Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 1 | Opponent: WVU | Judge:
Plan Text
Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase statutory restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States by prohibiting the first use of Offensive Cyber Operations.

Hegemony 

Two Internal Links

First is China
Aggressive posture of preemption causes an international model of cyber attacks to China
Healey 2013 (Jason Healey, director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, Director for Cyber Infrastructure Protection at the White House from 2003 to 2005, March 8, 2013, “Obama's Cyberwarfare Strategy Will Backfire,” US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/08/clandestine-american-strategy-on-cyberwarfare-will-backfire)

America's generals and spymasters have …………….Yet they are just the ones driving U.S. policy, sadly, to that very end. 

China is solely focused on cyber attacks against US computer systems – fear of attack
Hagestad and Price 2012
Lt Colonel Hagestad is one of the world’s leading experts on Chinese cyber warfare. He has spoken and written extensively on the emerging dominance of the People’s Republic of China in cyber operations. He is the author of 21st Century Chinese Cyberwarfare. Tim Price is a specialist in cyber wargames and training for cyber warfare. He is the author of Dark Guest: Training Games for Cyberwarfare. The Red Dragon Rises, ITNow, June 2012 jap

The scale of the e_ ort invested in cyber warfare by the Chinese state is truly staggering to those outside of China. …………The question is, have they used any of the skills and techniques they have developed?

China cyber attacks kill military power – the military relies on information technology AND we are on the brink now for major attacks, action must be taken now
Nielson 2012
Army Lieutenant Colonel SUZANNE C. NIELSEN is an associate professor in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. She is responsible for the International Relations Program and teaches courses in international relations and national security.  “Pursuing Security in Cyberspace: Strategic and Organizational Challenges,” Foreign Policy Research Ins, Elsevier Ltd, Summer 2012, Epsco jap

National security. A third set of consequences relates to national security…………However, so far it seems as though increasing security challenges have¶ outpaced the ability of the U.S. government to respond to them.¶

Cyberspace is critical to the military industrial complex – attacks would cripple the military
Mudrinich 2012
Major Erik M. Mudrinich (B.A., cum laude, St. Olaf College; J.D. Hamline University School of Law; L.L.M., University of Nebraska College of Law) is the Chief, Space and Operations Law, 14th Air Force, Vandenberg AFB, CA. “CYBER 3.0: THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STRATEGY FOR OPERATING IN CYBERSPACE AND THE ATTRIBUTION PROBLEM,” The Air Force Law Review, 68 A.F. L. Rev. 167, 2012, lexis jap

The danger and potency of the threat is exacerbated by the very nature of the system one wants to protect……………... The current integration of U.S. government assets with civilian systems makes segregation impossible and therefore creates a responsibility for the United States to protect those civilian networks, services, and communications. n21

Second is the Grid

Current focus on offensive cyber operations trades off with defensive cyber security
Gjelten 2013
Tom Gjelten is a correspondent for NPR. Jan/Feb 2013, First Strike: US Cyber Warriors Seize the Offensive, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/first-strike-us-cyber-warriors-seize-offensive jap

The growing interest in offensive operations is bringing changes in the cybersecurity industry. ……………Offensive operations in the cyber domain raise a host of legal, ethical, and political issues, and governments, courts, and business groups have barely begun to consider them.

Grid vulnerable to attacks now – smart grids raise the risk
Giani and Bent 2012
Annarita Giani has her Ph.D. in Engineering from the Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, and her Laurea in Mathematics from the Universita' di Pisa, Italy.¶ She is a Postdoctoral Research Associate, EECS, at the University of California at Berkeley, 2007-2013 and was a researcher at the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Pisa, Italy, 1996-2001.  Russell Bent has his PhD in Comp. Sci from Brown, his Masters in Comp. Sci from Brown, his B.S. in comp. sci from Rochester, and a B.A. in history from Rochester. He is a Technical Staff Member at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and has been a Research and Teaching Assistant at Brown University, and a Software Developer and Researcher at the University of Rochester.  “Addressing Smart Grid Cyber Security,” CSIIRW ’12 10/30 – 11/1/12, Ebsco jap

