board executive development editor, Vol 44, “Due Process Rights and the Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: The Unconstitutional Scope of Executive Killing Power” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/mckelvey-pdf.pdf, p.1378-9, DOA: 1-12-14, y2k

The targeted killing of Americans, as demonstrated by the Aulaqi case, presents complex
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give ultimate authority to an impartial judge with no institutional connection to the CIA

Limited drone court is the only effective balancing mechanism and doesn’t hurt flex
Dr. Weinberger 13 is Associate Professor in the Department of Politics and Government at the University of Puget Sound. “Enemies Among Us: The Targeted Killing of American Members of al Qaeda and the Need for Congressional Leadership,” 5-7-13, https://blogs.com-mons.georgetown.edu/globalsecuritystudiesreview/2013/05/07/enemies-among-us-the-targeted-killing-of-american-members-of-al-qaeda-and-the-need-for-congressional-leadership/ DOA: 1-12-14, y2k

Several people have voiced objections to the creation of a FISA-style “drone
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– the right not to be killed by one’s government without judicial involvement.

Obama says yes
CSM 13 “Would a US drone court to authorize drone strikes be a good idea?” 5-24-13, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/2013/0524/Would-a-US-drone-court-to-authorize-drone-strikes-be-a-good-idea-video, DOA: 1-13-14, y2k

Among the striking moments in President Obama’s national security speech this week, in which
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, senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States.

Plan prevents circumvention
Lesley Wexler 13 is Professor of Law and Thomas A. Mengler Faculty Scholar, “The Role of the Judicial Branch during the Long War: Drone Courts, Damage Suits, and FOIA Requests,” DOA: 1-13-14, y2k

This chapter suggests the judiciary may play an important role in the debate over the
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Even the threat of such a judicial role may influence executive branch behavior.

Plan’s criteria-based targeted killing decisionmaking is key
Amos Guiora 13 is Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Center for Global Justice at the S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, and a Research Fellow at the International Institute of Counter-Terrorism in Herzliya, Israel. “Targeted Killing And The Law: Who Is A Legitimate Target And When Is The Target Legitimate? – Analysis,” 11-13-13, http://www.eurasiareview.com/13112013-targeted-killing-law-legitimate-target-target-legitimate-analysis/ DOA: 1-12-14, y2k

Targeted killing is here to stay. It is the preferred method of warfare today
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-based approach reflecting person-specific drone policy take on heightened urgency.

Tournament: Texas | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Terrell Taylor
1AC---Coast
Plan

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.

Pakistan
Signature Strikes fail- a shift to the personality strikes is key
Shah 12 Pir Zubair Shah is the Edward R. Murrow press fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He joins CFR from the New York Times. He was a reporter in Pakistan, working in the Waziristan tribal area along the border with Afghanistan. During his fellowship at CFR, Mr. Shah will be working on his book, telling the story of Pakistan thorough his own journey from a tribal boy to a New York Times reporter. He shared the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting for his work at the New York Times and was a 2012 Nieman Fellow. “Drone strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas could create backlash,” 10-10-12, http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/drone-strikes-pakistans-tribal-areas-could-create-backlash, DOA: 9-6-13, y2k

Over the three and a half years of Barack Obama’s presidency, “signature strikes
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in a region where the United States can not afford any more enemies.

Leadership decapitation is effective
Jones 12 Do Drone Strikes on al-Qaida Make Us Safer? Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Editor of International Security, the International Security Program's quarterly journal, series editor of the Belfer Center Studies in International Security, July 20, 2012, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/07/20/do-drone-strikes-on-al-qaida-make-us-safer/

Two studies published in the spring 2012 issue of the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center’s
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target in its calculation that the benefits of decapitation strikes outweigh the costs.

Low value targeting undermines the counterinsurgency doctrine- key to prevent radicalization
Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). “Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

3. U.S. COMPLICATIONS Strategic Confusion In Afghanistan, the U.
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and makes the task of U.S. diplomats more difficult.24

Low level strikes increase tensions with Pakistan- disrupts relationships  
Foust 12 Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project and the author
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-likely/259756/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

Pakistani ambassador to the U.S. Sherry Rehman recently made an unsurprising statement
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come 2014, that might be enough to keep things mostly under control.

Restraint of strikes is the litmus test to Pakistan relations
Rodriguez 13 Alex Rodriguez is Los Angeles Times Staff, "Obama's drone limits may bolster ties with Pakistan," 5-24-13, articles.latimes.com/2013/may/24/world/la-fg-pakistan-drones-20130525, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

President Obama's commitment to scaling back the use of unmanned aircraft to kill suspected terrorists
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a role for the people in the countries where the drones are used."

Relations solve stability
Nelson 12 Rick “Ozzie” Nelson is vice president for business development at Cross Match Technologies, a former director of the CSIS Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Program, and currently a nonresident senior associate at CSIS. He is a former Navy helicopter pilot with over 20 years of operational and intelligence experience, including assignments at the National Security Council (NSC) and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). He joined CSIS in September 2009, after retiring from the U.S. Navy, where he served in a variety of senior policy and operational positions. His last military assignment was with the Joint Special Operations Command. In 2005, he was selected to serve as an inaugural member in the NCTC Directorate of Strategic Operational Planning. Prior to his assignment at NCTC, Nelson served as associate director for maritime security in the Office of Combating Terrorism on the NSC staff at the White House, where he led the development of the National Strategy for Maritime Security. Other career assignments have included counterterrorism team leader in Deep Blue, the navy’s operational think tank created after September 11; navy legislative fellow for Senator Edward M. Kennedy; assistant aviation officer community manager; and flag aide in Okinawa, Japan, to the commander of naval amphibious forces in the Western Pacific. He is operationally trained in naval helicopter strike warfare in the SH-60B Seahawk and SH-2F Seasprite helicopters, and he has deployed around the world and flown in support of numerous operations. Nelson graduated from the George Washington University in 1989 with a B.A. in political science, holds an M.A. in national security studies from Georgetown University, and is a graduate of the Naval War College. He is an adjunct lecturer at Georgetown University, where he teaches courses on homeland security and counterterrorism. “When Chaos Equals Opportunity: The U.S.-Pakistan Relationship in Turmoil,” 6-5-12,  http://csis.org/publication/when-chaos-equals-opportunity-us-pakistan-relationship-turmoil, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Q3: Do Pakistan and the United States really need each other? A3:
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economic support, the prospects for a stable and prosperous Pakistan are grim.

Restraint is key to sustainability to drone operations
Zenko 13 Micah Zenko is Douglas Dillon Fellow, Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, “Assessing U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” 3-1-13, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/assessing-us-drone-strike-policies/p30144, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

ZENKO: I'd just add that this administration, part of its reform efforts going
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to be more transparent, to put this on a more firmer footing.

Alternatives to drones trigger instability
Ahmad 12 Adam Ahmad is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security and a reporting assistant at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His work focuses on South Asia and U.S. covert action. “Drones: Here to stay,” 11-7-12, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/07/drones_here_to_stay, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k

The debate concerning the use of armed Predator drones to neutralize al Qaeda and a
AND
or for worse, blemishes and all, drones are here to stay. 

Multiple groups can attack
Cole et al 12 Leonard Cole Director of Program on Terror Medicine and Security University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Randall Larsen Founding Director of The WMD Center, Charles Allen Principal of The Chertoff Group, Dr. Evelyn Farkas is Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense of Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia Policy, D.A. Henderson, MD, MPH is Distinguished Scholar Professor of Medicine Center for Biosecurity at University of Pittsburgh, Brian Michael Jenkins is Senior Advisor to the President, RAND Corporation, Paul McHale is President of Civil Support International, LLC, Marin Strmecki is Senior Vice President and Director of  Programs at Smith Richardson Foundation, Daniel Prieto is Vice President and Practice Lead Public Sector Strategy and Innovation at IBM Global Business Services.”WMD Terrorism: An Update on the Recommendations of the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism,” The Aspen Institute Homeland Security Group’s WMD Working Group, 11/15/2012, http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/hsi/AHSG20WMD20Paper2011.15.12.pdf, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k

Current trends in Pakistan are worrisome. Its political situation borders on chaos, and
AND
can anyone be that the United States could do anything effective in time?

Pakistan nukes are vulnerable- terrorist acquisition possible
Kugelman 1/10 One More Reason to Worry about Pakistan’s Nukes, January 10, 2014, Michael Kugelman is the senior program associate for South Asia at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, http://nationalinterest.org/print/commentary/one-more-reason-worry-about-pakistan’s-nukes-9686?page=1

Last year, Pakistan experienced a wave of leadership transitions. The country welcomed a
AND
city” than the billions the United States spends on its own nuclear arsenal

LeT will launch attacks against India---causes escalation
Blank 13 Jonah Blank is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation. An anthropologist by training, he is author of the books Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras, and Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana through India. From 1999-2011, Blank served as Policy Director for South and Southeast Asia on the staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Before entering government service, he served as senior editor and foreign correspondent for US News and World Report, where he reported from Indonesia, India, Nepal and Pakistan. In his life as an anthropologist, Blank was the first outside researcher to conduct ethnographic fieldwork among the Daudi Bohras, a Shi'a Muslim community with approximately one million adherents throughout South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and other parts of the world; his research focused on how a traditionalist community used the tools of modernity to combat the threats posed by modernity. Blank began his career in Japan, as finance editor of Tokyo's Asahi Evening News. He has been a reporter for Fortune magazine, and has written for publications ranging from Foreign Affairs to the New Yorker to the Washington Post. Blank received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, and is a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. “Lashkar-e Taiba and the Threat to the United States of a Mumbai-Style Attack,” June, 2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT300/CT390/RAND_CT390.pdf, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Fourth, LeT has a unique potential to precipitate a major war between India and
AND
world would obviously have a monumental impact on US strategic and economic interests. 

Conflict goes nuclear
Suri 1/12 The nuclear nightmare, Manil Suri Jan 12, 2014, a professor of mathematics and affiliate professor of Asian studies at the University of Maryland, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-12/deep-focus/46112370_1_indian-mujahideen-death-toll-dirty-bomb

Can terrorists get their hands on an N-bomb in Pakistan? The Bhatkal
AND
emotion, is needed to ensure the nuclear red line is never crossed.

LeT specifically can access the nuclear arsenal
Rotella 13 An award-winning foreign correspondent and investigative reporter, Sebastian worked for almost 23 years for the Los Angeles Times, covering everything from terrorism to arts to the Mexican border. He served most recently as a national security correspondent in Washington, D.C., and his previous posts include international investigative correspondent and bureau chief in Paris and Buenos Aires, with assignments in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2006, he was named a Pulitzer finalist for international reporting for his coverage of terrorism and Muslim communities in Europe. He won the German Marshall Fund's senior award for excellence in European reporting the same year. He was part of a team whose coverage of al-Qaida received an award from the Overseas Press Club and finalist honors for Harvard University's Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2002. In 2001, he won Columbia University's Maria Moors Cabot Prize for his career coverage of Latin America. His work in Latin America also won honors from the Overseas Press Club, the Inter-American Press Association and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. “Terror Group Recruits From Pakistan’s ‘Best and Brightest’” 4-4-13, http://www.propublica.org/article/terror-group-recruits-from-pakistans-best-and-brightest, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Imagine a terrorist group that recruits tens of thousands of young men from the same
AND
Pakistan and has cranked up its anti-American rhetoric, Fair said.

They will strike the US
Tellis 12 The Menace That Is Lashkar-e-Taiba, Ashley J. Tellis, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace specializing in international security, defense, and Asian strategic issues, MARCH 13, 2012, http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/13/menace-that-is-lashkar-e-taiba/a2hn

Though the international community first began taking notice of the terrorist group Lashkar-e
AND
groups—with Pakistani cooperation if possible, but without it if necessary.

That causes great-power nuclear war
Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Zealand @  the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. EBSCO, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers A terrorist nuclear attack,
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint. 

Norms

Signature Strikes set a dangerous precedent of aggressive drones use
Eviatar 12 Daphne Eviatar is a senior counsel in the law and security program of Human Rights First, “Obama’s Drone Policy Misreading International Law,” 5-3-12, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/75863.html, DOA: 9-15-13, y2k

White House Counterterrorism Adviser John Brennan’s speech on targeted killings Monday has largely been hailed
AND
casualties. That’s a problem which Americans may quickly realize could hit home.

US key to shape norms
Farley 12 Dr. Robert Farley is an assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky. “Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent,” 10-11-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent, DOA: 7-25-13, y2k

Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Empirics prove norm setting is effective- gives diplomatic leverage
Micah Zenko 13, CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, PhD in Political Science from Brandeis University, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” CFR Special Report 65, January 2013

History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by
AND
more likely to use lethal force against the United States and its allies.

Lack of norms cause Chinese drone aggression
Christopher Bodeen 13, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html

BEIJING -- Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China's
AND
camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

Causes Senkaku conflict
Davis 12 Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis has lived and worked in Asia for many years. Initially her academic research focused on China. She and her family lived in China on several occasions, primarily in Nanjing and Beijing, and traveled extensively throughout the Chinese countryside. During her time at Johns Hopkins University SAIS, she met former President George H W Bush on several occasions regarding China issues. Her work on the Chinese energy policy and the environment expanded to other parts of Asia, including field work and publications on Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and Korea.After 17 years in academia, Dr. Davis took a hiatus to work for the US Government on issues related to Asia. Based in Hawaii, she travelled regularly to Asia to work on issues of preventive diplomacy. These USG projects included discussions on China with Pakistan, aiding Bangladesh during a difficult political time, and working with the Nepalese officials during the transition from monarchy to representative democracy as well as a citation for her work on the EP3 incident. Simultaneous to these on-the- ground projects, Dr. Davis maintained a rigorous academic agenda that including briefing US senators and congressmen, top US military officers, and foreign government officials on issues related to China and Asia. “China to rule the seas-unmanned,” 12-6-12, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NL06Ad01.html, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

In the cold blue waters between China and Japan, a Chinese fishing craft collided
AND
to specific power goals. Today, China looks to be a winner. 

SCS conflict is probable- recent trends heighten escalation
Chellaney 1/14 Which global conflicts will dominate in 2014? Jan 14, 2014, Brahma Chellaney, leading strategic thinker and an analyst of international geostrategic trends, Professor of Strategic Studies at the New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research, an independent think-tank; a member of the Board of Governors of the National Book Trust of India; and a nonresident affiliate with the International Centre for the Study of Radicalization at King's College London. He has been a Fellow at the Norwegian Nobel Institute, which through the Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually. He was formerly a member of the Policy Advisory Group headed by the External Affairs Minister of India, http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/which-global-conflicts-will-dominate-2014-_1024277.html

The three potential flashpoints for international conflict in 2014—East Asia, South Asia
AND
Japanese-controlled Senkaku Islands, it increases the chance of armed conflict. 

Draws in the US and goes nuclear
John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, “Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset. 

Solvency

Plan guarantees enforcement---constraining the executive’s targeting decisions are key
Goldsmith 12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover
AND
upholding his right to take out terrorists.” 3-19-12,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, DOA: 9-5-13, y2k

Instead of convincing critics, Attorney General Holder's defense of the Obama administration's targeted killing
AND
the Obama administration's targeting killing practices are embedded in the rule of law.

Robust scholarship concludes---Congress will enforce
Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k

With the erosion of congressional checks on presidential war powers, these scholars note,
AND
, then, identifies the conditions under which Congress most effectively employs them.

Oversight capabilities are effective
Sorcher 13 Sara Sorcher is National Journal Staff, “National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program.” 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311, Accessed Date: 7-8-13 y2k

Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members
AND
, and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.”

DoD shift will ensure compliance
Friedman 13 Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies. His areas of expertise include counter-terrorism, homeland security and defense politics. He is the author of dozens of op-eds and journal articles and co-editor of two books, including Terrorizing Ourselves: Why U.S. Counterterrorism Policy Is Failing and How to Fix It, published in 2010. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science and an affiliate of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “President’s Drone Speech: Good on Rhetoric, Bad on Policy,” 5-23-13, http://www.cato.org/blog/presidents-drone-speech-good-rhetoric-bad-policy, DOA: 8-26-13, y2k

Apparently, the administration will also shift control over all drone strikes from the Central
AND
more power over the Pentagon than the Intelligence Committees have over the CIA.

Congressional certainty is key
Cronogue 12 Graham Cronogue, Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2013, “A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror,” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 22:377, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil, DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably
AND
the future and prevents the “gloss” that comes from congressional acquiescence.

Only congress can send the signal
Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. 

Congress will invoke the power of the purse
Elsea et al 13 Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative Attorney; Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney; Thomas J. Nicola, Legislative Attorney; CRS Report for Congress, “Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations”, 2-19-13, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/206121.pdf, DOA: 9-22-13, y2k

The Purpose Statute states that funds may be used only for purposes for which they
AND
exceeding the amount— zero—that Congress has appropriated for the prohibited purpose

That checks the prez.
Flower and Beavers 9/29 Ruth Flower is the legislative director at the Friends Committee on National Legislation—AND—Beavers is the program assistant for foreign policy at FCNL. “Congress must rein in president's war power,” 9-29-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/325205-congress-must-rein-in-presidents-war-power#ixzz2ghGMnqpX, DOA: 10-3-13, y2k

Lastly, Congress should utilize its most potent tool – the “power of the
AND
that even decisions of war are subject to the consent of the governed. 

Obama says yes
Baker 13 Peter Baker is Staff Writer @ NYT, “Pivoting From a War Footing, Obama Acts to Curtail Drones,” 5-23-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/us/politics/pivoting-from-a-war-footing-obama-acts-to-curtail-drones.html?pagewanted=all, DOA: 8-24-13, y2k

WASHINGTON — Nearly a dozen years after the hijackings that transformed America, President Obama
AND
threat closely resembles the types of attacks we faced before 9/11.”

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Plan
PLAN: The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.

Pakistan
Signature Strikes fail- a shift to the personality strikes is key
Shah 12 Pir Zubair Shah is the Edward R. Murrow press fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He joins CFR from the New York Times. He was a reporter in Pakistan, working in the Waziristan tribal area along the border with Afghanistan. During his fellowship at CFR, Mr. Shah will be working on his book, telling the story of Pakistan thorough his own journey from a tribal boy to a New York Times reporter. He shared the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting for his work at the New York Times and was a 2012 Nieman Fellow. “Drone strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas could create backlash,” 10-10-12, http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/drone-strikes-pakistans-tribal-areas-could-create-backlash, DOA: 9-6-13, y2k

Over the three and a half years of Barack Obama’s presidency, “signature strikes
AND
in a region where the United States can not afford any more enemies.

Leadership decapitation is effective
Jones 12 Do Drone Strikes on al-Qaida Make Us Safer? Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Editor of International Security, the International Security Program's quarterly journal, series editor of the Belfer Center Studies in International Security, July 20, 2012, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/07/20/do-drone-strikes-on-al-qaida-make-us-safer/

Two studies published in the spring 2012 issue of the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center’s
AND
target in its calculation that the benefits of decapitation strikes outweigh the costs.

Low value targeting undermines the counterinsurgency doctrine- key to prevent radicalization
Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). “Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

3. U.S. COMPLICATIONS Strategic Confusion In Afghanistan, the U.
AND
and makes the task of U.S. diplomats more difficult.24

Low level strikes increase tensions with Pakistan- disrupts relationships  
Foust 12 Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project and the author
AND
-likely/259756/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

Pakistani ambassador to the U.S. Sherry Rehman recently made an unsurprising statement
AND
come 2014, that might be enough to keep things mostly under control.

Restraint of strikes is the litmus test to Pakistan relations
Rodriguez 13 Alex Rodriguez is Los Angeles Times Staff, "Obama's drone limits may bolster ties with Pakistan," 5-24-13, articles.latimes.com/2013/may/24/world/la-fg-pakistan-drones-20130525, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

President Obama's commitment to scaling back the use of unmanned aircraft to kill suspected terrorists
AND
a role for the people in the countries where the drones are used."

