Tournament: JMU | Round: Quarters | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: 

Butler’s politics of vulnerability is based on an abstract notion of the suffering white, American subject. Her appeals to a universal "we" or global community can only reinscribe whiteness.

Thobani 07 (Sunera, Professor at the University of British Columbia.  White wars: Western feminisms and the `War on Terror’ - Feminist Theory 2007; 8; 169 – Sage Publications)
Butler’s analytic frame begins with the injury done to the US by the 9/
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physical support for our lives at the other. (2004: 31)

Butler is just wrong. When compared to the bodies of Afghani, Egyptian, Syria, and host of other peoples, we in the US are not vulnerable. She ignores the historical differences between different peoples to assert a universal humanity, which means a white, American, imperialist humanity.

Thobani 07 (Sunera, Professor at the University of British Columbia.  White wars: Western feminisms and the `War on Terror’ - Feminist Theory 2007; 8; 169 – Sage Publications)
The analysis of the current destruction of sovereignties by the US, its invasions and
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even as the definition of the human is claimed by the white subject. 

ALTERNATIVE: Rather than begin from shared vulnerability, we must recognize how vulnerability is differently constituted by different populations. We are not vulnerable, not when compared to the population of Syria, facing Assad’s chemical weapons on one side, the rebels’ guns on the other, and the ever present threat of US intervention and missiles hanging over their heads. We must begin our analysis from the perspective of subaltern trauma.

Thobani 07 (Sunera, Professor at the University of British Columbia.  White wars: Western feminisms and the `War on Terror’ - Feminist Theory 2007; 8; 169 – Sage Publications)
My concern with Butler’s framing of events is not so much that the psychoanalytic and
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into the territories of others as defensive, and hence necessary, violence.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mary Washing SY | Judge: Craig Hennigan

CIR will pass, but it ’s going to be close and a fight—-PC is key and there ’s momentum

Orlando Sentinel 11/1 "What we think: It’ll take both parties to clear immigration logjam," 11-1-13, http://www.orlandosen-tinel.com/news/opinion/os-ed-immigration-reform-congress-20131031,0,7750574.story?dssReturn, DOA: 11-1-13, y2k
For those who thought the end of the government shutdown would provide a break from
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, better for security, and better for the future of their party.

Massive opposition to drone courts

Munoz 13 No court for drone oversight, says GOP, Carlo Muñoz, 02/13/13, http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/282687-no-court-for-drones-says-gop

Senate Republicans on Tuesday ruled out placing armed drone strikes under the authority of a
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commander in chief, you need to be able to act right now." 

Reform is key to growth

Haskins, Brookings Economic Studies Senior Fellow, 2-7, 2013, ¶ (Ron, "Do Republicans Stand a Chance on Immigration Reform?", Brookings, PAS) www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/02/07-republicans-immigration-reform-haskins 2-7-13 

It would be difficult to overstate the advantages to our economy of immigration reform.
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work in science and technology substantially increase employment among native-born Americans.

Insert Econ Impact

Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Will Scott

Race focus trades-off with a class focus—this is not an attempt to ignore oppression, but a position that links their critique to the central dynamic of capitalism.

D’Annibale and McLaren 4 Professor at University of Windsor, Ontario and University of California 2004 Valerie and Peter, "Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ’difference’" Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2004 http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/mclaren/class20dismissed.pdf-http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/mclaren/class dismissed.pdf accessed date: 4-8-12 y2k

A radical political economy framework is crucial since various ’culturalist’ perspectives seem to diminish
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of capitalist society in order to resist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy more fully. 

Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale

Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
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abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

Thus our alternative is a commitment to the Communist Hypothesis.  Every ethical decision should be infused with all of the significance of humanity’s destiny. The affirmative reduces life to a barbaric ratrace and stands opposed to universal emancipation.

Alain Badiou, former Chair of Philosophy at École normale supérieure, 2008.  ~The Meaning of Sarkozy, pp. 97-103~ 

I would like to situate the Sarkozy episode, which is not an impressive page
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the moment at which we find ourselves in the history of this hypothesis.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mary Washing SY | Judge: Craig Hennigan

Text: The U.S. Supreme Court should rule to 

Courts have the authority

Fisher, Congressional Research Service Senior Specialist in Separation of Powers, 2005,
(Louis, "Judicial Review of the War Power", Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 3, September, Pg. 466, PAS) http://www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/422.pdf 8-15-13

The terrorist attacks of 9/11, followed by the creation of a military
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many times, they have curbed presidential military actions in time of war.

Politics is a net benefit

Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 01
~Gregory Intoccia, practicing attorney specializing in telecommunications, 2001, Reassessing Judicial Capacity to Resolve Complex Questions of Social Policy, 11 USAFA J. Leg. Stud. 127, pg. np~

Elected politicians appear to "pass the buck" to the judiciary when an issue
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question, preferring instead that the judiciary decide whether to eliminate abortion restrictions.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 3 | Opponent: Michigan CH | Judge: Kyle Vint
The affirmative fundamentally ignores the current socio-political occasion, one governed by a military metaphysics of violence.  We are in the midst of a neoliberal revolution, an in-between time of governance, converging with violence, to place all life under the universalizing sign of the permanent war zone.  
The 1AC constitutes an act of willfully forgetting, not only of the very situation in which it emerges, but also the task of the intellectual in this age; one who bears the responsibility of rendering opaque forms of violence visible rather than merely (re)organize the ongoing production of violence.
This debate is a question of competing trajectories of intellectual inquiry – the question you should ask yourself is the benefit of endorsing a mode of scholarship that focuses exclusively on the technocratic administration of war.
Giroux 2013 (Henry A. Giroux, Professor at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University. The Violence of Organized Forgetting, Truthout | Op-Ed.  Monday, 22 July 2013 00:00, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/17647-the-violence-of-organized-forgetting)
"I want to argue that the current ….merely on the side of domination."