Protecting the country's critical infrastructure from dan-¶ gerous attacks is crucial……………. Such modeling requires the elabora-¶ tion and exploration of hypotheticals where a variety of¶ stressors are applied to both human and technological¶ aspects in order to assess overall system performance¶ and resiliance.-

Independently, military reliance on the civilian power provides an incentive for grid attack – kills military power projection AND causes nuclear war from escalatory conflicts
Andres and Breetz 2011
Richard B. andres is Professor of national Security Strategy at the national War College and a Senior fellow and energy and environmental Security and Policy Chair in the Center for Strategic research, institute for national Strategic Studies, at the national Defense University. Hanna L. Breetz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at the Massachusetts institute of technology. Small Nuclear Reactors for Military Installations: Capabilities, Costs, and Technological Implications, Institute for National Strategic Studies, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA545712jap

More recently, awareness has been growing that the grid is also vulnerable to purposive attacks………... Even with massive investment in efficiency and renew- ables, most bases would not be able to function for more than a few days after the civilian grid went offline.

US engagement is inevitable---maintaining heg is key to solve nuclear conflict and every geopolitical hotspot---key to fostering international cooperation which solves every existential threat.
Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth 13 Stephen Brooks is Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College AND John Ikenberry is Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and Global Eminence Scholar at Kyung Hee University in Seoul AND John Wohlforth is Daniel Webster Professor of Government at Dartmouth College. “Lean Forward,” Jan/Feb 2013, Foreign Affairs, EBSCO, Accessed date: 1-9-13 y2k
In Defense of American Engagement Since the end of World War II, the United States has pursued a single grand strategy: deep engagement. …………………..Were American leaders to choose retrenchment, they would in essence be running a massive experiment to test how the world would work without an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Proliferation

The US will use preemptive cyber strikes
Sanger and Shanker 2013 (David E. Sanger, Chief Washington Correspondent for The New York Times, and Thom Shanker, Pentagon correspondent for The New York Times, February 3, 2013, “Broad Powers Seen for Obama in Cyberstrikes,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/us/broad-powers-seen-for-obama-in-cyberstrikes.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0)
A secret legal review on the use of America’s growing arsenal of cyberweapons has concluded that President Obama has the broad power to order a pre-emptive strike if the United States detects credible evidence of a major digital …………..¶ The Obama administration has urged stronger firewalls and other systems to provide a first line of defense, and then “resiliency” in the face of cyberattacks. It failed to get Congress to pass cybersecurity legislation that would have allowed the government to mandate standards. 

US OCO will cause cascading cyber arms proliferation – declaration of cyber arms regulations and policies key to solve
Gjelten 2013
Tom Gjelten is a correspondent for NPR. Jan/Feb 2013, First Strike: US Cyber Warriors Seize the Offensive, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/first-strike-us-cyber-warriors-seize-offensive jap

In addition, there are policy questions raised by the escalating government investment in offensive cyber war capabilities. …………..Our institutions must adapt to this new reality, and quickly, or we will face the danger of cyber chaos and anarchy.

Cyber capability gap is closing – cyber proliferation on the brink of cascade, leading to major cyber attacks on the US
Walsh 2011
Eddie Walsh is The Diplomat's Pentagon (accredited) correspondent and a WSD-Handa Fellow at Pacific Forum CSIS. The Cyber Proliferation Threat, thediplomat.com/new-leaders-forum/2011/10/06/the-cyber-proliferation-threat/ jap

The United States might not be quite as far ahead of other nations in terms of cyber capabilities as many people think – …………We should never use the term dominance in cyber when a 16 year-old can still launch an effective cyber attack.’

