Tournament: GSU | Round: 1 | Opponent: na | Judge: na

1NC - RiMal

Best research shows coming resource crunch – tech efficiency is failing behind more enduring environmental damage

Smith 13 ~Dan, Dan Smith has been the Secretary General of International Alert since 2003. He was previously Director of the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo from 1993 to 2001, and Chair of the Institute for War and Peace Reporting. His many books include successive editions of the Atlas of War and Peace. He advises governments and international organizations on peace-building, including through his membership of the Advisory Group for the UN Peacebuilding Fund which he currently chairs. He was awarded an OBE in 2002, " Resources: the coming crunch and some things that could be done about it", http://www.opendemocracy.net/dan-smith/resources-coming-crunch-and-some-things-that-could-be-done-about-it, 11 January 2013~JCP

Changing times In the twentieth century the long term trend was that natural resources got
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42). So – prices rise, demand rises and production stays concentrated.

The only way to prevent total extinction is to move to a steady state – now is key.

William Ophuls, Professor of Political Science at Northwestern University and Former member of the U.S. Foreign Service. 1992. Ecology and the politics of scarcity revisited.
Throughout most of recorded history, the human race has existed in rough equilibrium with
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reconstitution of the political paradigm that prevails throughout most of the modern world. 

====Strong executive key the plan trades off====
Ophuls, ’77
William Ophuls  Professor of Political Science @ Northwestern, 1977,Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity (155-156) ~23HBK
That we must give our political authorities great powers to regulate many of our daily
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many different styles of rule and life are compatible with his basic analysis.
Similarly, Hardin makes it clear that the problem is to "legislate temperance,"
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democratically forcing ourselves to behave responsibly (Hardin 1968, p. 1247)
The question of political will is therefore crucial. Given a basic willingness to restrain
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those now enjoyed by corporations) that could be enforced in the court.
However, although the socioeconomic machinery needed to enforce a steady-state political economy
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of an iron regime that will compel our consent to living with less.

Strong executive powers are key to a successful transition to a steady state. Executive authority in foreign affairs spills over into environmental leadership

Wold 2012
~Chris Wold, Professor of Law 26 Director, International Environmental Law Project
(IELP), 2012, Lewis 26 Clark Law School, 2012, CASE WESTERN RESERVE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW•VOL. 45•2012, uwyoamp~

In 2007, then-Senator Barack Obama wrote, "As the world’s largest
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economic crisis that lies ahead if we fail to take more aggressive action.

The alternative is paideia – reject the Affirmative’s attempt to restratin the executive and embrace the steady state. That is the only way to prevent extinction.

Ophuls ’11 - former member of the U.S. Foreign Service and has taught political science at Northwestern University (Ophuls, William. "Plato’s Revenge: Politics in the Age of Ecology." 19 August 2011. P. 129-133)

Politeia  is the means for realizing the ends of therapeia and paideia . Wisdom and
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-straddling corporations exploiting the same rights to dominate both economy and polity. 

1NC - Framework

A. Interp: Debate should be a site for contest over political proposals. This requires that the affirmative present a predictable plan of action and defends that their policy should be adopted by the USFG. Our interpretation is the most predictable given the wording of the resolution.

The topic is defined by the phrase following the colon—the USFG is the agent of the resolution, not the individual debaters

Webster’s 2k (Webster’s Guide to Grammar and Writing, 2000)
Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go one…If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, beginning the clause after the colon with a capital letter.  

Resolved proves the framework for the resolution is to enact a policy.

Words and Phrases 64 (Words and Phrases 1964 Permanent Edition)
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".

’Should’ denotes an expectation the aff will be enacted.

American Heritage Dictionary 2k
Used to express probability or expectation

The USFG is the government in Washington D.C.

Encarta 2k (Encarta Online Encyclopedia http://encarta.msn.com)
 "The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington DC"

B. Violation: The affirmative fails to defend a fiat-based interpretation of their plan through the federal government. They instead only (_).

C. Prefer our interp

Ground - the aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract—we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation.