Professor Jason Adams of Evergreen State College explains how…
…technology, … is always developed for someone and for some purpose, namely that of the military, the media, the state and other centers of power. …technocracy as the totalitarian replacement of participatory politics … has come about because the instrumentalism that was born with what we call 'technology' has exceeded the machinic bounds of the term … with the result that today it necessarily includes any standardized complex of procedures that transform nature, animals or humans into a means to an end, such that reflective and deliberatory decision-making are replaced, as seen for example in the way in which both the machinic technology of the nuclear bomb and the economic technology of neoliberalism involve the transformation of billions of living beings into either hostages or consumers rather than political actors in their own right. Thus, politics and technology can no longer be separated in a time when the latter forms the very framework within which the former takes place, to such an extent in fact, that deliberation is often subsumed by technique altogether; … this occurs because "technology encompasses not just nuclear power stations and computers. It extends… hedgerows, trees and walls. The row of trees outside the American Embassy in London was not planted out of commitment to natural beauty, but to break up student demonstrations, just as the Paris streets were designed to frustrate revolutionary mobs".'° …almost all of the most important decisions in regard to overall design are made not by the people directly affected by them, much less by their elected representatives in government, but rather by technicians who not only exclude the public from the decision of whether or not a particular form of technology should be introduced, but even design them from the start so as to preclude the very possibility from ever occurring at all." 

It’s always the well-meaning liberals…
Despite the affirmative’s manufactured appeal of dissent and criticism in the face of an ever-expanding drone war machine, it’s procedural primacy and investigatory origins give up the ghost in order to conceal of the specter.
The 1AC buys into a larger networked revolution of neoliberal power reconfiguration and presents us with a test site of humanity.  Not in what the 1AC reveals about the reversibility of terrorism… or, operational inefficiency…  or hell, even practical illegality of the strikes themselves… but rather in the emergence of blind spots that naturally follow it’s an all-accommodating discursive swoop of co-mission and commiseration with those we believe to have removed themselves from the human community.
This receipt of failure shall serve as documentation of an event in which the interlocking mechanics of exploitation and oppression gain permanency.
Hayes 2013 (Heather Ashley Hayes, Asst Prof of Rhetoric, Whitman College.  “Violent Subjects: A Rhetorical Cartography of Bodies, Spaces, and Technologies in the Global War on Terror.”  A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Heather Ashley Hayes IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ronald Walter Greene, Adviser, April 2013)
"Another line of argument over …. to reconfigure modes of governance."

A primary example of this occurs in the design of the 1AC.  In both it’s form and content one discovers a fundamental complicity with the jeremiadic narrative of American exceptionalism.  The epistemological architecture of the 1AC itself, the entire consort of media sources selected dancing together contrapunctually before our very eyes… almost if to confess it’s ruse…
The seemingly ‘objective’ and neutral forms knowledge the produced by the affirmative remain complicit with the neoliberal linage of expansion and violence from which they arise…
Hold the affirmatives evidence suspect
McVicker 2012 (THE TASK OF JOURNALISM IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM IMAGINING THE PROFANE McVicker, Jeanette Philosophy Today; May 2012; 56, 2; ProQuest pg. 243)
"There's not much surprise in suggesting that …. journalism's detriment."

The plan is anything but a simple corrective.  By placing blame on the unique circumstances of exceptionalism - the specific failed projects and policy blemishes we can all now admit as mistakes or accidents along an otherwise pure trajectory of empire – obscures the fact the pre-emptive logic of security is what allowed said harms to arise in the first place.  The temporal exceptionalism of pre-emptive security results in serial policy failure, turning case
Stockdale 2013 (Liam P.D. Stockdale, Department of Political Science, McMaster University (2013) Imagined futures and exceptional presents: a conceptual critique of ‘pre-emptive security’, Global Change, Peace and Security: formerly Pacifica Review: Peace, Security and Global Change, 25:2, 141-157, DOI: 10.1080/14781158.2013.774342)
"These potentially problematic aspects of ….of pre-emptive security all but incoherent. The ?nal section explores this point in more detail."

Our alternative is to renounce the affirmative…
The alternative ‘requires continual and vigilant mapping of the remainder of the Obama administration’s term and beyond with regard to unmanned aerial warfare’.  
Debate doesn’t leave the room – or rather, the value of the affirmatives inquiry doesn’t exist outside of the debate space.  The rhetorical form, situation, and primacy of the 1AC itself constructs a contingent space of debate that can only be activated in service of streamlining our justifications for drone strikes and the perpetual (re)generation of technological warfare.
Hayes 2013 (Heather Ashley Hayes, Asst Prof of Rhetoric, Whitman College.  “Violent Subjects: A Rhetorical Cartography of Bodies, Spaces, and Technologies in the Global War on Terror.”  A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Heather Ashley Hayes IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Ronald Walter Greene, Adviser, April 2013)
"As Karen DeYoung describes, “The….with regard to unmanned aerial warfare."

