Tournament: Shirley | Round: 8 | Opponent: Nevada Las Vegas Jallits-Saxe | Judge: Lain
Plan Text
The United States federal government should ban indefinite delivery-indefinite quantity defense contracts for offensive cyber weapons as well as the ability to exercise options on those contracts. 

Adv 1 – Cyber Militarization Adv
Cyber weapon rapid acquisition coming now
Sherman 12 Jason Sherman is national security reporter with 17 years’ experience covering the Pentagon, defense industry, the military budget, weapon system acquisition, defense policy formulation as well as reporting on high technology, business, and global arms trade. July 13, 2012 “Draft Charter Outlines Role Of New High-Level Cyberwarfare Management Board” http://insidedefense.com/201206192402306/Inside-Defense-General/Public-Articles/draft-charter-outlines-role-of-new-high-level-cyberwarfare-management-board/menu-id-926.html date accessed 8-13-2013 NNF

The Pentagon's acquisition directorate has drafted a charter for a new, high-level
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evaluation; and the head of DOD's special-access program coordinating office.

DOD moving to IDIQ contracts
Reed 12 John Reed is a national security reporter for Foreign Policy. He comes to FP after editing Military.com’s publication Defense Tech and working as the associate editor of DoDBuzz. Between 2007 and 2010, he covered major trends in military aviation and the defense industry around the world for Defense News and Inside the Air Force. Before moving to Washington in August 2007, Reed worked in corporate sales and business development for a Swedish IT firm, The Meltwater Group in Mountain View CA, and Philadelphia, PA. Prior to that, he worked as a reporter at the Tracy Press and the Scotts Valley Press-Banner newspapers in California. His first story as a professional reporter involved chasing escaped emus around California’s central valley with Mexican cowboys armed with lassos and local police armed with shotguns. Luckily for the giant birds, the cowboys caught them first and the emus were ok. A New England native, Reed graduated from the University of New Hampshire with a dual degree in international affairs and history September 5, 2012 “Coming soon on demand: Cyber weapons” http://killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/05/coming_soon_on_demand_cyber_weapons date accessed 8-13-2013 NNF

Air Force cyber planners have developed a new approach to buying cyber weapons that they
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up of top DOD officials whose time and attention are already spread thin.

Only bureaucracy checks speed
Barton 12 David Barton is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional and a writer for ExecutiveBiz.com Skills and Expertise. Security; Corporate Security; Security Management; Network Security; CISSP; Information Security Management; Business August 22nd 2012 “Delays Plague DoD Plan to Speed Up Critical Cyber Tool Acquistion”
http://blog.executivebiz.com/2012/08/delays-plague-dod-plan-to-speed-up-critical-cyber-tool-acquistion/#sthash.3la9eQ46.dpuf date accessed 8-13-2013 NNF

The U.S. Department of Defense is experiencing delays with their plan to
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the new procedure it would only end up reverting to the old process.

IDIQ contracts overcome those
Thompson 13 Pulitzer Prize-winner Mark Thompson has covered national security in Washington since 1979, and for Time since 1994. February 26th 2013” “’Indefinite-Delivery/Indefinite-Quantity’” http://nation.time.com/2013/02/26/indefinite-deliveryindefinite-quantity/ 

That bizarre phrase is one that has definitely been popping up regularly in the Pentagon’s
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. It just allows us to avoid some of the pointless bureaucratic delays.”

China and Russia intensify cyber arms race in response
Howard 12 Caitlin Howarth focuses on the nexus of human security, politics, and technology. Howarth currently serves as deputy director for the Roosevelt Institute’s Telecommunications Equality Project alongside director and telecommunications expert Susan Crawford. While obtaining a MPP in International and Global Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, she also served as a security analyst for the Satellite Sentinel Project team at Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, coordinating report production on human security threats along Sudan’s contested southern border. August 2012 “Pentagon's Move to Fast-Track Cyber Weapons Will Upset China and Russia” http://www.policymic.com/articles/6730/pentagon-s-move-to-fast-track-cyber-weapons-will-upset-china-and-russia/116730 date accessed 8-15-2013 NNF

The Pentagon plans to fast-track cyber weapon development and acquisition through a process
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existing or nearly completed hardware and software developed by industry and government laboratories. 

Signaling is key
Howard 12 Caitlin Howarth focuses on the nexus of human security, politics, and technology. Howarth currently serves as deputy director for the Roosevelt Institute’s Telecommunications Equality Project alongside director and telecommunications expert Susan Crawford. While obtaining a MPP in International and Global Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, she also served as a security analyst for the Satellite Sentinel Project team at Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, coordinating report production on human security threats along Sudan’s contested southern border. August 2012 “Pentagon's Move to Fast-Track Cyber Weapons Will Upset China and Russia” http://www.policymic.com/articles/6730/pentagon-s-move-to-fast-track-cyber-weapons-will-upset-china-and-russia/116730 date accessed 8-15-2013 NNF

That speed could present an intelligence advantage for the Pentagon as it seeks to acquire
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increase their own offensive capacities to match a U.S. surge.

Nuclear pre-emption become policy
Rothschild 13 Matthew Rothschild is the editor of The Progressive magazine, which is one of the leading voices for peace and social justice in this country. Rothschild has appeared on Nightline, C-SPAN, The O'Reilly Factor, and NPR, and his newspaper commentaries have run in the Chicago Tribune, the L.A. Times, the Miami Herald, and a host of other newspapers. Rothschild is the host of "Progressive Radio," a syndicated half-hour weekly interview program. And he does a two-minute daily radio commentary, entitled "Progressive Point of View," which is also syndicated around the country. Rothschild is the author of You Have No Rights: Stories of America in an Age of Repression (New Press, 2007). He also is the editor of Democracy in Print: The Best of The Progressive, 1909-2009 (University of Wisconsin Press, 2009). February 4, 2013 “The Dangers of Obama’s Cyber War Power Grab” http://www.progressive.org/dangers-of-obama-cyber-war-power-grab date accessed 8-13-2013 NNF

And this new aggressive stance will lead to a cyber-arms race. The
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successors. They, too, worry about the temptations of a President.

This escalates to nuclear war
Clarke 13
(Richard Clarke, the chairman of Good Harbor Security Risk Management, was special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush administration. Steve Andreasen, a consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, was the National Security Council's staff director for defense policy and arms control from 1993 to 2001…. “The perils of linking cyberwar to nuclear war”…  6/16/2013 … The Washington Post… LexisNexis Academic… 8/13/13… RTV)

"We will reduce the role of nuclear weapons in our national security strategy and
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risk of an accidental or unauthorized nuclear launch, would also probably stall.

US gets modeled – procurement policy is the ONLY starting point
Hunker 2010.  JOURNAL OF NATIONAL SECURITY LAW andPOLICY Vol. 4:197-216.  “U.S. International Policy for Cybersecurity: Five Issues That Won’t Go Away” (Jeffrey, served as Senior Director for Critical Infrastructure, National Security Council, from 1999-2001, and as Director, Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office, U.S. Department of Commerce, from 1998-1999.) AMon  

The United States has many different means to advance its international  goals. Most of
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to devise and implement meaningful unilateral ¶ action in each of these areas.

Adv 2 – Defense Industry
IDIQ contracts create heavy losses
Fryling 2 ROBERT FRYLING, ESQ., has been an NCMA member since 1983 and has served as program chair and president of the Greater Philadelphia Chapter. He has been an instructor at National Education Seminars, conducting workshops for several New York and New Jersey chapters.He has also taught contract law at the graduate level for both Temple University and Penn State University. Currently, Fryling practices lawas a partner at Blank Rome Comisky and McCauley LLP, serving as chairman of the government contracts group. January 2002 “Contracts—Be Careful” http://www.ncmahq.org/files/Articles/0A463_01_02_p52.pdf 8-15-2013 NNF

One problem that arises with an IDIQ contract minimum guarantee is the amount of this
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economic damage will most likely result—and the government will bear no liability

Cyber-security bubble threatens sector
Fryer-Briggs 13 Defense policy and business reporter, covering international security policy, cyberwarfare, defense markets and companies, contracting law and legislation, industrial base policy and Department of Defense research and development. Started at Defense News as a Staff Writer covering defense business. Mar. 4, 2013 “Cybersecurity Bubble Bursting for U.S. Contractors” http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130304/DEFREG02/303040015/Cybersecurity-Bubble-Bursting-U-S-Contractors 

But quietly over the past few months, several companies have been showing some of
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? There were a number of them that collapsed on themselves or failed.

