Huntington’s model of objective control (1957) largely provides the foundation for one side AND into the military’s domain, they argue, will almost surely lead to dysfunction
Backlash from the military causes them to “shirk” – turns the case by swelling executive military power and destroys civilian control Gurcan, 12 – (Metin, PhD CandidateBilkent University- Department of Political Science, ARMED SERVANTS: AGENCY, OVERSIGHT AND CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS,” Academia)
Employing “principal-agent theory” from economics, Feaver endavours to explain how AND the principal can ‘know’ that the agent wants what the principal wants.”
Civilian control and cooperation between the two is necessary for have an effective military which solves a host of problems Owens, 12 – (Mackubin, Associate Dean of Academics for Electives and Directed Research and Professor of Strategy and Force Planning at the U.S. Naval War College, “What military officers need to know about civil-military relations,” http://www.thefreelibrary.com/What+military+officers+need+to+know+about+civil-military+relations.-a0287635112) The combination of civil-military relations patterns and service doctrines affect military effectiveness. AND ... are likely to persist for a very long time." (56)
Text: The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Colombia Circuit should rule that rule that the President of the United States lacks the authority to detain individuals indefinitely, The D.C. Circuit should implement the decision through the use of writs of mandamus if necessary to compel compliance. The United States Supreme Court should not grant certiorari to any appeal of the ruling.
DC circuit court can rule on detention – past cases prove Siegel ‘12 (Ashley E. Siegel J.D., Boston University School of Law, 2012; B.A. Philosophy and Political Science, Simmons College, 2007. Many thanks to Martha Manoian, Marisa Siegel, Avi Robinson, Christine Dieter, Peter Shults, and Brian Daluiso for their comments and suggestions throughout the editing process, as well as to the staff and editorial board of the Boston University Law Review. “SOME HOLDS BARRED: EXTENDING EXECUTIVE DETENTION HABEAS LAW BEYOND GUANTANAMO BAY” July, 2012¶ Boston University Law Review¶ 92 B.U.L. Rev. 1405 lexis, TSW)
Challenging Congressional Acts: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld¶ ¶ The Supreme Court next heard AND ... to be resolved in the first instance by the District Court." n84
Writ of mandamus solve O’Brien ‘11 (David M. Orsquo;Brien is Leone Reaves and George W. Spicer Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. He is the author of several books, including Constitutional Law and Politics and Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics , winner of the American Bar Associationrsquo;s Silver Gavel Award and now in its widely adopted Seventh Edition.¶ Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics W W Norton and Company Incorporated, 2011, TSW)
Although most cases now come as certiorari petitions, Congress provides that appellate courts may AND their constitutional rights have been violated and that they are unlawfully¶ imprisoned.
The Executive branch of the United States should make necessary adjustments to its targeted killing policy to ensure compliance with relevant domestic and international law, including principles of necessity, distinction, and proportionality. The Executive branch should publicly articulate its legal rationale for its targeted killing policy, including the process and safeguards in place for target selection.
The CP’s the best middle ground-~--preserves the vital counter-terror role of targeted killings while resolving all their downsides Daniel Byman 13, Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, July/August 2013, “Why Drones Work,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 4 Despite President Barack Obama's recent call to reduce the United States' reliance on drones, AND , and with fewer civilian casualties than many alternative methods would have caused. Critics, however, remain skeptical. They claim that drones kill thousands of innocent AND comparatively low-risk way of targeting these areas while minimizing collateral damage. So drone warfare is here to stay, and it is likely to expand in AND drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid.
The United States Congress should pass an appropriations law that states: “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no funds may be henceforth used for Operational Preparation of the Environment about which congress has not been notified.