This rendering of the ballot attends to the unique confinements and constraints of both our current socio-political occasion but also this specific occasion and space of debate.
Bowers 2011 (C.A. Bowers, University of Oregon.  Ecologically and Culturally Informed Educational Reforms in Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies.  Critical Education.  Volume 2 Number 14 December 20, 2011 ISSN 1920-4125)
"Classroom teachers and university …. country’s traditional newspapers."

Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Will Scott

The role of the ballot is to answer the resolutional question- The aff’s failure to advance a topical defense of federal policy undermines debate’s potential

Our interpretation is grammatically correct

Ericson 3 Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4

The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

This is prior question to debate- voting issue for limits and ground- there are an infinite number of reasons that the scholarship of their advocacy could be a reason to vote aff- these all obviate the only predictable strategies based on topical action- they overstretch our research burden and undermine preparedness for all debates

A limited topic of discussion is key to decision-making and advocacy skills- this still provides room for creativity, but targets the discussion

Steinberg 26 Freeley 8 Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development- posits students as agents of decision-making

Esberg 26 Sagan 12 Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York University’s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation "NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy," 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108

These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
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quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Switch-side is key- forces critical thinking and better advocacy

Keller et al 1 Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost

SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility to shape social policy and legislation (National Association
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yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue. 

Effective deliberation is the lynchpin of solving all existential global problems

Lundberg 10 Christian O. Lundberg Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, "Tradition of Debate in North Carolina" in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311

The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
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with the existential challenges to democracy ~in an~ increasingly complex world.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Louisville LR | Judge: Deven Cooper

The cultural turn evoked by "post-strategies" attempts to break part any material analysis through the use of discursive analysis – despite their attempts to incorporate materialism it remains culturalist and stuck within the paradigm of capitalism.

Ebert and Zavarzadeh in 2008(Teresa L., English, State University of New York, Albany, Mas’ud, prolific writer and expert on class ideology, "Class in Culture", p. 27-29)
On the theoretical level, the attacks on labor focused on the material logic:
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ideology. Therefore to understand culture, one needs to look "outside."

Rejecting their race framework is necessary to create a radical critique of material conditions of oppression—this is not an attempt to ignore oppression, but rather a position that links critique of whiteness to the central dynamic of capitalism.

D’Annibale and McLaren, Professor at University of Windsor, Ontario and University of California 2004
~Valerie and Peter, "Class Dismissed? Historical materialism and the politics of ’difference’" Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2004 http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/mclaren/class20dismissed.pdf-http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/mclaren/class dismissed.pdf accessed date: 4-8-12 y2k~

A radical political economy framework is crucial since various ’culturalist’ perspectives seem to diminish
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the way in which social life is presumed to be constituted and organized.
The category of ’race’—the conceptual framework that the oppressed often employ to interpret their experiences of inequality ’often clouds the concrete reality of class, and blurs the actual structure of power and privilege.’ In this regard, ’race’ is all too often a ’barrier to understanding the central role of class in shaping personal and collective outcomes within a capitalist society’
(Marable, 1995, pp. 8, 226). In many ways,
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of capitalist society in order to resist white supremacist capitalist patriarchy more fully. 

Identity politics collapse into competition between proliferating identity groups—the struggle against the institutional basis of oppression, such as class, is discarded in favor of political fragmentation—turns the aff.

Smith 10—Jeremy is a member of the Democratic Socialist Perspective in the Australian Socialist Alliance and a lecturer in social sciences at the University of Ballarat. "The rise and malaise of postmodernism" http://links.org.au/node/32-http://links.org.au/node/32 accessed date: 6-14-12 y2k

What kind of politics can this philosophical framework generate for its adherents The withdrawal of
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the possible foundations of judgment debated by philosophers are themselves held in contempt.

Resisting capitalism’s reliance on economic evaluation is the ultimate ethical responsibility – the current social order guarantees social exclusion on a global scale

Zizek and Daly 2k4 (Slavoj and Glyn, Conversations with Zizek page 14-16)
For Zizek it is imperative that we cut through this Gordian knot of postmodern protocol
AND
abject Other to that of a ’glitch’ in an otherwise sound matrix. 

Capitalism causes extinction through nuclear war, racism, genocide, starvation and environmental destruction

Internationalist Perspective 2k ("Human Sacrifice is Basic to Capitalism" http://wickedcapitalism.blogspot.com/2009/07/capitalism-and-genocide.html)

Mass death, and genocide, the deliberate and systematic extermination of whole groups of
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this new millenium will entail more and more frequent recourse to mass murder. 

The alternative is to reject the aff in favor of historical materialism – historical materialism links social praxis to a decisive judgment on capitalist oppression.

Lukacs in 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is
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Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness) 224-225
Historical materialism has, therefore, a much greater value for the proletariat than that
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and so that, armed with this knowledge, it could act accordingly. 

Orthodox Marxism is key – all other rubrics (race, gender, sex, etc…) fail to analyze systemic inequality.

Tumino 5 (Stephen, professor at University of Pittsburgh, "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever," February 14, http://www.redcritique.org/spring2001/whatisorthodoxmarxism.htm)

Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
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to each according to their needs" (Marx) is the rule.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Iowa CS | Judge: Katie Frederick

First off – T

Interpretation - restrictions are prohibitions.