Defense industry cyber shift now
Menn 11 Technology projects reporter at Reuters news service at Thomson Reuters Author at Fatal System Error: The Hunt for the New Crime Lords who are Bringing Down the Internet Author of the 2003 best-seller at All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster (Sole Proprietorship) Past Technology writer, San Francisco at Financial Times Business reporter at Los Angeles Times Staff writer at Bloomberg News Education Harvard University “Defense groups turn to cybersecurity” http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/84697a96-b834-11e0-8d23-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2julgxbSr NNF October 10, 2011

The internet is turning the defence industry on its head, just as it transformed
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Cyber Command when fully staffed and far more are employed through outsourcing. “
Bad contracts risk cyber sector collapse
Cole and Gorman 9 August Cole is a writer and analyst specializing in national security issues. He is an Adjunct Fellow at the American Security Project, He is also a senior analyst at Wikistrat. From 2007 to 2010, August reported on the defense industry for the Wall Street Journal. From 1998 to 2006, he worked as an editor and a reporter for MarketWatch.com. August was named to The Journal of Financial Reporting’s Top 30 Journalists Under 30 in 2002 and 2003. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania and a Master in Public Administration degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He is also a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. Siobhan Gorman is a reporter for The Wall Street Journal covering terrorism, counter terrorism, and intelligence, which includes the activities of the sixteen intelligence agencies and the national security threats they aim to combat Prior to joining the Journal in 2007, Ms. Gorman was a Washington correspondent for The Baltimore Sun covering intelligence and security. From 1998 to 2005 she was a staff correspondent for National Journal covering homeland security, justice, and intelligence; and in 1997 was also a research associate for “Bob Levey’s Washington”, The Washington Post. Ms. Gorman won the 2006 Delta Chi Award for Washington Correspondence for her coverage of the National Security Agency, and in 2000 received a special citation in national magazine writing from the Education Writers Association. She received her bachelor of arts in government from Dartmouth College. March 18, 2009 “Defense Firms Pursue Cyber-Security Work” http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB123733224282463205 date accessed 11-6-2013 NNF

The biggest U.S. military contractors are counting on winning billions of dollars
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in 2007 and SI Government Solutions in 2008, bolster its cyber capabilities.

Defense industry key to the US economy – Jobs and Tax Revenue
Bowman 12 Aaron Bowman is Senior Vice President for Business Development, JAXUSA Partnership. Previously working for BAE Systems and serving in the U.S. Navy, Aaron has an extensive career in the military and defense industry. September 2012 “The Military and Defense Industry: An Economic Force in the U.S.” http://siteselection.com/issues/2012/sep/sas-military-economy.cfm date accessed 8-15-2013 NNF
The military and defense industry is a significant driver of economic development in communities throughout
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officials often look at strategies at a military installation to create other opportunities. 

Economic diversionary theory true
Royal 2010 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.  

Causes nuclear war
Broward 9 (Member of Triond) http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you/)

Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy. With
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the economy is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century.

Defense industry enables Egypt influence
DeFranco 13 Lenny DeFranco is an journalist for PolicyMic. At PolicyMic, we're convinced that news doesn't need to be sterile and politics don't need to be partisan. That's why we've created the first democratic online news platform to engage millennials in debates about real issues. 8/16/2013   “The Sickening Reason Why the U.S. Will Not Stop Paying For Egypt's Military Massacre” http://www.policymic.com/articles/59747/the-sickening-reason-why-the-u-s-will-not-stop-paying-for-egypt-s-military-massacre

In the late 1970s, Egypt needed a new state sponsor. “They were
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very few people in this country know how much that settlement would be.

Israeli aggressive alert makes first-strike likely
Lappin 13 Yaakov Lappin is a journalist for the Jerusalem Post, where he covers military and security affairs. On a daily basis, he provides breaking news coverage and analysis of Israeli and Middle Eastern regional developments. He is also author of The Virtual Caliphate; Exposing the Islamist State on the Internet, which explores al-Qaeda's online presence. August 3rd 2013 “As Egypt Nears Civil War, Israel on High Alert” http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3938/egypt-civil-war-israel date accessed 8-16-2013 NNF

Near the Sinai peninsula, the Israeli Defense Forces continue on high alert, watching
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, a resort town, is not used to living under rocket fire.

Takes out Egypt’s stabilizing role - escalation follows
Butler 13 Dave Butler is Executive Editor of Digital First Media which jointly manages Journal Register Company and MediaNews Group with more than 800 print and online products serving 57 million Americans each month. Mr. Butler also serves as Editor of the San Jose Mercury News and previously served as Vice President for News for Media News Group. Mr. Butler is based in Silicon Valley where he also is editor of the San Jose Mercury News and directly oversees all web and print news functions in the Bay Area. He joined Media News Group when it acquired the Los Angeles Daily News in 1998 where he served as editor and vice president for news for the Los Angeles Newspaper Group. He became editor and publisher of The Detroit News upon MNG's acquisition of that newspaper before returning to California in 2008. He began his reporting career in Illinois and has been a senior editor at newspapers in Connecticut, Colorado, Florida and Kentucky. 08/16/2013 “Egyptian civil war would be a catastrophe” http://www.contracostatimes.com/editorial/ci_23870307/contra-costa-times-editorial-egyptian-civil-war-would date accessed 8-16-2013 NNF

Once again, Egypt roils from a brutal crackdown by the interim military government and
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very unstable region. What happens there will have impact throughout the globe.

Middle East war causes extinction
Russell 9 (Senior Lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs @ Nava Postgraduate School (James, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prosepects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East,” Online)

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
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take this possibility seriously, and muster every tool at its disposal to prevent
such an outcome, which would be an unprecedented disaster for the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world. 

Adv 3 - Booz Allen Hamilton
IDIQ contracts make repeat awards likely
Gardner 13 A frequently sought-after investment expert, commentator, and educator, Tom Gardner co-founded The Motley Fool in 1993 with his brother, David, and now serves as Chief Executive Officer. Tom is the chairman of the market-beating Motley Fool Hidden Gems small-cap investment service and co-advisor with his brother of the market-thumping general equity service, Motley Fool Stock Advisor. He and David have co-authored several New York Times best-selling books, including The Motley Fool Investment Guide, You Have More Than You Think: The Motley Fool Guide to Investing What You Have, The Motley Fool Investment Workbook, and most recently, Million Dollar Portfolio: How to Build and Grow a Panic-Proof Investment Portfolio. Tom has testified on behalf of individual investors before the U.S. Senate, calling for greater transparency in the financial services industry. Tom graduated with an honor's degree in English from Brown University in 1990. April 2, 2013 “Understanding Defense Department Contracts” http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/04/02/understanding-defense-department-contracts.aspx date accessed 11-15-2013 NNF

A delivery-order contract is a contract for supplies that does not specify a
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up until the ceiling value has been reached. (16.504)

Booz Allen is getting most despite leaks
McCann 13 Founder and Publisher of CivSource, an online publication focused on state and local government. Editor at Opalesque where I started covering hedge funds and later launched private equity coverage for the outlet. Research and policy background. Frequent writer on the intersection of technology and policy. Working on a book, due out in 2014. August 13th 2013 “Booz Allen scoops up cybersecurity contracts despite leaks” http://civsourceonline.com/2013/08/05/booz-scoops-up-more-cybersecurity-contracts-despite-leaks/#sthash.zNoO8dPP.dpuf NNF

Booz Allen Hamilton has announced four new cybersecurity contracts. The contracts come in the wake of leaks by government contracted, and former Booz Allen employee Edward Snowden.
Booz has won four of the Full and Open Pillar contracts involving a range of
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in the first place, or subsequent clean up response by Booz itself.

More leaks probable
Wright 13 Austin Wright is a defense reporter for POLITICO and author of the daily column Morning Defense. Born and raised in Richmond, Va., Wright is a 2009 graduate of the College of William and Mary, where he served as editor of the student newspaper, The Flat Hat. Wright has interned for The Chronicle of Higher Education, worked for National Defense magazine and taught sixth-grade English at Kramer Middle School, in Washington's Anacostia neighborhood. At Kramer, Wright ended each class period with a discussion of the day’s news, which was required reading for his 11-year-old future politicos.  6/10/13   “Edward Snowden not Booz Allen's first leak problem” http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/edward-snowden-booz-allen-hamilton-leak-problem-92522.html#ixzz2cRBDKk7w NNF

Edward Snowden isn’t Booz Allen Hamilton’s first leak problem. In an earlier incident,
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Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York and Washington.

German Relations are on the brink. Cooperation is happening with Merkel now but preventing future leaks is critical.
Hosenball 13 Mark Hosenball is an investigative correspondent at Reuters. Prior to joining Reuters in September 2010, he worked for Newsweek. He started there in November 1993, after working at Dateline NBC as an investigative producer. Nov 8, 2013 ” U.S., Germany discuss intelligence cooperation after Merkel affair” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/08/us-usa-germany-spying-idUSBRE9A710820131108

After disclosures that the U.S. National Security Agency tapped German Chancellor Angela
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which incorporates the functions of a multiplicity of U.S. agencies.

Germany is our EU liaison - mediates Russia.
Georgescu 13 Radu GEORGESCU started entrepreneurship through senior year (1992) when I "negotiated" with Professor Stancescu from TCM selling my diploma project - a library of machine parts platform CAD (Computer Aided Design)  In 1992 I founded the first company GECAD and in 1994 we started to develop RAV antivirus, and other 3 software that I have not had the same success. 2003 we had over 150 distributors in 60 countries and in the same year, technology has caught the eye of Microsoft that I and negotiate the sale RAV. I kept company and management team after each of us refused a super position on Microsoft. Why I went to Redmond, as VP on security? Because myself am an entrepreneur and do not ever see myself doing anything else. So I was to take it over again.IIn 2004 was born GECAD Group to incorporate the then five companies. I started developing software November 3: a mail server - Axigen , an online payment platform - ePayment , a platform ESD (Electronic Software Distribution) - Avangate and security solution (non-virus) - Sentinet .   .Translated: Nelly Tsekova is a student of Public Policy at the University of Sofia, Bulgaria. She is member of JEF-Bulgaria and has done internships at the World Bank and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria. Her interests include any EU-related topic especially foreign policy and education. April 28th 2013 “The EU needs the USA” http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/The-EU-needs-the-USA,05720 NNF

Germany remains an important part of the European continent. Its position will directly influence
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of Europe which serves as a mediator between Russia and the United States.