Relations solve stability
Nelson 12 Rick “Ozzie” Nelson is vice president for business development at Cross Match Technologies, a former director of the CSIS Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Program, and currently a nonresident senior associate at CSIS. He is a former Navy helicopter pilot with over 20 years of operational and intelligence experience, including assignments at the National Security Council (NSC) and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). He joined CSIS in September 2009, after retiring from the U.S. Navy, where he served in a variety of senior policy and operational positions. His last military assignment was with the Joint Special Operations Command. In 2005, he was selected to serve as an inaugural member in the NCTC Directorate of Strategic Operational Planning. Prior to his assignment at NCTC, Nelson served as associate director for maritime security in the Office of Combating Terrorism on the NSC staff at the White House, where he led the development of the National Strategy for Maritime Security. Other career assignments have included counterterrorism team leader in Deep Blue, the navy’s operational think tank created after September 11; navy legislative fellow for Senator Edward M. Kennedy; assistant aviation officer community manager; and flag aide in Okinawa, Japan, to the commander of naval amphibious forces in the Western Pacific. He is operationally trained in naval helicopter strike warfare in the SH-60B Seahawk and SH-2F Seasprite helicopters, and he has deployed around the world and flown in support of numerous operations. Nelson graduated from the George Washington University in 1989 with a B.A. in political science, holds an M.A. in national security studies from Georgetown University, and is a graduate of the Naval War College. He is an adjunct lecturer at Georgetown University, where he teaches courses on homeland security and counterterrorism. “When Chaos Equals Opportunity: The U.S.-Pakistan Relationship in Turmoil,” 6-5-12,  http://csis.org/publication/when-chaos-equals-opportunity-us-pakistan-relationship-turmoil, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Q3: Do Pakistan and the United States really need each other? A3:
AND
economic support, the prospects for a stable and prosperous Pakistan are grim.

Restraint is key to sustainability to drone operations
Zenko 13 Micah Zenko is Douglas Dillon Fellow, Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, “Assessing U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” 3-1-13, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/assessing-us-drone-strike-policies/p30144, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

ZENKO: I'd just add that this administration, part of its reform efforts going
AND
to be more transparent, to put this on a more firmer footing.

Alternatives to drones trigger instability
Ahmad 12 Adam Ahmad is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security and a reporting assistant at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His work focuses on South Asia and U.S. covert action. “Drones: Here to stay,” 11-7-12, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/07/drones_here_to_stay, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k

The debate concerning the use of armed Predator drones to neutralize al Qaeda and a
AND
or for worse, blemishes and all, drones are here to stay. 

Multiple groups can attack
Cole et al 12 Leonard Cole Director of Program on Terror Medicine and Security University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Randall Larsen Founding Director of The WMD Center, Charles Allen Principal of The Chertoff Group, Dr. Evelyn Farkas is Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense of Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia Policy, D.A. Henderson, MD, MPH is Distinguished Scholar Professor of Medicine Center for Biosecurity at University of Pittsburgh, Brian Michael Jenkins is Senior Advisor to the President, RAND Corporation, Paul McHale is President of Civil Support International, LLC, Marin Strmecki is Senior Vice President and Director of  Programs at Smith Richardson Foundation, Daniel Prieto is Vice President and Practice Lead Public Sector Strategy and Innovation at IBM Global Business Services.”WMD Terrorism: An Update on the Recommendations of the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism,” The Aspen Institute Homeland Security Group’s WMD Working Group, 11/15/2012, http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/hsi/AHSG20WMD20Paper2011.15.12.pdf, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k

Current trends in Pakistan are worrisome. Its political situation borders on chaos, and
AND
can anyone be that the United States could do anything effective in time?

LeT will launch attacks against India---causes nuclear escalation.
Blank 13 Jonah Blank is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation. An anthropologist by training, he is author of the books Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras, and Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana through India. From 1999-2011, Blank served as Policy Director for South and Southeast Asia on the staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Before entering government service, he served as senior editor and foreign correspondent for US News and World Report, where he reported from Indonesia, India, Nepal and Pakistan. In his life as an anthropologist, Blank was the first outside researcher to conduct ethnographic fieldwork among the Daudi Bohras, a Shi'a Muslim community with approximately one million adherents throughout South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and other parts of the world; his research focused on how a traditionalist community used the tools of modernity to combat the threats posed by modernity. Blank began his career in Japan, as finance editor of Tokyo's Asahi Evening News. He has been a reporter for Fortune magazine, and has written for publications ranging from Foreign Affairs to the New Yorker to the Washington Post. Blank received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, and is a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. “Lashkar-e Taiba and the Threat to the United States of a Mumbai-Style Attack,” June, 2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT300/CT390/RAND_CT390.pdf, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Fourth, LeT has a unique potential to precipitate a major war between India and
AND
world would obviously have a monumental impact on US strategic and economic interests. 

Conflict is fast, probable, and causes extinction
Chaffin 11 Greg Chaffin 11 Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

LET can access nuclear arsenals
Rotella 13 An award-winning foreign correspondent and investigative reporter, Sebastian worked for almost 23 years for the Los Angeles Times, covering everything from terrorism to arts to the Mexican border. He served most recently as a national security correspondent in Washington, D.C., and his previous posts include international investigative correspondent and bureau chief in Paris and Buenos Aires, with assignments in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2006, he was named a Pulitzer finalist for international reporting for his coverage of terrorism and Muslim communities in Europe. He won the German Marshall Fund's senior award for excellence in European reporting the same year. He was part of a team whose coverage of al-Qaida received an award from the Overseas Press Club and finalist honors for Harvard University's Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2002. In 2001, he won Columbia University's Maria Moors Cabot Prize for his career coverage of Latin America. His work in Latin America also won honors from the Overseas Press Club, the Inter-American Press Association and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. “Terror Group Recruits From Pakistan’s ‘Best and Brightest’” 4-4-13, http://www.propublica.org/article/terror-group-recruits-from-pakistans-best-and-brightest, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Imagine a terrorist group that recruits tens of thousands of young men from the same
AND
are essentially being held hostage by the war in Afghanistan,” she said.

Motivation to strike the US
Tankel 13 Stephen Tankel is an assistant professor at American University and a nonresident scholar at the Carnegie Endowment in the South Asia Program. “Lashkar-e-Taiba Capable of Threatening U.S. Homeland,” http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/06/12/lashkar-e-taiba-capable-of-threatening-u.s.-homeland/g9z7#, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is one of Pakistan’s oldest and most
AND
for its capabilities to be used against the U.S. homeland.

That causes great-power nuclear war
Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Zealand @  the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. EBSCO, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers A terrorist nuclear attack,
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint. 

Norms
Signature Strikes set a dangerous precedent of aggressive drones use
Eviatar 12 Daphne Eviatar is a senior counsel in the law and security program of Human Rights First, “Obama’s Drone Policy Misreading International Law,” 5-3-12, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/75863.html, DOA: 9-15-13, y2k

White House Counterterrorism Adviser John Brennan’s speech on targeted killings Monday has largely been hailed
AND
casualties. That’s a problem which Americans may quickly realize could hit home.

US key to shape norms
Farley 12 Dr. Robert Farley is an assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky. “Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent,” 10-11-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent, DOA: 7-25-13, y2k

Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Empirics prove norm setting is effective- gives diplomatic leverage
Micah Zenko 13, CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, PhD in Political Science from Brandeis University, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” CFR Special Report 65, January 2013

History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by
AND
more likely to use lethal force against the United States and its allies.

Lack of US-led norms cause Chinese drone aggression
Christopher Bodeen 13, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html

BEIJING -- Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China's
AND
camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

Causes Senkaku conflict
Davis 12 Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis has lived and worked in Asia for many years. Initially her academic research focused on China. She and her family lived in China on several occasions, primarily in Nanjing and Beijing, and traveled extensively throughout the Chinese countryside. During her time at Johns Hopkins University SAIS, she met former President George H W Bush on several occasions regarding China issues. Her work on the Chinese energy policy and the environment expanded to other parts of Asia, including field work and publications on Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and Korea.After 17 years in academia, Dr. Davis took a hiatus to work for the US Government on issues related to Asia. Based in Hawaii, she travelled regularly to Asia to work on issues of preventive diplomacy. These USG projects included discussions on China with Pakistan, aiding Bangladesh during a difficult political time, and working with the Nepalese officials during the transition from monarchy to representative democracy as well as a citation for her work on the EP3 incident. Simultaneous to these on-the- ground projects, Dr. Davis maintained a rigorous academic agenda that including briefing US senators and congressmen, top US military officers, and foreign government officials on issues related to China and Asia. “China to rule the seas-unmanned,” 12-6-12, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NL06Ad01.html, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

In the cold blue waters between China and Japan, a Chinese fishing craft collided
AND
to specific power goals. Today, China looks to be a winner. 

Conflict is probable
Michael Auslin 13, scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, “The Sino–Japanese Standoff”, 1-28, http://www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/338852

What was more dangerous, however, was a game of chicken that began in
AND
, and Asia could face its gravest crisis perhaps since World War II.

Draws in the US and goes nuclear
John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, “Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset. 

Solvency

Plan guarantees enforcement---constraining the executive’s targeting decisions are key
Goldsmith 12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover
AND
upholding his right to take out terrorists.” 3-19-12,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, DOA: 9-5-13, y2k

Instead of convincing critics, Attorney General Holder's defense of the Obama administration's targeted killing
AND
the Obama administration's targeting killing practices are embedded in the rule of law.

Congress can check the executive
Sorcher 13 Sara Sorcher is National Journal Staff, “National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program.” 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311, Accessed Date: 7-8-13 y2k

Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members
AND
, and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.”

DoD shift will ensure compliance
Friedman 13 Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies. His areas of expertise include counter-terrorism, homeland security and defense politics. He is the author of dozens of op-eds and journal articles and co-editor of two books, including Terrorizing Ourselves: Why U.S. Counterterrorism Policy Is Failing and How to Fix It, published in 2010. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science and an affiliate of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “President’s Drone Speech: Good on Rhetoric, Bad on Policy,” 5-23-13, http://www.cato.org/blog/presidents-drone-speech-good-rhetoric-bad-policy, DOA: 8-26-13, y2k

Apparently, the administration will also shift control over all drone strikes from the Central
AND
more power over the Pentagon than the Intelligence Committees have over the CIA.

Congressional certainty is key
Cronogue 12 Graham Cronogue, Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2013, “A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror,” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 22:377, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil, DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably
AND
the future and prevents the “gloss” that comes from congressional acquiescence.

Only congress can send the signal
Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. 

Congress will invoke the power of the purse
Elsea et al 13 Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative Attorney; Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney; Thomas J. Nicola, Legislative Attorney; CRS Report for Congress, “Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations”, 2-19-13, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/206121.pdf, DOA: 9-22-13, y2k

The Purpose Statute states that funds may be used only for purposes for which they
AND
exceeding the amount— zero—that Congress has appropriated for the prohibited purpose

That checks the prez.
Flower and Beavers 9/29 Ruth Flower is the legislative director at the Friends Committee on National Legislation—AND—Beavers is the program assistant for foreign policy at FCNL. “Congress must rein in president's war power,” 9-29-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/325205-congress-must-rein-in-presidents-war-power#ixzz2ghGMnqpX, DOA: 10-3-13, y2k

Lastly, Congress should utilize its most potent tool – the “power of the
AND
that even decisions of war are subject to the consent of the governed.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 1 | Opponent: Emory JS | Judge: Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
Same as 1AC USC

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern HR | Judge: Neil Butt

*1AC

Advantage 1-Pakistan

Drone strikes are continuing in Pakistan

Huffington 13 Arianna Huffington is president and editor-in-chief of Huffington Post Media Group. and#34;’Signature strikes’ and the president’s empty rhetoric on drones,and#34; 7-10-13, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-07-10/opinion/sns-201307102030—tms—ahuffcoltq—m-a20130710-20130710_1_u-s-drone-drone-strike-signature-strikes/2, DOA: 8-13-13, y2k

On March 17, 2011, four Hellfire missiles, fired from a U.
AND
wrote and#34;seemed to contradict the entire tenor of Mr. Obama’s speech.and#34;

Signature strikes fuel radicalization and undermine local institutions

Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern 26 North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). and#34;Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,and#34; http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Targeted killing by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), commonly known as drones, has
AND
sentiment, which may force sudden policy adjustments by political and military actors.

Restraint of strikes is the litmus test to Pakistani relations- now is key

Rodriguez 13 Alex Rodriguez is Los Angeles Times Staff, and#34;Obama’s drone limits may bolster ties with Pakistan,and#34; 5-24-13, articles.latimes.com/2013/may/24/world/la-fg-pakistan-drones-20130525, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

President Obama’s commitment to scaling back the use of unmanned aircraft to kill suspected terrorists
AND
a role for the people in the countries where the drones are used.and#34;

Every other alternative fails—-causes instability

Ahmad 12 Adam Ahmad is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security and a reporting assistant at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His work focuses on South Asia and U.S. covert action. and#34;Drones: Here to stay,and#34; 11-7-12, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/07/drones_here_to_stay, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k

The debate concerning the use of armed Predator drones to neutralize al Qaeda and a
AND
or for worse, blemishes and all, drones are here to stay. 

That impact is loose-nukes, terrorism, and Afghan stability

Nelson 12 Rick and#34;Ozzieand#34; Nelson is vice president for business development at Cross Match Technologies, a former director of the CSIS Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Program, and currently a nonresident senior associate at CSIS. He is a former Navy helicopter pilot with over 20 years of operational and intelligence experience, including assignments at the National Security Council (NSC) and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). He joined CSIS in September 2009, after retiring from the U.S. Navy, where he served in a variety of senior policy and operational positions. His last military assignment was with the Joint Special Operations Command. In 2005, he was selected to serve as an inaugural member in the NCTC Directorate of Strategic Operational Planning. Prior to his assignment at NCTC, Nelson served as associate director for maritime security in the Office of Combating Terrorism on the NSC staff at the White House, where he led the development of the National Strategy for Maritime Security. Other career assignments have included counterterrorism team leader in Deep Blue, the navy’s operational think tank created after September 11; navy legislative fellow for Senator Edward M. Kennedy; assistant aviation officer community manager; and flag aide in Okinawa, Japan, to the commander of naval amphibious forces in the Western Pacific. He is operationally trained in naval helicopter strike warfare in the SH-60B Seahawk and SH-2F Seasprite helicopters, and he has deployed around the world and flown in support of numerous operations. Nelson graduated from the George Washington University in 1989 with a B.A. in political science, holds an M.A. in national security studies from Georgetown University, and is a graduate of the Naval War College. He is an adjunct lecturer at Georgetown University, where he teaches courses on homeland security and counterterrorism. and#34;When Chaos Equals Opportunity: The U.S.-Pakistan Relationship in Turmoil,and#34; 6-5-12,  http://csis.org/publication/when-chaos-equals-opportunity-us-pakistan-relationship-turmoil, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Q3: Do Pakistan and the United States really need each other? A3:
AND
economic support, the prospects for a stable and prosperous Pakistan are grim.

Radical groups can access weak nuclear arsenals

Rotella 13 An award-winning foreign correspondent and investigative reporter, Sebastian worked for almost 23 years for the Los Angeles Times, covering everything from terrorism to arts to the Mexican border. He served most recently as a national security correspondent in Washington, D.C., and his previous posts include international investigative correspondent and bureau chief in Paris and Buenos Aires, with assignments in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2006, he was named a Pulitzer finalist for international reporting for his coverage of terrorism and Muslim communities in Europe. He won the German Marshall Fund’s senior award for excellence in European reporting the same year. He was part of a team whose coverage of al-Qaida received an award from the Overseas Press Club and finalist honors for Harvard University’s Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2002. In 2001, he won Columbia University’s Maria Moors Cabot Prize for his career coverage of Latin America. His work in Latin America also won honors from the Overseas Press Club, the Inter-American Press Association and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. and#34;Terror Group Recruits From Pakistan’s ’Best and Brightest’and#34; 4-4-13, http://www.propublica.org/article/terror-group-recruits-from-pakistans-best-and-brightest, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Imagine a terrorist group that recruits tens of thousands of young men from the same
AND
are essentially being held hostage by the war in Afghanistan,and#34; she said.

Motivation to strike the US

Tankel 13 Stephen Tankel is an assistant professor at American University and a nonresident scholar at the Carnegie Endowment in the South Asia Program. and#34;Lashkar-e-Taiba Capable of Threatening U.S. Homeland,and#34; http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/06/12/lashkar-e-taiba-capable-of-threatening-u.s.-homeland/g9z7~~23, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is one of Pakistan’s oldest and most
AND
for its capabilities to be used against the U.S. homeland.

That causes great-power nuclear war

Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Zealand @  the Victoria University of Wellington, and#34;After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.and#34; Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. EBSCO, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers A terrorist nuclear attack,
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint. 

LeT will launch attacks against India—-causes nuclear escalation.

Blank 13 Jonah Blank is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation. An anthropologist by training, he is author of the books Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam 26 Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras, and Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana through India. From 1999-2011, Blank served as Policy Director for South and Southeast Asia on the staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Before entering government service, he served as senior editor and foreign correspondent for US News 26 World Report, where he reported from Indonesia, India, Nepal and Pakistan. In his life as an anthropologist, Blank was the first outside researcher to conduct ethnographic fieldwork among the Daudi Bohras, a Shi’a Muslim community with approximately one million adherents throughout South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and other parts of the world; his research focused on how a traditionalist community used the tools of modernity to combat the threats posed by modernity. Blank began his career in Japan, as finance editor of Tokyo’s Asahi Evening News. He has been a reporter for Fortune magazine, and has written for publications ranging from Foreign Affairs to the New Yorker to the Washington Post. Blank received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, and is a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. and#34;Lashkar-e Taiba and the Threat to the United States of a Mumbai-Style Attack,and#34; June, 2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT300/CT390/RAND_CT390.pdf, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Fourth, LeT has a unique potential to precipitate a major war between India and
AND
world would obviously have a monumental impact on US strategic and economic interests. 

Conflict is fast, probable, and causes extinction

Chaffin 11 Greg Chaffin 11 Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, and#34;Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,and#34; online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Collapse of Pakistan triggers Great-power war

Masud et al 13 Md. Matiul Hoque Masud and  Helal Uddin Ahmmed are Lecturers in Dept. of IR @ The University of Chittagong—AND—Anwar Hossain Choudhury and Muhammad Ridwan Mostafa are Lecturers in Dept. of Sociology @ The University of Chittagong, and#34;Pakistan: On the Way to be Failed States?and#34; January, 2013, Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, Vol 4 (1), www.mcser.org/images/stories/mjss.january.2013/Md20Matiul20Hoque20Masud.pdf, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

At present ’failed states’ are the single most security threat to liberal democratic states
AND
, nuclear proliferation will be difficult to tackle without the assistance from Pakistan.

Afghan instability causes global nuclear war

Carafano 10 James Jay, Heritage Foundation senior research fellow, directs its Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, and#34;Con: Obama must win fast in Afghanistan or risk new wars across the globe,and#34; Jan 2 http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/jan/02/con-obama-must-win-fast-afghanistan-or-risk-new-war/

We can expect similar results if Obama’s Afghan strategy fails and he opts to cut
AND
a puny EU military force incapable of defending the interests of its nations.

Advantage 2-Proliferation

Drone proliferation is rapid and inevitable

Bergen 26 Rowland 12 Peter Bergen is CNN’s national security analyst and director of the national security studies program at the New America Foundation—AND—Jennifer Rowland is a program associate at the New America Foundation, and#34;A dangerous new world of drones,and#34; October 8, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/01/opinion/bergen-world-of-drones, Accessed Date: 6-4-13 y2k

Washington (CNN) — A decade ago, the United States had a virtual
AND
the future as much as tanks and bombers did during the 20th century.

Unrestricted drone usage sets a precedent- US key to shape norms

Farley 12 Dr. Robert Farley is an assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky. and#34;Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent,and#34; 10-11-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent, DOA: 7-25-13, y2k

Is the world about to see a and#34;drone raceand#34; among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they’re setting. 