Northglenn 11
~City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, and#34;Rules of Construction – Definitionsand#34;, http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html~~jap

Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term and#34;restrictionand#34; shall mean a prohibitive regulation. Any use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing which is the subject of a restriction is prohibited, and no such use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.

Violation – the plan does not prohibit the President, it only adds a step in the process of decision making to make drones usage more difficult.

Vote Neg:

1. Ground – not prohibiting presidential actions makes all DA links and counterplan competition impossible since the AFF isn’t required to stop the President from doing anything.  Access to this ground is key to negative preparation to check AFF topic selection and infinite prep at the beginning of the season.

2. Brightline – the plan text either prohibits or it does not – our interpretation establishes a clear division of topical and non-topical affirmatives, which reduces judge intervention and preserves clash in the debate.

3. Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless and#34;conditionsand#34; that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves

Posner 12 (Eric, University of Chicago Law, and#34;Deference to the Executive in the United States After September 11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counseland#34;, http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE20TO20THE20EXECUTIVE.pdf-http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE.pdf)
To see why, consider an example in which the President must choose an action
AND
their power. If it did not, people would not enter contracts.

4. Limits – The topic is huge – 4 areas times 2 mechanisms all with separate literature and unique advantages

Voter for fairness and education

Next off -

The affirmative’s presencing of terror as an exceptional threat in the status quo is a temporal manipulation that actively works to forget state terror against native populations as the constitutive foundation of American political subjectivity – You should use your ballot to counter-presence the memory of historical and ongoing state terror against native Americans as a form of resistant memorial practice against the forgetfulness of the 1ac.
Pugliese 2013 (Joseph, Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University, Sydney.  State violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of torture, black sites, drones. and#34;Genocidal caesurae and the militarization of Native American countryand#34; Pages 46-55)

The articulation of a series of carceral and genocidal caesurae predicated on biopolitically separating out
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landscapes generated by the military-industrial complex and its economies of war.

Next off –

CP Text: The United States federal government should ban the use of drones.

You can’t have your cake and eat it too – The affirmatives blowback scenario is rooted in American exceptionalism and imperialism.

Peterson 2013 (Kim Petersen is co-editor of Dissident Voice.  ’Should an Honest Narrative be Sacrificed for a Potential Peace?’  August 6th, 2013 http://dissidentvoice.org/2013/08/should-an-honest-narrative-be-sacrificed-for-a-potential-peace/-http://dissidentvoice.org/2013/08/should-an-honest-narrative-be-sacrificed-for-a-potential-peace/)

Code PINK activist Medea Benjamin deserves plenty of accolades because she puts herself out there
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war crimes and removes war criminals from the reach of international justice tribunals?

Next off -

The affirmative fundamentally ignores the current socio-political occasion, one governed by a military metaphysics of violence.  We are in the midst of a neoliberal revolution, an in-between time of governance, convergi

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mary Washing SY | Judge: Craig Hennigan

Presidential war powers high

Bazzle 12 SHUTTING THE COURTHOUSE DOORS: INVOKING THE STATE SECRETS PRIVILEGE TO THWART JUDICIAL REVIEW IN THE AGE OF TERROR, Timothy Bazzle, J.D., Georgetown University Law Center, 2011; M.I.A., School of International and Pub- lic Affairs at Columbia University, 2006; A.B. History and Literature, Harvard University, 2001. Mr. Bazzle is a litigation associate at Goodwin Procter LLP, 2012, http://civilrightslawjournal.com/issues/23.29.pdf

The war on terror has led to an increased use of the state secrets privilege
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much fervor—if not as much regularity6—as its predecessor.7

Judicial restrictions undermine the executive- tanks heg

Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881

Supreme Court Justices—along with legal advocates—need to conceptualize and prioritize big
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," n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.

Heg solves extinction

Brooks et al 13 Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement, Foreign Affairs, January 2013, Stephen G. Brooks, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth, G. John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, and William C. Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth, http://mcfr.wildapricot.org/Resources/Documents/2013-05 2020Brooks20Ikenberry20FA20Stay20Engaged201301.pdf

Since the end of World War II, the United States has pursued a single
AND
an engaged and liberal leading power. The results could well be disastrous.

Tournament: Clarion | Round: 6 | Opponent: Mary Washing SY | Judge: Craig Hennigan

Text: The President of the United States should issue a National Security Directive requiring the Department of Defense include in its Quadrennial Defense Review a recommendation to 

The President should not de-classify information regarding this National Security Directive.

QDR solves- reduces war powers

Parsons, National Defense Magazine Staff Writer, 2013,
(Dan, "Analyst: 2014 Defense Review Offers Opportunity for Real Reform", National Defense Magazine, 6-17, PAS) www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/lists/posts/post.aspx?ID=1182 9-2-13 

Instead of shoehorning its current force structure within a confined budget, the U.
AND
You should invest in the future first, before you balance the budget."¶

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Missouri State HR | Judge: Steven Murray

Interpretation - restrictions are prohibitions.

Northglenn 11
~City of Northglenn Zoning Ordinance, "Rules of Construction – Definitions", http://www.northglenn.org/municode/ch11/content_11-5.html~~jap

Section 11-5-3. Restrictions. As used in this Chapter 11 of the Municipal Code, the term "restriction" shall mean a prohibitive regulation. Any use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing which is the subject of a restriction is prohibited, and no such use, activity, operation, building, structure or thing shall be authorized by any permit or license.