Declaratory policy for retaliation key to cyber deterrence
Mazanec ‘9
Brian M. Mazanec is a senior intelligence analyst at SRA International who has supported various agencies within the Intelligence Community, the Joint Staff, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and the Department of Homeland Security. The Journal of International Security Affairs #16. http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2009/16/mazanec.php ETB

In addition to reducing the possibility of miscalculation regarding the status of Taiwan, ……………..This policy should also include a provision making it clear that harboring “independent” cyberwarfare attackers is tantamount to the state’s launching the attack itself.

Retaliation is likely – guarantees escalation
Owens et al 9
(William A. Owens, as an Admiral in the United States Navy and later Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Kenneth W. Dam, served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from 2001 to 2003, where he specialized in international economic development, Herbert S. Lin, Senior Scientist and Study, “Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities” 4/27/2009, http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NRC-Report.pdf, KB)

But in many kinds of cyberattack, the magnitude of the impact of the ¶ first cyberattack will be uncertain………. Such a situation has ¶ obvious potential for inappropriate and unintended escalation.

Preemptive OCO policies trigger hostile perceptions globally – cause cyber arms prolif and nuclear preemption from Russia and China
Rothschild 2013
Matthew Rothschild, editor of The Progressive, February 4, 2013, “The Dangers of Obama’s Cyber War Power Grab,” The Progressive, http://www.progressive.org/dangers-of-obama-cyber-war-power-grab jap

The latest usurper is President Obama, who did so in Libya, and with drones, and now is prepared to do so in cyberspace……….. They, too, worry about the temptations of a President.

Solvency

US hegemony isn’t driven by exclusive self-interest---Libya proves benevolent hegemony is possible---reject their totalizing critique---the alt results in autocratic apathy which is comparatively worse.
Sam Sussman 12 is a student researcher and columnist at Swarthmore College. He is currently researching Chinese student nationalism through the J. Roland Pennock Fellowships in Public Affairs. “Left Behind: Re-Evaluating American Hegemony,” August 27, 2012
http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2012/08/27/left-behind-re-evaluating-american-hegemony/ Accessed date: 1-14-13 y2k
Over the past decade, amidst appalling civilian casualties in one war of questionable legality and another of dubious wisdom, ………………..
American decisions long since made and appropriately condemned would choose inconstant American benevolence over decisive autocratic apathy.

Oversight key to accountability on OCO’s
Magnuson ‘9
Stew, National Defense Magazine. http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2009/June/Pages/USPlanstoDestroyEnemyComputerNetworksQuestioned.aspx ETB

Retired Adm. William Owen, former vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said ………….if the United States government goes on the offense in cyberspace, there may be a lack of accountability, the report concluded.

Congress must act immediately to constrain the executive – necessary to prevent aggressive executive action.
Dycus 10 (Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School, “Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare”, Journal of National Security Law and Privacy, Vol. 4, 2010, RSR)
If Congress now fails to enact guidelines for cyber warfare, it might ¶ ……………Congress ought to get out in front of events now in order to be able to ¶ participate in the formulation of national policy.

Congressional oversight solves cyberwar -  creates checks and transparency.
Healey and Wilson ‘13 (Jason (director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council) and A.J. (visiting fellow at the Atlantic Council), “Cyber Conflict and the War Powers¶ Resolution: Congressional Oversight¶ of Hostilities in the Fifth Domain”, Atlantic Council, Issue Brief, February 2013, RSR)
The administration’s interpretation of “hostilities” should go¶ beyond the …………..Even in¶ cyberspace, there is a voice for both branches.

Congressional action is critical to cyber expertise and preserves presidential flexibility
Dycus ‘10
Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB

Congress’s active role in the development and implementation of cyber ¶ warfare ………….expertise and experiences to work together to meet these challenges, as the ¶ Framers intended.