Use of signature strikes allows global drone usage

Byman 13 Daniel L. Byman is Senior Fellow and Research Director of Foreign Policy @ Saban Center for Middle East Policy Policy, and#34;Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice,and#34; July/August 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2013/06/17-drones-obama-weapon-choice-us-counterterrorism-byman, DOA: 8-13-13, y2k

The fact remains that by using drones so much, Washington risks setting a troublesome
AND
. More transparency could help calm these fears that Washington is acting recklessly.

Unrestrained attacks cause global warfare through miscalculation.

Knoll 12 David L. Knoll is a freelance defense analyst. He is a doctoral candidate in International Relations at the Fletcher School of Law 26 Diplomacy at Tufts University. and#34;Will America’s Addiction to Drone Strikes Backfire?and#34; October 23, 2012, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/10/23/ok-drone-the-global-proliferation-of-uavs/, Accessed Date: 6-28-13 y2k

In the first Persian Gulf War, a small group of Iraqi soldiers famously surrendered
AND
contribute to rather than detract from U.S. and global security.

Causes Senkaku conflict

Davis 12 Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis has lived and worked in Asia for many years. Initially her academic research focused on China. She and her family lived in China on several occasions, primarily in Nanjing and Beijing, and traveled extensively throughout the Chinese countryside. During her time at Johns Hopkins University SAIS, she met former President George H W Bush on several occasions regarding China issues. Her work on the Chinese energy policy and the environment expanded to other parts of Asia, including field work and publications on Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and Korea.After 17 years in academia, Dr. Davis took a hiatus to work for the US Government on issues related to Asia. Based in Hawaii, she travelled regularly to Asia to work on issues of preventive diplomacy. These USG projects included discussions on China with Pakistan, aiding Bangladesh during a difficult political time, and working with the Nepalese officials during the transition from monarchy to representative democracy as well as a citation for her work on the EP3 incident. Simultaneous to these on-the- ground projects, Dr. Davis maintained a rigorous academic agenda that including briefing US senators and congressmen, top US military officers, and foreign government officials on issues related to China and Asia. and#34;China to rule the seas-unmanned,and#34; 12-6-12, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NL06Ad01.html, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

In the cold blue waters between China and Japan, a Chinese fishing craft collided
AND
to specific power goals. Today, China looks to be a winner. 

Conflict is probable

Michael Auslin 13, scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, and#34;The Sino–Japanese Standoffand#34;, 1-28, http://www.nationalreview.com/blogs/print/338852

What was more dangerous, however, was a game of chicken that began in
AND
, and Asia could face its gravest crisis perhaps since World War II.

Draws in the US and goes nuclear

John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, and#34;Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,and#34; http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset. 

Plan

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.

Solvency

Congress should ban signature strikes

Naiman 12 Robert Naiman is policy director at Just Foreign Policy and president of Truthout’s board of directors. and#34;A Reformist Strategy to Downsize the Drone Strike Policy,and#34; 11-27-12, http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/12987-a-reformist-strategy-to-downsize-the-drone-strike-policy, DOA: 8-13-13, y2k

I want to talk about what Congress could do about drone strikes in the next
AND
strikes could be a price imposed for confirmation of the next CIA head.

Shift to the personality strikes is key

Shah 12 Pir Zubair Shah is the Edward R. Murrow press fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He joins CFR from the New York Times. He was a reporter in Pakistan, working in the Waziristan tribal area along the border with Afghanistan. During his fellowship at CFR, Mr. Shah will be working on his book, telling the story of Pakistan thorough his own journey from a tribal boy to a New York Times reporter. He shared the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting for his work at the New York Times and was a 2012 Nieman Fellow. and#34;Drone strikes in Pakistan’s tribal areas could create backlash,and#34; 10-10-12, http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/drone-strikes-pakistans-tribal-areas-could-create-backlash, DOA: 9-6-13, y2k

Over the three and a half years of Barack Obama’s presidency, and#34;signature strikes
AND
in a region where the United States can not afford any more enemies.

Plan guarantees enforcement—-oversight capacity now, but constraining the executive’s targeting decisions are key

Goldsmith 12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover
AND
upholding his right to take out terrorists.and#34; 3-19-12,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, DOA: 9-5-13, y2k

Instead of convincing critics, Attorney General Holder’s defense of the Obama administration’s targeted killing
AND
the Obama administration’s targeting killing practices are embedded in the rule of law.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Gtown EM | Judge: Will Repko
1AC---Coast
Plan

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.

Pakistan
Signature Strikes fail- a shift to the personality strikes is key
Shah 12 Pir Zubair Shah is the Edward R. Murrow press fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He joins CFR from the New York Times. He was a reporter in Pakistan, working in the Waziristan tribal area along the border with Afghanistan. During his fellowship at CFR, Mr. Shah will be working on his book, telling the story of Pakistan thorough his own journey from a tribal boy to a New York Times reporter. He shared the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting for his work at the New York Times and was a 2012 Nieman Fellow. “Drone strikes in Pakistan's tribal areas could create backlash,” 10-10-12, http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/drone-strikes-pakistans-tribal-areas-could-create-backlash, DOA: 9-6-13, y2k

Over the three and a half years of Barack Obama’s presidency, “signature strikes
AND
in a region where the United States can not afford any more enemies.

Leadership decapitation is effective
Jones 12 Do Drone Strikes on al-Qaida Make Us Safer? Sean M. Lynn-Jones, Editor of International Security, the International Security Program's quarterly journal, series editor of the Belfer Center Studies in International Security, July 20, 2012, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/07/20/do-drone-strikes-on-al-qaida-make-us-safer/

Two studies published in the spring 2012 issue of the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center’s
AND
target in its calculation that the benefits of decapitation strikes outweigh the costs.

Low value targeting undermines the counterinsurgency doctrine- key to prevent radicalization
Hudson et al 13 Leila Hudson is associate professor of anthropology and history in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Arizona and director of the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). Colin Owens and Matt Flannes are graduate students in the School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies and the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona. Both work as research associates for the Southwest Initiative for the Study of Middle East Conflicts (SISMEC). “Drone Warfare: Blowback from the New American Way of War,” http://www.mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/drone-warfare-blowback-new-american-way-war, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

3. U.S. COMPLICATIONS Strategic Confusion In Afghanistan, the U.
AND
and makes the task of U.S. diplomats more difficult.24

Low level strikes increase tensions with Pakistan- disrupts relationships  
Foust 12 Joshua Foust is a fellow at the American Security Project and the author
AND
-likely/259756/ DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

Pakistani ambassador to the U.S. Sherry Rehman recently made an unsurprising statement
AND
come 2014, that might be enough to keep things mostly under control.

Restraint of strikes is the litmus test to Pakistan relations
Rodriguez 13 Alex Rodriguez is Los Angeles Times Staff, "Obama's drone limits may bolster ties with Pakistan," 5-24-13, articles.latimes.com/2013/may/24/world/la-fg-pakistan-drones-20130525, DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

President Obama's commitment to scaling back the use of unmanned aircraft to kill suspected terrorists
AND
a role for the people in the countries where the drones are used."

Relations solve stability
Nelson 12 Rick “Ozzie” Nelson is vice president for business development at Cross Match Technologies, a former director of the CSIS Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Program, and currently a nonresident senior associate at CSIS. He is a former Navy helicopter pilot with over 20 years of operational and intelligence experience, including assignments at the National Security Council (NSC) and the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). He joined CSIS in September 2009, after retiring from the U.S. Navy, where he served in a variety of senior policy and operational positions. His last military assignment was with the Joint Special Operations Command. In 2005, he was selected to serve as an inaugural member in the NCTC Directorate of Strategic Operational Planning. Prior to his assignment at NCTC, Nelson served as associate director for maritime security in the Office of Combating Terrorism on the NSC staff at the White House, where he led the development of the National Strategy for Maritime Security. Other career assignments have included counterterrorism team leader in Deep Blue, the navy’s operational think tank created after September 11; navy legislative fellow for Senator Edward M. Kennedy; assistant aviation officer community manager; and flag aide in Okinawa, Japan, to the commander of naval amphibious forces in the Western Pacific. He is operationally trained in naval helicopter strike warfare in the SH-60B Seahawk and SH-2F Seasprite helicopters, and he has deployed around the world and flown in support of numerous operations. Nelson graduated from the George Washington University in 1989 with a B.A. in political science, holds an M.A. in national security studies from Georgetown University, and is a graduate of the Naval War College. He is an adjunct lecturer at Georgetown University, where he teaches courses on homeland security and counterterrorism. “When Chaos Equals Opportunity: The U.S.-Pakistan Relationship in Turmoil,” 6-5-12,  http://csis.org/publication/when-chaos-equals-opportunity-us-pakistan-relationship-turmoil, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Q3: Do Pakistan and the United States really need each other? A3:
AND
economic support, the prospects for a stable and prosperous Pakistan are grim.

Restraint is key to sustainability to drone operations
Zenko 13 Micah Zenko is Douglas Dillon Fellow, Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations, “Assessing U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” 3-1-13, http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/assessing-us-drone-strike-policies/p30144, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

ZENKO: I'd just add that this administration, part of its reform efforts going
AND
to be more transparent, to put this on a more firmer footing.

Alternatives to drones trigger instability
Ahmad 12 Adam Ahmad is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security and a reporting assistant at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His work focuses on South Asia and U.S. covert action. “Drones: Here to stay,” 11-7-12, http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/07/drones_here_to_stay, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k

The debate concerning the use of armed Predator drones to neutralize al Qaeda and a
AND
or for worse, blemishes and all, drones are here to stay. 

Multiple groups can attack
Cole et al 12 Leonard Cole Director of Program on Terror Medicine and Security University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Randall Larsen Founding Director of The WMD Center, Charles Allen Principal of The Chertoff Group, Dr. Evelyn Farkas is Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense of Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia Policy, D.A. Henderson, MD, MPH is Distinguished Scholar Professor of Medicine Center for Biosecurity at University of Pittsburgh, Brian Michael Jenkins is Senior Advisor to the President, RAND Corporation, Paul McHale is President of Civil Support International, LLC, Marin Strmecki is Senior Vice President and Director of  Programs at Smith Richardson Foundation, Daniel Prieto is Vice President and Practice Lead Public Sector Strategy and Innovation at IBM Global Business Services.”WMD Terrorism: An Update on the Recommendations of the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism,” The Aspen Institute Homeland Security Group’s WMD Working Group, 11/15/2012, http://www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/hsi/AHSG20WMD20Paper2011.15.12.pdf, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k

Current trends in Pakistan are worrisome. Its political situation borders on chaos, and
AND
can anyone be that the United States could do anything effective in time?

LeT will launch attacks against India---causes nuclear escalation.
Blank 13 Jonah Blank is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation. An anthropologist by training, he is author of the books Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras, and Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God: Retracing the Ramayana through India. From 1999-2011, Blank served as Policy Director for South and Southeast Asia on the staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Before entering government service, he served as senior editor and foreign correspondent for US News and World Report, where he reported from Indonesia, India, Nepal and Pakistan. In his life as an anthropologist, Blank was the first outside researcher to conduct ethnographic fieldwork among the Daudi Bohras, a Shi'a Muslim community with approximately one million adherents throughout South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and other parts of the world; his research focused on how a traditionalist community used the tools of modernity to combat the threats posed by modernity. Blank began his career in Japan, as finance editor of Tokyo's Asahi Evening News. He has been a reporter for Fortune magazine, and has written for publications ranging from Foreign Affairs to the New Yorker to the Washington Post. Blank received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University, and is a professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. “Lashkar-e Taiba and the Threat to the United States of a Mumbai-Style Attack,” June, 2013, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT300/CT390/RAND_CT390.pdf, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Fourth, LeT has a unique potential to precipitate a major war between India and
AND
world would obviously have a monumental impact on US strategic and economic interests. 

Conflict is fast, probable, and causes extinction
Chaffin 11 Greg Chaffin 11 Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia

The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

LET can access nuclear arsenals
Rotella 13 An award-winning foreign correspondent and investigative reporter, Sebastian worked for almost 23 years for the Los Angeles Times, covering everything from terrorism to arts to the Mexican border. He served most recently as a national security correspondent in Washington, D.C., and his previous posts include international investigative correspondent and bureau chief in Paris and Buenos Aires, with assignments in the Middle East and North Africa. In 2006, he was named a Pulitzer finalist for international reporting for his coverage of terrorism and Muslim communities in Europe. He won the German Marshall Fund's senior award for excellence in European reporting the same year. He was part of a team whose coverage of al-Qaida received an award from the Overseas Press Club and finalist honors for Harvard University's Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting in 2002. In 2001, he won Columbia University's Maria Moors Cabot Prize for his career coverage of Latin America. His work in Latin America also won honors from the Overseas Press Club, the Inter-American Press Association and the American Society of Newspaper Editors. “Terror Group Recruits From Pakistan’s ‘Best and Brightest’” 4-4-13, http://www.propublica.org/article/terror-group-recruits-from-pakistans-best-and-brightest, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Imagine a terrorist group that recruits tens of thousands of young men from the same
AND
are essentially being held hostage by the war in Afghanistan,” she said.

Motivation to strike the US
Tankel 13 Stephen Tankel is an assistant professor at American University and a nonresident scholar at the Carnegie Endowment in the South Asia Program. “Lashkar-e-Taiba Capable of Threatening U.S. Homeland,” http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/06/12/lashkar-e-taiba-capable-of-threatening-u.s.-homeland/g9z7#, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is one of Pakistan’s oldest and most
AND
for its capabilities to be used against the U.S. homeland.

That causes great-power nuclear war
Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Zealand @  the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. EBSCO, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

A Catalytic Response: Dragging in the Major Nuclear Powers A terrorist nuclear attack,
AND
for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint. 

Norms

Signature Strikes set a dangerous precedent of aggressive drones use
Eviatar 12 Daphne Eviatar is a senior counsel in the law and security program of Human Rights First, “Obama’s Drone Policy Misreading International Law,” 5-3-12, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0512/75863.html, DOA: 9-15-13, y2k

White House Counterterrorism Adviser John Brennan’s speech on targeted killings Monday has largely been hailed
AND
casualties. That’s a problem which Americans may quickly realize could hit home.

US key to shape norms
Farley 12 Dr. Robert Farley is an assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce at the University of Kentucky. “Over the Horizon: U.S. Drone Use Sets Global Precedent,” 10-11-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10311/over-the-horizon-u-s-drone-use-sets-global-precedent, DOA: 7-25-13, y2k

Is the world about to see a "drone race" among the United States
AND
policymakers should perhaps devote a touch more attention to the precedent they're setting. 

Empirics prove norm setting is effective- gives diplomatic leverage
Micah Zenko 13, CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, PhD in Political Science from Brandeis University, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” CFR Special Report 65, January 2013

History shows that how states adopt and use new military capabilities is often influenced by
AND
more likely to use lethal force against the United States and its allies.

Lack of US-led norms cause Chinese drone aggression
Christopher Bodeen 13, writer for the Huffington Post, May 3rd, 2013, "China's Drone Program Appears To Be Moving Into Overdrive," Huffington Post, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/03/china-drone-program_n_3207392.html

BEIJING -- Determined to kill or capture a murderous Mekong River drug lord, China's
AND
camp almost 20 kilometers (12 miles) into Indian-claimed territory.

Causes Senkaku conflict
Davis 12 Dr. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis has lived and worked in Asia for many years. Initially her academic research focused on China. She and her family lived in China on several occasions, primarily in Nanjing and Beijing, and traveled extensively throughout the Chinese countryside. During her time at Johns Hopkins University SAIS, she met former President George H W Bush on several occasions regarding China issues. Her work on the Chinese energy policy and the environment expanded to other parts of Asia, including field work and publications on Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, and Korea.After 17 years in academia, Dr. Davis took a hiatus to work for the US Government on issues related to Asia. Based in Hawaii, she travelled regularly to Asia to work on issues of preventive diplomacy. These USG projects included discussions on China with Pakistan, aiding Bangladesh during a difficult political time, and working with the Nepalese officials during the transition from monarchy to representative democracy as well as a citation for her work on the EP3 incident. Simultaneous to these on-the- ground projects, Dr. Davis maintained a rigorous academic agenda that including briefing US senators and congressmen, top US military officers, and foreign government officials on issues related to China and Asia. “China to rule the seas-unmanned,” 12-6-12, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/NL06Ad01.html, DOA: 7-18-13, y2k

In the cold blue waters between China and Japan, a Chinese fishing craft collided
AND
to specific power goals. Today, China looks to be a winner. 

Conflict is probable
Taylor Wettach 12/3 is analyst @ Global Risk Insights, “China’s Air-Defense Zone Ratchets Up Risk for Trade and Investment,” 12-3-13, http://www.financialsense.com/contributors/global-risk-insights/china-s-air-defense-zone-ratchets-up-risk-for-trade-and-investment, DOA: 1-2-14, y2k

With the announcement of China’s Air-Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) and the
AND
, economic—and global—catastrophe may be just a shot away.

Draws in the US and goes nuclear
John Blaxland 13, Senior Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, the Australian National University, and Rikki Kersten, Professor of modern Japanese political history in the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University, 2/13/13, “Escalating territorial tension in East Asia echoes Europe’s descent into world war,” http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/02/13/escalating-territorial-tension-in-east-asia-echoes-europes-descent-into-world-war/

The recent activation of Chinese weapons radars aimed at Japanese military platforms around the Senkaku
AND
that the outcome of wars is rarely as proponents conceived at the outset. 

Solvency

Plan guarantees enforcement---constraining the executive’s targeting decisions are key
Goldsmith 12 Jack Goldsmith is a Harvard Law professor and a member of the Hoover
AND
upholding his right to take out terrorists.” 3-19-12,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/03/19/fire_when_ready?page=full, DOA: 9-5-13, y2k

Instead of convincing critics, Attorney General Holder's defense of the Obama administration's targeted killing
AND
the Obama administration's targeting killing practices are embedded in the rule of law.

Robust scholarship concludes---Congress will enforce
Howell and Pevehouse 8 William G. Howell is an award-winning American political scientist and Sydney Stein Professor in American Politics at the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy Studies—AND—Jon C. Pevehouse is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, “While Dangers Gather : Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers,” 2008, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2008. DOA: 12-26-13, y2k

With the erosion of congressional checks on presidential war powers, these scholars note,
AND
, then, identifies the conditions under which Congress most effectively employs them.

Oversight capabilities are effective
Sorcher 13 Sara Sorcher is National Journal Staff, “National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program.” 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311, Accessed Date: 7-8-13 y2k

Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members
AND
, and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.”

DoD shift will ensure compliance
Friedman 13 Benjamin H. Friedman is a research fellow in defense and homeland security studies. His areas of expertise include counter-terrorism, homeland security and defense politics. He is the author of dozens of op-eds and journal articles and co-editor of two books, including Terrorizing Ourselves: Why U.S. Counterterrorism Policy Is Failing and How to Fix It, published in 2010. He is a graduate of Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science and an affiliate of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “President’s Drone Speech: Good on Rhetoric, Bad on Policy,” 5-23-13, http://www.cato.org/blog/presidents-drone-speech-good-rhetoric-bad-policy, DOA: 8-26-13, y2k

Apparently, the administration will also shift control over all drone strikes from the Central
AND
more power over the Pentagon than the Intelligence Committees have over the CIA.

Congressional certainty is key
Cronogue 12 Graham Cronogue, Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2013, “A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror,” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 22:377, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil, DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably
AND
the future and prevents the “gloss” that comes from congressional acquiescence.

Only congress can send the signal
Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law. 