Violation – the plan does not prohibit the President, it only adds a step in the process of decision making to make drones usage more difficult.

Vote Neg:

1. Ground – not prohibiting presidential actions makes all DA links and counterplan competition impossible since the AFF isn’t required to stop the President from doing anything.  Access to this ground is key to negative preparation to check AFF topic selection and infinite prep at the beginning of the season.

2. Brightline – the plan text either prohibits or it does not – our interpretation establishes a clear division of topical and non-topical affirmatives, which reduces judge intervention and preserves clash in the debate.

3. Bidirectionality – absent a prohibition, the aff can create meaningless "conditions" that EXPAND presidential power – commission consultation proves

Posner 12 (Eric, University of Chicago Law, "Deference to the Executive in the United States After September 11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel", http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE20TO20THE20EXECUTIVE.pdf-http://ericposner.com/DEFERENCE TO THE EXECUTIVE.pdf)
To see why, consider an example in which the President must choose an action
AND
their power. If it did not, people would not enter contracts.

4. Limits – The topic is huge – 4 areas times 2 mechanisms all with separate literature and unique advantages

Voter for fairness and education

Tournament: GSU | Round: 7 | Opponent: Georgia Tech | Judge:
The world is a few cities, with no space in between, and life a series of hotel rooms. Pack up your suite in Austin: one toothbrush, one toothpaste, travel shampoo and conditioner, two pairs pants, three pairs socks, three shirts, one jacket. Then wake up Dallas to unpack.
No longer do we ride across the country side, getting lost, pulling into a small diner you’ve never heard of, stopping every hour at weird and scary rest-stops to pee.  No, instead we board a plane, go to sleep, and wake up somewhere else.  This is the condition afflicting us all in the epoch of late capitalism. We move from Georgia hotel room to Fairfax hotel room, and at the same time, the world is as if one big hotel: We leave the Kansas City room, take a few steps down the hall, and enter the Chicago room. How convenient that hotels have begun to name their conference rooms accordingly because even they realize THAT is the condition of our world. Jameson furthers that:
“Now I want to say a few words … caught as individual subjects. ”
?
This is our escapism, a simple card game. If we have a higher card in the suit of planetary extinction, it trumps your deuce of genocide. This is the world we escape into – no longer even poker, a game of strategy and artifice. No, today we are playing War!, where we slap down our cards and see who wins. Khalilzad beats Mead, Mead beats Sid-Ahmed, Sid-Ahmed beat Berube … God damn it, you played the race card!
It seems these citations alone, the random shouting of author and date now so effective and efficient, supplant description, explanation, and reference to worldly events and situations that are no longer even necessary. This is the perverse world in which students cloister themselves in basements for weeks, arriving at noon and leaving after midnight.
Debate becomes the reason we study philosophy or read the newspaper every day. When life becomes a hotel, debate becomes our life. The supreme irony of this is that we escape the IKEA furniture, the breakfast buffets with 12 types of cereal and no milk, the fake flowers and assembly-line paintings, only to turn debate into the most-postmodern Hotel of them all. The Bonaventure, in which Miami, LA, and Fullerton are replaced by the Paris ’68 room, the Berlin ‘89 room, the Berkeley ‘60’s room. Debate becomes this orgy of difference, like Epcot center, where we can walk out of a Heidegger throwdown, take a few steps down the hall and debate about healthcare politics. Everything is so DIFFERENT! –At least, for two hours, then we pack up our tubs, board the airplane, and wake up in a new city reading a new argument.
Schnurer ‘03
“The big question is: does gaming …not to become poets. ”
?
Debate is our escape, it is our drug. For these two hours, this hotel room is the only place I’d want to be, ‘cause I’ve never found a high greater than reading that perfect card. So we cut more cards, read more arguments, we’ve got to SPEED UP! There’s more to be said, more knowledge to be produced, because more is better – more breadth, more depth, more education.
 God knows there’s no time like the present, and none to spare in the 2NC. But Virillio warns us “Without the freedom to critique and reconstruct, there is no truly free game: we are addicts and nothing more’. …Virilio cautions against complacent addiction, inviting us to imagine the consequences of technology: those elite pilots disconnected from sensory experience and important societal connections, capable only as a result of their technological dependency.”
It seems we have reached Nietzsche’s twilight of the idols, in which “The text finally disappeared under the interpretation.”  The resolution has at last become a fable as our modern preoccupation with procedure has finally triumphed over substance and content.  In the pursuit of ensuring that debate provides its participants with a rigorous, yet manageable “research burden” while all along continuing to live up to all those standards of “fairness” and “competitive equity” our liberal academic community holds so dear – it seems that we have neglected the spaces in between.
Terms such as competitive equity, switch-side – even war powers for God’s sake! – seem to swirl around frantically. Now, in the twilight of our topical idols, the question remains what to do? Don’t get us wrong, as Shanahan said,
“I don’t know if you hear it, but …l I think, magical.” 