Missile defense dispute causes Russian first strike
Mirovalev 12 MANSUR MIROVALEV is an Associated Press Writer. May 3, 2012 “Russian general threatens first strike on missile defense” http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2018128223_apeurussiamissiledefense.html NNF

Russia's top military officer has threatened to carry out a pre-emptive strike on
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what might be even viewed as paranoia on the part of Vladimir Putin."

Russia-US conflict guarantees extinction
Bostrom 2002  Professor of philosophy at Yale,
(Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Yale. “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards,” 2002, www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html) 

A much greater existential risk emerged with the build-up of nuclear arsenals in
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existential risk, since it would not destroy or thwart humankind’s potential permanently.

Relations key to solving climate change
Antholis 9 William J. Antholis serves as the managing director of The Brookings Institution .Dr. Antholis is also a senior fellow in Governance Studies. Along with Brookings President Strobe Talbott, he is the author of Fast Forward: Ethics and Politics in the Age of Global Warming.  He was director of international economic affairs at the NSC and NEC, where he served as the chief staff person for the G8 Summits in 1997 and 1998, and also was deputy director of the White House Climate Change policy team. He served for five years as director of studies and senior fellow at the German Marshall Fund, a U.S. grant-making and public policy institution devoted to strengthening transatlantic cooperation. In that capacity, Dr. Antholis was project director of the Trade and Poverty Forum.  He also was an international affairs fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations and a Visiting Fellow at the Center of International Studies at Princeton University. Dr. Antholis earned his Ph.D. from Yale University in politics (1993), and his B.A. from the University of Virginia in government and foreign affairs (1986).  He lives in Charlottesville, Virginia, with his wife Kristen Suokko and two daughters. Eat dem quals! June 10, 2009 “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: EU-U.S. Cooperation on Climate Change” http://www.brookings.edu/research/speeches/2009/06/10-climate-antholis date accessed 9-5-2013 NNF

And while we all are rightly focused on a non-carbon future, we
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a hybrid Hummer, but maybe for a solar-powered maglev train.

Warming is real, anthropogenic, and threatens extinction
Richard Schiffman 9/27/13, environmental writer @ The Atlantic citing the Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “What Leading Scientists Want You to Know About Today's Frightening Climate Report,” The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/leading-scientists-weigh-in-on-the-mother-of-all-climate-reports/280045/

The polar icecaps are melting faster than we thought they would; seas are rising
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.N. report: ¶ "We have five minutes before midnight."

Solvency
IDIQ contracts are uniquely destabilizing and allow for industry corruption. Hard restrictions are key to solving.  
Wedel 10 Janine R. Wedel, a professor in the School of Public Policy at George Mason University and senior fellow at the New America Foundation, is the author of Shadow Elite: How the World’s New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market (Basic Books) and Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe (Palgrave Macmillan). September 2, 2010 “Shadow Elite: Selling Out Uncle Sam: Government Contracting -- A Free Market Farce” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/janine-r-wedel/emshadow-eliteem-selling_b_703127.html date accessed 11-9-2013 NNF
A widely held belief is that contracting out is motivated by efficiency and that contracts
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 That's more than enough punch.

Government restrictions on IDIQ contracts are key to industry stability.
Ryan 96 Stephen M. Ryan is a partner in the Washington law firm of Brand, Lowell and Ryan. He has long experience in federal information technology issues.  Mar 18, 1996 “The new law will cannibalize IDIQ contracts” http://gcn.com/Articles/1996/03/18/The-new-law-will-cannibalize-IDIQ-contracts.aspx?Page=3
It's time for the federal government to reconsider its indefinite-delivery, indefinite-
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bazaar of price competition are unlikely to evoke the best response from contractors. 

Congressional bans shift risk and perception
Slye 13 John Slye is an Advisory Research Analyst at Deltek, where he brings more than 20 years of experience in federal, state, and local market analysis to serve clients with insight into the policy, technology, and buying trends impacting companies competing for government business. He came to Deltek through its acquisition of INPUT in 2010. Prior to Deltek/INPUT, Slye was a federal account manager with CDW Government (CDW-G), developing IT solutions for government agencies spanning both federal civilian and defense agencies and state and local governments. Previously, Slye held several positions in consulting, business analysis, and systems integration in the telecommunications industry with Verizon, UUNet, and American Management Systems. His experience in public procurement and industry analysis began in the early 1990s as a research associate at the Heritage Foundation, where he led the use of data mining to analyze federal funding trends. Slye holds an MBA from George Mason University and a bachelor’s degree in political science from the State University of New York at Oswego. March 13th 2013 “Cost-type Contracts in the Cross-hairs at DoD” http://iq.govwin.com/index.cfm?fractal=blogTool.dsp.blogandblogname=publicandalias=Costtype-Contracts-in-the-Crosshairs-at-DoD date accessed 8-18-2013 NNF 

Although the current focus in the federal market centers on budgetary issues like sequestration,
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into cost-type contracts for the production of major defense acquisition programs. 

Executive constraints on contracts face legal challenges
Burrows and Manuel 11 Vanessa K. Burrows and Kate M. Manuel are Legislative Attorneys for the Congressional Research Service June 14, 2011 “Presidential Authority to Impose Requirements on Federal Contractors” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41866.pdf date accessed 8-15-2013 NNF
Executive orders requiring agencies to impose certain conditions on federal contractors as terms of their
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Congress also could pass legislation directed at particular requirements of contracting executive orders.

Tournament: tournament | Round: 2 | Opponent: Emory Cheng-Sawyer | Judge: Galloway
Plan
The United States Congress should mandate congressional oversight of the National Security Administration’s Operation Bullrun and Sigint, prohibit the placement of backdoors in encryption standards, and mandate that the National Security Administration must acquire a warrant from the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court in an adversarial process before proceeding with hacking U.S. and European civilian software.

Solvency

Backdoor program is at the heart of NSA data collection scheme. Congressional ban on backdoors and warrants for decryption solves best.
NYT Editorial Board 13 The editorial board is composed of 19 journalists with wide-ranging areas of expertise. Their primary responsibility is to write The Times’s editorials, which represent the voice of the board, its editor and the publisher. The board is part of the Times’s editorial department, which is operated separately from the Times newsroom, and includes the Letters to the Editor and Op-Ed sections September 21, 2013 “Close the N.S.A.’s Back Doors” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/opinion/sunday/close-the-nsas-back-doors.html?_r=0
In 2006, a federal agency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology,
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built-in ways to bypass encryption. It deserves full Congressional support. 

Congressional ban on NSA backdoors and disclosure via oversight solves.
Heninger and Halderman 13 NADIA HENINGER is an assistant professor of computer and information science at the University of Pennsylvania, where her research focuses on cryptography and security. J. ALEX HALDERMAN is an assistant professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Michigan, where his research focuses on computer security and public policy. OCTOBER 23, 2013 “Tales from the Crypto Community” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140214/nadia-heninger-and-j-alex-halderman/tales-from-the-crypto-community date accessed 1-2-2014 NNF
The scariest consequence of the NSA's activities is that they lead to a direct loss
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trust and repairing the damage that the NSA has caused to everyone's security.

Plan solves key to signaling, cyber-security, and transparency.
Washington Blog 13 Blog is written by an anonymous adjunct professor. Evi cites - Bill Binney graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from the Pennsylvania State University in 1970. He said that he volunteered for the Army during the Vietnam era in order to select work that would interest him rather than be drafted and have no input. He was found to have strong aptitudes for mathematics, analysis, and code-breaking, and served four years from 1965–1969 at the Army Security Agency before going to the NSA in 1970. Binney was a Russia specialist and worked in the operations side of intelligence, starting as an analyst and ending as Technical Director prior to becoming a geopolitical world Technical Director. In the 1990s, he co-founded a unit on automating signals intelligence with NSA research chief Dr. John Taggart. Binney's NSA career culminated as Technical Leader for intelligence in 2001. Having expertise in intelligence analysis, traffic analysis, systems analysis, knowledge management, and mathematics (including set theory, number theory, and probability), Binney has been described as one of the best analysts and code breakers in the NSA's history. After retiring from the NSA he founded “Entity Mapping, LLC”, a private intelligence agency together with fellow NSA whistleblower J. Kirk Wiebe to market their analysis program to government agencies. December 30th 2013 “If You Want to Rein In NSA Spying, HERE’s How to Do It” http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2013/12/want-rein-nsa-spying-heres.html
Bill Binney is the high-level NSA executive who created the agency’s mass surveillance
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above reasons, encrypting Americans’ data must be central to NSA reform efforts.

National Cyber Security

Backdoors weaken national cybersecurity
Sanchez 13 Research fellow Julian Sanchez studies issues at the busy intersection of technology, privacy, and civil liberties, with a particular focus on national security and intelligence surveillance. Before joining Cato, Sanchez served as the Washington Editor for the technology news site Ars Technica, where he covered surveillance, intellectual property, and telecom policy. He has also worked as a writer for The Economist’s Democracy in America blog, and an editor for Reason magazine, where he remains a contributing editor. Sanchez has written on privacy and technology for a wide array of national publications, ranging from National Review to The Nation, and is a founding editor of the policy blog Just Security. He studied philosophy and political science at New York University. SEPTEMBER 6, 2013 “NSA’s War on Global Cybersecurity” http://www.cato.org/blog/nsas-war-global-cybersecurity
In its myopic quest to ensure that no digital communication remains hidden from its panoptic
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and hostile governments, as long as it gets to keep spying too.

