1AC Virilio 1NC CP Politics Heg DA Ableismcase 2NR Politics case Decision AFF
JMU
2
Opponent: Vanderbilt DN | Judge: Sean Ridley
1AC OCO
1NC Terrorism DA
2AC Case DA
2NC Terrorism DA New Deterrence DA
1NR Deterrence DA
1AR Case Terrorism Deterrence
2NR Terrorism
2AR Case Terror Deterrence
JMU
4
Opponent: Liberty CW | Judge: Joe Keeton
1AC OCO
1NCT Exec Restraint CP Ptix Case
2AC T Case CP Ptix
2NC CP Case
1NR Ptix
1AR Condo Case T CP Ptix
2NR T CP Ptix
2AR Condo Case T CP Ptix
JMU
5
Opponent: Wake MW | Judge: Sean Lowry
1AC OCO
1NC War Fighting DA Case
2AC Case DA
2NC Terrorism DA Case
1NR War Fighting DA Case
1AR Case DA DA
2NR DA DA
2AR Case DA DA
NE Regional
1
Opponent: Rochester PT | Judge: Dan Friedman
1AC - NFU Cyber
1NC - Case
2AC - Case Extensions
2NC - Israeli Lashout DA
1NR - Case
1AR - Case DA
2NR - DA
2AR - Case DA
NE Regional
3
Opponent: Cornell KK | Judge: Trevor Reddick
1AC - NFU Cyber
1NC - Agamben K Ptix (Budget) Case
2AC - Case K Ptix
2NC - K Case
1NR - Ptix
1AR - Case K Ptix
2NR - K
2AR - Case K (theory)
NE Regional
6
Opponent: USMA BN | Judge: Kevin Kauschinger
1AC - NFU Cyber
1NC - UN CP Case
2AC - Case CP
2NC - XO Self Restraint CP Case
1NR - XO Self Restraint CP
1AR - Case CP
2NR - CP Case
2AR - Case CP
Navy
6
Opponent: JMU CP | Judge: Matt Struth
1NC T CP POLITICS DEATH CULT CASE
Navy
1
Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Marie Escenzy
Yemen 1 AC 1NC T CP CP Security K Politicscase 2NR CP politics
Navy
6
Opponent: JMU CP | Judge: Matt Struth
1AC Yemen new morality adv 1NC T CP Politics Death cult case 2NR Death Cult
West Point
6
Opponent: Rutgers EW | Judge: Steinberg
1AC OCO Cyberwarfare Heg
1NC Forget K - Baudrillard
2NR Baudrillard
2AR Case outweighs FW K turns
West Point
1
Opponent: CUNY AL | Judge: Rob Glass
1AC OCO Cyberwarfare Heg
1NC Biopolitics Psychoanalysis
2NR Biopolitics
West Point
1
Opponent: CUNY AL | Judge: Rob Glass
1AC OCO Cyberwarfare Heg
1NC Biopolitics Psychoanalysis
2NR Biopolitics
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
1AC
Tournament: NE Regional | Round: 1 | Opponent: Rochester PT | Judge: Dan Friedman Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting the first use of Offensive Cyber Operations.
Cyber Warfare Advantage
The U.S. has a policy of preemptive strikes and is focused on offensive cyber capabilities – preemptive strike causes a cyber arms race and escalates to international war Schneir 13 (Bruce Schneir is an CNN Specialist, "Has U.S. Started An Internet War?” CNN, June 18, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/18/opinion/schneier-cyberwar-policy/index.html) ELJ (CNN) -- Today, the …with a counterbalancing offense.
Cyber impacts outweigh – they are the largest existential risk we are facing Goodin 2013 Dan Goodin, Security Editor of Ars Technica, For first time, US military says it would use offensive cyberweapons, Mar 13 2013, arstechnica.com/security/2013/03/for-first-time-us-military-says-it-would-use-offensive-cyberweapons/jap Alexander's testimony came … mitigate potential risks."
US offensive cyber posture is modeled by other countries – increases the probability of escalation. USNI 2012 US Naval Institute, Thinking About General Cartwright’s Cyber War Theories, May, blog.usni.org/2012/05/16/thinking-about-general-cartwrights-cyber-war-theoriesjap
First, let me highlight …of action for those attacking us.
*We as a team do not endorse the gendered language presented within the evidence, just the warrants.*
China will attack - Cyber war with China impossible to win Clarke and Knake 2010 Richard, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States, and Robert, Cybersecurity and homeland security expert. Cyber War: The next threat to national security and what to do about it, 2010. https://www.bit9.com/download/eBook/eBook_Richard_Clarke_Cyber_War_Chapter.pdfjap In this situation, the team… involvement in the pending cyber war.
The use of cyber weapons will provoke East Asian war and economic collapse in 2013 Javier Solana and Ian Bremmer, , 2013 (Foreign Minister of Spain, Secretary-General of NATO. Ian Bremmer is President of Eurasia Group), January 25, A New Year of Global Conflict, The New Times,) Conflicts are much more …to exact a heavy price.
Economic decline goes nuclear Royal 10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010¶ Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215 Less intuitive is how … on dyadic interdependence.
Conflict between the US and China goes nuclear. Nuclear war between U.S. and China would be the most deadly war in history. White, professor of strategic studies @ ANU, visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute, 2011 Informaworld - Hugh, “Power shift: rethinking Australia's place in the Asian century,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, February SM The other alternative for …competition are very high indeed.
Heg Advantage Constraining a militarized cyberwar policy is key to soft power. Belk and Noyes ‘12 (Robert (Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School) and Matthew (studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting), “On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy”, 3-20-12, Office of Naval Research, RSR) Over the past decade, hard power …an operation affects American soft power.