This is the quality, above all else, that is circumscribed from our game, our hotel of debate. No matter how many idols we smash, the ballot remains, with the tantalizing promise of victory or threat of loss. So we compete; and, as the 1AC proved, we are nothing BUT competitors. Debate has been transformed from a vibrant political engagement, to a game, in which the aff only exists as the enemy of the neg, the neg only exists as the enemy of the aff.  This is the ever-present mode we adopt when encountering that difference which threatens to teach us and enrich our lives, we define ourselves in opposition: we are Absolute and everything which differs is Other. Simone de Beauvoir explains:
“Thus humanity is male and…– she is the Other.’ (Beauvoir 1989 xxii) ”

The 1AC invites us in, as long as we’ll participate in their Epcot Center orgy of difference, as long as we’ll be the woman to their man, the Jew to their anti-Semite – as long as we’ll be different in the way dictated by the rules of our game.  That they spent most of the 1AC reading preempts proves this: they construct an evil Other onto which they can project all fear and uncertainty. The position of the negative is reduced to a scapegoat, to be shouted down, to be purged.
Debra Bergoffen. “On Nietzsche and the Enemy: Nietzsche’s New Politics.” Nietzsche, Power, and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche’s Legacy for Political Thought. Ed. Herman Siemens and Vasti Roodt. 2008. Page 497-498.
“Sartre’s Anti-Semite…, enemies as strange, that they can be beautified and deified.”

We agree with the 1AC, of course nuclear weapons should be reduced, but we would approach debate otherwise. We do not think that the hotel should be torn down or all games are bad, “games have an incredibly imaginative side, a marvelous narrative, a journey through which the player can be transformed into a hero. …But now the travelers are traveled. Dreamers are dreamed. They are no longer free to move about, they are traveled by the program. They are no longer free to dream, they are dreamed by the program. … Faced with the plethora of possibilities, what game should we play? Play at being a critic.”
Thus we would debate as critique: that is critique as a verb, we refuse final closure, refuse the close the door of our room and move on to the next. Instead, we “discern the value”  of things rather than affirm one plan of action or alternative. Kant explains:
“We deal with a …anything about its object. ”

This means attending to those halls and spaces in between, rather than leaving each debate, each argument, each hope of difference, sequestered within its hotel room. Most of all, this means being open to the possibility of being changed by debate.
Bill Shanahan. “kritik of thinking.” Debater’s Research Guide. Health Care Policy. 1993.
“Martin Heidegger lived most of …  through policy debate.”

Block

Information overload is a bi-product of debates virtual realism which offers a false illusion of power and involvement while engendering all to a sense of helplessness and passivity.  The result of positioning ourselves here, between fantasy and reality, is psychosis – a form of compassion fatigue which leavings dehumanization and fundamentalism as the only means to interact in the world
Elliott 2008 (David, Former Director of Istanbul Modern, Art and the Politics of Survival (1) - FRAMEWORK Issue 8/April ´08 (ISSN 1459-6288)
“Part of this problem …safe world of fundamentalism.”

Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne State JS | Judge: Jonathan Shane
The affirmative fundamentally ignores the current socio-political occasion, one governed by a military metaphysics of violence.  We are in the midst of a neoliberal revolution, an in-between time of governance, converging with violence, to place all life under the universalizing sign of the permanent war zone.  
The 1AC constitutes an act of willfully forgetting, not only of the very situation in which it emerges, but also the task of the intellectual in this age; one who bears the responsibility of rendering opaque forms of violence visible rather than merely (re)organize the ongoing production of violence.
This debate is a question of competing trajectories of intellectual inquiry - Vote negative to renounce the affirmative’s endorsement of scholarship that focuses exclusively on the technocratic administration of war.
Giroux 2013 (Henry A. Giroux, Professor at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University. The Violence of Organized Forgetting, Truthout | Op-Ed.  Monday, 22 July 2013 00:00, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/17647-the-violence-of-organized-forgetting)

I want to argue that the current historical moment or what Stuart Hall calls the
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But historical and public memory is not merely on the side of domination.

Professor Jason Adams of Evergreen State College explains how…
  Adams 2003 (Jason, The Evergreen State College, POPULAR DEFENSE IN THE EMPIRE OF SPEED: PAUL VIRILIO AND THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE POLITICAL BODY. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS - In the Department Of Political Science - SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY - November 2003)
…technology, … is always developed for someone and for some purpose, namely
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start so as to preclude the very possibility from ever occurring at all."

A primary example of this occurs in the design of the 1AC.  In both it’s form and content one discovers a fundamental complicity with the jeremiadic narrative of American exceptionalism.  The epistemological architecture of the 1AC itself, the entire consort of media sources selected dancing together contrapunctually before our very eyes… almost if to confess it’s ruse…
The seemingly ’objective’ and neutral forms knowledge the produced by the affirmative remain complicit with the neoliberal linage of expansion and violence from which they arise…
Hold the affirmative’s evidence suspect
McVicker 2012 (THE TASK OF JOURNALISM IN THE AGE OF TERRORISM IMAGINING THE PROFANE McVicker, Jeanette Philosophy Today; May 2012; 56, 2; ProQuest pg. 243)

There’s not much surprise in suggesting that "news" has become a commodity in
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of American exceptionalism have been mutually self-sustaining-to journalism’s detriment.