Congress will invoke the power of the purse
Elsea et al 13 Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative Attorney; Michael John Garcia, Legislative Attorney; Thomas J. Nicola, Legislative Attorney; CRS Report for Congress, “Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations”, 2-19-13, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/206121.pdf, DOA: 9-22-13, y2k

The Purpose Statute states that funds may be used only for purposes for which they
AND
exceeding the amount— zero—that Congress has appropriated for the prohibited purpose

That checks the prez.
Flower and Beavers 9/29 Ruth Flower is the legislative director at the Friends Committee on National Legislation—AND—Beavers is the program assistant for foreign policy at FCNL. “Congress must rein in president's war power,” 9-29-13, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/325205-congress-must-rein-in-presidents-war-power#ixzz2ghGMnqpX, DOA: 10-3-13, y2k

Lastly, Congress should utilize its most potent tool – the “power of the
AND
that even decisions of war are subject to the consent of the governed. 

Obama says yes
Baker 13 Peter Baker is Staff Writer @ NYT, “Pivoting From a War Footing, Obama Acts to Curtail Drones,” 5-23-13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/us/politics/pivoting-from-a-war-footing-obama-acts-to-curtail-drones.html?pagewanted=all, DOA: 8-24-13, y2k

WASHINGTON — Nearly a dozen years after the hijackings that transformed America, President Obama
AND
threat closely resembles the types of attacks we faced before 9/11.”

Congressional restrictions are effective
Walter Dellinger and Christopher Schroeder 7 Walter Dellinger is a lawyer. Christopher Schroeder is a professor at Duke Law School. Each served as head of the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel in the Clinton administration. “The Purse Isn’t Congress’s Only Weapon,” March 14, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/opinion/14dellinger.html?_r=0andadxnnl=1andadxnnlx=1384525587-t94oO4cgdaXiAS0dGooxeg, DOA: 11-15-13, y2k

THE debate that Congress needs to have about the Iraq war is being hijacked by
AND
about the scope and goals of military action are easily within its authority.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Prolif causes Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict.
Global Post 12 “Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war,” 10-23-12, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

27 years off and on over the past three decades. “Everyone is now
AND
 will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of.” 

Azerbaijan-Armenian conflict causes World War III and great-power escalation
Cecire 12 Michael Hikari Cecire is a Black Sea and Eurasia regional analyst and an associate scholar at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, "Azerbaijan-Armenia Tensions: Regional Risks, Policy Challenges," 6-12-12, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12046/azerbaijan-armenia-tensions-regional-risks-policy-challenges, DOA: 7-20-12, y2k

With U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on a tour of the
AND
with Turkey and Azerbaijan on one side and Armenia and Russia on the other

. Add the wild cards of Iran -- which sees Azerbaijan’s existence as a challenge
AND
but one with far greater potential for escalation and great-power intervention.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Matt Struth
US drone usage sets a precedent for Russian drone attacks against Chechnya
Sexton 12 Buck Sexton served in the CIA, including assignments in the Counterterrorism Center and Office of Iraq Analysis. He is currently an editor for TheBlaze.com and appears nightly on GBTV.com. “Drawbacks of drone war mania,” 2-3-12, L/N, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k

We've set the stage for even more undeclared, borderless conflicts. America's lethal drone
AND
Our capability to effect violence abroad has outpaced our discussion of its desirability.

Causes Chechnya insurgency
Cohen 12 Ariel Cohen, Ph.D., is Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. “A Threat to the West: The Rise of Islamist Insurgency in the Northern Caucasus and Russia’s Inadequate Response,” 3-26-12, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/a-threat-to-the-west-the-rise-of-islamist-insurgency-in-the-northern-caucasus, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k

Russia’s Northern Caucasus is turning into one of the most volatile, lawless regions in
AND
to mitigate the rising Islamist threat and the effects of misguided Russian policies.

Causes nuclear war
Pandita 1 K.N. Pandita is Kashmir University Center of Central Asian Studies Professor, "Chechnya: impending nuclear flash point," http://www.kashmir-information.com/KNPandita/article9.html, DOA: 8-16-13, y2k

Only two days ago, Moscow announced that Russian Federation had formulated a new security
AND
to Russia if the latter decides to use nuclear weapons in Chechyn war.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory GL | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Drones kill US-EU relations
Dworkin 13 Anthony Dworking is a senior policy fellow @ European Council on Foreign Relations, "Actually, drones worry Europe more than spying," 7-17-13, http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/17/actually-drones-worry-europe-more-than-spying/ DOA: 7-22-13, y2k

Relations between the United States and Europe hit a low point following revelations that Washington
AND
of weapon, before the regular use of drones spreads across the globe.

Extinction
Stivachtis 10 Dr. Yannis A. Stivachtis, Director, International Studies Program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2010, “THE IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATION,” online: http://www.rieas.gr/research-areas/global-issues/transatlantic-studies/78.html

There is no doubt that US-European relations are in a period of transition
AND
of threats is clearly perceived by publics on both sides of the Atlantic.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Russia fills in collapse of US-Pakistan relations- Leads to Russian expansionism and war with the US
Pavada 12 8/28/2012 Pakistan can make Russia Queen of Asia, http://english.pravda.ru/russia/politics/28-08-2012/122006-pakistan_russia-0/

The relations between the U.S. and Pakistan, despite the numerous attempts
AND
China that is) or try to retain the region at all costs.

Russian aggression causes nuclear war
Blank 9 Dr. Stephen Blank is a Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, March 2009, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf

Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
AND
perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Keegan Tomik
Perm do both---Congressional targeted killing policy creates checks and balances and political consensus- ensures solvency and resolves link to politics
Peter M. Cullen, 2008, (Colonel, Staff Judge Advocate) The Role of Targeted Killing in the Campaign Against Terror, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume6/march_2008/3_08_1_pf.html
Some have even argued that there should be legislative authorization for any policy of targeted
AND
accurate intelligence, they will become an even more potent weapon against transnational terrorism
Obama will rollback the CP in 6 days.
Spencer Ackerman, 5/29/13 (Defense reporter for Wired), New Drone Strike Undercuts Obama’s Promises on Robot War, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/05/drone-strike-restrictions/

It took all of six days for President Obama to undermine his own new rules
AND
. That’s shaping up to be the truest line in the president’s speech. 

Doesn’t solve the signaling
Goldsmith 13 Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003. Professor Goldsmith is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security, “Why the Administration Needs to Get Congress on Board for Its Stealth War,” 3-7-13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/ DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

There is a connection between Senator Paul’s filibuster and the need for a comprehensive renewal
AND
at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Links to politics – immense opposition to bypassing debate
Hallowell 13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/

“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern HR | Judge: Neil Butt
Perm do both-~-- only perm gives executive action the power of law and prevent roll back
Leanna Anderson (clerk for H.R. Lloyd, U.S. Magistrate) Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 2002

To be challengeable, an executive order must have the force and effect of law
AND
so that the order does not have the force and effect of law.

CP really doesn’t solve-~--

A. Future presidential rollback
Friedersdorf 13 Conor Friedersdorf is CONOR FRIEDERSDORF is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. “Does Obama Really Believe He Can Limit the Next Presidentand#39;s Power?” 5-28-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/does-obama-really-believe-he-can-limit-the-next-presidents-power/276279/ DOA: 8-24-13, y2k

Administration officials have said as much. A disposition matrix! Strict protocol for putting
AND
unthinkable as it seems, would not be without precedent for this president. 

B. Doesn’t solve the signaling-~--can’t solve for prolif leadership or precedent.
Goldsmith 13 Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003. Professor Goldsmith is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security, “Why the Administration Needs to Get Congress on Board for Its Stealth War,” 3-7-13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/ DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

There is a connection between Senator Paul’s filibuster and the need for a comprehensive renewal
AND
at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

C. Obama violates his own restrictions on drones
Spencer Ackerman, 5/29/13
(Defense reporter for Wired), New Drone Strike Undercuts Obama’s Promises on Robot War, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/05/drone-strike-restrictions/

It took all of six days for President Obama to undermine his own new rules
AND
. That’s shaping up to be the truest line in the president’s speech. 

Links to politics – immense opposition to bypassing debate
Hallowell 13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/

“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

Transparency doesn’t solve- allows strikes
Gosztola 12 It Doesn’t Matter if CIA or Military Control US Drone Program, Kevin Gosztola, May 3, 2012, http://dissenter.firedoglake.com/2012/05/03/it-doesnt-matter-if-cia-or-military-control-us-drone-program/

This is what Human Rights Watch (HRW) is doing. In response to
AND
by suggesting what entity should handle a program that clearly violates human rights.

Tournament: Navy | Round: Finals | Opponent: GTown BL | Judge: Kyla Sommers, Sean Lowry, Austin Woodruff
Perm do both---Congressional targeted killing policy creates checks and balances and political consensus- ensures solvency and resolves link to politics
Peter M. Cullen, 2008, (Colonel, Staff Judge Advocate) The Role of Targeted Killing in the Campaign Against Terror, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume6/march_2008/3_08_1_pf.html
Some have even argued that there should be legislative authorization for any policy of targeted
AND
accurate intelligence, they will become an even more potent weapon against transnational terrorism
A) Internal executive review is useless---can’t solve for backlash or norms---Katyal is wrong
Jack Goldsmith 13 is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003. Professor Goldsmith is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law.  “Neal Katyal on a Drone “National Security Court” Within the Executive Branch,” 2-21-13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/neal-katyal-on-a-drone-national-security-court-within-the-executive-branch/#.UtL_1fRDu4I, DOA: 1-12-14, y2k

Former Obama administration Acting and Deputy Solicitor General Neal Katyal has an interesting op-
AND
, they will be seen as pretty small steps that bring little solace.
C) Norms---Statutory clarification is key
Mark David Maxwell 12, Colonel, Judge Advocate with the U.S. Army, Winter 2012, TARGETED KILLING, THE LAW, AND TERRORISTS, Joint Force Quarterly, http://www.ndu.edu/press/targeted-killing.html

The weakness of this theory is that it is not codified in U.S
AND
eschews what gives a state its greatest safety: the rule of law.
D) Rollback
Spencer Ackerman, 5/29/13 (Defense reporter for Wired), New Drone Strike Undercuts Obama’s Promises on Robot War, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/05/drone-strike-restrictions/

It took all of six days for President Obama to undermine his own new rules
AND
. That’s shaping up to be the truest line in the president’s speech.

Links to politics – immense opposition to bypassing debate
Hallowell 13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/

“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory GL | Judge: Dan Bagwell
OLC can’t solve and links to politics
Posner 11 Eric Posner is the Kirkland and Ellis Professor, University of Chicago Law School. “DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER 9/11 CONGRESS, THE COURTS AND THE OFFICE OF LEGAL COUNSEL” available at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html.

These two events neatly encapsulate the dilemma for OLC, and indeed all the president’s
AND
and other institutions with political power, then the president would ignore it. 

Congressional certainty is key
Cronogue 12 Graham Cronogue, Duke University School of Law, J.D. expected 2013, “A New AUMF: Defining Combatants in the War on Terror,” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, Vol. 22:377, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1294andcontext=djcil, DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

Though the President’s inherent authority to act in times of emergency and war can arguably
AND
the future and prevents the “gloss” that comes from congressional acquiescence.

Conditionality is a voting issue—destroys 2AC strategic flexibility which is key to fairness and education in debate---magnified by multiple worlds—depth is key to clash---it’s not reciprocal---justifies aff conditionality and abusive permutations---reject the team to set a precedent---one conditional advocacy/dispo solves your offense.

Future presidential rollback
Friedersdorf 13 Conor Friedersdorf is CONOR FRIEDERSDORF is a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs. He lives in Venice, California, and is the founding editor of The Best of Journalism, a newsletter devoted to exceptional nonfiction. “Does Obama Really Believe He Can Limit the Next President's Power?” 5-28-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/does-obama-really-believe-he-can-limit-the-next-presidents-power/276279/ DOA: 8-24-13, y2k

Administration officials have said as much. A disposition matrix! Strict protocol for putting
AND
unthinkable as it seems, would not be without precedent for this president. 

Doesn’t solve the signaling---can’t solve for prolif leadership or precedent.
Goldsmith 13 Jack Goldsmith is the Henry L. Shattuck Professor at Harvard Law School, where he teaches and writes about national security law, presidential power, cybersecurity, international law, internet law, foreign relations law, and conflict of laws. Professor Goldsmith served as Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel from 2003–2004, and Special Counsel to the Department of Defense from 2002–2003. Professor Goldsmith is a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security, “Why the Administration Needs to Get Congress on Board for Its Stealth War,” 3-7-13, http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/03/why-the-administration-needs-to-get-congress-on-board-for-its-stealth-war/ DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

There is a connection between Senator Paul’s filibuster and the need for a comprehensive renewal
AND
at that point the administration will wish it had gone to Congress sooner.

Obama violates his own restrictions on drones
Spencer Ackerman, 5/29/13
(Defense reporter for Wired), New Drone Strike Undercuts Obama’s Promises on Robot War, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/05/drone-strike-restrictions/

It took all of six days for President Obama to undermine his own new rules
AND
. That’s shaping up to be the truest line in the president’s speech. 

Links to politics – immense opposition to bypassing debate
Hallowell 13 Billy Hallowell, writer for The Blaze, B.A. in journalism and broadcasting from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in Riverdale, New York and an M.S. in social research from Hunter College in Manhattan, “HERE’S HOW OBAMA IS USING EXECUTIVE POWER TO BYPASS LEGISLATIVE PROCESS” Feb. 11, 2013, http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/02/11/heres-how-obamas-using-executive-power-to-bylass-legislative-process-plus-a-brief-history-of-executive-orders/

“In an era of polarized parties and a fragmented Congress, the opportunities to
AND
a partisan content, with contemporary complaints coming from the incumbent president’s opponents.”

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Matt Struth
Counterplan does not have the force of law.
American Heritage Dictionary 2k http://www.thefreedictionary.com/concurrent+resolution
A resolution adopted by both houses of a bicameral legislature that does not have the force of law and does not require the signature of the chief executive.
Links to politics
Jacob Gerson 8, U. Chicago Ast. Professor Law, Eric Posner, U. Chicago Law Professor, December, Article: Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice, 61 Stan. L. Rev. 573
But why is Congress's statement credible? Maybe Congress does not really mean that it
AND
or other military interventions would do well to take note of the resolution.
Hard law is key to legal certainty-~--resolution doesn’t solve legal clarity
Gregory Shaffer 11, Professor of Law, University of Minnesota Law School, and Mark Pollack, Professor of Political Science and Jean Monnet Chair, Temple University., Sept, ARTICLE: HARD VERSUS SOFT LAW IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, 52 B.C. L. Rev 1147
To effect specific policy goals, state and private actors increasingly turn to legal instruments
AND
are great but the potential for opportunism and its costs are high." n85
Perm do the CP – it’s a way to restrict war power authority
Louis Fisher 9, Scholar in Residence at the Cato Constitution Project, The Law: The Baker-Christopher War Powers Commission, Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume 39, Issue 1
The commission devotes a section to the War Powers Resolution (WPR), summarizing the
AND
, the commission's draft bill relies on congressional action through a concurrent resolution.
CP doesn’t spill up-~--statutory clarification is key
Edward Swaine, Associate Professor, George Washington University Law School, 2010, The Political Economy of Youngstown, http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=faculty_publications

Attaching legal consequence to non-statutory actions, or even inaction, is in
AND
power that “either has no beginning or it has no end.”114

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory GL | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Intelligence committees are effective at oversight
Sorcher 13 Sara Sorcher is National Journal Staff, “National Security Insiders: It's Possible for Congress to Oversee Drone Program.” 3-30-13, http://www.nationaljournal.com/insiders-polls/nationalsecurity/national-security-insiders-it-s-possible-for-congress-to-oversee-drone-program-20130311, Accessed Date: 7-8-13 y2k

Sixty-one percent of National Journal's National Security Insiders say it's possible for members
AND
, and these skills will be applicable to ensuring accountability of drone strikes.”

Tournament: Navy | Round: Octas | Opponent: GTown PL | Judge: Andrea Reed, Jim Lyle, Judd Kimball
Obama isn’t going to end signature strikes
Zenko 6/11 Micah Zenko is Douglas Dillon Fellow @ CFR, “How does the recent shift in U.S. drone policy impact “signature strikes”?” http://www.cfr.org/drones/does-recent-shift-us-drone-policy-impact-signature-strikes/p30885, DOA: 8-26-13, y2k

"Signature strikes"—attacks based on patterns of activity—were first authorized by
AND
be reduced or ended based upon anything the Obama administration has recently stated.

Drone strikes are not going down and still kills civilians---no functional changes
Bergen and Rowland 10/25 Peter Bergen is CNN's national security analyst, a director at the New America Foundation—AND—Jennifer Rowland is a graduate student at Harvard University's Kennedy School. “Did Obama keep his drone promises?” 10-25-13, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/opinion/bergen-drone-promises/ DOA: 10-29-13, y2k

(CNN) -- On May 23, President Barack Obama gave a major speech
AND
Louis Brandeis observed a century ago, "Sunlight is the best disinfectant."

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: John Katsulas
Non-unique---Obama’s already claiming self-defense authority
Laurie Blank, Director, International Humanitarian Law Clinic, Emory Law School, 2012, Targeted Strikes: The Consequences of Blurring the Armed Conflict and Self-Defense Justifications, http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/Volume38/documents/11.BlankFINAL.pdf

For the past several years, the United States has relied on both armed conflict
AND
of their cause. The result: an invitation to unregulated warfare.11
Double-bind either--- Obama seeking to repeal AUMF and pursue actions outside of its framework
Bill Roggio, October 8, 2013
US justifies Somalia raid under AUMF, which Obama seeks to repeal, Long War Journal, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/10/us_justifies_somalia.php

But the Pentagon's use of the AUMF to justify the raid to capture Ikrima comes
AND
be targeted, or how such action would be justified absent the AUMF.
OR---President will inevitably go beyond AUMF
Robert Chesney, Jack Goldsmith, Matthew C. Waxman, and Benjamin Wittes,
(Hoover Institute, Stanford University, professor at the University¶ of Texas School of Law, a¶ nonresident senior fellow¶ of the Brookings Institution, Henry¶ L. Shattuck Professor of¶ Law¶ at Harvard Law School¶ and a member of the Hoover¶ Institution’s Jean Perkins¶ Task Force on National¶ Security and Law. He served¶ in the Bush administration as¶ assistant attorney general,¶ Office of Legal Counsel, professor of law at¶ Columbia Law School,¶ an adjunct senior fellow¶ at the Council on Foreign¶ Relations, enior¶ fellow in governance¶ studies¶ at the Brookings¶ Institution) A Statutory Framework for Next-Generation Terrorist Threats, http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/Statutory-Framework-for-Next-Generation-Terrorist-Threats.pdf

Consider first the option of Congress doing nothing. This is, at bottom,
AND
and Article II powers, which in combination are ¶ far from ideal.
No impact---AUMF would be replaced by a more restrictive policy
Michael McAuliff, 6/10/13
Staff writer focusing on congressional issues, AUMF Repeal Bill Would End Extraordinary War Powers Granted After 9/11, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/10/aumf-repeal-bill-war-powers_n_3416689.html
"There's probably a more substantial consensus that the existing AUMF is outdated and probably
AND
Constitution, then we're broadening the power of the presidency to act unilaterally."
LOAC flexibility checks collapse
Stewart 11 (Darren, Colonel, British Army; Director, Military Department, International Institute of Humanitarian Law, “New Technology and the Law of Armed Conflict,” International Law Studies Vol. 87) 

Useful processes, such as those forming part of the AP I Article 36 weapons
AND
caused by armed conflict, but they are by no means a panacea.
No judicial roll back
Rosen 11 Richard D. Rosen is Professor of Law and Director, Center for Military Law and Policy, Texas Tech University School of Law and retired Colonel, U.S. Army, “Drones and the U.S. Courts,” 37 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 5280 2010-2011, L/N, Accessed Date: 6-27-13 y2k

Two components of justiciability impose virtually insurmountable barriers to lawsuits challenging the nation's policy of
AND
effective means of reaching al Qaeda and the Taliban in their Pakistani sanctuaries.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 4 | Opponent: Emory GL | Judge: Dan Bagwell
Flexibility decreasing now---DoD shift
Waxman 13 Matthew Waxman is a professor at Columbia Law School, a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. “Going Clear,” 3-20-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k

According to Daniel Klaidman at the Daily Beast, "The White House
AND
perhaps more restrained and formalized, long-term policy of targeted killing.