Soft power is key to hegemony Norrlof, 2010 Carla, political science professor at Toronto, America’s Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperationjap Just as complementarities … enforce a stable world order.
And independently, soft power key to stop the spread of infectious disease Nye 4 (Joseph, dean of harvard’s kennedy school of government, Christian Science Monitor, “US Military Primacy is fact – so, now, work on ‘soft power’ of persuasion”, April 29, Lexis Nexis, accessed 6/30/06
The manner with which the US … of hard and soft power in foreign policy.
Grid vulnerable to attacks now – smart grids raise the risk Giani and Bent 2012 Annarita Giani has her Ph.D. in Engineering from the Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, and her Laurea in Mathematics from the Universita' di Pisa, Italy.¶ She is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, EECS, at the University of California at Berkeley, 2007-2013 and was a researcher at the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Pisa, Italy, 1996-2001. Russell Bent has his PhD in Comp. Sci from Brown, his Masters in Comp. Sci from Brown, his B.S. in comp. sci from Rochester, and a B.A. in history from Rochester. He is a Technical Staff Member at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and has been a Research and Teaching Assistant at Brown University, and a Software Developer and Researcher at the University of Rochester. “Addressing Smart Grid Cyber Security,” CSIIRW ’12 10/30 – 11/1/12, Ebsco jap Protecting the country's critical infrastructure from dan-¶ gerous attacks is crucial. The electric power grid is a¶ backbone of the nation's critical infrastructure. It pro-¶ vides the power permitting all other systems to operate.¶ The grid has changed over … and resiliance.
! Grid key to hegemony – Independently, military reliance on the civilian power provides an incentive for grid attack – kills military power projection AND causes nuclear war from escalatory conflicts Andres and Breetz 2011 Richard B. andres is Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications, Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712jap More recently, awareness has … civilian grid went offline.
US engagement is inevitable---maintaining heg is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geopolitical hotspot---key to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat. Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College AND John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul AND John Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. “Lean Forward,” Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, Accessed date: 1-9-13 y2k In Defense of American Engagement … The results could well be disastrous.
Solvency
The SQUO lacks OCO oversight; congress can provide a clear framework to solve Dycus ‘10 Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY 4.155. http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB
The important point here is … ¶ and indiscriminate.49
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty MW | Judge: Ellen Stolarski Plan: The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting the first use of Offensive Cyber Operations.
The U.S. has a policy of preemptive strikes and is focused on offensive cyber capabilities – preemptive strikes cause a cyber arms race and escalates to international war Schneir 13 (Bruce Schneir is an CNN Specialist, "Has U.S. Started An Internet War?” CNN, June 18, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/18/opinion/schneier-cyberwar-policy/index.html) ELJ (CNN) -- Today, the United States is conducting … with a counterbalancing offense. Cyber Warfare Advantage
Cyber impacts outweigh – they are the largest existential risk we are facing Goodin 2013 Dan Goodin, Security Editor of Ars Technica, For first time, US military says it would use offensive cyberweapons, Mar 13 2013, arstechnica.com/security/2013/03/for-first-time-us-military-says-it-would-use-offensive-cyberweapons/jap Alexander's testimony … potential risks."
2. US offensive cyber posture is modeled by other countries – increases the probability of escalation. USNI 2012 US Naval Institute, Thinking About General Cartwright’s Cyber War Theories, May, blog.usni.org/2012/05/16/thinking-about-general-cartwrights-cyber-war-theoriesjap
First, let me highlight … for those attacking us.
3. China will attack - Cyber war with China impossible to win Clarke and Knake 2010 Richard, former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Counter-terrorism for the United States, and Robert, Cybersecurity and homeland security expert. Cyber War: The next threat to national security and what to do about it, 2010. https://www.bit9.com/download/eBook/eBook_Richard_Clarke_Cyber_War_Chapter.pdfjap In this situation, the team … involvement in the pending cyber war.
4. The use of cyber weapons will provoke East Asian war and economic collapse in 2013 Solana and Bremmer 13 (Javier Solana and Ian Bremmer, 2013 Foreign Minister of Spain, Secretary-General of NATO. Ian Bremmer is President of Eurasia Group), January 25, A New Year of Global Conflict, The New Times,) Conflicts are much more likely …, tanks, and rockets to exact a heavy price.
5. Economic decline goes nuclear Royal 10 director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010¶ Jedediah, Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, pg 213-215 Less intuitive is how … tend to focus on dyadic interdependence.
6. Conflict between the US and China goes nuclear. Nuclear war between U.S. and China would be the most deadly war in history. White, professor of strategic studies @ ANU, visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute, 2011 Informaworld - Hugh, “Power shift: rethinking Australia's place in the Asian century,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, February SM The other alternative for … very high indeed.
Heg Advantage
Constraining a militarized cyberwar policy is key to soft power Belk and Noyes ‘12 (Robert (Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School) and Matthew (studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting), “On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy”, 3-20-12, Office of Naval Research, RSR) Over the past decade, hard power … operation affects American soft power.
2. Soft power is key to hegemony Norrlof, 2010 Carla, political science professor at Toronto, America’s Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperationjap Just as complementarities between different … were unable to enforce a stable world order.
3. And independently, soft power key to stop the spread of infectious disease Nye 4 (Joseph, dean of harvard’s kennedy school of government, Christian Science Monitor, “US Military Primacy is fact – so, now, work on ‘soft power’ of persuasion”, April 29, Lexis Nexis, accessed 6/30/06 The manner with which the US … power in foreign policy.
