Tournament: Navy | Round: 5 | Opponent: Liberty BJ | Judge: Deverick Murray

Courts have the authority

Fisher, Congressional Research Service Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, 2005,
(Louis, "Judicial Review of the War Power", Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 3, September, Pg. 466, PAS) http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf-http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf 8-15-13

The terrorist attacks of 9/11, followed by the creation of a military
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many times, they have curbed presidential military actions in time of war.

Politics is a net benefit

Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 01
~Gregory Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 2001, Reassessing Judicial Capacity to Resolve Complex Questions of Social Policy, 11 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 127, pg. np~

Elected politicians appear to "pass the buck" to the judiciary when an issue
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question, preferring instead that the judiciary decide whether to eliminate abortion restrictions.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Boston College CM | Judge: Kevin Bertram

The affirmative fundamentally ignores the current socio-political occasion governed by a military metaphysics of violence.  We are in the midst of a neoliberal revolution converging with violence to place all life under the universalizing sign of the permanent war zone. The 1AC constitutes an act of willfully forgetting the task of the intellectual to render violence visible rather than (re)organize the ongoing production of violence.

This debate is a question of competing trajectories of intellectual inquiry - Vote negative to renounce the affirmative's endorsement of scholarship that focuses exclusively on the technocratic administration of war.

Giroux 2013 (Henry A. Giroux, Professor at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University. The Violence of Organized Forgetting, Truthout | Op-Ed.  Monday, 22 July 2013 00:00, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/17647-the-violence-of-organized-forgetting)

I want to argue that the current historical moment or what Stuart Hall calls the
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But historical and public memory is not merely on the side of domination.

Our alternative is to renounce the affirmative…

Any determination of the ballot demands a prior question, one which attends to the unique confinements and constraints of both our current socio-political occasion but also this specific occasion and space of debate.

Bowers 2011 (C.A. Bowers, University of Oregon.  Ecologically and Culturally Informed Educational Reforms in Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies.  Critical Education.  Volume 2 Number 14 December 20, 2011 ISSN 1920-4125)
Classroom teachers and university professors do not have the political and economic power to challenge
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impact on universities that online news has had on the country's traditional newspapers.

Tournament: Navy | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Wake Forest MW | Judge: Austin Woodruff, Linsey Shook, Joseph Autry

A. Uniqueness - Sanctions not passing- key democrats don't want vote

Naiman 1/19 (interview of Robert Naiman, Policy director for just Foreign Policy, Zendanian World News, "AIPAC Still Trying to Torpedo Iran Nuke Deal" 1/19/14 iranian.com/posts/view/post/27085/jumpto/idcomment-43452 date accessed: 1/19/14) TM

NOOR: So, Robert, why is Barack Obama's own party, the Democrats
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cosponsor the bill and Harry Reid doesn't bring it to a vote.¶ ¶ 

B. Link

1. The plan costs capital- congress doesn't want to be held accountable

Noah, Former Slate Staff Writer, 2008,
(Timothy, "Congress Doesn't Want War Powers", Slate, 7-9, PAS) www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2008/07/congress_doesnt_want_war_powers.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/chatterbox/2008/07/congress_doesnt_want_war_powers.html 8-12-13
James Baker and Warren Christopher, two former secretaries of state, have set forth
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actions through the power of the purse. No appropriations, no war.
 

2. Obama political capital key to prevent sanctions - recent talks prove

Tehran Time 1/19 (Tehran Times "Obama urges Senate Democrats to oppose Iran sanctions" 1/19/14 tehrantimes.com/politics/113524-obama-urges-senate-democrats-to-oppose-iran-sanctions- date accessed: 1/19/14) TM

U.S. President Barack Obama met with Senate Democrats at the White House
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nuclear negotiations between the U.S., Iran, and other nations.