Plan doesn’t spill-over

US-Pakistan relations key to Afghanistan drawdown and preventing al Qaeda regeneration
George Friedman, June 21, 2011
(Ph.D. in Government from Cornell University, Chairman of Stratfor, focuses on issues of military intelligence and warfare)U.S. and Pakistan: Afghan Strategies, Geopolitical Weekly, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110620-us-and-pakistan-afghan-strategies.  

That game is now breaking down, not because the United States raided Pakistan and
AND
States will use Pakistan to balance India while retaining close ties to India.

Russia fills in collapse of US-Pakistan relations- Leads to Russian expansionism and war with the US
Pavada 12 8/28/2012 Pakistan can make Russia Queen of Asia, http://english.pravda.ru/russia/politics/28-08-2012/122006-pakistan_russia-0/

The relations between the U.S. and Pakistan, despite the numerous attempts
AND
China that is) or try to retain the region at all costs.

Russian aggression causes nuclear war
Blank 9 Dr. Stephen Blank is a Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College, March 2009, “Russia And Arms Control: Are There Opportunities For The Obama Administration?” http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub908.pdf

Proliferators or nuclear states like China and Russia can then deter regional or intercontinental attacks
AND
perhaps make wars of aggression on their neighbors or their own people.172

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Michigan State FM | Judge: Len Neighbors
Drone strategy is inevitable
Byman 13 Daniel Byman is a Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution. “Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington’s Weapon of Choice,” July/August 2013, Foreign Affairs, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139453/daniel-byman/why-drones-work?page=show, Accessed Date: 6-24-13 y2k

Despite President Barack Obama’s recent call to reduce the United States’ reliance on drones,
AND
drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 7 | Opponent: MSU RT | Judge: Hays Watson
Won’t pass – calendar means Republicans won’t bring up immigration  
Kapur, TPM Senior Congressional Reporter, 11-12, 2013,
(Sahil, "GOP Nixes Immigration Reform In 2013 -- And Probably 2014 Too", Talking Points Memo, PAS) talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/house-gop-officially-kills-immigration-reform-in-2013-and-probably-for-good 11-12-13

Republican have indicated they won't take up immigration reform this year, dimming hopes that
AND
even Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) was backing away.

Boehner blocks
Dinan and Sherfinski, Washington Times Staff Writer, 11-14, 2013,
(Stephen and David, "Boehner puts brakes on immigration reform; Issue may linger past midterm elections", Washington Times, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 11-14-13 

House Speaker John A. Boehner on Wednesday flatly ruled out even entering into negotiations
AND
to mean the broad legalization approach that Mr. Obama and Democrats want.

Obama has ZERO PC
Ezra Klein and Evan Soltas 11/14 are Washington Post Staff, “Wonkbook: A low for the Obama administration,” 11-14-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/11/14/wonkbook-a-new-low-for-the-obama-administration/ DOA: 11-14-13, y2k

President Obama's second term began with two clear projects. The first was to successfully
AND
signature law works. Jeff Zients has a big job ahead of him.

Health care thumps.
Shear, New York Times Staff Writer, 11-16, 2013,
(Michael D., "As troubles pile up, a crisis of confidence for Obama", New York Times, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 11-16-13

Barack Obama won the presidency by exploiting a political environment that overwhelmed George W.
AND
. It's a fair question of whether that's happening to President Obama.''

PC is not key
Jacobs and King ’10 (University of Minnesota, Nuffield College, (Lawrence and Desmond, “Varieties of Obamaism: Structure, Agency, and the Obama Presidency,” Perspectives on Politics (2010), 8: 793-802)  

But personality is not a solid foundation for a persuasive explanation of presidential impact and
AND
roadblocks, and anticipated voter reactions. Presidential sales pitches go only so far

AND-That’s key to agenda
Green 10 David Michael Green is Professor of political science at Hofstra University, David Michael Green, 6/11/10, "The Do-Nothing 44th President ", http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-Do-Nothing-44th-Presid-by-David-Michael-Gree-100611-648.html

Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement
AND
of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.

Banning signature strikes is popular
Herb 12 Jeremy Herb, congressional correspondent for the Hill, 6-13-2012, “Lawmakers want legal justification for drone strikes,” The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/operations/232523-lawmakers-want-legal-justification-for-drone-strikes

A group of more than two dozen anti-war lawmakers wants the White House
AND
in April, has been a tactic used for drone attacks in Pakistan.
No STEM shortage
Crego, Munoz, and Islam 12 Ed Crego is a management consultant who has led major consulting practices specializing in strategic planning, customer focus, and organizational transformation. Ed has written several business books and spoken extensively in his areas of expertise for organizations such as the American Management Association and the Conference Board, George Muñoz is currently chair of the Munoz Investment Advisory Group. George was the Assistant Secretary and CFO of the United States Treasury and President and CEO of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation during the Clinton administration. He serves on a number of corporate boards including Marriott International, Altria Group and the National Geographic Society, and Frank Islam was the founder of the QSS Group an information technology consulting firm which he sold to Perot Systems in 2007 for $250 M. Frank currently heads his own investment group, hosts his own Washington D.C. talk show, "Washington in Review," and serves on the advisory committee for the Export Import Bank and the Industry Trade Advisory Committee for the Department of Commerce. “The Skilled Worker Shortage Fallacy,” 07/19/2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/george-munoz-frank-islam-and-ed-crego/the-skilled-worker-shorta_b_1677881.html, Accessed Date: 3-26-13 y2k

America has a serious shortage of skilled workers and that is a primary cause of
AND
"low skill" requiring less than high school or high school degrees.

No econ impact
Jervis 11 Robert Jervis, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425

Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

U.S. isn’t key to the global economy
ML 6 Merrill Lynch, “US Downturn Won’t Derail World Economy”, 9-18, http://www.ml.com/index.asp?id=7695_7696_8149_63464_70786_71164

A sharp slowdown in the U.S. economy in 2007 is unlikely to
AND
Americas, Canada will probably be hit, but Brazil is set to decouple

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: John Katsulas
Won’t pass AND plan doesn’t affect PC---ideology outweighs
Sherman and Kim 1/15 Jake Sherman and Seung Min Kim, “Inside the House GOP's immigration push,” 1-15-14, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/house-gop-republicans-comprehensive-immigration-reform-bill-102244_Page2.html#ixzz2qgCOBBRy, DOA: 1-17-14, y2k

Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio), who is driving the process, wants
AND
they believe is right for the country even above personal, political considerations.”

PC low
Toth, Odessa American News, 1-2-14
(Tom, “TOTH: Obama’s agenda may be finished in 2014,” 1-2-14, http://www.oaoa.com/editorial/columns/guest_columns/article_62a8891e-7340-11e3-8a0d-0019bb30f31a.html, accessed 1-6-14) PM

If the president thought this last year was bad, he may want to take
AND
, 2014 very well may effectively mark the end of the Obama agenda.

Immigration get kicked---gets passed in the Lame Duck session
Shear and Parker, New York Times Staff Writers, 1-1, 2014,
(Michael D. and Ashley, "Boehner Is Said to Back Change on Immigration", New York Times, PAS) www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/politics/boehner-is-said-to-back-change-on-immigration.html?partner=rssandemc=rssand_r=0andpagewanted=all 1-1-14

The most likely legislative approach, according to lawmakers, White House officials and activists
AND
to play a large, if behind-the-scenes, role.

Plan’s key to bipart
Herb 12 Jeremy Herb, congressional correspondent for the Hill, 6-13-2012, “Lawmakers want legal justification for drone strikes,” The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/operations/232523-lawmakers-want-legal-justification-for-drone-strikes

A group of more than two dozen anti-war lawmakers wants the White House
AND
in April, has been a tactic used for drone attacks in Pakistan.

K2 agenda
GHMI 1/1 GateHouse Media Illionois, “Opportunities for bipartisanship,” 1-1-14, http://www.eastpeoriatimescourier.co-m/article/20131230/OPINION/131239984/1007/OPINION/?tag=2#ixzz2pIMaB98f, DOA: 1-2-14, y2k

Congress left for its holiday recess with a modest nod toward bipartisanship: For the
AND
party leaders would make a New Year’s resolution to give bipartisanship a chance.
Loser’s lose is false
Brian Beutler 13 is Salon staff writer, 9/9/13, GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term , www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/ DOA: 1-2-14, y2k

When President Obama decided to seek authorization to bomb Syria, he didn’t just throw
AND
or a farm bill, or a budget deal, or anything else.

Political capital fails
Michael O’Brien 12/31 Political Reporter, NBC News, “Despite hunger for change, Washington gridlock will likely continue,” 12-31-13, http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/12/31/21892891-despite-hunger-for-change-washington-gridlock-will-likely-continue, DOA: 1-2-14, y2k

Republicans’ top goal is to take back control of the Senate from Democrats, and
AND
or a very different Congress – that hopes of real lawmaking are revived.

Relations are compartmentalized
Jha 12 (Saurav studied economics at Presidency College, Calcutta, and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He writes and researches on global energy issues and clean energy development in Asia. 2012, “U.S.-India Relations: Case-by-Case Basis, With No Guarantees,” http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11428/u-s-india-relations-case-by-case-basis-with-no-guarantees)

The defense relationship between the U.S. and India will also follow this
AND
somewhere in between, depending on both sides’ interests and the prevailing circumstances.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Georgetown EM | Judge: Sherry Hall
Prez power is at all-time low---Syria tanked Obama’s influence
Torossian 9/13 Ronn Torossian is a New York-based public relations executive. “America, the president have never looked weaker,” 9-13-13, http://www.ctpost.com/opinion/article/America-the-president-have-never-looked-weaker-4812928.php, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k

I commend Russia's PR firm Ketchum for its brilliant New York Times op-ed
AND
on President Obama for making this great republic appear weaker than ever before.

No spill over---no reason why drone restriction hurts iran negotiation

Flexibility down---DoD shift
Waxman 13 Matthew Waxman is a professor at Columbia Law School, a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the Hoover Institution Task Force on National Security and Law. “Going Clear,” 3-20-13, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/20/going_clear, DOA: 8-15-13, y2k

According to Daniel Klaidman at the Daily Beast, "The White House
AND
perhaps more restrained and formalized, long-term policy of targeted killing.

AND-A multitude of other actors hamper presidential flexibility
Rozell 12 Mark Rozell, Professor of Public Policy, George Mason University, “From Idealism to Power: The Presidency in the Age of Obama” 2012, http://www.libertylawsite.org/book-review/from-idealism-to-power-the-presidency-in-the-age-of-obama/, 

A substantial portion of Goldsmith’s book presents in detail his case that various forces outside
AND
little understanding of the broader implications of tying down the president with legalisms.

Flexibility is bad---causes presidential adventurism---entirety of the 1AC is the reason why restricting to personality strike is better---solves your impact.
Guiora and Blank 12 Amos Guiora and Laurie Blank are Guardian Staff, “Targeted killing's 'flexibility' doctrine that enables US to flout the law of war,” 8-10-12, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/targeted-killing-flexibility-doctrine-flout-law-war, DOA: 9-8-13, y2k

Targeting individuals who pose an imminent threat to the US is a lawful exercise of
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high. 

AND---No spill-over---Obama has other war powers over armed forces or nuclear capabilities---no reason why drones affect overall level of flexibility.

We already look weak---Iranian aggressive posture is inevitable
Karl 13 David J. Karl is president of the Asia Strategy Initiative, an analysis and advisory firm that has a particular focus on South Asia. He serves on the board of counselors of Young Professionals in Foreign Policy and previously on the Executive Committee of the Southern California chapter of TiE (formerly The Indus Entrepreneurs), the world's largest not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting entrepreneurship. David previously served as director of studies at the Pacific Council on International Policy, in charge of the Council’s think tank focused on foreign policy issues of special resonance to the U.S West Coast, and was project director of the Bi-national Task Force on Enhancing India-U.S. Cooperation in the Global Innovation Economy that was jointly organized by the Pacific Council and the Federation of Indian Chambers and Industry. He received his doctorate in international relations at the University of Southern California, writing his dissertation on the India-Pakistan strategic rivalry, and took his masters degree in international relations from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. “Obama’s NDU Speech: Implications for Tehran,” 5-31-13, http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2013/05/31/obamas-ndu-speech-implications-for-tehran/ DOA: 8-24-13, y2k

The major speech on counter-terrorism policy President Obama delivered last week at the
AND
point person on the Middle East for much of the administration’s first term.

Perceived presidential resolve is irrelevant for global stability
Kitfield 11 James Kitfield is Senior Correspondent for The National Journal, three-time winner of the Gerald R. Ford Award for Distinguished Reporting on National Defense, “Power Down,” 11-17-11, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/an-indispensible-nation-no-more~-~-20111117, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k

Republicans lay the blame for those international woes on President Obama’s doorstep. They object
AND
, and they defy the efforts of any one nation,” Haass says.

U.S. actions cant prevents Iranian prolif- alt causes and gives incentive for a deterrent
Carpenter, 3/18/2013 Ted Galen, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute and a contributing editor to The National Interest, is the author of nine books and more than 500 articles and policy studies on international affairs. How Washington Encourages Nuclear Proliferation http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/how-america-encourages-nuclear-proliferation-8231 Accessed 7/7/2013 DMW

The current top priority for U.S. foreign policy is to prevent Iran
AND
That was assuredly not Washington’s intention, but it is the inevitable result.

No arms race or offensive nature to nuclear Iran
Chapman 12 (Steve, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, "The Arms Race that Won't Happen", July 9, 2012, reason.com/archives/2012/07/09/the-arms-race-that-wont-happen, Date Accessed: Jul 14, 13) IB

If you want to understand the intensifying showdown between the United States and Iran,
AND
have they been for the U.S. in Iraq or Afghanistan?

No impact to nuclear Iran- U.S. still have significant advantages- threats are counter-productive
Miklos, 1/28/2013 Timothy, 2nd year M.A. student at the Elliott School of International Affairs in Security Policy Studies with a focus on nuclear weapons. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Political Science from the University of Michigan, International Affairs Review Contributors Thou Shalt Not Fear a Nuclear Iran: Eliminating the Nuclear Finish Line http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/456 Accessed 7/9/2013 DMW

A primitive, non-survivable nuclear arsenal should not make the United States or
AND
to nuclear rogues and therefore help to impede the acquisition of nuclear weapons.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Sanctions are inevitable
Brown 11-13-2013 (Hayes. National Security Reporter/Blogger with ThinkProgress.org. Prior to joining ThinkProgress, Hayes worked as a contractor at the Department of Homeland Security. He’s been a blogger since 2011, and had his writing on international affairs appear at Foreign Policy, UN Dispatch, and the blog Gunpowder and Lead. “House Committee Pushes For More Iran Sanctions As Administration Lobbies For Time” ThinkProgress. http://thinkprogress.org/security/2013/11/13/2935661/hfac-iran-sanctions/, DOA: November 14, 2013, nic)

The House Foreign Affairs Committee on Wednesday relentlessly grilled witnesses on the need for new
AND
U.S. should proceed forward with examining new sanctions as planned.

No PC to prevent Iran sanctions
Jennifer Rubin 11/11 is writes the Right Turn blog for The Washington Post, “On Iran, Congress should stand with France,” 11-11-13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/11/11/on-iran-congress-should-stand-with-france/ DOA: 11-14-13, y2k

The near-disaster at Geneva represents a foreign policy challenge for both parties.
AND
stressed enough that speed, unanimity and clarity are of the utmost importance.

Plan’s a win for Obama
Klaidman 13 Daniel Klaidman is a former NEWSWEEK managing editor, “Exclusive: No More Drones for CIA,” 3-19-13, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/03/19/exclusive-no-more-drones-for-cia.html, DOA: 9-6-13, y2k

Lately, Obama has signaled his own desire to place the drone program on a
AND
other aspects of the institutionalization plan, may be just what he needs.

AND-That’s key to agenda
Green 10 David Michael Green is Professor of political science at Hofstra University, David Michael Green, 6/11/10, "The Do-Nothing 44th President ", http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-Do-Nothing-44th-Presid-by-David-Michael-Gree-100611-648.html

Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement
AND
of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.

Bipartisan backlash to drones now-~--Plan solves
Spannaus 13 Edward Spannaus has been on the editorial board of Executive Intelligence Review magazine and has been its Law Editor. “Emerging Bipartisan Alliance: End the Imperial Presidency,” 3-15-13, http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2013/4011end_imper_pres.html, DOA: 8-18-13, y2k

The highly successful "talking filibuster" mounted by Sen. Rand Paul (R
AND
the commands of our Constitution, including our system of checks and balances."

Banning signature strikes is popular
Herb 12 Jeremy Herb, congressional correspondent for the Hill, 6-13-2012, “Lawmakers want legal justification for drone strikes,” The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/operations/232523-lawmakers-want-legal-justification-for-drone-strikes

A group of more than two dozen anti-war lawmakers wants the White House
AND
in April, has been a tactic used for drone attacks in Pakistan.

Logical policymaker will pass both

Senate will attach sanctions to the NDAA extension
AP 11/14 “Iran negotiations: John Kerry warns US Congress against passing new sanctions,” 11-14-13, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/14/iran-negotiations-john-kerry-sanctions, DOA: 11-14-13, y2k

The new sanctions were overwhelmingly approved by the Republican-led House in July. The legislation blacklisted Iran's mining and construction sectors and committed the US to the goal of eliminating all Iranian oil exports worldwide by 2015. If the Senate banking committee pushes off its parallel bill any longer, lawmakers could attach it to a Senate defence bill, which could come up for debate as early as Thursday.

No arms race to nuclear Iran
Chapman 12 (Steve, columnist and editorial writer for the Chicago Tribune, "The Arms Race that Won't Happen", July 9, 2012, reason.com/archives/2012/07/09/the-arms-race-that-wont-happen, Date Accessed: Jul 14, 13) IB

If you want to understand the intensifying showdown between the United States and Iran,
AND
have they been for the U.S. in Iraq or Afghanistan?

No Iranian nuclear aggressions
Waltz 12 Kenneth N. Waltz, is Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, July/August 2012, “Why Iran Should Get the Bomb :Nuclear Balancing Would Mean Stability”, Foreign Affairs, http://sistemas.mre.gov.br/kitweb/datafiles/IRBr/pt-br/file/CAD/LXII20CAD/PolC3ADtica/Why20Iran20Should20Get20the20Bomb.pdf assessed July 1,2013 LMM

Nevertheless, even some observers and policymakers who accept that the Iranian regime is rational
AND
¶ product of that investment to parties that cannot be trusted or managed.

Low US-Pakistan relations increases Iran’s influence
Richard Javad Heydarian, December 23, 2011.
(foreign affairs analyst ) The Fading U.S.-Pakistan Alliance, Foreign Policy in Focus, http://fpif.org/the_fading_us-pakistan_alliance/

Recent years have also witnessed an increasingly cozy relationship between Tehran and Islamabad, illustrated
AND
revenues, while Pakistan would be able to address its growing energy needs.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Matt Struth
Sanctions inevitable
Koring, The Globe and Mail (Canada) International Affairs and Security Correspondent, 1-15, 2014,
(Paul, "Showdown on Iran looms in U.S. Senate; Hawks are circling over Capitol Hill and Obama's bargain with Tehran is further imperilled by members of his own party", The Globe and Mail (Canada), PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 1-16-14

Rapprochement with Iran - the United States' most unpredictable enemy since the mullahs toppled the
AND
matters what they do," said Mr. Obama's spokesman, Jay Carney.
Your ev says that congress will override veto-~--that’s Wiseman
Aides say enough Senate Democrats would support the sanctions bill to override a presidential veto,
OR uniqueness overwhelms
Mascaro and Richter, Los Angeles Times Staff Writers, 1-15, 2014,
(Lisa and Paul, Congress Reporter, Foreign Policy Reporter, "THE WORLD; Iran bill standoff may not amount to much; The divide over additional sanctions benefits Obama and the measure's backers.", Los Angeles Times, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 1-16-14

In public, the White House has unleashed scathing criticism of Senate backers of a
AND
the Israel lobby that would force an immediate vote, those involved said.