4. Companies are switching to sole focus on offensive cyber operations because of US military demand Gjelten 2013 Tom Gjelten is a correspondent for NPR. Jan/Feb 2013, First Strike: US Cyber Warriors Seize the Offensive, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/first-strike-us-cyber-warriors-seize-offensive jap Not surprisingly, the National … to a variety of governments.
6. Grid vulnerable to attacks now – smart grids raise the risk Giani and Bent 2012 Annarita Giani has her Ph.D. in Engineering from the Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, and her Laurea in Mathematics from the Universita' di Pisa, Italy.¶ She is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, EECS, at the University of California at Berkeley, 2007-2013 and was a researcher at the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Pisa, Italy, 1996-2001. Russell Bent has his PhD in Comp. Sci from Brown, his Masters in Comp. Sci from Brown, his B.S. in comp. sci from Rochester, and a B.A. in history from Rochester. He is a Technical Staff Member at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and has been a Research and Teaching Assistant at Brown University, and a Software Developer and Researcher at the University of Rochester. “Addressing Smart Grid Cyber Security,” CSIIRW ’12 10/30 – 11/1/12, Ebsco jap Protecting the country's critical … system performance¶ and resiliance.
7. Grid key to hegemony – independently, military reliance on the civilian power provides an incentive for grid attack – kills military power projection AND causes nuclear war from escalatory conflicts Andres and Breetz 11 Richard B. andres is Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications, Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712jap More recently, awareness has been …after the civilian grid went offline.
8. Unchecked presidential use of Offensive Cyber Operations undermines separation of powers Lorber 13 (Eric, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, “EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?”, https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013, Accessed 9-7-13) Yet addressing these … and Congress’s war-making authority.
9. Separation of powers is key to hegemony Ikenberry 1 (G. John, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul, “Getting Hegemony Right”, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/U6800/readings-sm/Ikenberry_Hegemony.pdf, Accessed 9-7-13, LKM)
First, America's mature … in ongoing partnerships.
10. And independently, separation of powers is critical to check nuclear war Forrester, 89 Ray, Professor at Hastings College of the Law at University of California, George Washington Law Review, August 1989 On the basis of this report, …making of presidential wars.
US engagement is inevitable---maintaining Hegemony is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geopolitical hotspot and to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College AND John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul AND John Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. “Lean Forward,” Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, Accessed date: 1-9-13 y2k In Defense of American … results could well be disastrous. Plan X Advantage
DoD is developing “Plan X” to mobilize cyber capabilities – proves that SQUO deterrence is inefficient Wait 2012 (DARPA Seeks 'Plan X' Cyber Warfare Tools by Patience Wait Staff writer for Information Week specializing in Government on August 23, 2012 http://www.informationweek.com/government/security/darpa-seeks-plan-x-cyber-warfare-tools/240006066 09/1/2013)SPH The Department of Defense … operations, and war gaming.
2. Plan X will lead to the proliferation of malicious viruses and worms like Stuxnet and development of new wave of destructive cyberweapons Basulto 2012 (X Marks the Spot of the First Cyber War by DOMINIC BASULTO Contributor to the Washington Post and Staff Writer for Big Think on JUNE 18, 2012 http://bigthink.com/endless-innovation/x-marks-the-spot-of-the-first-cyber-war 09/1/2013)SPH DARPA – the government organization …the first Cyber War.
3. And, Plan X will lead to destructive cyber war Basulto 2013 (Has the Global Cyberwar Already Started? by DOMINIC BASULTO Contributor to the Washington Post and Staff Writer for Big Think on JULY 31, 2013 http://bigthink.com/endless-innovation/has-the-global-cyberwar-already-started 09/1/2013)SPH Mark 2013 down as … As Stanley Kubrick would Solvency
Squo lacks OCO oversight; congress should provide a clear framework for use Dycus ‘10 Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY 4.155. http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB The important point here … and indiscriminate.49
2. Only switching to defensive operations solves preemptive attacks. McGraw 2012 Gary McGraw, Contributor and Ph.D., is CTO of Cigital Inc. a software security consulting firm. He is a globally recognized authority on software security and the author of eight bestselling books on this topic. Gary McGraw: Proactive defense prudent alternative to cyberwarfare, http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/news/2240169976/Gary-McGraw-Proactive-defense-prudent-alternative-to-cyberwarfarejap In cyberwar, having a good …implement secure software.
3. SQUO deterrence doctrine is inefficient and leaves us wide open to cyber attacks– a prohibition of preemptive strikes is imperative to preventing mutually assured destruction Brecht 09 Lyle A Brecht, National Cyber Systems Infrastructure Security Review, September 24, 2011,“The Strategic Elements of Cyber Warfare”, Scribd.com, http://www.scribd.com/doc/57767711/The-Strategic-Elements-of-Cyber-Warfare assessed August 30, 13 LMM With cyber weapons… unwarranted and unproductive.
4. Congress is the only actor legally capable of making cyberwar decisions – precedent must be set Libicki 13 (Martin Libicki, author of Cyberdeterrence and Cyberwar, is a senior management scientist at the nonprofit, nonpartisan RAND Corporation. “A Matter of Degree: Who Can Authorize A Cyberattack?,” http://www.rand.org/commentary/2013/01/09/FAS.html, Last Accessed 9/4/13) ELJ Understanding when the United … the other's discomfort.
5. US Modeling and norms elicit positive responses from non-state actors- allows 3rd parties to increase influence through compliance Thomas ‘2 (Daniel C. Thomas is a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. “Boomerangs and Superpowers: International Norms, Transnational Networks and US Foreign Policy.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 15, Number 1, 2002. Last Accessed 9/29/13) ELJ This evolution in international … driving state behaviour.