NSA backdoor program destroys national cybersecurity. Two Reasons:

1. Undermines trust in NIST standards key cyber defense.
   Heninger and Halderman 13 NADIA HENINGER is an assistant professor of computer and information science at the University of Pennsylvania, where her research focuses on cryptography and security. J. ALEX HALDERMAN is an assistant professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Michigan, where his research focuses on computer security and public policy. OCTOBER 23, 2013 “Tales from the Crypto Community” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140214/nadia-heninger-and-j-alex-halderman/tales-from-the-crypto-community date accessed 1-2-2014 NNF
   Of all of the revelations about the NSA that have come to light in recent
   AND
   and which ones are unadulterated. It could restore trust by coming clean.

2. Kills cryptography that’s key to cyber-security
Heninger and Halderman 13 NADIA HENINGER is an assistant professor of computer and information science at the University of Pennsylvania, where her research focuses on cryptography and security. J. ALEX HALDERMAN is an assistant professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Michigan, where his research focuses on computer security and public policy. OCTOBER 23, 2013 “Tales from the Crypto Community” http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140214/nadia-heninger-and-j-alex-halderman/tales-from-the-crypto-community date accessed 1-2-2014 NNF
Beyond undermining NIST standards, NSA activities have also shaken confidence in emerging cryptographic technologies
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it unless the NSA comes clean about which systems it has tampered with.

Non-state actors are targeting the US now causes nuclear meltdowns.
Sharp 2010.  “National Leadership, Individual Responsibility: The Past, Present, and Future of Cybersecurity” (Walter Gary Sharp Sr. Senior Associate Deputy General Counsel for Intelligence, Office of the General Counsel, U.S. Department of Defense; Adjunct Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center) 4 J. Nat'l Security L. and Pol'y 13. AMon
The cyber threat to U.S. national security, economic security, and
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to cause acts of terrorism - like those already described in popular media.

Cyber attack shuts down the grid – timeframe KEY
Dykes and Melton 13
(Aaron Dykes is a co-founder of TruthstreamMedia.com. As a writer, researcher and video producer who has worked on numerous documentaries and investigative reports, he uses history as a guide to decode current events, uncover obscure agendas and contrast them with the dignity afforded individuals as recognized in documents like the Bill of Rights” Big Sis Says Cyber Attack WILL Bring Down Power Grid: ‘When Not If’” – Quoting Homeland Security Chief Janet Napolitanbo. http://truthstreammedia.com/big-sis-says-cyber-attack-will-bring-down-power-grid-when-not-if/ 9/5 kjl)
Outgoing Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano issued an ‘open letter’ to her successor warning
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the Counter-electronics High-powered Microwave Advanced Missile Project (CHAMP).

Extinction
Hodges 14 Dave is an award winning psychology, statistics and research professor, a college basketball coach, a mental health counselor, a political activist and writer who has published dozens of editorials and articles in several publications such as FREEDOMS PHOENIX, NEWS WITH VIEWS and THE ARIZONA REPUBLIC. January 1, 2014 ”Nuclear Meltdown Ahead: America’s Extinction Level Event” http://beforeitsnews.com/energy/2014/01/nuclear-meltdown-ahead-americas-extinction-level-event-2452680.html
None of the NERC, or the Nuclear Regulatory tests of handling a prolonged blackout
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THIS WOULD CONSTITUTE THE ULTIMATE DEPOPULATION EVENT. …And There Is More…
The ramifications raised in the previous paragraphs are significant. What if the blackout lasts
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part of NERC is criminal because this is indeed an Extinction Level Event.

NSA backdoor program allows for state attacks.
Abrahams 13 Rebecca Abrahams is Chief Communications Officer at Ziklag Sytstems, LLC, a mobile security technology company focused on developing, marketing and supporting commercial and specialized products for Smartphones. Prior to her post at Ziklag, Abrahams was President of Woodfin Woods Productions, a full service production company specializing in documentary, long format media and reality-based television programs. Abrahams was a writer/producer at ABC News in New York and Washington from 1996-2008, covering national and political beats for Good Morning America and Weekend World News. Abrahams has received numerous awards for her work, including a Peabody for her coverage of the September 11th attacks and four Edward R. Murrow awards including honors for her coverage of the Tsunami Disaster and for Overall Excellence in Broadcasting. She has also received a Scripps Howard Foundation Award and a CINE Golden Eagle Award for “Section 60: Arlington National Cemetery.” Abrahams is also co-creator of Washingtonpost.com's discussion site Live Online 10/08/2013 “Was the NSA Back Door Worth It?” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rebecca-abrahams/was-the-nsa-back-door-wor_b_4064660.html date accessed: 1-1-2014 NNF
Just last month one of the nation's most respected security development companies, RSA,
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they will find other ways to get "behind" the encryption engine.

That guarantees nuclear retaliation
Conte 13 Investigative reporter Andrew Conte has covered rising health care costs, the legalization of casino gambling in Pennsylvania, the NHL Penguins' bid for an arena and Pittsburgh city hall since joining Trib Total Media in 2001.
He has won numerous national and state awards for his writing, including the Carnegie Science Award and first-place honors from the Inland Press Association, the Association of Health Care Journalists, the Pennsylvania Associated Press Managing Editors and the Associated Press Society of Ohio. The Press Club of Western Pennsylvania has recognized Andrew with its top reporting prize in three of the past four years. Two times the Pennsylvania Society of Professional Journalists has recognized him with the Spotlight Award, its top prize for investigative reporting. Andrew wrote a national best-selling book, Breakaway, in 2011 about the behind-the-scenes dealings to keep the Penguins in Pittsburgh. He is the founding director of Point Park University's news service.
He received a bachelor's degree from Dickinson College and a master's degree from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism. Mar 05, 2013 “Report: US Should Keep Nuke Option for Cyberattack” http://www.military.com/daily-news/2013/03/05/report-us-should-keep-nuke-option-for-cyberattack.html date accessed 1-22-2014 NNF
The United States should be prepared to use every military option, including nuclear retaliation, in response to a huge computer attack, an independent Department of Defense task force said.
But the nation must determine whether its nuclear arsenal can withstand computer hackers, the
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a sophisticated adversary nation with a full range of military and intelligence options.
The report Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat presents a bleak assessment of
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take months, if not years, to repair, the report said. 

EU-US
EU civilian protections against the NSA are critical to US-EU trade relations. This summer is key.
O’Daniell 13 "I am a Reuters correspondent in Brussels, writing about the European Union. I moved here last year from Germany, where I had reported about the financial crisis, turning up numerous scoops and even winning a prestigious business reporting award. Beforehand, I worked with The Sunday Times in London." Nov 26, 2013 “EU demands protection against U.S. data surveillance” http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/26/us-eu-data-idUSBRE9AP0NW20131126 date accessed 1-23-2014 NNF
The European Commission called on Tuesday for new protection for Europeans under United States' law
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year, the first fundamental updating of Europe's data protection laws since 1995. 

Perception of an unrestrained NSA tanks TTIP negotiations.
Llana 13 Sara Miller Llana is the Monitor's European Bureau Chief based in Paris. Prior to this posting, which began in April 2013, she covered Latin America for the paper, from Mexico City, for seven years. She has a masters in journalism from Columbia University and a BA in history from the University of Michigan. July 1, 2013 “Has NSA spying put US-EU trade deal on the rocks?” http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/terrorism-security/2013/0701/Has-NSA-spying-put-US-EU-trade-deal-on-the-rocks date accessed 1-23-2014 NNF
Revelations that the United States has systematically spied on Europe are threatening what is being
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the US, echoing larger EU concerns The EU has demanded immediate answers. 

TTIP critical to capital influx
Yglesias 13 Matthew Yglesias is Slate's business and economics correspondent. He is the author of The Rent Is Too Damn High. JUNE 18 2013 “Getting in Bed With Europe” http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/06/ttip_transatlantic_trade_and_investment_partnership_would_create_the_biggest.html
TTIP would be the biggest trade pact of all time, by far. It
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a year in the United States and somewhat more than that in Europe. 

TTIP key to bio-technology – Capital Influx
BIO 13 The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) is the world’s largest biotechnology trade association. BIO is a 501(c)(6) non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. We provide advocacy, business development, and communications services for more than 1,100 members worldwide. It is our mission to be the champion of biotechnology and the advocate for our member organizations - both large and small. Jun 19, 2013 “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership“ http://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/BIO20TTIP20submission20May20201320final20520172013.pdf
The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) appreciates the opportunity to respond to the
Request for Comments issued by the U.S. Trade Representative on objectives to
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The TTIP represents a profoundly important opportunity to advance progress in these areas. 

Bio-tech key to solving coming food crisis
Tonelli 13 Chiara Tonelli is Vice-Rector for Research and Professor of Genetics at the University of Milan, Italy. She is
leader of the Plant Molecular Genetic Group at the Department of Bio Sciences. She is aProfessor of Genetics at the University of Milan, Italy . She is a member of the European Molecular Biology Organisation (EMBO). Chiara has served on numerous scientific committees and Science Advisory Boards in Italy and elsewhere. Dec 13th 2013 “Biotechnology helps to secure the food supply” http://www.research.bayer.com/en/essay.aspx
According to UN estimates, the global population will rise from the current 6.
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be able to secure the supply of food for a growing world population.