Obama doesn’t have PC
David Finkel 1/15 is an editor of Against the Current, “Will the Iran deal hold?” http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article3239, DOA: 1-17-14, y2k

A politically weakened U.S. president is pulled by a powerful domestic lobby
AND
of the Iranians and abandonment of Israel in its hour of existential peril.
PC fails
Patrick Clawson 1/17 is Director of Research @ Washington Institute for Near East Policy, “Why are congressional Democrats considering new Iran sanctions?” 1-17-14, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-25749219, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-25749219, DOA: 1-17-14, y2k

This week President Barack Obama met congressional Democrats, asking them to vote against sanctions
AND
fall on their sword for the president, that is a tough sell.

Plan causes agenda crowd-out-~--kills the vote on Iran
Donna Cassata 13 is AP Staff Reporter, “Health care dispute could delay Iran sanctions,” 11-15-13, http://www.morningjournal.com/general-news/20131115/health-care-dispute-could-delay-iran-sanctions, DOA: 1-17-14, y2k

A Senate delay over an unrelated health care issue could be the silver lining for
AND
more time — without new sanctions — to pursue a deal with Iran.

Obama veto solves
Carol E. Lee and Jay Solomon, Dec. 19, 2013, Obama Issues Rare Veto Threat on Iran Bill, Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304866904579268611658114286

The White House issued a rare veto threat in response to a bipartisan Senate bill
AND
half of the lawmakers sponsoring the new bill are from his own party. 

No spill-over-~--loser’s lose is wrong
Brian Beutler 13 is Salon staff writer, 9/9/13, GOP’s massive new lie: The truth about Obama’s second term , www.salon.com/2013/09/09/syria_wont_derail_obamas_second_term_house_republicans_will/ DOA: 1-2-14, y2k

When President Obama decided to seek authorization to bomb Syria, he didn’t just throw
AND
or a farm bill, or a budget deal, or anything else.

No prolif
James Conca, 10/13/2013
Contributor, Iran’s Dangerous Nuclear Bluf, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesconca/2013/10/13/irans-dangerous-nuclear-bluff/

President Obama’s historic phone conversation with Iran’s new President Hassan Rouhani sure made the meetings
AND
decided to actually make a weapon, just to make everyone think they could

No Israeli strikes-~--politics have changed
Mark Landler ‘13 NYT Reporter, "A Goal for Obama in Israel: Finding Some Overlap on Iran," March 18, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/middleeast/obama-in-israel-visit-to-seek-common-ground-with-netanyahu-on-iran.html?pagewanted=1andnl=todaysheadlinesandemc=edit_th_20130319
Some analysts believe that Mr. Obama now holds the upper hand, in part
AND
ministers are likely to vote in favor of unilateral action, analysts said.

US-pakistan relations check Iran
Richard Javad Heydarian, December 23, 2011.
(foreign affairs analyst ) The Fading U.S.-Pakistan Alliance, Foreign Policy in Focus, http://fpif.org/the_fading_us-pakistan_alliance/

Recent years have also witnessed an increasingly cozy relationship between Tehran and Islamabad, illustrated
AND
revenues, while Pakistan would be able to address its growing energy needs.

Tournament: Navy | Round: Finals | Opponent: GTown BL | Judge: Kyla Sommers, Sean Lowry, Austin Woodruff
The PQD is dead
Gwynne Skinner 8/23 is Professor of Law @ Willamette, “Misunderstood, Misconstrued, and Now Clearly Dead: The 'Political Question Doctrine' in Cases Arising in the Context of Foreign Affairs,” papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2315237, DOA: 1-16-14, y2k

Lower federal courts often erroneously cite the “political question doctrine” to dismiss as
AND
President in the area of foreign affairs rather than finding the claim nonjusticiable.
Precedent has been already set---every court upheld FISA model as not violating PQD---means no spillover
U.S. v. BENKAHLA 6 NO. 1:06CR9(JCC). 437 F.Supp.2d 541 (2006) UNITED STATES of America, v. Sabri BENKAHLA, Defendant. United States District Court, E.D. Virginia, Alexandria Division. May 17, 2006. John A. Keats, Law Offices of John A. Keats, Fairfax, VA, for Sabri Benkahla. Gordon D. Kromberg, United States Attorney's Office, Alexandria, VA, for USA. http://www.leagle.com/decision/2006978437FSupp2d541_1924, DOA: 1-16-14, y2k

Fourth, Defendant argues that FISA violates the Equal Protection Clause by creating an unreasonable
AND
suppress all evidence derived from any searches and surveillance conducted pursuant to FISA.

Plan doesn’t affect regular judicial process---limited jurisdiction
Garrett Epps 13 is a former reporter for The Washington Post, is a novelist and legal scholar. He teaches courses in constitutional law and creative writing for law students at the University of Baltimore and lives in Washington, D.C. His new book is American Epic: Reading the U.S. Constitution. “Why a Secret Court Won't Solve the Drone-Strike Problem,” 2-16-13, http://www.thea-tlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/02/why-a-secret-court-wont-solve-the-drone-strike-problem/273246/ DOA: 1-15-14, y2k

Look up: that buzz you hear overhead is the "drone court." Washington's
AND
the shire reeve he can hunt someone down and kill him without trial.
No precedent spill-over
Roy Flemming 00 is Texas AandM University political science professor, "Majority Rule or Minority Will: Adherence to Precedence on the U.S.Supreme Court," Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol 33, No. 2, jstor, 

In the United States, proponents of legal realism in its various forms have continuously
AND
as the sampling procedure was the identification of the progeny of precedentsetting cases.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: John Katsulas
US disengaging relations with Saudi Arabia
Bremmer, 13 Ian Bremmer is the president of Eurasia Group, the leading global political risk research and consulting firm. Bremmer created Wall Street's first global political risk index Why Saudi Arabia and the United States don’t see eye-to-eye in the Middle East http://blogs.reuters.com/ian-bremmer/2013/12/30/why-saudi-arabia-and-the-u-s-dont-see-eye-to-eye-in-the-middle-east/ date accessed 13 Jan 2014 dtc

First, America’s track record in the Middle East in recent years has sowed distrust
AND
to an aligned United States and Saudi Arabia. An Iranian deal would und
ercut Saudi Arabia’s leadership over fellow Gulf States, as other Gulf Cooperation Council (
AND
mess — and it’s not the one the Americans are leaving them with.

Saudi Arabia won’t go nuclear AND relations resilient
Gawdat Bahgat 11 is a professor at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, National Defense University, Washington, DC. “A Nuclear Arms Race in the Middle East: Myth or Reality?” accessed 10/18/11 at  Mediterranean Quarterly 2011 Volume 22, Number 1: 27-40 

The analysis of regional security threats to Saudi Arabia suggests three  conclusions. First,
AND
projected to remain the main source of energy in the next few decades.
No Saudi Prolif
Miklos 13 Timothy, nd year M.A. student at the Elliott School of International Affairs in Security Policy Studies with a focus on nuclear weapons. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Political Science from the University of Michigan. Iran Proliferation Triggering a Nuclear Domino Effect in the Middle East: An Unrealistic Scenario http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/468 Accessed 7/15/2013 DMW

Saudi Arabia has virtually no domestic nuclear infrastructure, resources, or knowledge base to
AND
finding the U.S. nuclear umbrella a “more attractive offer.”
No arms race
Jones 2/18/2013 Peter, ¶ Associate professor in the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Ottawa Rapid nuclear proliferation doesn't happen;, LexisNexis, 7/20/2013 DMW

It's a good narrative for those who want to attack Iran, but history shows
AND
might otherwise be a hard sell to a war-weary American public.

Decreased US-Pakistan relations leads to nuclear proliferation
Isobel Coleman, May 17, 2011
(enior Fellow and Director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Initiative; Director of the Women and Foreign Policy Program, CFR) Should U.S. Continue Aid to Pakistan? Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/should-us-continue-aid-pakistan/p25015

As tensions escalate between the two countries, demands across the United States are growing
AND
also continued an aggressive nuclear program too, complete with disastrous global proliferation.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern HR | Judge: Neil Butt
No compromise-~--multiple reasons
WSJ 9/18 Wall Street Journal, “Partisan Fiscal Posturing Distracts From Deeper Problems Likely Showdowns Over Budget, Debt Ceiling Loom,” 9-18-13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324807704579082631837430594.html, DOA: 9-19-13, y2k

With less than two weeks left before the new fiscal year begins, attention is
AND
Keystone XL oil pipeline, which has been held up amid environmental concerns.
Ununderlines-~--Ted Cruz and McCain--

Government shutdown is inevitable-~--BUT that bolsters Obama’s PC-~--key to resolving future budget agreement.
Ungar 9/19 Rick Ungar is Contributor to the Forbes, “Government Shut Down Likely To Actually Happen This Time,” 9-19-13, http://www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2013/09/19/government-shut-down-likely-to-actually-happen-this-time/print/ DOA: 9-19-13, y2k

So it goes with modern government in the United States and its own version of
AND
being the grown-ups that will get the government functioning once again.

Shutdown supercharges Obama’s PC for debt ceiling fight-~--key to preventing default.
Scheiber 9/15 Noam Scheiber is a senior editor at The New Republic. “This Time There Really Will Be a Government Shutdown
And thatand#39;s not all bad,” 9-15-13, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/114728/boehner-and-obama-cant-avoid-government-shutdown, DOA: 9-18-13, y2k

Suffice it to say, it’s hard to do a deal when the only thing
AND
A little bit of shutdown, I’d wager, goes a long way. 

Shutdown will be manageable, but hitting the debt ceiling collapses economy
Yglesias 13 Matthew Yglesias is Slateand#39;s business and economics correspondent. Before joining the magazine he worked for ThinkProgress, the Atlantic, TPM Media, and the American Prospect. “What if Congress Doesn’t Raise the Debt Ceiling?” 1-16-13, http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/01/debt_ceiling_showdown_what_happens_if_congress_and_president_obama_don_t.html, DOA: 9-12-13, y2k

What exactly will happen if Congress and the Obama administration don’t reach an agreement to
AND
, raising the debt ceiling, and moving on to fighting about appropriations.

Shutdown is fine-~--debt ceiling collapse is bad
Taylor 9/20 Andrew Taylor is AP Staff Reporter, “HEREand#39;S THE TRUTH: THE GOVERNMENT DOESNand#39;T SHUT DOWN,” 9-20-13, http://www.denverpost.com/nationalpolitics/ci_24138862/heres-truth-government-doesnt-shut-down, DOA: 9-20-13, y2k

Hereand#39;s the truth about a government and#34;shutdown.and#34; The government doesnand#39;t shut down.
AND
has to rely on cash coming in to pay whatever bills it can.

No time trade-off link.
Hoekstra 9/16 Republican Pete Hoekstra represented Michiganand#39;s 2nd congressional district from 1993 to 2011 in the House of Representatives. He is the former chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. “Why canand#39;t Congress master the simple art of multi-tasking?” 9-16-13, http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2013/09/16/why-cant-congress-master-simple-art-multi-tasking/#ixzz2f4J3IupC, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k

It’s almost surreal to imagine a time when a government so sharply divided between Republicans
AND
more prosperous America. It happened before, and it can happen again.

No econ impact
Jervis 11 Robert Jervis, Professor in the Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, December 2011, “Force in Our Times,” Survival, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 403-425

Even if war is still seen as evil, the security community could be dissolved
AND
times bring about greater economic conflict, it will not make war thinkable.

Economy is resilient
Zumbrun and Varghese 12 Authors for Bloomberg, Joshua and Romy, “Fed’s Plosser Says U.S. Economy Proving Resilient To Shocks”, Bloomberg, 5/9, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-09/fed-s-plosser-says-u-s-economy-proving-resilient-to-shocks.html

Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank President Charles Plosser said the U.S. economy has
AND
dean of the graduate school of business administration at the University of Rochester.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Wake MS | Judge: John Katsulas
Decision-makers will inevitably pursue drone-strategy.
Zenko 13 Micah Zenko is CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council of Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736, Accessed Date: 6-4-13 y2k

Compared to other military tools, the advantages of using drones— particularly, that
AND
more likely policy option compared to capturing suspected militants or other nonmilitary options.

Signature strikes cause targeting mistakes---military votes aff
Greenfield 13 DANYA GREENFIELD is the deputy director of the Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East at the Atlantic Council, where she leads the Yemen Policy Group. “The Case Against Drone Strikes on People Who Only 'Act' Like Terrorists,” 8-19-13, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-case-against-drone-strikes-on-people-who-only-act-like-terrorists/278744/ DOA: 8-26-13, y2k

As Mark Bowden discusses in this month's Atlantic cover story, there is great debate
AND
that strengthens the very groups the U.S. seeks to destroy. 

Prefer consensus---signature strikes strengthens insurgency
Glaser 12 John Glaser, House Members Call on Obama to Legally Justify ‘Signature’ Drone Strikes, 6-13-12, http://news.antiwar.com/2012/06/13/house-members-call-on-obama-to-legally-justify-signature-drone-strikes/ DOA: 9-3-13, y2k

“We are concerned that the use of such ‘signature’ strikes could raise the
AND
. applies its current policy, the stronger Al Qaeda seems to get.”

Low level targets are not a threat to the US and too easily replaced for drones to be effective.
Adam Baron, August 12, 2013
Yemenis exasperated with US focus on beheading Al Qaeda;
(correspondent) With Yemen yet again in the news last week because of the local Al Qaeda group, Yemenis want the US to begin addressing what they consider their real problems. Christian Science Monitor, Lexis

Higher ranking operatives may dominate the minds of those who have cast AQAP as a
AND
, in addition to that, they're very, very easy to replace."

Tournament: GSU | Round: 8 | Opponent: Harvard SX | Judge: Becca Steiner
The role of the ballot is to decide between a topical plan and a competing policy option or the status quo – Their framework is self-serving, moots the 1AC, and destroys policy education. That’s a voter for competitive equity and education. 

Vague or Floating PIC is inevitable especially when they don’t tell you whether they get rid of drones – moots the aff and stable offense impossible.

Evaluating consequentialist policy-making is key to change---their ivory tower criticism fails.
Mellor 13 The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations,
“Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs,” European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13, y2k

This paper will explore the relationship between the just war tradition and the policy world
AND
development of a public conscience through a more general participation in public debate.

Paradigm focus forecloses pragmatic engagement- having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action
Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Perm do both—totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt
Bilgin 5 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.

Admittedly, providing a critique of existing approaches to security, revealing those hidden assumptions
AND
of critical approaches to re-think security in both theory and practice.

Overwhelming consensus of experts conclude threats are real---1 risk is sufficient
Thanassis Cambanis 12 is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k

President Obama and his presumptive challenger Mitt Romney agree on at least one important matter
AND
says. “But if he gets it wrong, we’re in trouble.”

Securitization is inevitable.
Trombetta 8 Maria Julia Trombetta is Postdoctoral Research @ Department of Economics of Infrastructure, Delft University of Technology. “The Securitization of the Environment and the Transformation of Security”, 3-19-8, http://archive.sgir.eu/-uploads/Trombetta-the_securitization_of_the_environment_and_the_transformation_of_security.pdf

Second, within the School’s framework, desecuritization cannot be possible. Securitization in fact
AND
should the sort of his claim be different from that of similar ones?

Apocalyptic predictions avoid a state of permanent emergency. They allow us to reclaim our agency from passivity—future oriented politics is key.
Bindé ’00  (Jérôme, Dir. Analysis and Forecasting Office – UNESCO, Public Culture, “Toward an Ethics of the Future”, 12:1, Project Muse)

An ethics of the future is not an ethics in the future. If tomorrow
AND
To paraphrase a common saying, the future delayed is the future denied.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: Austin Woodruff
Instrumental debate is key to ethical policy change
Mellor 13 The Australian National University, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations,
“Why policy relevance is a moral necessity: Just war theory, impact, and UAVs,” European University Institute, Paper Prepared for BISA Conference 2013, DOA: 8-14-13, y2k

This section of the paper considers more generally the need for just war theorists to
AND
the public engagement and political activism that are necessary for democratic politics.52
No circumvention-~--plan’s specific restrictions solve
Epistemology

Paradigm focus forecloses pragmatic engagement- having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action
Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

State
The powerful will always establish a government because they have an incentive to.
Holcombe 4 Randall G. Holcombe is DeVoe Moore Professor of Economics at Florida State University. The Independent Review, v. VIII, n. 3, Winter 2004, ISSN 1086-1653, 2004, pp. 325–342. “ Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable” accessed 5/27/11 at http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_3_holcombe.pdf 

In the foregoing arguments, I have maintained that although government may not be desirable
AND
want government, but inevitably they will find themselves under government’s jurisdiction.20 

Debating about the state does not mean capitulating to it- discussing government policy creates critical understanding that facilitates resistance against its worst abuses
Donovan and Larkin 6 Clair and Phil, Australian National University, Politics, Vol. 26, No. 1

We do not suggest that political science should merely fall into line with the government
AND
findings to other academics and not the practitioners within the institutions they study.

A2: Governmentality
Democracy checks worst forms of bio-power
Dickinson 4 Edward Dickenson, professor at the University of Cincinnati; “Biopolitics, Facism, Democracy, Central European History;” published in Central European History, Vol. 37, No. 1 2004

Why was Europe’s twentieth century, in addition to being the age of biopolitics and
AND
is a central element of the modern biopolitical complex, on the other.
A2: SV
Nuclear fear is good
Krieger 12 David, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, "Fear of Nuclear Weapons", June 19, www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=371

I was recently asked during an interview whether people fear nuclear weapons too much,
AND
-world dangers is to never give up hope and never stop trying.
Apocalyptic rhetoric spurs successful transformative politics and agency-~--AND-~--It’s not sufficient to trigger their impact.
Sethness 13 Javier Sethness, “Does Preaching Apocalypse Work?” 1-23-13, https://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14059-does-preaching-apocalypse-work, DOA: 9-25-13, y2k

On the other hand, Lilley and company warn that catastrophism, in stressing "
AND
, as Jehan Alonzo rightly observes in his review of the volume.5
Consequentialism is good-~--every study of credible social science proves deontological proclivities are illogical.
Greene 10 Joshua Greene is Associate Professor of the Social Science @ Department of Psychology, Harvard University, “The Secrete Joke of Kant’s Soul, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf, DOA: 9-2-13, y2k

What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question.
War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8¶ Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595¶ Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. ¶ He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political.
Violence is proximately caused- root cause logic is poor scholarship
Sharpe 10 lecturer, philosophy and psychoanalytic studies, and Goucher, senior lecturer, literary and psychoanalytic studies – Deakin University, Matthew and Geoff, Žižek and Politics: An Introduction, p. 231 – 233

We realise that this argument, which we propose as a new ‘quilting’ framework
AND
today pointedly reject Theory’s legitimacy, neither reading it nor taking it seriously.

West Good
Hegemonic system is good-~--they provide no alternative and collapse the western cultural institutions which results in mass violence-~--benevolent heg solves-~--turns the K.
Michael J. Thompson 3 is the founder and editor of Logos and teaches political theory at Hunter College, CUNY. His new book, Islam and the West: Critical Perspectives on Modernity has just been released from Rowman and Littlefield Press. “Iraq, Hegemony and the Question of American Empire,” http://www.logosjournal.com/thompson_iraq.htm, Accessed date: 1-14-13 y2k

It is rare that political debates typically confined to the left will burst into the
AND
can have about his predicament and which cannot be thought of without enthusiasm."

Western values are the only option for human survival
Kors 1 (Alan Charles, Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania, “The West at the Dawn of the 21st Century: Triumph Without Self-Belief,” Volume 2, Number 1, February, http://www.fpri.org/ww/0201.200102.kors.westatdawn.html)

In the final analysis, it is that last trait, the West’s commitment to
AND
applying that knowledge for good to the world in which we find ourselves. 