Aff don’t solve – President and Courts ignore due to mixed signals Elsea et al 13 Jennifer K.Elsa is a Legislative Attorney, Michael John Garcia is a Legislative Attorney, and Thomas J. Nicola is an Legislative Attorney “Congressional Authority to Limit Military Operations”, Feb 19th 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R41989.pdf date accessed 6-25-2013 NNF
Although Congress has the power to rescind authorization of a military conflict or enact a AND power as Commander in Chief to continue to engage in certain military operations.
The Framers expected Congress's power of the purse to serve as the primary check on AND time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.
The court will rule in favor of Bond on federalism grounds Bettauer 13, Visiting scholar at George Washington University Law School and a former Deputy Legal Adviser at the U.S. Department of State (Supreme Court May Consider How Broadly the “Necessary and Proper” Clause of the Constitution Authorizes Legislation to Implement Treaties, www.asil.org/insights130311.cfm) After Carol Anne Bond discovered that her friend Myrlinda Haynes had become pregnant as a AND to statutes purporting to implement a valid treaty” as a “startling result
The court has limited political capital to intrude on other governmental institutions – the plan’s ruling will trade off with federalism decisions Rappaport Law San Diego ‘4 (Michael B.-, Fall, Northwestern University Law Review, “The Rehnquest Court: It’s the O’Connor Court: A Brief Discussion of Some Critiques of the Rehnquist Court and Their Implications for Administrative Law”, Lexis; Jacob)
One important element of O'Connor and …the strong reactions that occurred during the New Deal.
Ruling in favor of Bond is key to federalism Connelly et al. 2013 - Constitutional attorney and the Executive Director of the United States Justice Foundation (May 15, Michael, Herbert W. Titus, Robert J. Olson, William J. Olson, John S. Miles, Jeremiah L. Morgan, “BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OF U.S. CONGRESSMAN STEVE STOCKMAN, GUN OWNERS FDN., GUN OWNERS OF AMERICA,CITIZENS UNITED’S AMERICAN SOVEREIGNTY ACTION PROJECT, U.S. JUSTICE FDN., THE LINCOLN INSTITUTE, INSTITUTE ON THE CONSTITUTION, THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN FDN., DOWNSIZE DCFDN., DOWNSIZEDC.ORG, POLICY ANALYSIS CENTER,CONSERVATIVE LEGAL DEF. AND ED. FUND, AND TENTH AMENDMENT CENTER IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER” http://www.lawandfreedom.com/site/constitutional/BondII_Amicus.pdf)
There is no more fundamental provision in the United States Constitution than the Tenth Amendment AND upon the people of the States a totally foreign political or moral standard. Iraqis look to US federalism as a model Davis 2008 - professor of political science at Rutgers (Summer, Eric, “The Puzzle of Federalism in Iraq” http://www.merip.org/mer/mer247/puzzle-federalism-iraq)
Other indicators of what one might call the “return of nationalism” are to AND Kurdish provinces, one wonders why the need for the KRG’s drastic response.
That is why it is interesting to observe that the idea of decentralisation is, AND change protesters and tribal notables who once fought them alongside the central government.
Global nuclear war Morgan 7 (Former member of the British Labour Party Executive Committee, 3/4, "Better another Taliban Afghanistan, than a Taliban NUCLEAR Pakistan!?" http://www.electricarticles.com/display.aspx?id=639) The nightmare that is now Iraq would take on gothic proportions across the continent. AND in a new Cold War with China and Russia pitted against the US.
Best research shows coming resource crunch – tech efficiency is failing behind more enduring environmental damage Smith 13 Dan, Dan Smith has been the Secretary General of International Alert since 2003. He was previously Director of the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo from 1993 to 2001, and Chair of the Institute for War and Peace Reporting. His many books include successive editions of the Atlas of War and Peace. He advises governments and international organizations on peace-building, including through his membership of the Advisory Group for the UN Peacebuilding Fund which he currently chairs. He was awarded an OBE in 2002, " Resources: the coming crunch and some things that could be done about it", http://www.opendemocracy.net/dan-smith/resources-coming-crunch-and-some-things-that-could-be-done-about-it, 11 January 2013JCP
Changing times In the twentieth century the long term trend was that natural resources got AND 42). So – prices rise, demand rises and production stays concentrated.