Global wars which lead to extinction.
Brown, 9
(Lester R, - founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May)
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries to cause government collapse. Those crises are brought on by ever worsening environmental degradation
One of the toughest things for people to do is to anticipate sudden change.
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states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Tech Industry

Backdoor destroy the technology sector
Holmes 13 Allan Holmes is the editor of the technology regulation team for Bloomberg Government. He leads a team of analysts who produce content on how U.S. federal regulations, legislation, policies and government spending affect technology companies. Holmes previously was executive editor of the governmetn technology website Nextgov and Government Executive magazine, Atlantic Media properties. Prior to joining Government Executive, he was the Washington bureau chief at CIO magazine. Holmes has covered business, focusing on finance and transportation; state government; and health care, including President Clinton’s health reform initiative in 1993 and 1994. He has written for The New York Times, Time magazine, and U.S. News and World Report. He earned a bachelor’s in journalism from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a master’s in public policy from Duke University. Sep 10, 2013 “NSA Spying Seen Risking Billions in U.S. Technology Sales” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-10/nsa-spying-seen-risking-billions-in-u-s-technology-sales.html
Reports that the National Security Agency persuaded some U.S. technology companies to
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4 billion smartphones in use worldwide, including Apple Inc.’s iPhone. 

Tech sector critical to algo trading increases liquidity
Hendershott 11 Hendershott is at Haas School of Business, University of California Berkeley. Jones is at Columbia Business School.Menkveld is at VU University Amsterdam Jan 6th 2011”Does Algorithmic Trading Improve Liquidity?”
The declining costs of technology have led to its widespread adoption throughout financial industries.
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algorithmic traders to co-locate their servers in the market’s data center. 

Industry shift now - Tech sector is critical to facilitate.
Rubin 14 Dr. Howard A. Rubin is a Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at Hunter College of the City University of New York, a MIT CISR Research Affiliate, a Gartner Senior Advisor, and a former Nolan Norton Research Fellow. He is the founder and CEO of Rubin Worldwide. January 16, 2014 ”Datacenters: The Future Is Not What It Used To Be” http://www.wallstreetandtech.com/it-infrastructure/datacenters-the-future-is-not-what-it-us/240165422
Couple the economic drivers with new demands from the business, and you have a
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bank may not own it. But it will still be out there.

Liquidity shortage in squo
Shinohara 13 Mr. Naoyuki Shinohara assumed office as Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund on March 1, 2010. Born in 1953, Mr. Shinohara holds a B.A degree in Economics from Tokyo University (1975) and Master in Public Affairs, from Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University (1979). He was an Associate at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University (1986) and a Visiting Professor at Saitama National University (1990-1992). Mr. Shinohara has occupied various senior positions at the Ministry of Finance of Japan, including Director-General of the International Bureau. Most recently, from 2007 — 2009, he served as Vice-Minister of Finance for International Affairs and participated in the IMFC, G7/G8, G20, ASEAN + 3, and other meetings as the Finance Minister’s Deputy. Mr. Shinohara also served as Japan’s Executive Director at the Asian Development Bank during 1998-2001. June 3, 2013 “The Financial Crisis, Capital Flows, and Global Liquidity” http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2013/060313.htm date accessed 12-28-2013 NNF
Now let us turn briefly to the main focus of this conference on global liquidity
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proportion of GDP, and there is no sign of a rebound yet.

Crisis timeframe is early 2014 - guarantees collapse.
Cooke 13 Ron graduated with an A.B. in Economics from Bates College. He has been an auditor, line manager, computer salesman, marketing manager, product planning manager, and V. P. of Marketing. He has 33 years of financial experience. A management consultant by inclination, Ron has a comprehensive background in business development, product planning, market research, and industry analysis. He has authored multiple market research reports, contracts, business plans and operations research studies for corporate clients in 12 countries. Prior experience includes technology assessment, the evaluation of corporate financial performance, and the negotiation of corporate acquisitions. Ron is a former instructor with UCSC, and developed the curriculum for a science based approach to decision analysis. He has pursued the study of Cultural Economics since 1969, and has authored "Oil, Jihad and Destiny," Amazon, a thought-provoking research report on oil depletion (Opportunity Analysis - 2004, and revised in 2007), and "Detensive Nation," a book that redefines the role of government in an Energy Detensive EcoSystem (The Cultural Economist - 2007). Aug 20, 2013 “Get Ready for the Next Financial Crisis http://www.321gold.com/editorials/cooke_r/cooke_r082013.html date accessed 12-28-2013 NNF
But just as I was confident 2007 would produce an economic meltdown, I am
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a collapse as money managers scramble to answer margin calls by liquidating assets.

Economic diversionary theory true
Royal 2010 (Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises,” in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214)

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.  

Causes nuclear war
Broward 9 (Member of Triond) http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you/)

Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy. With
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the economy is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century.

Tournament: GSU | Round: 2 | Opponent: all | Judge: 

1AC

Advantage 1: International Law

Cyber tensions between the US and China are escalating rapidly. The brink is now.

Yi 13 ~Xiaoxiong Yi is the director of Marietta College’s China Program.~ June 22, 2013 "The coming of China-U.S. cyber war" http://www.mariettatimes.com/page/content.detail/id/552547.html
The cyber warfare between Washington and Beijing is becoming more intense, as Edward Snowden
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Wickham of USA Today, "could well dominate this planet for decades."

Even innocent data collection can be misinterpreted as an attack, only a matter of time

Williams 11 (Robert D. Williams, J.D. Harvard Law School… "(Spy) Game Change: Cyber Networks, Intelligence Collection, and Covert Action"… June 2011… The George Washington Law Review… LexisNexis… 8/1/13… RTV)
A cyber intrusion may be characterized as "going after the crown jewels" when
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the United States may have more to lose than any other nation. n129

====Oversight solves escalation====
Lin 10  "Offensive Cyber Operations and the Use of Force"; 4 J. Nat’l Sec. L. 26 Pol’y  pg63 (2010) Lin, Herbert S. (chief scientist at the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National
Research Council of the National Academies)
If the United States launches an offensive cyber operation, it cannot assume that the
AND
have to take place  under conditions of great uncertainty and intense time pressure.

Cyber espionage would be misread as an attack – US or China would respond with nukes

Clarke 13(Richard Clarke, the chairman of Good Harbor Security Risk Management, was special adviser to the president for cybersecurity in the George W. Bush administration. Steve Andreasen, a consultant to the Nuclear Threat Initiative, was the National Security Council’s staff director for defense policy and arms control from 1993 to 2001…. "The perils of linking cyberwar to nuclear war"…  6/16/2013 … The Washington Post… LexisNexis Academic… 8/13/13… RTV)
"We will reduce the role of nuclear weapons in our national security strategy and
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risk of an accidental or unauthorized nuclear launch, would also probably stall.

====The aff framework clarifies Cyber ops and forces compliance with the LOAC====
Williams 11
(Robert D. Williams, J.D. Harvard Law School… "(Spy) Game Change: Cyber Networks, Intelligence Collection, and Covert Action"… June 2011… The George Washington Law Review… LexisNexis… 8/1/13. AJM
Many of the same concerns set forth above translate to the context of international law
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all such means of influencing political, economic, or military conditions abroad.

LOAC doesn’t cover cyber ops in the squo

Kodar 12 (Erki Kodar is a professor of law at the University of Tartu, and also the Director of the Legal Department of the Estonian Ministry… "APPLYING THE LAW OF ARMED¶ CONFLICT TO CYBER ATTACKS:¶ FROM THE MARTENS CLAUSE TO¶ ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I"… http://www.ksk.edu.ee/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/KVUOA_Toimetised_15_5_Kodar.pdf ... 9/1/13… RTV)

Applying LOAC norms to cyber attacks is only possible in the event of an¶
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the hard-drive would still exist unharmed in its¶ physical state.

LOAC has worked, and is key to stop collapse of society

IOLD 12
(The International and Operational Law Department is part of the Library of Congress’s graduate studies program, specializing in the Law of Armed Conflict… 2012… "Law or Armed Conflict Deskbook"… The Judge Advocate General’s Legal Center 26 School… http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/LOAC-Deskbook-2012.pdf ... 9/15/13… RTV)

Validity. Although critics of the regulation of warfare cite examples of violations of evolving
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observance of the LOAC denies the enemy a rallying cry against difficult odds.

The development of international law is based on modeling – comes before treaties and conventions

Brown and Poellet 12 (Colonel Gary Brown, JD Senior Legal Counsel for U.S. Cyber Command, Fort Meade, Maryland and Keira Pollet, JD and LLM Judge Advocate General and former Operations Law Attorney at US CYBERCOM, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Fall 2012, The Customary International Law of Cyberspace, Accessed 8/30/13) (www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/2012/fall/brown-poellet.pdf?) /ejc\
The first thing to know about international law is that it bears only a passing
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for the International Court of Justice decision in which it was established.4

The US has the authority to establish precedent as a member of the U.N. Security Council

Melnitzky 12 (Alexander B. Melnitzky, Associate at The Serbagi Law Firm, P.C. Former Associate Editor of Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law. He earned his J.D. from Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University and a B.A. in History from NYU.) /ejc\ (https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay26crawlid=126doctype=cite26docid=20+Cardozo+J.+Int27l+26+Comp.+L.+53726srctype=smi26srcid=3B1526key=e30e49aa22650c3c135d44854f)
A strict textualist may not be persuaded by the above argument. Article 51 of
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be a policy that uses active defenses to prevent and deter cyber espionage.