AND, without predictable ground debate becomes meaningless and produces a political strategy wedded to violence that fails to achieve productive change
Shively 4 (Ruth Shively, Prof Politics at Tx A26M, 2k4 Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 182)
The point may seem trite, as surely the ambiguists would agree that basic terms
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good arguments. Such agreements are simply implicit in the act of argumentation. 

Limits - There are an infinite number of contexts through which they could advocate the plan.  Our interp limits debate to promote politically relevant dialogue and structured communication

Lutz 2K (Prof Political Science U of Houston, Donald, Political Theory and Partisan Politics p 39-40)
Aristotle notes in the Politics that political theory simultaneously proceeds at three levels – discourse
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the theory, not in the moral vision of the non-theorist. 

Topical Education—by manipulating the topic to access their political project they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government.  Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform.  Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism

Grammar – our reading of the resolution is the only predictable way to develop an interpretation because it is based off of grammatical rules and definitions. Grammar is the only way to prevent arbitrarily limited and unpredictable interpretations.

D. Topicality is a voter for fairness and jurisdiction.

It’s an a priori issue in the round because we shouldn’t be forced to develop a strategy against non-topical cases.

1NC – T: Restrictions

Interpretation – Plan must restrict the ability of the president to engage in targeted killing

Restrictions limit the ability of the agent

Gerald N. Hill and Kathleen T. Hill – 2005, the Free Dictionary, http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Restrictions
restriction n. any limitation on activity, by statute, regulation or contract provision
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facilities and property, recorded and incorporated into the title of each owner.

"on" indicates the object affected by the action

American Heritage Dictionary – 2k, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ON, 2000

on  (n, ôn)¶ prep.¶ 1.¶ a. Used to indicate
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. At the expense of; compliments of: drinks on the house.

The agent is the war powers of the "President"

Violation – The aff places a condition _  is not a restriction it’s just a hassle.

Vote Neg on

Predictable Limits – Official regulations and statutes provide a list of restrictions - affs that reduce hassles instead of legal restrictions explodes the topic.

Ground – There is distinction between making something more efficient and legalizing a prohibited activity – qualitative improvements make links non unique and DAs not link.

1NC - XO CP

Text:  The President will issue an executive order requiring ~insert plan text~.

Executive Orders Preferred for Targeted Killing Policy Changes - Allow for Transparency

Byman 06
"Do Targeted Killings Work?"- By Daniel Byman - April 2006 - http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/cpass/articles/bymantargetedkillings.pdf  VED
Unless the procedures for targeted killings are made transparent, they are unlikely¶ to
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by bringing it into the light rather than keeping it in the shadows.

Executive orders are fast and build political capital

Krause and Cohen 97 ~George + David, Professors of Political Science @ South Carolina, "Presidential Use of Executive Orders" American Politics Quarterly, Vol 25 No 4, October 1997, Sage Journals Online~
The aim of this study is to answer the question: What causes presidents to
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understanding of the presidency and the powers that are inherent in that office.

1NC - Debt Ceiling

Obama’s Only Choice is to Stand Firm Against Republicans, His Legacy’s at Stake Debt Ceiling Will Pass

Washington Post 9/19
"Obama must not yield on Obamacare, debt ceiling or shutdown" by Eugene Robinson, (Robinson has been city hall reporter, city editor, foreign correspondent in Buenos Aires and London, foreign editor, and assistant managing editor in charge of the paper’s Style section he received the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary Robinson is the author of "Disintegration: The Splintering of Black America" (2010), "Last Dance in Havana" (2004), and "Coal to Cream: A Black Man’s Journey Beyond Color to an Affirmation of Race" (1999).) In the Washington Post, Published: September 19, Accessed 9/20/13 http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/eugene-robinson-obama-must-not-yield-on-obamacare-debt-ceiling-or-shutdown/2013/09/19/f5b44616-2157-11e3-966c-9c4293c47ebe_story.html VED
At issue is not just the threat of a federal shutdown, which will happen
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, no matter what they say publicly.