The continuing proliferation of virtual and cyber war machines detaches actors from the consequences of their actions as the body is severed from its perceptions
James, ’7 (Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; "Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);" published 2007; pages 47-49. Last Accessed 9/29/13) ELJ As has been indicated, the ’becoming virtual’ of perceptual experience is one of AND actual presence’ and therefore restructure our relation to the world of sensible appearance.
This transformed situatedness of the body convenes at the center of lived perception - the political
Virilio 95 (Paul Virilio is the emblematic French theorist of technology and professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School, "Speed and Information: Cyberspace Alarm21", 8-27-95, www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=72, accessed 10-25-13 ARO)
Three physical barriers are given: sound, heat, and light. The first AND latter is so much dependent upon a concrete place, the "city".
Plan
Plan Text: The United States Congress should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting the use of Offensive Cyber Operations.
Observation 2 is the Accident and the Fear
The correlation between advances in technology and the capacity for an accident to occur is linear
James 7 (Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; "Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);" published 2007; pages 115-116. Last Accessed 9/29/13) ELJ In the late 1990s and early 2000s Virilio has developed a theory of the ’ AND , a speci?c accident is born’(Virilio and Baj 2003: 29).
As we enter hypermodernity we adopt increasingly necessary levels of speed - the very sustenance of the accident
Virilio, ’5 (Paul Virilio, professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School; "The Information But what we might add today is that this global systemic risk is precisely what AND out defenses on the Cold War model with cyberglaciation here supplanting nuclear deterrence.
The speed and its delocalizing effects diffuse war throughout the hypermodern culture, causing a state of war in peacetime known as the "Pure War"
James 7 (Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; "Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);" published 2007; pages 72-74. Last Accessed 9/28/13) ELJ This is true of his meditation on the signi?cance of the Second World War bunkers AND war was revealed here in its mythic dimension’ (Virilio 1994a: 12).
This Pure War is the source of a broken politics which serve still to propagate the accident out of ignorance
James, ’7 (Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; "Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);" published 2007; page 86. Last Accessed 9/29/13) ELJ The implications of war conceived of as ’total electronic war’ are at once military AND re?ection and developed argumentation of any true politics worthy of the name possible.
Pure War is internalized and becomes a psychological necessity of the Pure War Culture
Borg, ’3 (Mark B. Borg is a psychoanalyst and community consultant; "Psychoanalytic Pure War;" published in the Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2003. Accessed via GMU Libraries, Last Accessed 9/29/13) ELJ Virilio and Lotringer gave the name "pure war" to the psychological condition that AND preparation for absolute destruction and for personal, social, and cultural death.
Once internalized, Pure War and the fear of the accident create a boundless war space which causes social and psychological death.
Kellner 8 (Douglas Kellner, professor of philosophy at UCLA; "Preface The Ideology of HIghTech/Postmodern War vs. the Reality of Messy Wars;" http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/2008_Kellner_MessyWarPreface_ver29052008FINAL.pdf, Last Accessed 9/29/13) ELJ Hence, phenomenal new military technologies are being produced in the Third Millennium, described AND and social life, as shown in Messy Wars’chapter 3 about war environment.
The Psychosis caused by the Pure War mindset eventually comes full circle as it is embraced by the system of speed which produced it
Kroker 92 (Arthur Kroker, Canada Research Chair in Technology, Culture and Theory, " The Possessed Individual: Technology and the French Postmodern", 1992, DOA 10-27-13 ARO) Someday it might well be said that the political history of the late twentieth century AND is generalized in the form of the predatory logic of the war machine.
Solvency
The broken political system can only be solved by shifting away from speed and towards deliberative political action - escaping the Pure War psychology
James 7 (Ian James, professor of philosophy and French at Cambridge, Ph.D. from Warwick University; "Paul Virilio: (Routledge Critical Thinkers);" published 2007; pages 67-69. Last Accessed 9/28/13) ELJ By situating the origin of the city in war, Virilio also af?rms the inseparability AND the point of replacing political economy’ (Virilio and Lotringer 1997: 12).
The diffusion of knowledge is inevitable yet as academics we must reclaim the deliberation which surrounds the use of such knowledge
Ashley 2012 ~Mark Ashley has an education background in the following schools: ESI International¶ AND Air and Space Power Journal, July-August 2012, Ebsco ~jap
With Knowledge Comes Awareness Today’s military leaders continue to look for and advance new ways AND regardless of whether that system is living, mechanical, or social.6
Deliberation determines policy outcomes
Detraz and Betsill, 08 - *Nicole, Ph.D. Candidate in Political Science at Colorado State University, and Michele M., Associate Professor of Political Science at Colorado State University ("Climate Change and Environmental Security: For Whom the Discourse Shifts," Paper Presented At The 49th Annual Meeting Of The International Studies Association, 3/26/08, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/2/5/9/pages252596/p252596-1.php)RK
A discourse-analytic approach is appropriate in that discourses are powerful forces within policy AND of one discourse over another has important implications, both theoretically and practically.
2/26/14
1AC
Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty CS | Judge: Marie Escenzy We solve First, blowback Yemeni drone strikes ensure AQAP sympathizers and new followers Bayoumy 2013 YARA BAYOUMY, Insight: In Yemen, al Qaeda gains sympathy amid U.S. drone strikes, 12/13/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/13/us-yemen-us-drones-insight-idUSBRE9BC0A020131213, accessed 1/3/14jap
Despite the toll taken on militants, residents … even if it's a civilian."