De-militarizing cyber ops key to soft power

Belk and Noyes ’12
(Robert (Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studying international and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School) and Matthew (studies international security policy and is a senior associate with the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting), "On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities: A Policy Analysis on Offensive US Cyber Policy", 3-20-12, Office of Naval Research, RSR)
Revised by JM

Over the past decade, hard power has dominated U.S. foreign policy
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¶ abroad and hence the way such an operation affects American soft power.

Soft power prevents extinction, disease, climate change, terrorism and great power war

Joseph Nye 8 is professor of international relations at Harvard University, "American Power After the Financial Crises," http://www.foresightproject.net/publications/articles/article.asp?p=3533, Date Accessed: 9-15-13 Revised by JM
Power always depends on context, and in today’s world, it is distributed in
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even the largest country cannot achieve its aims without the help of others.

Advantage 2: Turf War

Interagency turf wars have blocked reorganization of cyber policies

Biggs 12 (Zachary Fryer-Biggs is a Washington Staff Writer for DefenseSystems, a news source focusing on national security matters… 5/7/12… http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120507/DEFREG02/305070004 "Debate Slows New U.S. Cyber Rules" … 9/17/13)

Despite the ongoing concern about the escalating pace of cyber attacks, a new set
AND
. There’s no hard line between what is military and what is civilian."

Interagency convergence disrupts the decision making process and kills response time to cyber attacks

Chesney 2012. "Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate" (Charles I. Francis Professor in Law, University of Texas School of Law)  http://jnslp.com/wp- content/uploads/2012/01/Military-Intelligence-Convergence-and-the-Law-of-the-Title-10Title-50-Debate.pdf

The first way in which cyberspace is especially prone to convergence ¶ has to do
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institutional competition as well as cooperation between the CIA and the ¶ military.

Non-state actors are targeting the US now – these attacks risk nuclear meltdowns and stock market crashes

Sharp 2010.  "National Leadership, Individual Responsibility: The Past, Present, and Future of Cybersecurity" (Walter Gary Sharp Sr. Senior Associate Deputy General Counsel for Intelligence, Office of the General Counsel, U.S. Department of Defense; Adjunct Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center) 4 J. Nat’l Security L. 26 Pol’y 13. AMon

The cyber threat to U.S. national security, economic security, and
AND
to cause acts of terrorism - like those already described in popular media.

Scenario 1: Grid

Cyber attack shuts down the grid – Syria makes timeframe KEY

Dykes and Melton 13
(Aaron Dykes is a co-founder of TruthstreamMedia.com. As a writer, researcher and video producer who has worked on numerous documentaries and investigative reports, he uses history as a guide to decode current events, uncover obscure agendas and contrast them with the dignity afforded individuals as recognized in documents like the Bill of Rights" Big Sis Says Cyber Attack WILL Bring Down Power Grid: ’When Not If’" – Quoting Homeland Security Chief Janet Napolitanbo. http://truthstreammedia.com/big-sis-says-cyber-attack-will-bring-down-power-grid-when-not-if/ 9/5 kjl)
Outgoing Homeland Security chief Janet Napolitano issued an ’open letter’ to her successor warning
AND
the Counter-electronics High-powered Microwave Advanced Missile Project (CHAMP).

DoD bases are vulnerable to grid disruptions

Robitaille 12
(George, Department of Army Civilian, United States Army War College, "Small Modular Reactors: The Army’s Secure Source of Energy?" 21-03-2012, Strategy Research Project)
In recent years, the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) has
AND
associated with building coal or natural gas fired power plants on the environment.

Grid failure shuts down US military operations

Paul Stockton 11, assistant secretary of defense for Homeland Defense and Americas’ Security Affairs, "Ten Years After 9/11: Challenges for the Decade to Come", http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=7.2.11
The cyber threat to the DIB is only part of a much larger challenge to
AND
system over which it does not – and never will – exercise control.

Global War

Frederick Kagan and Michael O’Hanlon 7, Fred’s a resident scholar at AEI, Michael is a senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings, "The Case for Larger Ground Forces", April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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Such a measure is not only prudent, it is also badly overdue.

Scenario 2: Econ

Response time is key – a cyber attack could shut down the US economy

AAP 13 AAP (Australian Associated Press) 06/12/13, Cyber wars would cripple economies: experts, http://www.businessspectator.com.au/news/2013/6/12/global-news/cyber-wars-would-cripple-economies-experts, (08/13/13)~23HBK

Cyber attackers have the power to shut down economies and a global cyber war could
AND
- die."For any other part of the world it’s similar destruction."

Even the possibility of cyber-attack has the potential to shake business confidence and destroy the economy

Cornish 11 Paul Cornish(Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of Exeter. He was educated at the London School of Economics (MSc Econ, International Relations). He completed his PhD at the University of Cambridge, Lecturer in Defence Studies at the UK Defence Academy (King’s College London) and then Lecturer in International Security at the University of Cambridge, Cornish also spent several years as Director of the Centre for Defence Studies at King’s College London.) June 2011, The Velnerabilities of Developed States to Economic Cyber Warfare, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/0611wp_cornish.pdf, (p. 12) (08/13/13)~23HBK

In a world of interconnected and interdependent economies we could expect an element of self
AND
national government and the confidence and predictability upon which a national economy depends. 

US economic decline triggers global decline, that escalates to conflict

Tilford 2008 – PhD in history from George Washington University, served for 32 years as a military officer and analyst with the Air Force and Army (Earl, "Critical mass: economic leadership or dictatorship", Cedartown Standard, lexis)

Could it happen again? Bourgeois democracy requires a vibrant capitalist system. Without it
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world affairs move; the world could devolve to that point very quickly

. 

Nuclear War

Broward 9 ((Member of Triond) http://newsflavor.com/opinions/will-an-economic-collapse-kill-you/)
Now its time to look at the consequences of a failing world economy. With
AND
the economy is the most important issue facing us in the 21st century.

PLAN:

====The United States Congress should enact legislation requiring offensive cyber operations be funded, conducted, and directed pursuant to Title 50 United States Code § 413b.====

Solvency

Prefer Covert Action Statute of Title 50, agencies are more careful with ops

Brecher 12 "Cyberattacks and the Covert Action Statute: Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for Offensive Cyberoperations" by Aaron P. Brecher (J.D. Candidate, May 2013, University of Michigan Law School), December 2012 – Michigan Law Review VED
There are reasons beyond the statute’s broader range of covered activities to prefer the covert
AND
to err on the side of reporting their activities to the congressional committees.

Clarifying cyber operations under covert action under a framework of congressional notification solves.

Chesney 12 ~Robert M. Chesney is an American lawyer and the Charles I. Francis Professor in Law at The University of Texas School of Law, where he serves as the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and teaches courses relating to U.S. national security and constitutional law.~1~ Chesney addresses issues involving national security and law, including matters relating to military detention, the use of force, terrorism-related prosecutions, the role of the courts in national security affairs, and the relationship between military and intelligence community activities.~2~ He is a co-founder and contributor to the Lawfare Blog~ February 2012 "Military-Intelligence Convergence and the Law  of the Title 10/Title 50 Debate" http://jnslp.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Military-Intelligence-Convergence-and-the-Law-of-the-Title-10Title-50-Debate.pdf date accessed ~8-13-2013~ NNF

Operations constituting "covert action" must be reported to the House and Senate Intelligence
AND
upon its relationship to the emergence of cyberspace as a significant operational domain.

Congressional oversight is key – but congress has to take the lead

Dycus 10  J. Nat’l Sec. L. 26 Pol’y 4  pg155 (2010)  Congress’s Role in Cyber Warfare; Dycus, Stephen (Professor, Vermont Law School.)

¶ Congress obviously cannot act alone to develop a cyber warfare policy ¶ for the
AND
actions that seem – as a matter of policy – ¶ particularly unwise.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Casas-Gonzaba | Judge: Kozak
9/11 was a false flag attack coordinated by shadowy elements of the military industrial complex and widespread “official story” is only believed as a result of mass gullibility from an epistemologically bankrupt population.
Tarpley 7 Webster Griffin Tarpley is He received a BA degree summa cum laude in English and Italian from Princeton University in 1966. While a student at Princeton he became a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and was a Fulbright Scholar at University of Turin in Italy.3 Tarpley also obtained a MA degree in humanities from Skidmore College, as well as a Ph.D. from the Catholic University of America in History. In 1971, Tarpley was on the editorial board of The Campaigner, a National Caucus of Labor Committees' journal, according to its masthead. Tarpley was president of the Schiller Institute of the United States in the 1980s April 2007  ”9/11 SYNTHETIC TERRORISM MADE IN USA” Fourth Edition. http://wikispooks.com/w/images/5/5c/Synthetic_Terror.pdf 7-11-2013 NNF
The present study embodies a number of criteria which I believe derive directly from the
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a rogue network or invisible government operating inside the US government and military. 

9/11 is the militaristic justification for expanded war power with the intention of genocide in The Third World
Tarpley 7 Webster Griffin Tarpley is He received a BA degree summa cum laude in English and Italian from Princeton University in 1966. While a student at Princeton he became a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and was a Fulbright Scholar at University of Turin in Italy.3 Tarpley also obtained a MA degree in humanities from Skidmore College, as well as a Ph.D. from the Catholic University of America in History. In 1971, Tarpley was on the editorial board of The Campaigner, a National Caucus of Labor Committees' journal, according to its masthead. Tarpley was president of the Schiller Institute of the United States in the 1980s April 2007  ”9/11 SYNTHETIC TERRORISM MADE IN USA” Fourth Edition. http://wikispooks.com/w/images/5/5c/Synthetic_Terror.pdf 7-11-2013 NNF
I immediately concluded that the events of that day, because of their scope,
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based on blackmail. It was a world-historical turn towards disaster.