Obama pledged to continue targeted killing – plan would be a flip flop

Cole, 2013
(Juan. Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the University of Michigan. "Obama: US will Continue its Targeted Killing with Drones (Woods)." May 24, 2013. http://www.juancole.com/2013/05/continue-targeted-killing.html Accessed: 8/11/13)

Barack Obama has made it clear that the US will continue with its controversial targeted
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like Sana’a and Kabul and Mogadishu – where terrorists seek a foothold.’

Obama pledged to continue targeted killing – plan would be a flip flop

Cole, 2013
(Juan. Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the University of Michigan. "Obama: US will Continue its Targeted Killing with Drones (Woods)." May 24, 2013. http://www.juancole.com/2013/05/continue-targeted-killing.html Accessed: 8/11/13)

Barack Obama has made it clear that the US will continue with its controversial targeted
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like Sana’a and Kabul and Mogadishu – where terrorists seek a foothold.’

PC Key and Obama has enough now –– even prolonging the fight tanks the economy – our ev assumes thumpers but not additional new controversies like plan

Langenkamp, 2013
Andy Langenkamp, Global political analyst at ECR Research and Interest 26 Currency Consultants, Huffington Post, 7/13/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-langenkamp/obama-to-take-over-baton-_b_3571885.html

Obama’s weakened hand reduces the chance that he can move the fiscal agenda forward.
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with the goods and take more decisive action than they have hitherto done. 

Loss of PC forces Obama to negotiate over debt ceiling preconditions – causes extended battle

Chait, 13
Jonathan Chait, commentator and writer for New York magazine. He was previously a senior editor at The New Republic and a former assistant editor of The American Prospect. He also writes a periodic column in the Los Angeles Times, New York Magazine, 4/26/13, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/04/democrats-lost-sequestration-two-years-ago.html

"Obama’s mistake wasn’t the design of sequestration. It was finding himself in that
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Chait points out maybe they’ll realize their blunder and do better next time.

Prolonged, politicized discussion crush the economy – credit rating, biz con, consumer spending

Madigan 13
~Kathleen, Special Writer-Economics for Dow Jones Newswires, "Reminder That Debt Ceiling Debate Still Looms," Wall Street Journal, 6/11, http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2013/06/11/reminder-that-debt-ceiling-debate-still-looms/~~

Investors are focused on how monetary policy will play out this summer. But on
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mar the economic outlook — and the U.S. credit rating.

Economic decline causes great power wars—multiple studies
Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the US Dept. of Defense, 10
~Jedidiah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crisis," Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal, and Political Perspectives, 2010 p. 205-224~bg

Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict
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popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force.

1NC - "Drones" PIC

~CP TEXT: We endorse the entirety of the 1AC sans the use of the term "Drone."~

The term "drones" leads to public misconceptions and should be rejected

Friesen, 2013
(Sarah. Sarah Friesen is currently a member of the Young Leaders Program at The Heritage Foundation. "Contrary to Popular Belief, Drones Not All Bad." April 18, 2013. http://blog.heritage.org/2013/04/18/contrary-to-popular-belief-drones-not-all-bad/ Accessed: 8/15/13)

Last week, Politico published an article on America’s misconception of drones, and why
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." Having so many names floating about only exacerbates an already confusing topic.

Using the term "Drone" creates bad policies

Friesen, 2013
(Sarah. Sarah Friesen is currently a member of the Young Leaders Program at The Heritage Foundation. "Contrary to Popular Belief, Drones Not All Bad." April 18, 2013. http://blog.heritage.org/2013/04/18/contrary-to-popular-belief-drones-not-all-bad/ Accessed: 8/15/13)

The government and the private sector need to present a coherent and clear picture to the American people of what drones really are.
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If the public’s inaccurate and negative perception of drones is not altered, it could influence policy to the point of depriving America of a truly valuable tool.?

Discourse shapes reality

Roland Bleiker, "Forget IR Theory," Alternatives; 1997
The doorkeepers of IR are those who, knowingly or unknowingly, make sure that
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of evaluation it established to assess them.29 63-64