The only way to prevent total extinction is to move to a steady state – now is key. William Ophuls, Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University and Former member of the U.S. Foreign Service. 1992. Ecology and the politics of scarcity revisited. Throughout most of recorded history, the human race has existed in rough equilibrium with AND reconstitution of the political paradigm that prevails throughout most of the modern world.
Strong executive key the plan trades off Ophuls, ‘77 William Ophuls Professor of Political Science @ Northwestern, 1977,Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity (155-156) #HBK That we must give our political authorities great powers to regulate many of our daily AND of an iron regime that will compel our consent to living with less.
Strong executive key to steady state-lack of congressional action on warming proves that congress can’t lead us there and executive negotiating power key to check the crunch Wold 2012 Chris Wold, Professor of Law and Director, International Environmental Law Project (IELP), 2012, Lewis and Clark Law School, 2012, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW•VOL. 45•2012, uwyoamp
In 2007, then-Senator Barack Obama wrote, “As the world’s largest AND economic crisis that lies ahead if we fail to take more aggressive action.
Restrictions are prohibitions on action -~-- the aff is a reporting requirement Jean Schiedler-Brown 12, Attorney, Jean Schiedler-Brown and Associates, Appellant Brief of Randall Kinchloe v. States Dept of Health, Washington, The Court of Appeals of the State of Washington, Division 1, http://www.courts.wa.gov/content/Briefs/A01/68642920Appellant20Randall20Kincheloe27s.pdf 3. The ordinary definition of AND some supervision conditions, but he did not agree to restrict his license.
Restrictions on authority are distinct from conditions William Conner 78, former federal judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York United States District Court, S. D. New York, CORPORACION VENEZOLANA de FOMENTO v. VINTERO SALES, http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781560452FSupp1108_11379 Plaintiff next contends that Merban was charged with notice of the restrictions on the authority AND were not authorized to act except upon the fulfillment of the specified conditions.
11/14/13
1NC T - War Powers Authority
Tournament: Gsu | Round: 3 | Opponent: Georgetown Arsht-Markoff | Judge: Brown T
Interp - War powers authority means the warrant and justification to exercise those powers, not simply the ability to do so. Zimmerman 9 Fellow, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress Adam, "The Politics Economics Make." March 22, 2009, http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/documents/Fellows2009/Colgate_Zimmerman.pdf
Skowronek distinguishes between AND reorganization of presidential power,
Al Qaeda is weak now but could recover if the US allows them the opportunity McLaughlin 13 (John McLaughlin was a CIA officer for 32 years and served as deputy director and acting director from 2000-2004. He currently teaches at the Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies and is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, ¶ 06:00 AM ET¶ Terrorism at a moment of transition7/12, http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2013/07/12/terrorism-at-a-moment-of-transition/) A third major trend has to do with the debate underway among terrorists over tactics AND "It needs but one foe to breed a war, not two ..."
Congressional statutory limitations hurts war fighting effectiveness Yoo 2012 (John Yoo, deputy assistant attorney general from 2001 to 2003, professor at the University of California at Berkeley School of Law, February 1, 2012, “War Powers Belong to the President,” ABA Journal, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president) The framers realized the obvious. Foreign affairs are unpredictable and involve the highest of AND Congress’ loose, decentralized structure would paralyze American policy while foreign threats grow.
Terrorism results in extinction Ayson 2010 (Robert Ayson, Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington,“After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Volume 33, Issue 7, July,) A terrorist nuclear attack, and even the use of nuclear weapons in response by AND for the terrorists. This might not help the chances of nuclear restraint.