9/11 was an inside job: NORAD stand down, Able Danger, WTC 7, War games, Presidential Directive w99i, and insider trading prove

9/11 Truth 6 The 911Truth.org website speaks for itself. Grassroots contacts, local groups, and sites on the links page or elsewhere at the site are listed for outreach and informational purposes only--911Truth.org does not necessarily endorse, does not speak for these individuals, nor do they speak for this site. No groups, including those which use '911truth.org' within their name, are representatives of 911truth.org; for instance, NY911truth.org is an entirely separate, autonomous group. We do not have "chapters" or "members." We do have hundreds of thousands of activists (millions, now?) who work together with us through this autonomous, decentralized structure. May 16 2006 “THE TOP 40: REASONS TO DOUBT THE OFFICIAL STORY OF SEPTEMBER 11th, 2001” http://911truth.org/article.php?story=20041221155307646 https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2002/01/23/1142811.php accessed 7-11-2013

It is well documented that the officials topping the chain of command for response to
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WTC tenants, and WTC re-insurance companies in Chicago and London. 

The only solution to this instance of mass Stockholm syndrome is an explicit questioning of 9/11 as a conspiracy of global proportions.  

Thus, Nigel and I question and ultimately reject the United States Federal Government’s account of the September 11 2001 attacks. We suspect that the attacks were the result of shadowy elements within the government itself. 

9/11 is the central justification for expanded presidential war powers. This requires a total epistemological rejection/questioning of the government narrative – Only our Aff solves.
Tarpley 7 Webster Griffin Tarpley is He received a BA degree summa cum laude in English and Italian from Princeton University in 1966. While a student at Princeton he became a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and was a Fulbright Scholar at University of Turin in Italy.3 Tarpley also obtained a MA degree in humanities from Skidmore College, as well as a Ph.D. from the Catholic University of America in History. In 1971, Tarpley was on the editorial board of The Campaigner, a National Caucus of Labor Committees' journal, according to its masthead. Tarpley was president of the Schiller Institute of the United States in the 1980s April 2007  ”9/11 SYNTHETIC TERRORISM MADE IN USA” Fourth Edition. http://wikispooks.com/w/images/5/5c/Synthetic_Terror.pdf 7-11-2013 NNF

Because of the events of 9/11, the regime proclaims, the world
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the 9/11 truth movement during the time since that catastrophic day.
Specific indebtedness and especially meritorious works will be acknowledged in the text, or in
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imminent threat of new terrorist attacks, organized in large part by the original
September criminals. It is important also because this is a time of aggravated world
economic, political, and strategic crisis, wars, depression, and breakdown crisis, as we
will have occasion briefly to show as part of our explanation of why the 9/11 attacks
happened. We must also be aware of the underlying long waves of American history. 

Narrative Closure

The resolution operates under a framework of narrative closure one that demands we decrease the President’s war powers authority which stem from an “event” that as we know it never even happened!
Thus the resolution is the contract the Symbolic Order demands we sign in the form of a cohesive solution or “plan”. 

The Role of the Ballot is to endorse whoever best performatively and methodologically rejects an epistemology of Narrative Closure

The Symbolic image of the Other leads to dehumanization and demonization in attempt to secure a more “pure” self.
Solan 96 (Ronnie Solan, PhD, Supervisor and Lecturer at the Israel Psychoanalytic Institute, the Leader and the Led – their mutual needs, 1996, Pg 248-249)
The "familiar" image representation of a leader or leadership arouses the hope and
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, perforce defend ourselves" (Moses, 1990a, p. 52).

Governmentality and totalizing control over regimes of truth forms the basis of oppressive state power
Marshall, University of Auckland - Emeritus Professor School of Education, 95
(James D, Foucault And Neo-Liberalism: Biopower And Busno-power, http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/95_docs/marshall.html)
Foucault also develops the notion of governmentality as the art of government or, as
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developed, played, and continue to play, a crucially important role. 

We refuse to sign this contract and instead endorse conspiracy theory as a method of “Looking awry”. 

Conspiracy Theory is the only method of looking at the world that positively acknowledges our inability of dealing with the world – by looking at the world through the lens of conspiracy theory we can look awry
Flieger in 97
Jerry Aline Flieger is Professor of French, Comparative Literature, and Women's Studies at Rutgers University, “Postmodern Perspective: The Paranoid Eye,” New Literary History 28.1 (1997) 87-109, pg. project muse
In other words, subjectivity implies intersubjectivity, and is not just a function of
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the sky that haunts paranoid discourse, becomes the seeing private "I."

The paranoid story is one that resists the symbolic – the paranoid is the only person to refuse to sign a contract with the symbolic
Flieger in 97
Jerry Aline Flieger is Professor of French, Comparative Literature, and Women's Studies at Rutgers University, “Postmodern Perspective: The Paranoid Eye,” New Literary History 28.1 (1997) 87-109, pg. project muse
Interestingly, Jacques Lacan--whose work may be read as a psychoanalytic version of
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fantasy and the real, protagonist and antagonist, even reader and writer.

CONSPIRACIES ARE POLITICALLY POWERFUL WAYS OF PREVENTING THE NECESSITY OF NARRATIVE CLOSURE
Dean in 2k
Jodi, associate professor of political science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, “Theorizing Conspiracy Theory,” Theory and Event, 4:3, pg. project muse
     Briefly, the problems with these approaches are as follows. First, the
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are critical theories, critical theories generally misread as empirical theories (exposes).

Tournament: Texas | Round: 5 | Opponent: Southern California Haas-Saiedian | Judge: Green
Adv 1

Dead line for signing the BSA at end of this month
Jamieson 3/2014 (Alastair is a writer for NBC news based out of London. February 3, 2014. NBC News. “US to Afghanistan's Karzai: Sign security deal or we'll pull out all troops next year.” Date Accessed: 2-6-14. http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/us-afghanistans-karzai-sign-security-deal-or-well-pull-out-v21620885 JM
KABUL, Afghanistan –The White House threatened to withdraw all U.S.
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, saying that the Loya Jirga had endorsed the pact with this condition.

Bilateral Security Agreement in Afghanistan not reached but still possible
DAWN.com , 2/5/14 (“Obama meets with top US commander in Afghanistan”. Dawn.com. DAWN.COM is the #1 English News website from Pakistan updated round the clock with latest and breaking news stories along with exclusive coverage by its editorial staff – an ultimate destination that brings its readers credible, authentic and unbiased content from around the world and trusted for news and information about Pakistan, in particular. Averaging over 20 million page views a month, and two million unique visitors with average time spent on the site in excess of 5 minutes, DAWN.COM is the first choice of news source for online audience.. http://www.dawn.com/news/1085076/obama-meets-with-top-us-commander-in-afghanistan Date of Access: 2/5/14 SMC)

WASHINGTON: President Barack Obama has met at the White House with his top commander
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commander in Afghanistan Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and Joint Chiefs Chairman Martin Dempsey.

Resolving US detention of third-country nationals solves --- it’s central to the BSA dispute
Christopher Rogers 13, Program Officer for the Regional Policy Initiative on Afghanistan and Pakistan at Open Society Foundations, "Guest Post: Afghanistan Post-2014: Closing Bagram", November 14, justsecurity.org/2013/11/14/guest-post-afghanistan-post-2014-closing-bagram/
With the U.S. combat role in Afghanistan coming to an end,
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Bagram does not become an even greater legal and political challenge after 2014.

BSA failure collapses Afghan and regional stability  
Anubhav Gupta 14, Asia Society, “2014: South Asia's Make or Break Year”, 1-7, http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/2014-south-asias-make-or-break-year
This year could define the fate of the region for years to come. The
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troops in 2014, which could be calamitous for stability in the country.

The impact is Central and Pakistan instability --- goes nuclear
Lisa Curtis 13, Senior Research Fellow, Heritage Foundation, “Nato's total withdrawal from Afghanistan could rock Asia stability”, 11-18 http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2013/11/natos-total-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-could-rock-asia-stability
Analysts warn that the recent increase in al-Qaeda violence in Iraq should serve
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would, in turn, export Islamist ideology and violence to the north.

Central Asia escalates globally
Hooman Peimani 2, Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for International Cooperation and Security, Senior International Relations consultant with the United Nations in Geneva, PhD in International Relations, Failed Transition, Bleak Future?, p. 122-7
In the short run, the prospect for peace is not very great for the
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and military ties could help expand any conflict in which they are involved. 

Pakistan instability causes loose nukes and Indian intervention --- goes nuclear
Michael O’Hanlon 5, senior fellow with the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence and director of research for the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution, visiting lecturer at Princeton University, an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, and a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies
PhD in public and international affairs from Princeton, Apr 27 2005, “Dealing with the Collapse of a Nuclear-Armed State: The Cases of North Korea and Pakistan,” http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/papers/ohanlon.pdf
Were Pakistan to collapse, it is unclear what the United States and like-
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Indian Army, nuclear dangers have long been considered to run very high.

Indo-pak causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
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well lead to all-out war between the two that couldquickly escalate.

No checks on escalation --- destroys regional stability + US influence
Jack A. Smith 14, Foreign Policy Journal, “Why the US Wants to Stay in Afghanistan”, 1-7, http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/01/07/why-the-us-wants-to-stay-in-afghanistan/
Afghanistan is especially important to Washington for two main reasons.¶ The obvious first reason
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, at least, may consider this a security challenge of its own.