Drones fail for Yemen – increase blowback Shepard 12 Michelle, award-winning journalist and author of Decade of Fear: Reporting from Terrorism’s Grey Zones (2011) and Guantanamo’s Child (2008). She is the national security correspondent for The Toronto Star, Canada’s largest newspaper, and has reported among other places from Somalia, Yemen, Pakistan, Albania, Turkey, Kenya and Guantanamo Bay, "Understanding Yemen’s Al Qaeda Threat," PBS Frontline Interview with Azmat Khan, May 29, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/al-qaeda-in-yemen/understanding-yemens-al-qaeda-threat/, accessed 1/7/14jap
The success rate of strikes … which AQAP will deftly capitalize.
Second, is AQAP Tactic Shift Drone strikes increase AQAP efficiency – force a change in tactics that makes it impossible to garner intelligence. Only diplomatic shift solves AQAP terrorism Bayoumy 2013 YARA BAYOUMY, Insight: In Yemen, al Qaeda gains sympathy amid U.S. drone strikes, 12/13/13, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/13/us-yemen-us-drones-insight-idUSBRE9BC0A020131213, accessed 1/3/14jap
The strikes have forced … terrorism will continue."
Increased intel solves – more effective means for counter terrorism Scahill 2012 Jeremy Scahill, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine. A two-time winner of the George Polk Award, Scahill is author of the international best-seller Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army. He has reported from Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia, Iraq and other U.S. war zones. PBS Frontline Interview with Azmat Khan, May 29, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/al-qaeda-in-yemen/understanding-yemens-al-qaeda-threat/, accessed 1/7/14jap
I believe the escalation …friends—from the sky.
AQAP getting nukes Williams 2011 Sarah, Coordinator of the Fissile Materials Working Group and Herbert Scoville Jr. Peace Fellow at the Center for Science, Technology and sEcurity Policy, "After bin Laden: Nuclear terrorism still a top threat," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists - Fissile Materials Working Group, May 13, accessed 1/7/14jap
More than a decade ago, … potential source material.
That causes great-power nuclear war Ayson 10 Robert Ayson is Professor Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies in New Zealand @ the Victoria University of Wellington, “After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 33, Issue 7. EBSCO, DOA: 7-20-13, y2k
A Catalytic Response: Dragging … terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
US engagement is inevitable---maintaining Hegemony is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geopolitical hotspot and to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College AND John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul AND John Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. “Lean Forward,” Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, Accessed date: 1-9-13 y2k In Defense of American Engagement … engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.
The US has played a …commitment to their future. Yemeni reconciliation on the brink of failure Uzayr 2013 Sufyan bin Uzayr is the author of “Sufism: A Brief History”. He writes for several print and online publications, and regularly blogs about issues of contemporary relevance at Political Periscope. How Insurgency, Drones and Revolution Are Tearing Yemen Apart, http://www.alternet.org/world/chaos-drones-and-revolution-are-tearing-yemen-apart?page=02C1, accessed 1/6/14jap
So, will elections be conducted next year …transparency all over again.
Guarantees nuclear escalation Hedberg 2010 Lt Col Nicholas, US Navy, paper submitted in fulfillment of a MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH ASIA, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA) at the Naval Postgraduate School; “THE EXPLOITATION OF A WEAK STATE: AL-QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA IN YEMEN,” http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA524655andLocation=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdf, accessed 1/7/14jap
This chapter will address … authority in the eyes of the public.179
3/2/14
2AC A2 Baudrillard
Tournament: West Point | Round: 6 | Opponent: Rutgers EW | Judge: Steinberg We don’t support the 1AC as a political truth or think that it contains links of representations to the real. The 1AC is a political theater and it is as such, in the hyper consumption of political signs that we want to be evaluated. We defend our policy in the game, not “the real.”
Baudrillard 1983 (Jean, In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities or The End of the Social and Other Essays. Pages 30-48)
The mass realizes … for any useless and absurd purpose.”
This is what we’ll call tyranny of the self – the worst kind of slavery that breeds political fascists by enslaving life to itself.
This is Baudrillard ‘01
To be able to disobey …master but himself.
11/7/13
2AC A2 Biopolitics
Tournament: West Point | Round: 1 | Opponent: CUNY AL | Judge: Rob Glass It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory Sullivan 95 (Andrew Sullivan- the New Republic – editor, “Virtually Normal”, pg. 91-93 DATE ACCESSED: 9/20/12) TM
Moreover, mere cultural redeployment … something more like a human or home.”
Extinction comes first: life is a prerequisite to other values Nye 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; “Nuclear Ethics” pg. 45-46)
Is there any end that could … topic of both prudential and moral reasoning.
Biopower does not result in bare-life – increase in biopower increases the potentialities of life Ojakangas 05 Mika Ojakangas, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies in Finland “Impossible Dialogue on Bio-power,” Foucault Studies, No. 2, p. 5-28, May
Moreover, life as the object …generating “forms?of?life”.
Biopolitics is key to maintaining US hegemony globally Reid 05 (Julian; Professor of International Relations – University of Sussex) “The Biopolitics of the War on Terror” Third World Quarterly v. 26 n. 2 June
The defining feature of the …of a global biopolitics.
No impact – democracy checks biopolitics Dickinson 04 (Dr. Edward Ross, Professor of History – University of Cincinnati, “Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About ‘Modernity’”, Central European History, 37(1), p. 18-19)
In an important programmatic … that characterized Nazi policies.
11/7/13
2AC A2 Death Cult K
Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: JMU CP | Judge: Matt Struth Our dystopian images of the possibility of mass death are key to mobilizing political action towards new, hopeful futures. Kurasawa 4 (Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology – York University of Toronto, “Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight”, Constellations, 11(4))
Returning to the point... work of preventive foresight.