11/14/13
1nc Agamben K
Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: KSU SS | Judge: Darren Elliott The affirmative’s call for actualization of latent potentiality through their advocacy as a demand is a fundamental denial of our contingency - the negative’s method would suspend this in favor of collective study. Lewis 13 Tyson, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations at Montclair State University. He has been awarded a PhD from the University of California at Los Angeles for his work on critical theory, pedagogy, and education. “'We prefer not to!' Occupy Wall Street as Collective, Public Study",http://centerforthehumanities.org/sites/default/files/media/lewis_ows_study.pdf (Nov 12, 2013)JCP
when studying becomes a collective and public AND outcomes according to economic needs or political aims.
This exceptional demand is the precondition for all political violence, only our ontology can prevent the devaluation of life. de-la-Durantaye 9 Leland, Gardner Cowles Associate Professor of English at Harvard University. He won the 2011 Holtzbrinck Berlin Prize and is a Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin, “Giorgio Agamben: A Critical Introduction”, Stanford University Press (May 21, 2009)JCP
A few pages later he refers to "the link between zoe and bios, AND logic of sovereignty has not ceased to tighten around our conception of life.
Ours is the paradigm of paradigms, resisting sacrificial zones within their education model. Lewis 13 Tyson, Associate Professor of Educational Foundations at Montclair State University. He has been awarded a PhD from the University of California at Los Angeles for his work on critical theory, pedagogy, and education. “'We prefer not to!' Occupy Wall Street as Collective, Public Study",http://centerforthehumanities.org/sites/default/files/media/lewis_ows_study.pdf (Nov 12, 2013)JCP
Because occupations such as Tiananmen or Maple Spring AND demands, and thus deeply invested in the process of self-study.
11/17/13
Ableism K
Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State Finch-Floyd | Judge: Ridley The listening metaphor used within the subtext of their is uniquely ableist – it knowingly excludes those who aren’t acoustically capable of participating in a conversation. As rhetoricians, we have a unique responsibility to reject the ableism of "listening/voice" metaphors. Lacey, 2010 (Teacher, MA in English, "The Conversations Metaphor and Ableism", 9/6/10, http://equality101.net/?p=1886-http://equality101.net/?p=1886 Accessed 2/10/11)
In my last post, I discussed how I might use the seemingly elementary activity AND teaching students how to critically engage with texts and contribute to their communities.
Voting Issue – Able-ist Speech strengthens oppression and destroys the purposes of public debate – the impacts trump the other warrants in their arguments Wheelchair Dancer, 2008 ("On Making Argument: Disability and Language", 4/28/08 http://cripwheels.blogspot.com/2008/04/on-making-argument-disability-and.html Accessed: 2/10/11)
If you are feeling a little bit of resistance, here, I'd ask you AND systems of oppression that motivated us to speak out in the first place.
2/26/14
Axiom K
Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Louisville Lusco-Reddy | Judge: Hart Axiom: Every formulation of identity necessarily posits a non-identity as its basis. Thus every community based on identity is exclusive, and that exclusion becomes violence par excellence. de-la-Durantaye 9 Leland, Gardner Cowles Associate Professor of English at Harvard University. He won the 2011 Holtzbrinck Berlin Prize and is a Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin, “Giorgio Agamben: A Critical Introduction”, Stanford University Press (May 21, 2009)JCP
The Idea of Community The Coming Community was published in 1990 and thus in the AND his euporia-his way out of this impasse-is truly unique.
2/26/14
Capitalism K
Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State Finch-Floyd | Judge: Ridley The affirmative’s performance of their identity is ultimately commodified by status quo elite and reinforces the exploitive relationship between the oppressed classes who produce their identity and the dominant class that exploits for surplus value Leong 12 (Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm, College of Law, “RACIAL CAPITALISM,” pg. 2183-2190, published 6/2013, accessed 12/17/13) (www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol126_leong.pdf?) /ejc\ B. Race as Marxian Capital “Nothing can be a value without AND synthesizes these elements into a unique process — the process of racial capitalism.