Escalation’s guaranteed
Sahgal and Anand 10 (Arun, former Army officer who created the Office of Net Assessment in the Indian Joint Staff, Senior Fellow at the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses and ‘Distinguished Fellow’ School of Geo-Politics at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Vinod, postgraduate in defence and strategic studies and is an alumnus of Defence Services Staff College and College of Defence Management, “Strategic Environment in Central Asia and India”, http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/1004Joshi-V-Strategic.pdf)
The geo-strategic salience of Central Asia today has been underscored by two main
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Asia pave the way for outside powers to interfere in their internal affairs.

Adv 2

Afghanistan instability is a threat to Central Asian countries
UN News Centre 9/2013 (From the UN News Centre- 27 September 2013. “Central Asian Countries cite instability in Afghanistan as serious threat.” Date Accesed: 2-7-14 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=46100andCr=general+debateandCr1=#.UvWVyPldWSo JM
The war in Afghanistan remains one of the serious threats to regional and global security
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free of nuclear weapons.” The General Assembly debate continues through 1 October.

This instability spills over to Central Asia --- causes conflict that draws in Russia
Paul Goble 10, Georgian Daily, “Afghan Conflict Spreading into Central Asia, Russian Analyst Says”, 1-14, http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_contentandtask=viewandid=16458andItemid=65
Because NATO has chosen to supply its forces in Afghanistan via Central Asia and because
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then “inevitably” Russia will be drawn in as well.

War in Central Asia is the most probable scenario for extinction
Blank 2k (Stephen J. Blank, Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, 2000, “American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region”, World Affairs. 9-22))

Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene
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5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)

Strong Russia key to deter Iran
VOA News 7/29/09 (Voice of America News. “Can Russia Influence Iran to Curb Its Nuclear Ambitions?” http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-07-21-voa54.cfm)

Many experts say whether Tehran decides to curtail its nuclear weapons ambitions couldhinge on how
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. Diplomacy is key and Russia is going to be key to achieving that

Global Nuclear War
Henry Sokolski, Executive Director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 10/1/2003 (Taking Proliferation Seriously – Heritage Foundation, http://www.policyreview.org/oct03/sokolski_print.html/)
If nothing is done to shore up U.S. and allied security relations
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one big difference: It would be spring-loaded to go nuclear.

Even a small war means extinction
Hayes and Green 2009 – Professor of International Relations at RMIT University; Dean of and Professor in the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development at Victoria University (Peter Hayes and Michael Hamel-Green, “Denuclearizing The Korean Peninsula And Northeast Asia,” Asian Pacific Journal)
The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to
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threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

Russian collapse causes extinction.
Steven R. David, professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University, January/February 1999, Foreign Affairs, “Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars,” p. 103
AT NO TIME since the civil war of 1918 -- 20 has Russia been closer
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this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.

Adv 3

Bagram prison releases make instability and terrorism extremely likely.
Graham-Harrison 14 Emma Graham-Harrison is a reporter for the London Guardian moved to Afghanistan in late 2010 after nearly six years reporting from China, initially covering energy issues and more recently writing about political and general news. I have also worked in Spain and Britain. 27 January 2014 “US military condemns release of 'dangerous' Afghan prisoners” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/us-military-dangerous-afghan-prisoners
The US military has accused the Afghan government of a betrayal after Kabul ordered the
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or maimed 11 Afghan soldiers and police and 42 US and Nato soldiers.

Keeping forces intact and cooperation with locals is key to checking terrorism in 2014
AP 11 The Associated Press (AP) is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers, radio and television stations in the United States, all of which contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists. The AP staff is represented by the Newspaper Guild union, which operates under the Communication Workers union, which operates under the AFL-CIO, and the Communication Workers union is quite politically active according to its website. March 7, 2011 “Gates: U.S. should stay in Afghanistan past 2014” http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gates-us-should-stay-in-afghanistan-past-2014/
U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates said Monday that both the U.
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who come from Pakistan to attack U.S. and Afghan troops. 

Many TCNs represent a significant terrorist threat
Sieff 13 Kevin Sieff – Washington Post. "The Second Guantanamo" Terrorist Detention Facility in Afghanistan August 5, 2013, www.matthewaid.com/post/57417211293/the-second-guantanamo-terrorist-detention-facility-in
The United States holds 67 non-Afghan prisoners there, including some described as
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“We clearly need a transition plan on that issue,” Dunford said.

Historically true – TCNs in Bagram include top Al-Qaeda members
Clark 13 Kate Clark - Senior Analyst for Afghanistan Analysts Network, an independent non-profit research organisation,  "The ‘Other Guantanamo’ 7: Foreigners in limbo at Bagram," October 3, 2013, www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-other-guantanamo-7-foreigners-in-limbo-at-bagram
However, among the probably innocent, there are undoubtedly fighters and commanders who came
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, Abdullah Al-Shami. All four are now dead or recaptured.

The threat is high
Xinhua 12-19, 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-12/19/c_132981320.htm
KABUL, Dec. 19 (Xinhua) -- Terrorism and extremism remained major threats
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-Central Asia Dialogue-I, a regional conference, held here.

Afghan terrorist base spills over globally
AEI 12, American Enterprise Institute, 10/17/12, Why we must win in Afghanistan, http://www.aei.org/issue/foreign-and-defense-policy/why-we-must-win-in-afghanistan/
The cost of the war must be balanced against both the benefits of success and
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to finish the job at the force levels likely necessary to do so.

Afghan safe haven is the key staging point for large-scale attack
Jim Arkedis 9, is the director of the National Security Project at the Progressive Policy Institute. He was a counterterrorism analyst with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service from 2002 to 2007. OCTOBER 23, “Why Al Qaeda Wants a Safe Haven”, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/23/got_safe_haven
As deliberations about the Obama administration's strategic direction in Afghanistan unfold, the White House
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bet is to deny al Qaeda the only physical space it can access.

Terrorism causes extinction
Martin E. Hellman 8, Professor @ Stanford, “Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence” SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf
The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
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assume that  preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. 

Current terror blowback results in bioterror
Nader 11
(Ralph, Stop the War Coaltion, “How Obama's drone warfare increases the likelihood of blowback,” November 13, 2011, http://www.stopwar.org.uk/index.php/afghanistan-and-pakistan/933-how-drone-warfare-increases-the-likelihood-of-terrorist-blowback-) /wyo-mm
People who see invaders occupying their land with military domination that is beyond reach will
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the blowback spills over into even more lethally indefensible chemical and biological attacks.

Causes extinction
Ochs 2002
(Richard; Naturalist – Grand Teton National Park with a Masters in Natural Resource Management from Rutgers) “Biological Weapons must be abolished immediately” 6/9 www.freefromterror.net/other_articles/abolish.html
 Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons,
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Can we imagine hundreds of such plagues? HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

Plan
The United States federal government should restrict the President’s war powers authority to indefinitely detain all remaining Afghan detainees at the U.S. military detention center in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba by ordering their immediate release and transfer to Afghanistan. 

Solvency
Plan solves 100 - Guarantees Karzai’s signature before elections
Al- Jazeera 13 Al Jazeera America is an American news channel reporting unbiased, fact-based and in-depth journalism that gets you closer to the people at the heart of the news. First announced in January of 2013 and launched on August 20th, Al Jazeera America has one of the largest newsgathering capabilities of any news organization in the United States with 12 bureaus in major cities around the country, 3 broadcast centers, a headquarters in New York City and a team of close to 800 journalists and staff. November 26, 2013 “Karzai details conditions for signing US security pact” NNF
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/11/26/karzai-lays-out-conditionsforhissignatureonussecuritypact.html
Afghanistan’s President Hamid Karzai has refused to sign a security deal with the United States
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week to debate the deal, had endorsed the pact with this condition. 

Plan’s statute prevents circumvention
David J. Barron 8, Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Martin S. Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, “The Commander in Chief at the Lowest Ebb -- A Constitutional History”, Harvard Law Review, February, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, Lexis
In addition to offering important guidance concerning the congressional role, our historical review also
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the executive branch itself for most of our history of war powers development.

BSA impact happens in weeks --- o/w on timeframe
Reuters 1-6, “U.S. wants Afghanistan to sign security deal in 'weeks not months'”, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/06/us-afghanistan-usa-idUSBREA050Z520140106
Reuters) - The United States wants the Afghanistan government to sign a bilateral security
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. And, you know, the clock is ticking," Carney said.

Indefinite detention is the biggest issue --- o/w alt causes --- saves the BSA
Kate Clark 13, Afghanistan Analysts Network The Other Guantanamo 5: A New MoU for Bagram and, Finally, a Handover?, 3-24, http://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-other-guantanamo-5-a-new-mou-for-bagram-and-finally-a-handoverhttp://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-other-guantanamo-5-a-new-mou-for-bagram-and-finally-a-handover
The detention centre on the Bagram air base has been like piece of grit between
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govern a US military presence after 2014 must surely be close to zero.

Other issues have been resolved --- detention’s the main sticking point
Reuters 1-2, “Senators press Afghan president over security agreement, prisoner release”, http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/02/22147690-senators-press-afghan-president-over-security-agreement-prisoner-release
KABUL — Three U.S. senators visited the Afghan president on Thursday to
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Barrasso, R-Wyo., joined McCain and Graham on the trip.