Discursive focus is bad – ignores real political consequences and abandons political action. Taft-Kaufman 95 (Jill, Professor of Speech – CMU, Southern Communication Journal, 60(3), Spring)
The postmodern passwords... that fuel them.
Depictions of death and injustice sparks anger that is needed to mobilize activism Adams 86 (David, Former Director of the Unit for the International Year for the Culture of Peace @ the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Former Professor of Psychology, Wesleyan University, and Specialist, Yale on Brain Mechanisms of Aggressive Behavior (“The Role of Anger in the Consciousness Development of Peace Activists” – International Journal of Psychophysiology, Vol. 4) http://www.culture-of-peace.info/psychophysiology/title-page.html)
Similarly, ... writing a letter of protest.
Death is ontologically evil and we should struggle against it. Paterson 3 Craig Paterson, Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island ,“A Life Not Worth Living?”, Studies in Christian Ethics, SAGEPub. Contrary to those accounts... all human possibility.82
2/6/14
2AC A2 Fem K
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 4 | Opponent: New School DT | Judge: Braden Picardi Feminism
Feminist critiques reify difference falsely and recreate the same epistimological problems under a mask of sensitivity Jarvis 00 (Daryl, Lecturer in Government and International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline)
Celebrating and reifying difference … disci¬plinary knowledge and theoretical endeavor.
Feminist international relations recreate the oppressive structures they seek to dismantle by assigning and categorizing by gender. Stern and Zalewski 09 MARIA STERN, lecturer and researcher at the Department of Peace and Development research at Gotberg university, AND MARYSIA ZALEWSKI, Director of Centre for Gender Studies at university of Aberdeen. “Feminist fatigue(s): reflections on feminism and familiar fables of militarization” Review of International Studies (2009), 35, 611–630, Cambridge journals) DF
In this section we clarify what we … and intersecting power
The problem with Tickner’s …situation of a system without states.
And only the permutation solves Their overgeneralization of patriarchy essentialize men as well Jarvis 00 (Daryl, Lecturer in Government and International Relations – University of Sydney, International Relations and the Challenge of Postmodernism: Defending the Discipline)
We might also extend a contextualist … generalizations and crude caricatures.
Gender biases in international relations don’t exist and the alternative feminist perspective is fictional as well. Murray 97 Alastair J.H., Politics Department, University of Wales Swansea, Reconstructing Realism, , p. 192
Whilst Tickner's feminism … hopeful scenarios for our students.
Feminist thought just reproduces gender stereotypes Witworth 94 prof of political science and female studies @ York U, (Feminism and International Relations, pg 20, 1994)
Even when not concerned with … give feminists pause to reconsider this position.
2/6/14
2AC A2 Heg DA
Tournament: D7 | Round: 5 | Opponent: JMU Bucholz-Perez | Judge: Samantha Godbey The drive for hegemony is driven by the drive for tech and speed Also the root cause of structural violence
Pursuit of hegemony relies upon construction of threatening Otherness- this prompts resistance and create a permanent state of conflict and structural violence due to the militarism of the state
Chernus 6 Ira, Professor of Religious Studies and Co-director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Program – University of Colorado-Boulder, Monsters to Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin, p. 53-54
The end of the cold war spawned a tempting fantasy of imperial omnipotence on a AND , the more likely it is to believe and enact the neocon story.
US risk management within its state of exception causes blowback- fuels never-ending wars and structural violence in the name of imperialist thought
Ritchie 11 Nick, PhD, Research Fellow at the Department of Peace Studies @ University of Bradford, Executive Committee of the British Pugwash Group and the Board of the Nuclear Information Service "Rethinking security: a critical analysis of the Strategic Defence and Security Review" International Affairs Volume 87, Issue 2, Article first published online: 17 MAR 2011
Third, the legitimating narrative of acting as a ’force for good’ that emerged AND in relation to the long-term human security needs of British citizens.
Oh, and de-dev in the 1AR...2NC added econ impact
2/24/14
2AC A2 Iran DA
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 6 | Opponent: Boston College BC | Judge: Austin Woodruff Iran DA
Obama resisting Israeli calls on Iran now- softer line solves Iran conflict Joshua Hersh and Christina Wilkie, 09/21/2013 (Huffington Post's Middle East correspondent) Obama's Strategy Of Talking To Countries Instead Of Going To War Might Just Be Crazy Enough To Work, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/21/obama-iran_n_3966606.html
But while it's true … harden Iranian interlocutors.
Turn- Iran strikes would prevent Iranian proliferation Brooks, 2006 (Peter, Senior fellow at The Heritage Foundation, is the author of "A Devil's Triangle: Terrorism, WMD and RogueStates",June8, lrttp://wwn.thccolrscrvativcvoice.com/catr:{ory/179.htm)
What about U.S. airstrikes? … folly of its proliferation perfidy.
Turn- A strike on Iran is necessary to stop world destruction Beres, a professor of international law at Purdue University, is the author of many works on nuclear strategy. 07 (Louis Rene. May 8, "Diplomacy alone won't stop Iran's nuclear ambitions." http :/ / n,rvrv.csrnonitor.cnor / 2007/ 0508/ p09s01-c oop.htm )
Iran's latest defiance of the … delay could be unendurable.
Turn- ATTACKING IRAN WILL PREVENT NUCLEAR TERRORISM, STRIKES AT ISRAEL, AND GLOBAL PROLIF MURAVCHIK,2OO6/ loshua scholar at the Arnerican Enterprise Institute, November 19, ht tp: / /www. lat imes.com/ r rews/opinion/ la-op-muravchikl9nov-19,06,18 1154.stor ,Kv.S .