Security

Threats are real and legitimate-~--rational risk assessment flips aff
Knudsen 1 Olav F. Knudsen is Professor Emeritus of Political Science @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 360

In the post-Cold War period, agenda-setting has been much easier
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

That prevents great power war
Thayer 13—PhD U Chicago, former research fellow at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center, political science professor at Baylor (Bradley, professor in the political science department at Baylor University, “Humans, Not Angels: Reasons to Doubt the Decline of War Thesis”, International Studies Review Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 396–419, September 2013, dml)

Accordingly, while Pinker is sensitive to the importance of power in a domestic context
AND
of relative power changes and not to the benefit of the United States.
No impact turns-~--hegemonic decline emboldens rising power and challengers-~--US intervention is inevitable, only a question of effectiveness.
Stuart Gottlieb 12 is an Adjunct Professor of International Affairs and Public Policy at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs, where he is also an affiliate of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies. He worked as a foreign policy adviser and speechwriter to two senior Democratic senators and has worked on presidential campaigns for both Democratic and Republican candidates. “What if U.S. stops policing the world?” September 19, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/18/opinion/gottlieb-us-retrenchment/index.html, Accessed Date: 4-19-13 y2k
But the question is not whether promises to bring home troops and reduce military spending
AND
. History shows that doing otherwise only raises the stakes down the line.

Alt
The alt’s all-or-nothing choice fails -~-- small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt
Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/wright/Published20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf

5. Waystations The final guideline for discussions of envisioning real utopias concerns the importance
AND
the ideological battle of convincing people that the alternative is credible and desirable;
and second, they enhance the capacity for action of people, increasing their ability
AND
empowering people in ways which enlarge their scope of action in the future.
Alternative can’t change decision-makers
Guzzini 98 Senior Research Fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute and Associate Professor of Political Science, International Relations, and European Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, 1998, Stefano, Realism in International Relations, p. 212

Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible
AND
in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

LeT will initiate attacks-~--prefer our study based on quantitative data analysis
Dilegge 12 Dave Dilegge is Editor-in-Chief of Small Wars Journal and serves as a Director at Small Wars Foundation. He is a retired USMCR Intelligence and Counterintelligence/HUMINT officer, and former USMC civilian intelligence analyst, as well as a defense consultant in the private sector, "University of Maryland Scientists Develop New Methods to Combat Pakistani Terrorist Group Lashkar-e-Taiba," 9-10-12, smallwarsjournal.com/blog/university-of-maryland-scientists-develop-new-methods-to-combat-pakistani-terrorist-group-lashk, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k

Effectively reducing the likelihood and intensity of attacks by the Pakistani terrorist group Lashkar-
AND
, Aaron Mannes, Amy Sliva, Jana Shakarian, and John Dickerson.
Expert prediction is true-~--no link to their terror talk argument
Exum 12 Andrew Exum is a Senior Fellow with the Center for a New American Security. A native of East Tennessee, Exum was educated in Philadelphia, Beirut and London. From 2000 until 2004, Exum served on active duty in the U.S. Army. He led a platoon of light infantry in Kuwait and Afghanistan in 2001 and 2002 and later led a platoon of Army Rangers in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Exum returned to Afghanistan in 2009 to serve as an advisor to Gen. Stanley McChrystal and subsequently participated in an assessment conducted for Gen. David Petraeus in 2010. Exum served as a subject matter expert on Egypt and the Levant for the 2008-2009 CENTCOM Assessment Team. Exum earned a B.A. in classics and English literature from the University of Pennsylvania in 2000 and received the Cane Award upon graduation. He later earned an M.A. in Middle Eastern Studies from the American University of Beirut and a Ph.D. in War Studies from the University of London. Exum has also formally studied in Cairo, Paris and Tangier. Exum aims to engage in conversations with his readers through social media. While on a one-year fellowship at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Exum started a blog on small wars and insurgencies, Abu Muqawama, that he continues to edit at CNAS. Exum was also named by Foreign Policy magazine as one of the top 100 voices in foreign policy on Twitter. Exum is a member of the American Political Science Association, the Middle East Studies Association, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars. He is a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations. “On Terrorism Experts,” 3-27-12, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/abumuqawama/2012/03/terrorism-experts.html, DOA: 8-29-13, y2k

As those of you who follow my Twitter feed know, I have been drawn
AND
Glenn Greenwald what's what about due process or Constitutional law, do you? 

A2: Erikson

Erikson concludes Chinese drone usage is likely
Erikson and Strange 13 Andrew Erickson is associate professor at the Naval War College and Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre—AND—Austin Strange is a researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute and graduate student at Zhejiang University, “China has drones. Now how will it use them? Foreign Affairs, McClatchy-Tribune, 29 May 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html

Yet there is a reason why the United States has employed drones extensively despite domestic
AND
of Japan and the United States, as well as in the Indian Ocean

A2: Pan
China’s expansion to South China Sea is rooted in historical national identity — the alternative is naiive
Prabhakar 11 Dr.W.Lawrence S.,  Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India; Adjunct Senior Fellow, Centre for Asian Strategic Studies, New Delhi, India; Guest Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras., “ The Evolving Geopolitics in the South China Sea”, PDF
Sovereignty Concerns and the apprehension of sovereignty violations by contending states both regional and extra
AND
and aerial staging points in a sea of contending territorial and resources disputes. 

Self-fulfilling prophecy is wrong and they cause extinction
Blumenthal et al 11 ( Dan Blumenthal is a current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, where he directs efforts to monitor, investigate, and provide recommendations on the national security implications of the economic relationship between the two countries. “Avoiding Armageddon with China” http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/09/06/avoiding_armageddon_with_china?wpisrc=obinsite)  
The balancing and hedging strategy should involve options to avoid what Traub rightfully describes as
AND
quo. Not doing so, we fear, would lead to Armageddon.
Scenario planning’s uniquely key to effective China policy
Richard Weitz 1, Member of the research staff at the Center for Strategic Studies, CNAC Corporation, January 24, Journal of Strategic Studies, 24:3, 19-48

The most prominent international security issue today among Washington foreign policy makers and international relations
AND
. Planners also must review them periodically to ensure their continued utility.5

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Matt Struth
You should calculate and evaluate consequences
Greene 10 Joshua Greene is Associate Professor of the Social Science @ Department of Psychology, Harvard University, “The Secrete Joke of Kant’s Soul, www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/lchang/material/Evolutionary/Developmental/Greene-KantSoul.pdf, DOA: 9-2-13, y2k

What turn-of-the-millennium science is telling us is that human
AND
religion, they don’t really explain what’s distinctive about the philosophy in question.
War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8¶ Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595¶ Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. ¶ He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political.
Nuclear war outweighs
Folk 78 Folk, Prof of Religious and Peace Studies at Bethany College, Jerry, “Peace Educations – Peace Studies: Towards an Integrated Approach,” Peace and Change, Vol. V, No. 1, spring, P. 58

Those proponents of the positive peace approach who reject out of hand the work of
AND
who view the field essentially from the point of view of negative peace.
Death numbing is backwards-~--affirming fear of extinction is key to overcome powerlessness
Macy 2K Joanna Macy, adjunct professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies, 2000, Environmental Discourse and Practice: A Reader, p. 243

The move to a wider ecological sense of self is in large part a function
AND
its boundaries, that it is so small and needy that we must endlessly
Apocalyptic imagery fosters an empathic shift towards progressive political ends
Recuber 11 Timothy Recuber is a doctoral candidate in sociology at the Graduate Center of the City. University of New York. He has taught at Hunter College in Manhattan "CONSUMING CATASTROPHE: AUTHENTICITY AND EMOTION IN MASS-MEDIATED DISASTER" gradworks.umi.com/3477831.pdf

Perhaps, then, what distant consumers express when they sit glued to the television
AND
we must advocate on a daily basis, not only when disaster strikes.
Link is self-correcting-~--Depictions of death and injustice sparks anger that is needed to mobilize activism
Adams 86 (David, Former Director of the Unit for the International Year for the Culture of Peace @ the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Former Professor of Psychology, Wesleyan University, and Specialist, Yale on Brain Mechanisms of Aggressive Behavior (“The Role of Anger in the Consciousness Development of Peace Activists” – International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 4)  http://www.culture-of-peace.info/psychophysiology/title-page.html) 

Similarly, the first action of Helen Caldicott was preceded by anger. The following
AND
anger inspires the initial act which consists of writing a letter of protest.
This impact framing is inevitable
Thanassis Cambanis 12 is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k

President Obama and his presumptive challenger Mitt Romney agree on at least one important matter
AND
says. “But if he gets it wrong, we’re in trouble.”

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Oklahoma BC | Judge: Shree Awsare
Your impacts are wrong-~--black life in America has been continually improving-~--their pessimistic view of racial gains becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy that turns the kritik.
Abigail Thernstrom 98 is the vice chairwoman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and as an adjunct scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Stephan Thernstrom is Winthrop Research Professor of History at Harvard University. “Black Progress: How far weand#39;ve come, and how far we have to go” http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/03/spring-affirmativeaction-thernstrom accessed date: 7-18-12 y2k
Letand#39;s start with a few contrasting numbers. 60 and 2.2. In 1940, 60 percent of employed black women worked as domestic servants; today the number is down to 2.2 percent, while 60 percent hold white- collar jobs. 44 and 1. In 1958, 44 percent of whites said they would move if a black family became their next door neighbor; today the figure is 1 percent.
18 and 86. In 1964, the year the great Civil Rights Act was passed, only 18 percent of whites claimed to have a friend who was black; today 86 percent say they do, while 87 percent of blacks assert they have white friends.
Progress is the largely suppressed story of race and race relations over the past half
AND
are white. Almost a third of the black population lives in suburbia.
Because these are facts the media seldom report, the black underclass continues to define
AND
with the optimism, insight, and energy that further progress surely demands.

Macro-political struggle is key-~--the alt results in apathy which cements the status quo.
Best and Kellner 1 Steven Best is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Humanities  @ University of Texas and Douglas, Philosophy of Education Chair – UCLA, “Postmodern Politics and the Battle for the Future,” Illuminations,  http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell28.htm
The emphasis on local struggles and micropower, cultural politics which redefine the political,
AND
that focuses on the forces of domination as well as possibilities of emancipation. 

We should apply the lessons of the past to the problems of the present
Axtell 93 James Axtell, Kenan Professor of Humanities at the College of William and Mary, chaired the American Historical Associationand#39;s Columbus Quincentenary Committee, Historian, Autumn, Vol. 56, Issue 1 1993
We judge the past for at least three important reasons. The first is to
AND
bearings in fantasy and waste our resources and moral energies on false trails.

Rejecting engagement with the presidency contributes to the decline of liberalism and the resurgence of conservative movements
Milkis et. al 13, Sidney M. Milkis is the White Burkett Miller
AND
, Social Movements, and the Transformation of American Politics, Proquest, online

For a time, LBJand#39;s and#34;careful practicalityand#34; and moral leadership made him an
AND
Right than Johnson had been in seeking to leverage the civil rights revolution.

Exclusion

Policy debate isn’t exclusionary and can empower minorities
Bailey 4 Stephen, Fmr Debater at Emory, Email Correspondence with Will Repko, 2-4, http://www.geocities.com/caseyharrigan/bailey.html

Feel free to quote me on this...I think that it is essentializing and
AND
might increase African American participation in the activity, but at what cost?

A2: Slavery

Interventionist stance on war power is good-~--history shows legal solutions are effective
Margulies and Metcalf 11 Joseph Margulies is a Clinical Professor, Northwestern University School of Law. He was counsel of record for the petitioners in Rasul v. Bush and Munaf v. Geren. He now is counsel of record for Abu Zubaydah, for whose torture (termed harsh interrogation by some) Bush Administration officials John Yoo and Jay Bybee wrote authorizing legal opinions. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at workshops at the American Bar Foundation and the 2010 Law and Society Association Conference in Chicago. Hope Metcalf is a Lecturer, Yale Law School. Metcalf is co-counsel for the plaintiffs/petitioners in Padilla v. Rumsfeld, Padilla v. Yoo, Jeppesen v. Mohammed, and Maqaleh v. Obama. She has written numerous amicus briefs in support of petitioners in suits against the government arising out of counterterrorism policies, including in Munaf v. Geren and Boumediene v. Bush. “Terrorizing Academia,” Journal of Legal Education, Volume 60, Number 3 (February 2011), http://www.swlaw.edu/pdfs/jle/jle603jmarguilies.pdf, DOA: 8-24-13, y2k

From the vantage of 2010, it appears the interventionist position—our position—
AND
to believe that law, in an intensely legalistic society, was enough. 

Especially in the context of prison reform or slavery law.
Levi, The Director of the Transgender Rights Project of GLAD, and Shay,
AND
Vol. 29, No. 4,July/Augw;t 2012
In adopting an all or nothing approach,¶ however, Spade fails to acknowledge ways
AND
efforts¶ is to miss the ocean for the tidal pool beside it.

A2: Impact

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8¶ Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595¶ Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. ¶ He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
AND
problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

Preventing nuclear war is the prerequisite to solving systemic impacts
Folk 78 Folk, Prof of Religious and Peace Studies at Bethany College, Jerry, “Peace Educations – Peace Studies: Towards an Integrated Approach,” Peace and Change, Vol. V, No. 1, spring, P. 58

Those proponents of the positive peace approach who reject out of hand the work of
AND
who view the field essentially from the point of view of negative peace.

Mono-causal explanations of white supremacy are counterproductive
Shelby 7 Tommie Shelby, Harvard Professor of African and African American Studies and Professor of Philosophy, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity, 2007, p. 147-8.

Others might challenge the distinction between ideological and structural causes of black disadvantage, on
AND
developments (such as immigration policy or reduced federal funding for higher education.)

A2: Bad Education

The rhetoric of ‘accessibility’ leads to a vacuum of content that empties out academic debates and precludes education – ultimately turning their access claims
Standish 2002 (Paul Standish, Institute for Education and Lifelong Learning, University of Dundee, Disciplining the Profession: subjects subject to procedure.  Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2002)

Unfortunately, the rhetoric of access and lifelong learning, admirable though the underlying aims
AND
have a generation of higher education managers who are themselves none the wiser.
In resistance to the kind of weakening of institutions that is advocated by Fryer,
AND
. This is, in Michael Oakeshottand#39;s phrase, the conversation of mankind.

A2: Fear Politics

Apocalyptic rhetoric spurs successful transformative politics and agency-~--AND-~--It’s not sufficient to trigger their impact.
Sethness 13 Javier Sethness, “Does Preaching Apocalypse Work?” 1-23-13, https://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/14059-does-preaching-apocalypse-work, DOA: 9-25-13, y2k

On the other hand, Lilley and company warn that catastrophism, in stressing and#34;
AND
, as Jehan Alonzo rightly observes in his review of the volume.5

Nuclear fear is good
Krieger 12 David, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, and#34;Fear of Nuclear Weaponsand#34;, June 19, www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=371

I was recently asked during an interview whether people fear nuclear weapons too much,
AND
-world dangers is to never give up hope and never stop trying.

Tournament: Navy | Round: Finals | Opponent: GTown BL | Judge: Kyla Sommers, Sean Lowry, Austin Woodruff
Perm do both---their rigid understanding of law destroys emancipatory politics
Brännström 8 Leila Brännström is Assistant Professor @ Lund University Faculty of Law. “How I learned to stop worrying and use the legal argument: A critique of Giorgio Agamben’s conception of law,” April, 2008, DOA: 8-25-13, y2k

Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer. Sovereign Power and Bare Life (1998 1995),
AND
to a better future are to be found in repressive state-practices.

Liberal legalism is good.
Schureman 6—William E. Scheueman is Professor of Political Science @ Indiana University, Constellations, 13(1), p. 116

Schmitt offers three reasons in support of this view. First, he implicitly relies
AND
such conflicts before an international court or tribunal probably would have failed.22 

Liberalism is good
Eagleton 96 Terry Eagleton is Distinguished Professor of English Literature at the University of Lancaster The Illusions of Postmodernism pp106

Universality is not just an ideological illusion. On the contrary, it is the
AND
, as in the case of the various Christian humanisms of the West.

We control-uniqueness---violence is declining now
Griswold 11 (Daniel Griswold is director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute and author of Mad about Trade: Why Main Street America Should Embrace Globalization. “Free Trade and the Global Middle Class,” Hayek Society Journal Vol. 9, http://www.cato.org/pubs/articles/Hayek-Society-Journal-Griswold.pdf

Our more globalized world has also yielded a “peace dividend.” It may not
AND
and less likely those gains will be destroyed by civil conflict and war.

Tournament: CSUF | Round: 3 | Opponent: CSU Sacramento GF | Judge: Josh Miller
Perm do both---Diagnosis of problems in our methodology fails in the absence of a positive alternative.  Only pragmatic policy options can break this deadlock
Varisco 7 Reading orientalism: said and the unsaid (Google eBook) Dr. Daniel Martin Varisco is chair of anthropology and director of Middle Eastern and Central Asia studies at Hofstra University. He is fluent in Arabic and has lived in the Middle East (Yemen, Egypt, Qatar) for over 5 years since 1978. He has done fieldwork in Yemen, Egypt, Qatar, U.A.E. and Guatemala. 

 In sum, the essential argument of Orientalism is that a pervasive and endemic
AND
sound scholarship of the real Orient that Said so passionately tried to defend.

Representation doesn’t shape reality—it’s the other way around.  
Fram-Cohen 85—Michelle Fram-Cohen is a freelance translator and interpreter between Hebrew and English that has published articles on literature, translation theory, and philosophy, “Reality, Language, Translation: What Makes Translation Possible,” 1985, Paper presented at the American Translators Association Conference, http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/michellefr-amcohen//possibilityoftranslation.html)

The idea that language is created inside one's mind independently of outside experience eliminates the
AND
not by itself provide a sufficient image of modern reality for modern users. 

Expert predictions and analysis is key to effective political discussion---process of debate solves their offense.
Stephen Turner 1 is Professor of Philosophy @ University of South Florida. “What is the problem with Experts?” JSTOR, Accessed date: 12-23-12 y2k

The answer to Fish is to treat the liberal principle of neutrality not as an
AND
be withdrawn and the cognitive authority of experts may collapse, and this sugge

sts something quite different than the idea that liberalism is a kind of self-
AND
claims are legitimate, belies the image of the liberal public as victim.

Paradigm focus forecloses pragmatic engagement- having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action
Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Threats are real and legitimate---rational risk assessment flips aff
Knudsen 1 Olav F. Knudsen is Professor Emeritus of Political Science @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 360

In the post-Cold War period, agenda-setting has been much easier
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

War turns any root cause
Goldstein 1 professor of IR – American University, Joshua S, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa, pg. 412

First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
AND
injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.10

Rejection fails—bureaucratic co-option turns the alt.
Aradau 1—Claudia Aradau is Open University International Studies Lecturer, “Migration the Spiral of (In)Security”, March, 2001, http://linuxtrek1.blogspot.com/2006_02_01_archive.html, Accessed date: 9-7-12 y2k

Desecuritization’ as promoted by both Waever and Huysmans is an impossible project, caught in
AND
relocation of ‘symbolic territories’, conquered by the ‘professionals of security’.

Attaining objective knowledge production on Middle East is still possible---their all-or-nothing approach produces backlash that prevent effective political discussion.
Kamiya 6 Gary Kamiya is a Salon’s Contributing Writer, “How Edward Said took intellectuals for a ride,” 12-6-6, http://www.salon.com/2006/12/06/orientalism/ DOA: 8-30-13, y2k

Said’s book provoked a furious controversy that still rages today. With America trapped in
AND
policy toward the Middle East, we need more Orientalism, not less.