Neoliberal capitalism’s cycle of instability, securitization, and military action triggers every impact and ends in extinction. Ahmed 10 (Nafeez Mosaddeq, PhD in International Relations from Sussex University, Yale Journal of International Affairs, Volume 5, Issue 2, “Globalizing Insecurity: The Convergence of Interdependent Ecological, Energy, and Economic Crises,” 7/20/10, accessed 1/10/13) (http://yalejournal.org/2010/07/20/globalizing-insecurity-the-convergence-of-interdependent-ecological-energy-and-economic-crises/) /ejc\ The logic of ‘growth’ – as currently defined – is driving the depletion of AND preventively by re-thinking the efficacy of our current way of life.
The alternative is to reject the affirmative in favor of a historical materialist analysis
Capitalism must be rejected by utilizing historical materialism – this employs a labor theory of social value. Exploitation can only be understood by looking at the material effects of economic exploitation. Empty theorizing cannot solve – we need a revolutionary praxis. Tumino 1 Stephen, Pittsburg English Professor Spring 2001, Red Critique, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever,”) (http://redcritique.org/spring2001/printversions/whatisorthodoxmarxismprint.htm, accessed 7-18) Orthodox Marxism has become a test-case of the "radical" today. AND the exploitation of labor under capitalism giving it an acceptable "human face."
2/26/14
Framework
Tournament: tournament | Round: 3 | Opponent: Louisville Lusco-Reddy | Judge: Hart A. Debate should be a site for contest over political proposals. This requires that the affirmative present a predictable plan of action and defends that their policy should be adopted by the USFG. Our interpretation is the most predictable given the wording of the resolution.
The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon—the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters Webster’s 2k (Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing, 2000) Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a AND the sentence, beginning the clause after the colon with a capital letter. 2. Resolved proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy. Words and Phrases 64 (Words and Phrases 1964 Permanent Edition) Definition of the word “resolve,” given by Webster is “to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ‘it was resolved by the legislature;” It is of similar force to the word “enact,” which is defined by Bouvier as meaning “to establish by law”. 3. ‘Should’ denotes an expectation the aff will be enacted. American Heritage Dictionary 2k Used to express probability or expectation 4. The USFG is the government in Washington D.C. Encarta 2k (Encarta Online Encyclopedia http://encarta.msn.com) “The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC”
B. Violation: The affirmative fails to defend a fiat-based interpretation of their plan through the federal government. They simply try to change the actual debate space by fighting militarism. C. Prefer Our Interp
Ground - the aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract—we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation.
AND, without predictable ground debate becomes meaningless and produces a political strategy wedded to violence that fails to achieve productive change Shively 4 (Ruth Shively, Prof Politics at Tx AandM, 2k4 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 182) The point may seem trite, as surely the ambiguists would agree that basic terms AND good arguments. Such agreements are simply implicit in the act of argumentation. 2. Limits - There are an infinite number of contexts through which they could advocate the plan. Our interp limits debate to promote politically relevant dialogue and structured communication Lutz 2K (Prof Political Science U of Houston, Donald, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 39-40) Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels – discourse AND the theory, not in the moral vision of the non-theorist.
Exploding predictable limits neutralizes the discursive benefits to debate and renders their advocacy meaningless—only our interp preserves the revolutionary potential of a deliberative activity Shively 4 (Ruth Shively, Prof Politics at Tx AandM, 2k4 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 180) 'Thus far, I have argued that if the ambiguists mean to be subversive about AND , one must sometimes silence or exclude those who reject civility and democracy. 3. Topical Education—by manipulating the topic to access their political project they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government. This aff only tangentially links to the resolution because they focus on militarism and its implications- but in no way does this relate back to presidential war powers and how they should be restrained. 4. Grammar – our reading of the resolution is the only predictable way to develop an interpretation because it is based off of grammatical rules and definitions. Grammar is the only way to prevent arbitrarily limited and unpredictable interpretations.