WE MUST bomb Iran. …spell finis to the entire nonproliferation system.
11/6/13
2AC A2 Psychoanalysis
Tournament: West Point | Round: 1 | Opponent: CUNY AL | Judge: Rob Glass Psychoanalysis does not disprove our factual claims – the burden of proof is on the Neg Yudkowsky 6 (Eliezer, Research Fellow and Director – Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, “Cognitive Biases Potentially Affecting Judgment of Global Risks”, Forthcoming in Global Catastrophic Risks, ed. Bostrum, 8-31, http://www.singinst.org/ourresearch/publications/cognitive-biases.pdf)
Every true idea which discomforts …eye off the ball.
Alt fails – psychoanalytic critique causes passivity and political failure Gordon 1 (Paul, London Psychotherapist, Race and Class, 42(4), p. 30-31)
The postmodernists' problem is that … need to look elsewhere.
Psychoanalytic critique causes passivity and destroys political struggle Gordon 01 Paul, psychotherapist living and working in London, Race and Class, , v. 42, n. 4, p. 30-1
The postmodernists' problem … need to look elsewhere.
11/7/13
2AC A2 Ptix - CIR
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 6 | Opponent: Boston College BC | Judge: Austin Woodruff Plan Popular- McCain will take leadership on Cyber Committee on Armed Services, 12 John McCain US Representative AZ 1st Dristrict comments at the Committee on Armed Service June 4, 2012 https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2012_cr/mccain-cyber.html 9/11/13 PK
I believe that cyber warfare ... reasonable cost to the taxpayer.
Politics item will pass – Obama will use executive orders on policies that don’t get support Russell, 13, (Lesley, Australian National University Health Care Research Institute Senior Research Fellow, "Audacity of hope returns", Canberra Times, PAS) Accessed on LexisNexis 2-18-13
Obama will use his second- term ...he intends to push ahead unilaterally.
Political capital not key Dickinson, Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, 9 taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt (5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, “Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power,” http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
As for Sotomayor, from here the path toward ... measured through legislative boxscores.
And despite all the talk ...elect our representatives.
11/6/13
2AC A2 Security K
Tournament: Clarion | Round: 2 | Opponent: Liberty MW | Judge: Ellen Stolarski Security
Totalizing rejection of politics turns the alt—engagement is critical to de-securitization. Bilgin 05 Pinar Bilgin is Professor of International Relations @ Bilkent University, “Regional Security in The Middle East” p. 60-1.
Admittedly, providing a critique of existing... re-think security in both theory and practice.
Overwhelming consensus of experts conclude threats are real---1 risk is sufficient Cambanis 12 Thanassis is a fellow at The Century Foundation, is the author of “A Privilege to Die: Inside Hezbollah’s Legions and Their Endless War Against Israel.” “You can stop being scared now: Controversial good news from two foreign-policy experts: the world is safer than we think,” 4-22-12, http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/04/21/world-dangerous-been-told-nothing-fear/BEcRQyIdwvFSP0WjEnmW7K/story.html, Accessed date: 1-10-13 y2k
President Obama and his presumptive ... gets it wrong, we’re in trouble.”
Either the perm resolves the residual links, or the alt can’t solve itself Changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures- perm solves Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)
While theoretical debates at a... mess that is human history.
Second, within the School’s ...that of similar ones?
Prefer consequentialism even if our epistemology is suspect. Cowen 04 Tyler Cowen, Department of Economics @ George Mason University, "The Epistemic Problem Does Not Refute Consequentialism," November 2, http://www.gmu.edu/jbc/Tyler/Epistemic2.pdf, p. 14-15
The epistemic critique ...upfront benefits of obvious importance.
Alt Fails-Discursive focus generates epistemological blind spots and won’t alter security structures Hyde-Prince 01 Adrian Hyde-Price(Professor of International Politics at Bath)2001“Europes new security challenges” p. 39
Securitization thus focuses almost...on a sea of floating signifiers.
Prior questions fail and paralyze politics Owen 2 David Owen, Reader of Political Theory at the Univ. of Southampton, Millennium Vol 31 No 3 2002 p. 655-7
Commenting on the ‘philosophical turn’ ... and so a potentially vicious circle arises.
CP doesn’t solve- either it isn’t perceived, or it links to politics because the CP would be perceived as attempting to circumvent congress
Valparaiso University Law Review 07 ("Beyond the Zone of Twilight: How Congress and the Court Can Minimize the Dangers and Maximize the Benefits of Executive Orders", 42 Val. U.L. Rev. 385, Fall, p.Lexis)
On the other hand, one of the most progressive and acclaimed executive orders, AND political reasons, is unwilling or unable to pass as a statute. n134
There are legal and political limits to how a president can deploy executive orders— AND a negative ruling makes presidents think twice about using executive orders too loosely.
We don’t spec an agent so Perm do the CP
Perm do plan, have president pass XO on banning oco’s
Legislative actions by the executive violate SOP
Redish and Cisar, 1991 ~Martin H., Ancel Professor of Law and Public Policy @ Northwestern, and Elizabeth J., Law Clerk to Chief Judge Bauer. "If Angels Were To Govern", Duke Law Review, 1991 Duke L.J. 449~
Most damning to the inherent executive power theory, however, is its inescapable inconsistency AND circumvent the separation of powers structure that the Framers had so carefully crafted.