Furthermore, form transmutes and transfigures the content of affirmative advocacy, showing through the fundamental absence at the heart a debate space structured by casino-capitalism.
McMahon and Miller 2012 (Sean F. McMahon and Chris Miller.  Simulating the Camp David Negotiations : A Problem-Solving Tool in Critical Pedagogy Simulation Gaming 2013 44: 134 originally published online 19 September 2012 DOI: 10.1177/1046878112456252, Simulation 26 Gaming, http://sag.sagepub.com/-http://sag.sagepub.com/)

Jean Baudrillard (2006) explains that "~t~o simulate is to feign to have what one doesn’t have" (p. 3). Simulation implies an absence (Baudrillard, 2006). Role-playing simulations are one way of producing what would otherwise remain political absences—profoundly unequal power relations, complex policy-making processes, competing political ideas, narratives, histories and negotiating styles, institutions with their attendant rules and subsidiary structures—from the classroom.
The plan is anything but a simple corrective.  By placing blame on the unique circumstances of exceptionalism - the specific failed projects and policy blemishes we can all now admit as mistakes or accidents along an otherwise pure trajectory of empire – obscures the fact the pre-emptive logic of security is what allowed said harms to arise in the first place.  The temporal exceptionalism of pre-emptive security results in serial policy failure, turning case
Stockdale 2013 (Liam P.D. Stockdale, Department of Political Science, McMaster University (2013) Imagined futures and exceptional presents: a conceptual critique of ’pre-emptive security’, Global Change, Peace 26 Security: formerly Pacifica Review: Peace, Security 26 Global Change, 25:2, 141-157, DOI: 10.1080/14781158.2013.774342)

These potentially problematic aspects of pre-emptive security are exacerbated by the fact that
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all but incoherent. The ?nal section explores this point in more detail.

The military-industrial-academic complex facilitates and enhances multiple scenarios for future imperialist acts of domination
Turse 2004 (Nicholas Turse, doctoral candidate at Columbia University.  The Military-Academic Complex. 4/24/2004 http-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htm://-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htmwww-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htm.-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htmcountercurrents-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htm.-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htmorg-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htm/-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htmus-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htm~-~-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htmturse-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htm290404.-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htmhtm-http://www.countercurrents.org/us-turse290404.htm)

The military-academic complex is merely one of many readily perceptible, but largely
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military desires as if this were but the natural way of the world.
Any determination of the ballot demands a prior question, one which attends to the unique confinements and constraints of both our current socio-political occasion but also this specific occasion and space of debate.
Bowers 2011 (C.A. Bowers, University of Oregon.  Ecologically and Culturally Informed Educational Reforms in Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies.  Critical Education.  Volume 2 Number 14 December 20, 2011 ISSN 1920-4125)

Classroom teachers and university professors do not have the political and economic power to challenge
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impact on universities that online news has had on the country’s traditional newspapers.

Pursuit of hegemony relies upon construction of threatening Otherness- this prompts resistance and create a permanent state of conflict
Chernus 6 Ira, Professor of Religious Studies and Co-director of the Peace and Conflict Studies Program – University of Colorado-Boulder, Monsters to Destroy: The Neoconservative War on Terror and Sin, p. 53-54

The end of the cold war spawned a tempting fantasy of imperial omnipotence on a
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, the more likely it is to believe and enact the neocon story.

The institution of the state is radically incompatible with thinking; operating from within a framework of political organization which seeks to maximize and rationalize the imperatives of power.  Closed off from any and all ability to hold itself in question – the political in modernity becomes essentially totalitarian – striving for total domination and control.  
Beistegui 2007 (Miguel de Beistegui, Professor of Philosophy University of Warwick, Coventry.  Questioning Politics, or Beyond Power.  European Journal of Political Theory 2007; 6; 87.  Sage Publications)
Let me now turn to the more political effects of power, and by that
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in connection with the nature of the relation to beings that characterizes it:
The fundamental modern form in which the specifically modern, self-framing self-
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~. The failure to question the ’political’ belongs together with its totality.
This means that the political in modernity is essentially totalitarian, that is, driven by a logic and a demand of total power over which it itself has no power, a drive it itself cannot call into question. ’Totalitarianism’ is a direct consequence of the lack of questioning, that is, of thought in the most fundamental sense, which characterizes the logic of the will-to-power.

The 1AC constructs a metaphysical picture of global knowledge – the threats constructed by the aff are epistemologically rooted in the notion that we can know the nature of global politics through observation by labeling and creating solutions to threats. This is the mode of knowledge that produces threats to begin with and makes the 1AC impacts inevitable.
Spanos 0 (William V, Professor of English and Comp Lit @ Binghamton, America’s Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire pg 191-192)

What I have argued in this book about the relationship between philosophy and imperialism is
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simply of the Western nation-states but of entire Third World cultures.

Their claims are false- factoids politically constructed to make the plan appear to be a good- causes serial policy failure
Dillon and Reid 00 Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, "Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency", Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1)

More specifically, where there is a policy problematic there is expertise, and where
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detailed ways in which life is variously (policy) problematized by it. 

Academic debate offers a unique location for criticism such as ours, guaranteeing when the now of the future actually becomes "the key time" – critical investigations won’t preclude necessary political action
Sanderson 2011 (Ian, Evidence-based policy or policy-based evidence? Reflections on Scottish experience, Ian Sanderson.  The Policy Press • 2011)

Indeed, there have been a number of critical voices in Scotland bemoaning the lack
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already at our disposal and rise to the challenge of ’transformational learning’.