D. Topicality is a voter for fairness and jurisdiction.
It’s an a priori issue in the round because we shouldn’t be forced to develop a strategy against non-topical cases. 2. The fairness of the affirmative’s advocacy must precede consideration of its merits or all contestation is meaningless Shively 4 (Ruth Shively, Prof Politics at Tx AandM, 2k4 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 180) The ambiguists must say "no" to—they must reject and limit— AND . In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or harmony.
2/26/14
Pessimism K
Tournament: tournament | Round: 5 | Opponent: Samford Bennie-Morrison-Alvarez | Judge: Dillard-Knox Racialized black bodies suffering from ontological resistance become denigrated this creates a new level of anti-humanity that renders politics impossible. This is the end of all ethics: utilitarian OR deontological. George Ciccariello-Maher, Jan, 2010, is a Ph.D. candidate in political theory at the University of California, Berkeley, Jumpstarting the Decolonial Engine: In his seminal first book Black Skin, White Masks, Fanon sets out to AND first seize access to ontology, storming the fortified heaven of being itself.
Appeals to the State and institutional ethics re-entrench Anti-blackness by perpetuating the possibility of coherence for the Slave within civil society. Wilderson 10 Frank B. Wilderson III is American writer, dramatist, filmmaker and critic. He is a full professor of Drama and African American studies at the University of California, Irvine. He received his BA in government and philosophy from Dartmouth College, his Masters in Fine Arts from Columbia University and his PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from the University of California, Berkeley award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. March 19, 2010 Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Strucure of U.S. Antagonisms.” date accessed 12-12-13 NNF Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made on AND and until the interlocutor first explains how the Slave is of the world. The role of the ballot is to decide which team best scholastically disrupts the processes of anti-Blackness.
The promotion of civil society and institutional ethics creates a state of emergency which perpetuates Anti-Blackness Wilderson 3 Frank B. Wilderson III is American writer, dramatist, filmmaker and critic. He is a full professor of Drama and African American studies at the University of California, Irvine. He received his BA in government and philosophy from Dartmouth College, his Masters in Fine Arts from Columbia University and his PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from the University of California, Berkeley award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. March 19, 2010 “The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal” date accessed 12-12-13 NNF For if we are to follow Fanon's analysis, and the gestures toward this understanding AND events - high-profile homicides and their related courtroom battles, for instance Anti-Blackness is a-prioiri ethical question – It is the precondition for all violence against Blacks Wilderson 10 Frank B. Wilderson III is American writer, dramatist, filmmaker and critic. He is a full professor of Drama and African American studies at the University of California, Irvine. He received his BA in government and philosophy from Dartmouth College, his Masters in Fine Arts from Columbia University and his PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from the University of California, Berkeley award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. March 19, 2010 Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Strucure of U.S. Antagonisms.” date accessed 12-12-13 NNF Two tensions are at work here. One operates under the labor of ethical dilemmas AND ” (110) or, more precisely, in the eyes of Humanity Slavery led to the social death of the black body which precedes the corporeal death of the black body to ensure the existence of white life – this means we are a prior question, social death precedes biological death Wilderson 3 Frank B. Wilderson III is American writer, dramatist, filmmaker and critic. He is a full professor of Drama and African American studies at the University of California, Irvine. He received his BA in government and philosophy from Dartmouth College, his Masters in Fine Arts from Columbia University and his PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from the University of California, Berkeley award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. March 19, 2010 “The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal” date accessed 12-12-13 NNF Thus, the Black subject position in America represents an antagonism or demand that cannot AND to its assumptive, foundational logic, to threaten civil society's discursive integrity?