Unmasking the violence of Middle East representations solves nothing – the public at large doesn’t care and would actually call for more violence based on their K
Colla 3 Elliott Colla, Director of Middle East Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies and Professor of Comparative Literature at Brown, 2003, Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 116, EBSCO, DOA: 8-29-13, y2k

Both Chomsky and Ali adhere to models of moral criticism that explain the relationship between
AND
remains mute about the imaginary investments that are thoroughly imbricated in such interests.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern HR | Judge: Neil Butt
The role of the ballot is to decide between a topical plan and a competing policy option or the status quo – Their framework is self-serving, moots the 1AC, and destroys policy education. That’s a voter for competitive equity and education. Vague or Floating PIC is inevitable especially when they don’t tell you whether they get rid of drones – moots the aff and stable offense impossible.

We can apply infinite perspectives to reach the best solution – don’t throw out expertism without evaluating its usefulness
Kathleen Higgins, University of Texas-Austin, Philosophy Professor, Winter 2013, Post-Truth Pluralism: The Unlikely Political Wisdom of Friedrich Nietzche, Kindle

Progressives are right that we live increasingly in a post-truth era, but
AND
can agree to disagree and still engage in pragmatic action in the World.

Perm do both—totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt—engagement is critical to de-securitization.
Bilgin 5 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.

Admittedly, providing a critique of existing approaches to security, revealing those hidden assumptions
AND
of critical approaches to re-think security in both theory and practice.

Threats are real and legitimate-~--rational risk assessment flips aff
Knudsen 1 Olav F. Knudsen is Professor Emeritus of Political Science @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 360

In the post-Cold War period, agenda-setting has been much easier
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.

Paradigm focus forecloses pragmatic engagement- having “good enough knowledge” is a sufficient condition for action
Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.

Securitization is inevitable.
Trombetta 8 Maria Julia Trombetta is Postdoctoral Research @ Department of Economics of Infrastructure, Delft University of Technology. “The Securitization of the Environment and the Transformation of Security”, 3-19-8, http://archive.sgir.eu/-uploads/Trombetta-the_securitization_of_the_environment_and_the_transformation_of_security.pdf

Second, within the School’s framework, desecuritization cannot be possible. Securitization in fact
AND
should the sort of his claim be different from that of similar ones?

There’s no root cause, but their logic perpetuates the impact that they try to solve
Larrivee 10— PF ECONOMICS AT MOUNT ST MARY’S UNIVERSITY – MASTERS FROM THE HARVARD KENNEDY SCHOOL AND PHD IN ECONOMICS FROM WISCONSIN, 10 JOHN, A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MORAL ANALYSIS OF MARKETS, 10/1, http://www.teacheconomicfreedom.org/files/larrivee-paper-1.pdf 

The Second Focal Point: Moral, Social, and Cultural Issues of Capitalism Logical
AND
problems in the first place, at least not to the degree theorized.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Keegan Tomik
No prior question
Kratochwil 8 professor of international relations, European University Institute, Friedrich, “The Puzzles of Politics,” pg. 200-213

The lesson seems clear. Even at the danger of “fuzzy boundaries”, when
AND
Besides, “timing” seems to be quite recalcitrant to analytical treatment.
Perm do both—totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt—engagement is critical to de-securitization.
Bilgin 5 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.

Admittedly, providing a critique of existing approaches to security, revealing those hidden assumptions
AND
of critical approaches to re-think security in both theory and practice.
Threats are real and legitimate---rational risk assessment flips aff
Knudsen 1 Olav F. Knudsen is Professor Emeritus of Political Science @ Södertörn Univ College, Security Dialogue 32.3, “Post-Copenhagen Security Studies: Desecuritizing  Securitization,” p. 360

In the post-Cold War period, agenda-setting has been much easier
AND
instance), not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them.
Linear prediction is possible and sufficient—acting within the system reduces uncertainty.
David Levy 4 is University of Massachusetts Chair of Management. “Applications and Limitations of Complexity Theory in Organization Theory and Strategy,” November 19, 2004, http://www.faculty.umb.edu/david_levy/complex00.pdf,  Accessed date: 10-31-12 y2k

Despite its attractions, the application of complexity theory to the social sciences is still
AND
1990), ensure that behavior is nonchaotic by reducing variability throughout the system.
Scenario planning is good
Fitzsimmons 7 Michael, “The Problem of Uncertainty in Strategic Planning”, Survival, Winter 06/07

But handling even this weaker form of uncertainty is still quite challeng-  ing.
AND
, such decisions may be poorly understood by the decision-makers  themselves.
No risk of lashout
Kaufman 9 Prof Poli Sci and IR – U Delaware, Stuart J, “Narratives and Symbols in Violent Mobilization: The Palestinian-Israeli Case,” Security Studies 18:3, 400 – 434

Even when hostile narratives, group fears, and opportunity are strongly present, war
AND
and opportunity spur hostile attitudes, chauvinist mobilization, and a security dilemma.
Securitization is inevitable.
Trombetta 8 Maria Julia Trombetta is Postdoctoral Research @ Department of Economics of Infrastructure, Delft University of Technology. “The Securitization of the Environment and the Transformation of Security”, 3-19-8, http://archive.sgir.eu/-uploads/Trombetta-the_securitization_of_the_environment_and_the_transformation_of_security.pdf

Second, within the School’s framework, desecuritization cannot be possible. Securitization in fact
AND
should the sort of his claim be different from that of similar ones?
Can’t change the mind of decisionmaker
Guzzini 98 Senior Research Fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute and Associate Professor of Political Science, International Relations, and European Studies at the Central European University in Budapest, 1998, Stefano, Realism in International Relations, p. 212

Therefore, in a third step, this chapter also claims that it is impossible
AND
in the name although not always necessarily in the spirit, of realism.

Rejection fails—bureaucratic co-option turns the alt.
Aradau 1—Claudia Aradau is Open University International Studies Lecturer, “Migration the Spiral of (In)Security”, March, 2001, http://linuxtrek1.blogspot.com/2006_02_01_archive.html, Accessed date: 9-7-12 y2k

Desecuritization’ as promoted by both Waever and Huysmans is an impossible project, caught in
AND
relocation of ‘symbolic territories’, conquered by the ‘professionals of security’.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Fresno State HT | Judge: Bill Shannahan
Case

Our model of education doesn’t trade off with personal convictions, but it does make debaters stronger advocates- our framework allows debaters to speak from their subject location as long as they do it to defend a topical policy.
Hodson 9 professor of education – Ontario Institute for Studies @ University of Toronto, Derek, “Towards an Action-oriented Science Curriculum,” Journal for Activist Science and Technology Education, Vol. 1, No. 1¶ note: SSI = socioscientific issues

Politicization of science education can be achieved by giving students the opportunity to confront real
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assist students in reaching tentative solutions about where they stand on key SSI. 

Nuclear fear is good
Krieger 12 David, President of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, and#34;Fear of Nuclear Weaponsand#34;, June 19, www.wagingpeace.org/articles/db_article.php?article_id=371

I was recently asked during an interview whether people fear nuclear weapons too much,
AND
-world dangers is to never give up hope and never stop trying.

Preventing nuclear war is the prerequisite to solving systemic impacts
Folk 78 Folk, Prof of Religious and Peace Studies at Bethany College, Jerry, “Peace Educations – Peace Studies: Towards an Integrated Approach,” Peace and Change, Vol. V, No. 1, spring, P. 58

Those proponents of the positive peace approach who reject out of hand the work of
AND
who view the field essentially from the point of view of negative peace.

War turns structural violence
Bulloch 8¶ Millennium - Journal of International Studies May 2008 vol. 36 no. 3 575-595¶ Douglas Bulloch, IR Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. ¶ He is currently completing his PhD in International Relations at the London School of Economics, during which time he spent a year editing Millennium: Journal of International Studies 

 But the idea that poverty and peace are directly related presupposes that wealth inequalities
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problems as fundamentally economic rather than deeply – and potentially radically – political. 

FW

Structural inequality improving
Currie 8 Duncan Currie is managing editor of THE AMERICAN, Speechwriter and Policy Advisor in U.S. Senate, Office of Senator John Cornyn, Editorial Director at The George W. Bush Institute, Deputy Managing Editor at National Review, Managing Editor at The American Enterprise Institute, Harvard University, http://www.american.com/archive/2008/november-11-08/the-long-march-of-racial-progress/

Measuring racial progress is all about perspective. Since Appomattox, the struggle for racial
AND
, about 14 percent of young black husbands were married to white women.”

Reformism

State Reformism is empirically more successful than “revolutionary” refusal
Kazin 11 (Michael, History @ Georgetown, Has the US Left Made a Difference, Dissent Spring p. 52-54)

But when political radicals made a big difference, they generally did so as decidedly
AND
…are too much to live up to and too much to escape.” 

The alt’s all-or-nothing choice fails -~-- small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt
Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/wright/Published20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf

5. Waystations The final guideline for discussions of envisioning real utopias concerns the importance
AND
the ideological battle of convincing people that the alternative is credible and desirable;
and second, they enhance the capacity for action of people, increasing their ability
AND
empowering people in ways which enlarge their scope of action in the future.

Link

We can apply infinite perspectives to reach the best solution – don’t throw out expertism without evaluating its usefulness
Kathleen Higgins, University of Texas-Austin, Philosophy Professor, Winter 2013, Post-Truth Pluralism: The Unlikely Political Wisdom of Friedrich Nietzche, Kindle

Progressives are right that we live increasingly in a post-truth era, but
AND
can agree to disagree and still engage in pragmatic action in the World.

De-personalized advocacy is necessary for effective deliberation
Warren 6 Professor of Political Theory at the University of British Columbia, Mark E., “What Should and Should Not Be Said: Deliberating Sensitive Issues” JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 37 No. 2, Summer 2006, 163–181, accessed date: 4-8-12 y2k

What follows is something we all know: argument and persuasion require maturity and tact
AND
readily drawn to silence or battle than to the tougher option of deliberation.

Change outside the state is temporary- only engaging institutions produces lasting remedies
Milbrath 96 Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Sociology at SUNY Buffalo, Lester W., Building Sustainable Societies, Ed. Pirages, p. 289

In some respects personal change cannot be separated from societal change. Societal transformation will
AND
must, pleading with individuals to change is not likely to be effective.

Personal focus causes complacency- strengthens status quo
Tonn 5 Tonn, Mari Boor, Professor of Communications at the University of Maryland, Fall 2005, “Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Vol. 8, Issue 3, Fall

Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational, personal,
AND
conversation and dialogue into the public realm can foster and sustain such problems. 

Focus on standpoint relies reinforces the grounds of privilege and turns case
Cosgrove 3 Lisa, “Feminism, Postmodernism, and Psychological Research” Hypatia vol 18, no 3, Fall 2003, project muse

Perhaps the best example of how feminists may inadvertently reproduce and reinforce the “false
AND
feminism or our commitment to try and understand the meaning of women’s experiences. 

The rhetoric of ‘accessibility’ leads to a vacuum of content that empties out academic debates and precludes education – ultimately turning their access claims
Standish 2002 (Paul Standish, Institute for Education and Lifelong Learning, University of Dundee, Disciplining the Profession: subjects subject to procedure.  Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2002)

Unfortunately, the rhetoric of access and lifelong learning, admirable though the underlying aims
AND
have a generation of higher education managers who are themselves none the wiser.
In resistance to the kind of weakening of institutions that is advocated by Fryer,
AND
. This is, in Michael Oakeshottand#39;s phrase, the conversation of mankind.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Mary Washington MP | Judge: Carly Wunderlich
Presidential war powers is exercised power – not legal war power
Ides 84 Associate Professor, Loyola University of LA Law School (Allan, "Congress, Constitutional Responsibility, and the War Power," Loyola of LA Law Review, v. 17, pp. 599-600)
Congress, as a practical matter, retains only a small residuum of its constitutionally
AND
current allocations of war making authority ought to be cause for deep concern.
Authority is power delegated to an agent.
Kelly 2003
Judge for the State of Michigan, JOSEPH ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and LULA ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee, v. FORD MOTOR COMPANY and DANIEL P. BENNETT, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants., No. 236749, COURT OF APPEALS OF MICHIGAN, 259 Mich. App. 187; 673 N.W.2d 776; 2003 Mich. App. LEXIS 2649; 93 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 244; 92 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1557, lexisjap
Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done
AND
be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
Increase doesn’t require pre-existence
Reinhardt, US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, circuit judge, 1-25-2006
Stephen, "Jason Ray REYNOLDS; Matthew Rausch, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HARTFORD FINANCIAL SERVICES GROUP, INC.; Hartford Fire Insurance Company, Defendants-Appellees. Ajene Edo, Plaintiff-Appellant," http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/435/435.F3d.1081.03-35695.04-35279.html, accessed 8-1-10, 

Specifically, we must decide whether charging a higher price for initial insurance than the
AND
which a company raises the rate that an individual has previously been charged.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 7 | Opponent: Liberty BM | Judge: Keegan Tomik
We meet---Plan functionally bans all area---drone strikes are 95 of Targeted killing
Zenko 13 Micah Zenko is CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action, “Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies,” January, Council of Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/wars-and-warfare/reforming-us-drone-strike-policies/p29736, Accessed Date: 6-4-13 y2k

Compared to other military tools, the advantages of using drones— particularly, that
AND
more likely policy option compared to capturing suspected militants or other nonmilitary options.

Counter-interpretation:

A) “In the area of” means a ceratin scope
Elizabeth Miura 12, China Presentation, prezi.com/tccgenlw25so/chin165a-final-presentation/
"in the area of" refers to a certain scope

B) Substantially means the main
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 2009
"Substantially," http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=79480anddict=CALD, 

substantial (GENERAL)   Show phonetics
adjective before noun FORMAL
relating to the main or most important things being considered:
The committee were in substantial agreement (= agreed about most of the things discussed).

Tournament: Navy | Round: Finals | Opponent: GTown BL | Judge: Kyla Sommers, Sean Lowry, Austin Woodruff
We meet---plan restricts the authority to authorize without judicial permission
John C. Eastman 6, Prof of Law at Chapman University, PhD in Government from the Claremont Graduate University, served as the Director of Congressional and Public Affairs at the United States Commission on Civil Rights during the Reagan administration, “Be Very Wary of Restricting President's Power,” Feb 21 2006, http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.467/pub_detail.asp
Prof. Epstein challenges the president's claim of inherent power by noting that the word
AND
. This authority has been exercised by every wartime president since George Washington.
AND- Drone court puts a restriction
Amos Guiora 12 is Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Center for Global Justice at the S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, and a Research Fellow at the International Institute of Counter-Terrorism in Herzliya, Israel. “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, VOL. 45, 2012, DOA: 1-12-14, y2k
To re-phrase, this strict scrutiny test seeks to strike a balance by
AND
conducted in accordance with the rule of law and morality in armed conflict.
C/I --- Restriction is limitation, NOT prohibition
CAC 12 COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINAL CANNABIS COLLECTIVE et al., Defendants and Appellants, DIVISION ONE, 207 Cal. App. 4th 601; 143 Cal. Rptr. 3d 716; 2012 Cal. App. LEXIS 772
We disagree with County that in using the phrases “further restrict the location or
AND
and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northwestern HR | Judge: Neil Butt
We meet-~--Signature strikes are targeted killing
Sledge 13 Matt Sledge is Huffington Post Staff, “Drone and#39;Signature Strikeand#39; Witness Responds To Obama Speech: and#39;I Donand#39;t Trust A Single Word,and#39;” 06/19/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/drone-signature-strike_n_3421586.html

Such so-called and#34;signature strikesand#34; are one of the most controversial practices
AND
that drones sometimes make mistakes, but said their work must carry on.

Counter-interpretation-~--Targeted killing is the premeditated killing of suspected terrorist targets-~--no aff could meet their interp in the real world.
Zilinskas 8 Justinas Žilinskas is Member at International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission Lithuania Education Management, “TARGETED KILLING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW,” DOA: 9-18-13, y2k

2.3. Targeted Killing 2.3.1. Two elements This
AND
/persons) suspected of terrorism, with explicit or implicit governmental approval’.

Prefer our interpretation:

1) Drone strikes is the core aff-~--their interpretation over-limits and jacks aff ground.
Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k

The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA
AND
killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11

2) Limits explosion is inevitable-~--definition of targeted killing doesn’t exist-~--prefer contextual interp.
Sell 12 Daniel Sell, B.A. in History, Capital University, 2004; M.A. in Slavic and East European Studies, The Ohio State
University, 2008; J.D. Candidate, Capital University Law School, May 2013, “The United States’ Policy of Targeted Killing and the Use of Force: Another Exception to the United Nation’s Use of Force Regime, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2167770, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k

A. Defining “Targeted Killing” One overarching problem that exists when writing on
AND
gunships, drones, the use of car bombs, and poison.”33

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Matt Struth
2AC T – Signature Strike

Signature strikes allow for specific targeting-~--solves your offense.
William 13 Williams, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Islamic studies professor 5-31-13 Brian Glyn, “Inside the Murky World of 'Signature Strikes' and the Killing of Americans With Drones” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-glyn-williams/nside-the-murky-world-of-_b_3367780.html, accessed 1-7-14, y2k

An explanation of the difference between a "signature strike" and "personality strike
AND
vehicles of militants or compounds, eavesdropping on cell phone conversations, etc.).

Counter-interpretation-~--Targeted killing is the premeditated killing of suspected terrorist targets
Zilinskas 8 Justinas Žilinskas is Member at International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission Lithuania Education Management, “TARGETED KILLING UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW,” DOA: 9-18-13, y2k

2.3. Targeted Killing 2.3.1. Two elements This
AND
/persons) suspected of terrorism, with explicit or implicit governmental approval’.

1) Signature strikes are the core aff-~--their interpretation over-limits and jacks aff ground.
Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k

The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA
AND
killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11

2) Limits explosion is inevitable-~--definition of targeted killing doesn’t exist-~--you should prefer real-world and contextual interpretation.
Sell 12 Daniel Sell, B.A. in History, Capital University, 2004; M.A. in Slavic and East European Studies, The Ohio State
University, 2008; J.D. Candidate, Capital University Law School, May 2013, “The United States’ Policy of Targeted Killing and the Use of Force: Another Exception to the United Nation’s Use of Force Regime, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2167770, DOA: 9-16-13, y2k

A. Defining “Targeted Killing” One overarching problem that exists when writing on
AND
gunships, drones, the use of car bombs, and poison.”33

Tournament: Navy | Round: 2 | Opponent: JMU LM | Judge: Matt Struth
Counter interp- war powers include Commander in Chief powers
Doug Linder, 2013
(Constitutional law professor at University of Missouri, Kansas City, received his J.D. from Stanford Law School)War and Treaty Powers, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/warandtreaty.htm

The Constitution divides war powers between the Congress and the President. This division was
AND
threats and in part due to the many-headed nature of Congress.
Prefer it:
A. Ground-~--No aff meets your interp because every war power area is applied differently by the president-~--more relevant for your DA ground because it better reflects the status quo-~--AND They would eliminate signature strikes aff-~--that’s core aff.
Heller 12 Kevin Heller is Senior Lecturer @ Melbourne Law School, “‘One Hell of a Killing Machine’: Signature Strikes and International Law,” Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 634, DOA: 8-21-13, y2k

The available evidence indicates that the vast majority of drone strikes conducted by the CIA
AND
killed in signature strikes reminds him ‘of body counts in Vietnam’.11
B. Over-limit-~--every war power area deal with prohibition on specific tactics-~--they would eliminate ban preemptive strikes or hostilities aff.
Paul Waldman, September 4, 2013
(contributing editor) War Powers for Dummies, The American Prospect, http://prospect.org/article/war-powers-dummies

Not to be annoyingly pedantic, but what you're thinking of is actually the War
AND
the president to make reports to Congress when he does take military action.
AND- Tactics are a key war power authority
Robert McMahon, Sept 1, 2013
Balance of War Powers: The U.S. President and Congress, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/united-states/balance-war-powers-us-president-congress/p13092

The U.S. Constitution empowers the president to wage wars as commander in
AND
two branches to induce them to work together on such a vital issue.