C. Impact

1. Sanctions tank the deal – spurs proliferation

Thielmann 1/12 Senators are wrong on tougher Iran sanctions, January 12, 2014, Greg Thielmann, is a senior fellow of the Arms Control Association and a former U.S. Foreign Service officer who later served on the staff of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20140112_Senators_are_wrong_on_tougher_Iran_sanctions.html

Iran and its six negotiating partners (the P5+1) are about to
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already been struck and demanding the impossible for deals yet to be made.

2. Iranian proliferation causes regional nuclear conflict

Edelman et al 11 The Dangers of a Nuclear Iran, The Limits of Containment, Eric S. Edelman, Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr, and Evan Braden Montgomery JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2011, ERIC S. EDELMAN is a Distinguished Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments; he was U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy in 2005-9. ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH is President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. EVAN BRADEN MONTGOMERY is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran

Yet this view is far too sanguine. Above all, it rests on the
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capabilities, raising the possibility of a highly unstable regional nuclear arms race.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Boston College CM | Judge: Kevin Bertram

The drive to secure the future is rooted in a reproductive ideology that inevitably places the Queer body into the periphery – deemed a sexual deviant that threatens normative existence. This politics of affirmation of life ensures the negation of the queer and continuation of heteronormative structures that eliminate all those deemed the "Other."

Schotten 2009
~C. Heike, Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Nietzsche's Revolution: Decadence, Politics, and Sexuality, p. 202-3~jap

What I wonder, instead, is if Lee Edelman offers us one possible way
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" population, an illustration that bolster's Edelmans argument rather than undermines it.

Therefore our alternative is to reject the heteronormativity present in the affirmative – only Rejecting heteronormativity can elucidate and open up discourse. This unveiling of preconceived norms sets the stage for a new politic of refusal and reformation

Chambers 2007
~Samuel A. Chambers, Department of Politics and International Relations, 'An Incalculable Effect': Subversions of Heteronormativity, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2007 VOL 55, 656–679~jap
However,and as I will demonstrate below, heteronormativity cannot be translated into a
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an act of 'discrimination' or 'oppression' that could merely be condemned).

Institutional violence underpins all of our societal institutions - heteronormativity ensures an endless cycle of violence

Yep, Lovaas, and Elia, 2003
~Gust, Karen, and John, Professors @ San Francisco University Journal of Homosexual Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2/3/4 _{pp. 24-25~jap
These are systematic and socially accepted injuries inflicted upon individuals outside of the heteronormative mandate
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in the individual perceptions and experiences and in the social system and institutions.}

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: Liberty KP | Judge: Jordan Foley

Substantial is without material qualifications

Blacks Law Dictionary 1990
~6th Edition~

Essentially; without material qualifications; in the main; in substance; materially, in a substantial manner.  About, actually, competently, and essentially.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 4 | Opponent: Liberty KP | Judge: Jordan Foley

"Armed forces" refers to human members of the military, NOT weapon systems or capabilities

Lorber 13 ~Eric, JD Candidate at University of Pennsylvania Law School, "
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human members of the armed forces, such a conclusion is not determinative.

And hostilities are a situation where US armed forces are exchanging fire with hostile forces – this does not include limited missions, US force exposure is limited, or escalation risk is limited. This definition is predictable – has been followed by the Executive branch for 4 decades.

Koh 2011
~Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Advisor U.S. Department of State, 6/28/11, "Libya and War Powers,"
Testimony Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, http://www.state.gov/s/l/releases/remarks/167250.htm~~23ftn13~~jap-http://www.state.gov/s/l/releases/remarks/167250.htm

In this case, leaders of the current Congress have stressed this very concern in
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these understandings in his legal explanation to Congress on June 15, 2011.

Tournament: James Madison | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Wayne State | Judge: Michael Hall, Shree Awsare, AJ Warne
Hostilities require a full scale armed conflict with sustained operations – we currently don’t have any
Chesney 11
Robert Chesney, Brookings, “Web Chat: Libya and the War Powers Resolution,” 6/22/11) http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2011/06/22-war-powers-resolution-chatjap

12:37 Robert Chesney...of our NATO allies.

Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Army DR | Judge: Joe Leeson Schatz
The Aff must defend all three branches of the federal government 

‘The’ is a mass noun
American Heritage 00

Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic: The wolf is an endangered species.

Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Army DR | Judge: Joe Leeson Schatz
Interpretation - restrictions are prohibitions.
Northglenn 11
City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, “Rules of Construction – Definitions”, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.htmljap

Section 11-5-3. … any permit or license.

Bidirectionality – Absent prohibition they can create conditions that functionally increase authority
Posner 12 (Eric, University of Chicago Law, “Deference to the Executive in the United States After September 11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel”, http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE20TO20THE20EXECUTIVE.pdf)
To see why, consider … would not enter contracts.
4. Limits – The topic is huge – 4 areas times 2 mechanisms all with separate literature and unique advantages – Allowing subsets creates an impossible research burden

Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Army DR | Judge: Joe Leeson Schatz
Interpretation: the affirmative must increase current restrictions on their topic area

A. Definitions-

Increase requires pre-existing entities.
Brown, US District Judge, 7-17-2003
Anna J., UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON, 275 F. Supp. 2d 1307; 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13355, l/n, accessed 8-1-10, mss 

The Fair Credit … a lower price.

WPR is guiding authority over hostilities – every President has sent reports confirming their actions are consistent with it
Grimmett 2012
Richard F. Grimmett, Specialist in International Security, War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33532.pdfjap

Presidents have … under House Documents.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Boston College CM | Judge: Kevin Bertram

The conditions of Guantanamo are nothing more than an expression of the conditions of the larger American prison system. We must refuse to see treatment of prisoners held in Guantanamo as abuses in order to expose the violence of the modern democracy.

Whitmer 6 ~Benjamin Whitmer, professor of Ethnic Studies at The University of Colorado-Boulder, "'Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms' What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us About the American Carceral System," CR: The New Centennial Review 6.1, project muse~cd

In 1975, French prison activist and philosopher Michel Foucault published Discipline and Punish:
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States in mind, the similarities are far more prevalent than the differences.

The conditions of domestic prisons are considered a given in American culture, becoming a "dropping the soap" joke rather than a point of horror while the aff's depictions of secret prisons reinforce the idea that this brutality only happens somewhere else, which creates the silence surrounding domestic prisons – This denial comes from the prison being more than a representation of American society, it is the root of it, expressing and reinforcing American imperialism, racism, and classism

Whitmer 6 ~Benjamin Whitmer, professor of Ethnic Studies at The University of Colorado-Boulder, "'Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms' What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us About the American Carceral System," CR: The New Centennial Review 6.1, project muse~cd

"No Where to Run" By any reasonable standard, the United States has
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they are only to be conceived of as exceptions that prove the rule.

Vote negative to endorse the act of criticism – critique is instrumental to challenge the underlying notions behind law and in our unconscious selves, working against the possibility of replicating the same conditions

Ansah 5 ~Tawia Ansah, .A., M.A., Columbia University; LL.B., University of Toronto; Ph.D., Columbia University.Assistant Professor, New England School of Law, "GENOCIDE AND THE EROTICIZATIONOF DEATH: LAW, VIOLENCE, ANDMORAL PURITY,"   www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/14-2/14-2 Ansah.pdf~cd

Activists and practitioners are impatient 11 with the questions that produce speculative knowledge, holding
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, today?" In other words, what is our investment in genocide?

Tournament: James Madison | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Wayne State | Judge: Michael Hall, Shree Awsare, AJ Warne
The president of the United States should issue an executive order to (plan)

Executive orders solve and avoid politics
Barilleaux and Kelley 10 Ryan J. Professor of Political Science at Miami, OH; and Christopher S. Lecturer (Political Science) at Miami, OH, The Unitary Executive and the Modern Presidency, Texas AandM Press, p. 80, 2010

An executive...the United States.2 )