The alternative is to reject the affirmative and reorient ourselves towards the world through an unflinching paradigmatic analysis. Wilderson 10 Frank B. Wilderson III is American writer, dramatist, filmmaker and critic. He is a full professor of Drama and African American studies at the University of California, Irvine. He received his BA in government and philosophy from Dartmouth College, his Masters in Fine Arts from Columbia University and his PhD in Rhetoric and Film Studies from the University of California, Berkeley award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. March 19, 2010 Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Strucure of U.S. Antagonisms.” date accessed 12-12-13 NNF STRANGE AS it might seem, this book project began in South Africa. During AND and the power to pose the question is the greatest power of all.
2/26/14
Positive Peace K
Tournament: tournament | Round: 1 | Opponent: Georgia State Finch-Floyd | Judge: Ridley The 1ac relies on a fundamental assumption of what a veteran is – they say that one who goes through "war" is a veteran. This, however, always necessitates answering the question: "what is war?" Unlike the 1ac, we acknowledge that we are all in a constant state of militarism. Calls to this state of "war" are what allow all other forms of militarism to go unnoticed. Cuomo, 1996 (Chris J. Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cincinnati, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence,” Hypatia, Volume 11, Number 4, Fall, 1996, JSTOR) Philosophical attention to war has typically appeared in the form of justifications for entering into AND practices and institutions help construct gendered and national identity, and because they justify AND media violence, and current ideological gravitations to military solutions for social problems.
? This raises the fundamental question of who is a veteran. This leads to the continuum of veteran-hood where those who don’t fit the exact definition of the 1ac is marked as irrelevant. Plaut, 12 (Daniel, Freelance writer, MSc in Violence, Conflict and Development from the School of Oriental and African Studies. “Mozambique's Forgotten Soldiers: Who Counts as a Veteran?” May 2, 2012. Think Africa Press. http://thinkafricapress.com/mozambique/who-counts-veteran-renamo-frelimo Accessed: 1/11/14 RJS)
Nearly 20 years after the end of Mozambique’s civil war, debate about ex- AND was absent, as opposed to ‘positive peace’ with reconciliation and prosperity. ? This is a form of linguistic violence. Even if the 1ac is a nonviolent discourse, it has the possibility of being positive or negative. Claiming "war" as an isolated event and not evaluating how "war" happens every day is a choice. It is through this that we can prioritize "war" over everyday events and allow ruptures in our social space where we say that "non-veterans don’t matter." Gay, 1998 (William C. Ph.D. in Philosophy from Boston College, Prof. UNC, “The Practice of Linguistic Nonviolence.” Peace Review 10.4, 1998, http://www.philosophy.uncc.edu/wcgay/publingnonvio.htm Accessed: 1/11/14 RJS)
As should be obvious, "linguistic nonviolence" is the antonym to "linguistic AND It also requires a commitment to the active pursuit of domestic and global justice
. Efforts to establish a practice of linguistic nonviolence analogous to positive peace are part of a larger struggle to reduce cultural violence. They advance the quest for societies in which human emancipation, dignity, and respect are not restricted on the basis of irrelevant factors like race, gender, class, or sexual orientation.? This representation of “war” as an isolated event leads to politics of crisis-control that can never hope to address the underlying structures of violence. Instances of “War” the affirmative hopes to prevent will just reappear over and over again—every time we do crisis-control, it trades off with deeper structural changes that can create a positive peace. Cuomo, 1996 (Chris J. Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cincinnati, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence,” Hypatia, Volume 11, Number 4, Fall 1996, JSTOR, p. 31-32)
Ethical approaches that do not attend to the ways in which warfare and military practices AND the "war on crime," and other state-funded militaristic campaigns.
The alternative is a critical interrogation of peace. The ontological stability that the affirmative takes for granted results in widespread violence—critical intervention is needed. Richmond, 2007 (Oliver P. Professor of International Relations at the University of St. Andrews, “Critical Research Agendas for Peace: The Missing Link in the Study of International Relations,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Volume 32, Issue 2, April-June 2007, Political Science Complete, p. 250-251)
For this reason, a historical narrative of peace is fraught with difficulty and orthodox AND of peace indicates it should be qualified as a specific type among many.