Squo lacks OCO oversight; congress should provide a clear framework for use
Dycus ‘10
Stephen, Professor, Vermont Law School. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY 4.155.
http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/11_Dycus.pdf ETB

The important point here is that any use of cyber weapons, offensive or ¶ defensive, …………The direct and indirect effects of a ¶ cyber attack, while different in kind and degree, still could be widespread ¶ and indiscriminate.49

Legal frameworks key to effective cyber engagement
Nielson 2012
Army Lieutenant Colonel SUZANNE C. NIELSEN is an associate professor in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. She is responsible for the International Relations Program and teaches courses in international relations and national security.  “Pursuing Security in Cyberspace: Strategic and Organizational Challenges,” Foreign Policy Research Ins, Elsevier Ltd, Summer 2012, Epsco jap

A third and related requirement, tied to the speed at which activities occur¶ in cyberspace, is for rapid action. …………..“We cannot afford to discover¶ successful cyber intrusions after-the-fact, accept disastrous losses, and then seek¶ merely to contain them.”47

Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 1 | Opponent: WVU | Judge:
Ethical policymaking must be grounded in consequences
Jeffrey C. Isaac, Indiana University James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science and Center for the Study of Democracy and Public Life director, Spring 2002, “Ends, Means, and Politics,” Dissent Magazine

Power is not a dirty word or an unfortunate feature of the world. It is the core of politics. ……………..It alienates those who are not true believers. It promotes arrogance. And it undermines political effectiveness.

Solves better – using capitalism to fight itself is more effective
Rothkrug 90 (Paul, Founder – Environmental Rescue Fund, Monthly Review, March, 41(10), p. 38)

No institution is or ever has been a seamless monolith…….perhaps even to the extent of furnishing the margin of success for that very effort

Alt fails- lack of cap leads to transition wars
Harris, fellow Hoover Institution, 2003
(Lee, “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing”, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html, ldg)

This is the immiserization thesis of Marx. And it is central to revolutionary Marxism, …………..completely in control of the social order and all socialist schemes would be reduced to pipe dreams.

Capitalism solves war
Griswold, director of the Cato Institute Center for Trade Policy Studies, 2005
(Daniel, “Peace on Earth? Try Free Trade among  Men”, 12-28, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5344, ldg)

As one little-noticed headline on an Associated Press story recently reported,…………. If people need resources outside their national borders, say oil or timber or farm products, they can acquire them peacefully by trading away what they can produce best at home. 

Rejection won’t dislodge capitalism – no critical mass exists 

Grossberg 92 (Lawrence, Professor of Communication Studies – UNC-Chapel Hill and Chair of the Executive Committee of the University Program in Cultural Studies, We Gotta Get Out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture, p. 388-389)

If it is capitalism that is at stake, our moral opposition to it …………….in the current context to effectively organize people, and too vague to provide any direction.

Alt fails – cap is too strong.
Carroll 10 – founding director of the Social Justice Studies Program at  the University of Victoria (William, “Crisis, movements, counter-hegemony: in search of the new,”  Interface 2:2)

Just as hegemony has been increasingly organized on a transnational basis through the globalization of ……………interrelated scales to unite a diverse range of social groupings and thereby spatialize a Gramscian war of position to the global scale’ (Karriem 2009: 324).

Humanity’s drive for wealth is inevitable- capitalism promotes the value to life by channeling that into benefiting society as a whole
Nash, philosophy professor, at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2002
(Ronald, “Government is too big and it’s costing you!” http://www.summit.org/resources/govistoobig.htm, ldg)

Among all of our economic options, Arthur Shenfield writes, only capitalism "operates ……….also their reduction to serfdom by the new privileged class of Socialist rulers."42

Cap solves disease
Mahmoud et al 6 (Adel, Senior Molecular Biologist in the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs – Princeton University, Former President – Merck Vaccines, The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities,” http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11588andpage=80)

Changes in travel and trade and the disruption of economic and cultural norms have ……………international training in epidemiology, public health, and tropical medicine in particular. 

extinction
Scotsman 95 (9-11, “The Mega Death”, p. 13, Lexis)
Bullets and bombs may be the weapons of the present, but plagues, viruses and killer microbes are the arsenal of the future………………. It is no longer just governments which had the capability to engage in biological warfare.