Tournament: JMU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Will Scott

The conditions of indefinite detention centers are nothing more than an expression of the conditions of the larger American prison system. We must refuse to see treatment of indefinitely detained prisoners as abuses in order to expose the violence of the modern democracy.

Whitmer 6 ~Benjamin Whitmer, professor of Ethnic Studies at The University of Colorado-Boulder, "’Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms’ What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us About the American Carceral System," CR: The New Centennial Review 6.1, project muse~cd

In 1975, French prison activist and philosopher Michel Foucault published Discipline and Punish:
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States in mind, the similarities are far more prevalent than the differences.

The conditions of domestic prisons are considered a given in American culture, becoming a "dropping the soap" joke rather than a point of horror while the aff’s depictions of secret prisons reinforce the idea that this brutality only happens somewhere else, which creates the silence surrounding domestic prisons – This denial comes from the prison being more than a representation of American society, it is the root of it, expressing and reinforcing American imperialism, racism, and classism

Whitmer 6 ~Benjamin Whitmer, professor of Ethnic Studies at The University of Colorado-Boulder, "’Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms’ What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us About the American Carceral System," CR: The New Centennial Review 6.1, project muse~cd

"No Where to Run" By any reasonable standard, the United States has
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they are only to be conceived of as exceptions that prove the rule.

Vote negative to endorse the act of criticism – critique is instrumental to challenge the underlying notions behind law and in our unconscious selves, working against the possibility of replicating the same conditions

Ansah 5 ~Tawia Ansah, .A., M.A., Columbia University; LL.B., University of Toronto; Ph.D., Columbia University.Assistant Professor, New England School of Law, "GENOCIDE AND THE EROTICIZATIONOF DEATH: LAW, VIOLENCE, ANDMORAL PURITY,"   www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/14-2/14-2 Ansah.pdf~cd

Activists and practitioners are impatient 11 with the questions that produce speculative knowledge, holding
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, today?" In other words, what is our investment in genocide?

Tournament: JMU | Round: Quarters | Opponent: JMU BM | Judge: 

A2 distinctions

Even the imprisonment and harsh treatment of juveniles isn’t unique – Of all 2237 prisoners serving life for crimes as juveniles, only 12 of them are NOT in the United States
Forman 8 ~James Forman, Professor of Law At Georgetown University, "Exporting Harshness: How the War on Crime Has Made the War on Terror Possible," 8-15-08, works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100026context=james_forman da 8-14-13~cd

Much of the world was shocked to learn juveniles were being held in Guantanamo Bay
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Whitling, said he was "pleading in the court of public opinion."

A2: Perm do both

Nothing surrounding the issue of indefinite detainees is unique – The conditions, the conservative rhetoric, and even the abusive guards have their root in the American Carceral system – We can only begin to understand and act against the abuse the aff describes with the backdrop of domestic prisoners, we otherwise obscure and replicate these abuses
Forman 8 ~James Forman, Professor of Law At Georgetown University, "Exporting Harshness: How the War on Crime Has Made the War on Terror Possible," 8-15-08, works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100026context=james_forman da 8-14-13~cd

Amnesty International recently publicized conditions at Guantanam o Bay by constructing a mock Guantanamo jail
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would succeed with a similar tactic in the fearful months after September 11.

The aff’s focus on Guantanamo reproduces Western violence – They magnify a small amount of violence AMERICANS find objectionable but overlooks the larger violence that perpetuates these injustices
Mégrét 02 ~Fréderic Mégrét, Research Associate at the European University Institute ’Opinion: Guantanamo Is Not the Problem,’ 3 German Law Journal (2002), http://www.germanlawjournal.com/index.php?pageID=1126artID=141-http://www.germanlawjournal.com/index.php?pageID=1126artID=141 da 10-8-13~cd

~5~ But it is not clear that this is in fact the argument
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should be no excuse for mistaking the smaller problem for the bigger one. 

The aff’s single application of a legal fix to state violence removes it from public discourse and allows the state to renegotiate the threshold of "acceptable violence" – Turns case
Lokaneeta 10 ~Jinee Lokaneeta, Assistant Professor in Political Science at Drew University in New Jersey, "Torture Debates in the Post-9/11 United States: Law, Violence, and Governmentality," Theory 26 Event 13:1, Project Muse~cd

A significant question that is neither addressed by exception theorists nor by these critiques is
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away with the problems in¶ dealing with this form of excess violence.

The alt solves the root cause of the case so the perm has no NB

The aff’s attempt to correct these abuses is futile – This structure is engrained within the structure of the United States – The aff’s scandal only exists in how it undercuts America’s global standing
Whitmer 6 ~Benjamin Whitmer, professor of Ethnic Studies at The University of Colorado-Boulder, "’Torture Chambers and Rape Rooms’ What Abu Ghraib Can Tell Us About the American Carceral System," CR: The New Centennial Review 6.1, project muse~cd

 It is a concept that fits perfectly with American media’s coverage of the Abu
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a nation of laws, deeply committed to individual liberty and human rights.

Perm fails – The alt can’t function within the social
Prozorov 7 ~Sergei Prozorov, Collegium Research Fellow, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland; Foucault, Freedom, and Sovereignty, pg 32-34~

Concrete Freedom: The Resistance of a Living Being The third response to the question
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1 ~one~ is always already shaped’ (Caputo 1993, 255).