B) Separation of powers is critical to avoid imperial presidency, tyranny, and nuclear war
Redish and Cisar, 1991 ~Martin H., Ancel Professor of Law and Public Policy @ Northwestern, and Elizabeth J., Law Clerk to Chief Judge Bauer. "If Angels Were To Govern", Duke Law Review, 1991 Duke L.J. 449~
To underscore the point, one need imagine only a limited modification of the actual AND based on a system of separation of powers could avoid such harmful results. In summary, no defender of separation of powers can prove with certitude that, AND be forced into the position of saying, "I told you so."
Agent cps are a voter. Hurts 2AC strategy because the steal the entire aff and kills education about energy policy."
Executive Orders have significant difficulty in getting cooperation from other branches
Shanely, 1983 ~Robert A,"Presidential Executive Orders and Environemtal policy" "Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol.13 No.3 White House Perceptions PP. 405-416 http://www.jstor.org/stable/27547948Pg.406 Accessed 8/28/2012 DMW
Adequate and prompt implementation of executive orders can also present problems. Although the federal AND , and often unsuccessful; and the preferred enforcement tool is persuasion.5
Executive orders cause interbranch conflict with Congress
Shanley, Associate Professor of Political Science @ University of Massachusetts,1992 ~Robert A., Presidential Influence and Environmental Policy, Pg. 156~ An aggressive administrative presidency strategy exemplified by the Reagan Administration can increase the tensions, AND open to public discussion, debate, and correction, thereby increasing public mistrust
Lack of cohesion between the Executive and Congress will cause anarchy and war abroad
Winik, Sr. Research Fellow @ Notional Defense University, 1991 ~Jay, "The Quest for Bipartisanship", Washington Quarterly, Autumn, Vo. 14, No. 4, p. 115~
The United States does have the resources to continue to play a major world role AND home is as critical as during the perilous days following World War II.
====Plan Popular- McCain will take leadership on Cyber==== Committee on Armed Services, 12 ~John McCain US Representative AZ 1st Dristrict comments at the Committee on Armed Service June 4, 2012 https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2012_cr/mccain-cyber.html 9/11/13~ PK
I believe that cyber warfare will be the key battlefield of the 21st century, AND develop this offensive capability effectively and at a reasonable cost to the taxpayer.
Debt ceiling thumps –it’s passing
Berman, The Hill Congress Reporter, 2-3, 2014, (Russell, "GOP pivots in search of positive message", The Hill, PAS) thehill.com/homenews/house/197219-gop-pivots-in-search-of-a-positive-message 2-3-14
The party’s first challenge, however, will be to lift the debt ceiling, AND not going to be enough to be against the president," Cole said.
Political capital not key
Dickinson, Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, 9 taught previously at Harvard University where he worked under the supervision of presidential scholar Richard Neustadt (5/26/09, Matthew, Presidential Power: A NonPartisan Analysis of Presidential Politics, "Sotomayor, Obama and Presidential Power," http://blogs.middlebury.edu/presidentialpower/2009/05/26/sotamayor-obama-and-presidential-power/)
As for Sotomayor, from here the path toward almost certain confirmation goes as follows AND (I talk briefly about the likely politics of the nomination process below). What is of more interest to me, however, is what her selection reveals AND I am ignoring the importance of a president’s veto power for the moment.) Despite the much publicized and celebrated instances of presidential arm-twisting during the legislative AND has already occurred, in the decision to present Sotomayor as his nominee. If we want to measure Obama’s "power", then, we need to know AND an important aspect of presidential power that cannot be measured through legislative boxscores.
Winners win – capital is perpetually renewable, plan would increase PC
Many political leaders incorrectly confuse political capital with financial capital. The first is a AND never getting anything accomplished is a good recipe to dissipate valuable political capital.
And despite all the talk about Democrats losing seats in the mid-term elections AND paid to stand on the sidelines is not why we elect our representatives.
2/24/14
Morality adv
Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: JMU CP | Judge: Matt Struth Morality Our dystopian images of the possibility of mass death are key to mobilizing political action towards new, hopeful futures. Kurasawa 4 (Fuyuki, Professor of Sociology – York University of Toronto, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations, 11(4))
Returning to the point I made at the beginning of this paper, the significance AND -political action, spurring citizens’ involvement in the work of preventive foresight.
Predictions are a pre-requisite to change Chernoff 05 Fred Chernoff, International Relations professor at Colgate University. "The power of international theory: reforging the link to foreign policy-making through scientific inquiry". Google Books, accessed 11/30/10. P. 9
Even though many of these authors hope that IR theory can lead to ’human AND step in the argument is to show how such beliefs can be justified.
Death is ontologically evil and we should struggle against it. Paterson 3 Craig Paterson, Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island ,"A Life Not Worth Living?", Studies in Christian Ethics, SAGEPub. Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that AND the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
Permitting collateral damage allows for an endless war on terror. We must accept that we’ve all been collaterally damaged before we can begin to feel empathy again or some other K thing.
There’s a poem too. That’s pretty important. Oh yeah accept the suffering of others. That’s in there too.
Shakir 07 (Imam Zaid Shakir, Author of Scattered Pictures: Reflections of an American Muslim, "We are All Collateral Damage", From Scattered Pictures: Refelctions of an American Muslim, Accessed From: www.newislamicdirections.com/nid/notes/we_are_all_collateral_damage, Date Accessed: 1/15/14, MSN) The Roads to Peace
The roads to peace are paths of war, The gentle dove will leave her scar.
The moral men to say the least, Will kill us all to get their peace.
The roads that lead to victories gained, Are filled with people full of pain.
Only our Creator knew, We’d kill so many to save so few.
The ongoing slaughter of civilians on both sides of the so-called "War AND those close to us, it will be a salvo that remains unfired.¶