Hegemony turns the K – world of hegemonic decline leads to marginalization of minorities
Miller, Truman National Security Project Fellow, 2012,
(Chris, "American Military Decline? Not When Force Is Used Properly", Small Wars Journal, 11-7, PAS) smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/american-military-decline-not-when-force-is-used-properly 11-7-12

Often these efforts revolve around cooperating with a marginalized minority, …………….Though these were certainly major troop commitments, they weren’t enough to get the job done from the outset.

Hegemony turns the K – decline leads to totalitarianism  
Miller, Truman National Security Project Fellow, 2012,
(Chris, "American Military Decline? Not When Force Is Used Properly", Small Wars Journal, 11-7, PAS) smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/american-military-decline-not-when-force-is-used-properly 11-7-12

The campaign in Libya was a success because it had a clear,……………. American involvement there was over in less than ninety days and with zero U.S. casualties.

1. Hegemony spreads respect for human rights globally.
   Kagan, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund, and Kristol, State Department Official under President Reagan; Chief of Staff to VP Dan Quayle, Secretary of Education under Reagan.  Taught politics at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, 2000
   Robert and William, “Present Dangers”
   It is hardly surprising that these same principles have consistently shaped American foreign policy………… the rule of law, basic freedoms and economic prosperity take root, American interests are advanced. 

2. Extinction outweighs
Bostrom ‘2Nick Bostron, Department of Philosophy, Yale University, 2002, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” http://www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html 

Our approach to existential risks cannot be one of trial-and-error. ………..into account the welfare of future generations, the harm done by existential risks is multiplied

No impact- just because our evidence is Orientalist doesn’t mean it’s not true—you still have to evaluate our impact scenarios
Halliday, 1993 (Fred, Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and International Relations, "'Orientalism' and Its Critics," British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 145-163)

A third difficulty with Said's approach is the methodological assumption it makes about …………are, and, preferably, have some idea of who you can suborn from within the organization.

2 —Attempt to prevent violent proliferation creates cooperative nonconflictual – not the racism you assume
Walker 7 (William Walker is Professor of International Relations at the University of St Andrews which he joined in 1996.)
(“International nuclear order: a rejoinder” International Affairs. 27 JUL 2007)

Roberts ends his article with a brief section headed ‘An auspicious moment for¶ order?’…………
 in¶ addition to the systems of deterrence and abstinence, for a ‘system of policing’ has¶ given me particular pause for thought.21
 

Aff is a prerequisite for the alt- For economic freedom to be reached need change in political rights
Youngs 11
(Richard, FRIDE, “Misunderstanding The Maladies Of Liberal Democracy Promotion” http://www.eurasiareview.com/misunderstanding-the-maladies-of-liberal-democracy-promotion-18022011)
Many critical points raised are important and valid…………. of economic democratisation are not to be captured by incumbent autocratic regimes. 

Democracy assistance is not a cloak for capitalism- western countries regularly decouple liberal and economic reform.
Youngs 11
(Richard, FRIDE, “Misunderstanding The Maladies Of Liberal Democracy Promotion” http://www.eurasiareview.com/misunderstanding-the-maladies-of-liberal-democracy-promotion-18022011)
Third, central to critical perspectives is the contention that liberal democracy is joined at the hip with economic liberalism, of a type that works against the interests of non-Western states…………….. included in democracy initiatives is the business sector – trade unions get far more support from Western democracy promotion agencies. 

?
Rejection spurs Hopeless Nihilism and kills Politics—It assumes a deterministic relationship between Ideology and Symbol, and uses totalizing descriptions of Action based on theoretical knowledge—Only our broad Humanist Pragmatism combines social experimentation with Agency.
RORTY 1999
Achieving our country Richard Rorty P 36

I see this preference as a turn away from secularism and pragmatism—as an attempt to do precisely what Dewey and Whitman thought should not be done: namely, to see the American adventure within a fixed frame of reference, a frame supplied by theory. Paradoxically, the leftists who are ……………..This suspicion lingers. As long as it does, and as long as the American Left remains incapable of national pride, our country will have only a cultural Left, not a political one.

Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 3 | Opponent: Rutgers | Judge:
The US is still ahead and rivals aren’t as close as declinists want you to believe
Wheat 10 – Treston, columnist for the Daily Beacon and a senior in political science at UT (November 10, 2010, “Concerns about US hegemony overstate,” http://utdailybeacon.com/opinion/columns/immutably-right/2010/nov/10/concerns-about-us-hegemony-overstated/)

Any casual observer of the world can see that its geopolitical landscape is drastically changing. …………place in the world and in history is not as threatened as one might think.

The best and most recent Stats prove heg solves war
Owen ‘11
John M. Owen Professor of Politics at University of Virginia PhD from Harvard "DON’T DISCOUNT HEGEMONY" Feb 11 www.cato-unbound.org/2011/02/11/john-owen/dont-discount-hegemony/

Andrew Mack and his colleagues at the Human Security Report Project are to be congratulated. ………..But general U.S. material and moral support for liberal democracy remains strong. 

Realism is true and inevitable – a shift away collapses into chaos.
Mearsheimer, 1 (professor of political science at University of Chicago, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, pg. 361, 2001)

The optimists' claim that security competition and war among the great powers has been burned out of the system is wrong……………..
 in Northeast Asia for the explicit purpose of keeping the major states in each region at peace.

Tournament: Binghamton | Round: 5 | Opponent: CUNY | Judge:
Reps don’t affect reality – material structure are more important
Tuathail 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

While theoretical debates at academic conferences  are important to academics, …………..ahistorical cant  that sometimes accompanies ‘poststructuralism nor convenient reading strategies like  the identity politics narrative; it needs to always be open to the patterned mess that is  human history.

K
Even if threats are constructed, those constructions come from somewhere real. Rethinking epistemology fails, only policy action solves.
Knudsen 1 - PoliSci Professor at Sodertorn (Olav, Post-Copenhagen Security Studies, Security Dialogue 32:3)
Moreover, I have a problem with the underlying implication that it is unimportant whether ………..not least to find adequate democratic procedures for dealing with them

Extinction comes first: life is a prerequisite to other values
Nye, 86 (Joseph S. 1986; Phd Political Science Harvard. University; Served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; “Nuclear Ethics” pg. 45-46)

Is there any end that could justify a nuclear war that threatens the survival of the species…………… enhance the quality of life beyond mere survival. The degree of that risk is a justifiable topic of both prudential and moral reasoning. 

Policy-making addresses racism
Grossberg‘92(Lawrence, Morris Davis Professor of Communication Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, “We Gotta Get Out of this Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture”, page 377-380)

By focusing on the construction of social individuality, identity politics …………….The struggle for authority is not merely the struggle to control one's own life but to structure the commitments which fashion everyday life and its relations to the social formation.

Perm do the plan and all non competitive parts of the alt –
a combination of ideology and action is key to enacting social change
Delgado, 92 (Charles Inglis Thomson Professor of Law at the University of Colorado Law School
Richard May 1992.  California Law Review, lexis)

Transformation in the Critical Vision. -- The vision of change that Critical scholars experss ……………."appear in our unreflective consciousness."  

Alt doesn’t solve- Complete rejection assimilation and a new racial class system
Wu 96 (Frank H. Wu, Law Prof @ Howard, May 1996, “White by Law,”3 Asian L.J. 185, p)

In other words, the risk of considering color-blindness in its "best" form ………..They should not be so foolish, however, as to believe that they can really exercise their individual decision or even their collective choice.

Ontology focus is problematic when addressing race
James ’10 (Michael James, Bucknell University Faculty, Contemporary Political Theory; Cultural and Ethnic Pluralism; Law and Legal Theory – Ph.D., Duke University – “The Political Ontology of Race” – APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1643755)

The role of agency in the political ontology of race reveals another problem: the fragility of racial solidarity.Because black political solidarity is a choice, …………But as I will argue in the next section, the problem of trust is better addressed by the political ontology of race than by the social or biological ontologies.

War- detailed military education prevents extinction
Military education is key to ethical knowledge production – ensures that we learn from our past mistakes
HANSON 2007 (Victor Davis Hanson, Professor of Classics at CSU Fullerton, “Why Study War?” City Journal, Summer)

It’s no surprise that civilian Americans tend to lack a basic understanding of military matters. Even …………….Some men will always prefer war to peace; and other men, we who have learned from the past, have a moral obligation to stop them.

Turn- Focusing on white supremacy creates conditions for new forms of oppression and reinforce existing hierarchies
Robinson, 00 ( Professor of Law at Howard University (Reginald Leamon, 20 Boston College Third World Journal 145, The First National Meeting of the Regional People of Color Legal Scholarship Conferences: Celebrating Our Emerging Voices: People of Color Speak: "Expert" Knowledge: Introductory Comments on Race Consciousness, winter.  Lexis)

Perhaps I have hit on our existential difficulty. Given the manner in ………….leveled against white unconscious racism.) However, I cannot make these statements in polite company without committing a major intellectual faux pas. Alas, so be it.   

Debate should be an academic exercise where the Affirmative plays the role of the federal government and the Negative negates this plan in any way they choose. This creates a competitive space to imagine new ideas and translate them into practical suggestions—playing devil’s advocate challenges the status quo and results in emancipatory change
Andrews,06 (Peter, Consulting Faculty Member at the IBM Executive Business Institute in Palisades, New York, Executive Technology Report, August, www-935.ibm.com/services/us/bcs/pdf/g510-6313-etr-unlearn-to-innovate.pdf)
High stakes innovation requires abandoning conventional wisdom, even ………….assume the role of the outsider to challenge assumptions, look for unexpected alternatives and find the vulnerabilities of a new idea or approach).

They create a political vacuum that cements the status quo
Cook ‘92 (Anthony, Associate Professor – Georgetown Law, New England Law Review, Spring, 26 New Eng.L. Rev. 751, Lexis)

The effect of deconstructing the power of the author to impose a fixed meaning on the text or ……………eloquence, prestige, wealth and power.
 

Causes extinction
Small ‘6(Jonathan, former Americorps VISTA for the Human Services Coalition,“Moving Forward,” The Journal for Civic Commitment, Spring, http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/other/engagement/Journal/Issue7/Small.jsp)

What will be the challenges of the new millennium? And how should we equip…………….., we will look at the beginning stages of a project that seeks to do just that.

It is necessary to learn the language of the state- their form of opposition will always be transitory
Sullivan 1995 (Andrew Sullivan- the New Republic – editor, “Virtually Normal”, pg. 91-93 DATE ACCESSED: 9/20/12) TM

Moreover, mere cultural redeployment in a free society is always subject to a cultural response; …………But he has no plans or projects for turning the cage into something more like a human or home.”

The alt’s all-or-nothing choice fails --- small reforms like the plan are key to institutional change and getting others to sign on to the alt
Erik Olin Wright 7, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/wright/Published20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf

5. Waystations The final guideline for discussions of envisioning real utopias concerns the importance of waystations. ……………….
enlarge their scope of action in the future.

The perm applies the lessons of the past to the problems of the present
Axtell 93 James Axtell, Kenan Professor of Humanities at the College of William and Mary, chaired the American Historical Association's Columbus Quincentenary Committee, Historian, Autumn, Vol. 56, Issue 1 1993
We judge the past for at least three important reasons. The first is to appraise action, an ……………..the past is as nearly full, complex, and true as the past itself was, lest we lose our bearings in fantasy and waste our resources and moral energies on false trails.

Reform the state solves their turns—the alt  fails
Habermas 98 Jürgen Habermas teaches philosophy at the University of Frankfurt, “The European Nation-State: On the Past and Future of Sovereignty and Citizenship,” Public Culture10(2): 397–416
Talk of overcoming the nation-state is ambiguous. On one reading—let us call it  the postmodern—……………could ever achieve a binding  force that extends beyond the level of the nation-state.