Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgetown BK | Judge: Revelins

1AC

Status Quo

For years the president has used his war powers authority to exclude women from ground forces introduced into hostilities.

Urias. 4   ARNULFO URIAS, J.D. Candidate, University of Southern California Law School, 2005;
Southern California Review of Law and Women’s Studies   Fall, 2004   14 S. Cal. Rev. L. 26 Women’s Stud. 83
NOTE: THE POLITICS OF BIOLOGY: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND THE EXCLUSION OF WOMEN FROM COMBAT *
~*89~  In 1993, Congress passed the 1994 Defense Authorization Act (DAA
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front-line combat, remains a relatively bright-line rule. n53

Although the DOD formally repealed the combat exclusion, the maintenance of physical requirements means that women will continue to be excluded from those forces introduced into hostilities.

Peralta 13    EYDER PERALTA, NPR  January 23, 2013  Panetta Is Lifting Ban On Women In Combat Roles
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/01/23/170093351/panetta-is-lifting-ban-on-women-in-combat-roles
Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta has decided to lift a ban that prohibited women from
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the change to result in women being allowed to serve as infantry troops."

A new report to congress confirmed that very few women will be able to meet the current standards.

Washington Times, 13 (Few women will qualify for land combat: report. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/24/report-few-women-will-qualify-for-land-combat-loop/?page=all)
A new report to Congress predicts that relatively few women will be able to perform
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, citing the 1993 Gender-Neutral Occupational Performance Standards as the guide.

Plan Text

Plan: The United States federal government should statutorily prohibit the exclusion of women from the Armed Forces introduced into hostilities.

Patriarchy

The military will rely on physical requirements that presume a masculine military and subordinate women to continue the exclusion of women from combat roles.

Goodell 10   (Maia Goodell, Master of Laws from Yale Law School, a
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-Strength Rationales for De Jure Exclusion of Women from Military Combat Positions)
Task definition is the clearest indicator that all of the thinking behind physical-strength
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of who they are":  n223 The prohibition on women serving in combat.

Isolated physical requirements are not a good measure of actual ability – emphasizing those measures is biased

Goodell 10   Maia Goodell, partner at Vladeck, Waldman, Elias 26 Engelhard, she was a Surface Warfare Officer in the U.S. Navy, serving on the USS Abraham Lincoln and USS Port Royal. She is a member of the Committee on Military Affairs and Justice of the New York City Bar. Seattle University Law Review   Fall, 2010   34 Seattle Univ. L. R. 17   ARTICLE: Physical-Strength Rationales for De Jure Exclusion of Women from Military Combat Positions
Indeed, real life examples show that, despite the lower scores on isolated tasks
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endurance that is required for crews to fight fires for days on end.
Women have a number of advantages that are useful in the military context.  n174
AND
streamlining and cold resistance, both of which are advantages in swimming.  n179
Endurance is another area in which women may have an advantage. Several studies have
AND
n184 They earned the description of "water buffalo of the Revolution."  n185
Physical ability is substantially more complex than a single unified "strength" trait.
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the measures, not the job requirements, that leads to the dramatic gap

These tests are attempts to ignore the female experience and difference

Davis 8 (Karen D. Davis, Defence Research and Development Canada/CORA, October 2008, "Gender Neutrality and Sexual Difference: Limits to Cultural Intelligence in the Canadian Forces," http://www.cso.nato.int/pubs/rdp.asp?RDP=RTO-MP-HFM-158 nimo)
In many military situations, gender neutral, gender free, or gender blind approaches
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constructed assumptions about diversity (or lack of) among women and men.

Ignorance of sexual difference causes physical and mental annihilation of difference and of life itself

Irigaray 94 (Luce, Belgian feminist, philosopher, linguist, psychoanalyst, sociologist and cultural theorist, "Thinking the difference: for a peaceful revolution," pg 4-7, 1994)
What does it mean for our entire culture to be threatened with destruction? There
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religious ones, destroying life seems to be as compulsory as giving life.

Annihilation of sexual difference comes before all impacts – aff represents a shift away from militaristic violence

Cuomo 96 (Chris J. Cuomo, "War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence," Hypatia, Vol. 11, No. 4, Women and Violence (Autumn, 1996), pp. 30-45, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810390 nimo)
In "Gender and ’Postmodern’ War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways
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the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism.

Exclusion of women constructs female subordination

Vojdik 5   Valorie K. Vojdik , Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia University College of Law.  Alabama Law Review    Winter, 2005    57 Ala. L. Rev. 303   ARTICLE: Beyond Stereotyping in Equal Protection Doctrine: Reframing the Exclusion of Women from Combat
 By moving beyond stereotyping, the argument against judicial deference to the military’s discriminatory
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a status hierarchy that preserves the military for white, heterosexual males. n406
 The harassment and violence toward military women illustrates the persistent hostility and denigration of
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women as different and inferior, unworthy of the role of warrior. n407
 The combat exclusion constructs and preserves a gendered system of labor that reflects and
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women from direct ground combat demeans and stigmatizes women as different and inferior.
 A legal challenge to the combat exclusion, as illustrated above, does not
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of the most powerful institutions that continue to deny women equal citizenship status.

The full integration of women in the military prevents sexual assault – it is the only way to solve the cause of the problem

Haring, 13 (Army Col. Ellen Haring is on the staff of the Army War College. To stop sexual assault against women in the US military, add more women. http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2013/0624/To-stop-sexual-assault-against-women-in-the-US-military-add-more-women)
Last week, the US military services announced their plans to integrate women in combat
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military culture change to one in which all servicemembers are valued team players.

Women in Combat challenges gender stereotypes used to keep women subordinate

Vojdoik 5   Valorie K. Vojdik , Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia University College of Law.  Alabama Law Review    Winter, 2005    57 Ala. L. Rev. 303   ARTICLE: Beyond Stereotyping in Equal Protection Doctrine: Reframing the Exclusion of Women from Combat
Litigation strategies that illuminate the particular practices within social institutions that subordinate women are well
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of a system of subordination that reflects hostility toward treating women as equals.

Plan key to women promotion in the military

Reed, 99 (Brian J. Gender Integrated Basic Training: A Theoretical Analysis of the Continuing Debate. . Minerva 17.2  (Jun 30, 1999): 18. )
The history of women in the military shows their participation to be both limited and
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women to maneuver (in particular, infantry and armor) brigade headquarters. 

The positions women hold in the military affects the perception of their role in broader society – only ending combat exclusion solves

Reed, 99 (Brian J. Gender Integrated Basic Training: A Theoretical Analysis of the Continuing Debate. . Minerva 17.2  (Jun 30, 1999): 18. )
In the military, social definition pertains to the structural ways in women are permitted
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also because it is seen as a challenge or reinforcement to existing beliefs. 

Failure to engage gender discrimination ensures a terminally dysfunctional social order.  The end result is extinction
Warren and Cady, 96
(Karen Warren and Duane Cady, Professors at Macalester and Hamline, Bringing peace home: feminism, violence, and nature, 1996, p. 12-13)
Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a dysfunctional system is found in the behaviors
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-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts.

Solvency

The plan challenges patriarchy at its most fundamental level.

Skaine,94 (Rosemarie, Activist, Author. Gender Issues of Americans in Combat, 140-141)
Family roles remain at the heart of the controversy over whether women should serve in
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were among  the ’collateral damage’ of the precision bombing and Iraqi occupation."  

Including more women in combat independently transforms the international system.

Statchowistch, 12 (Saskia, Prof@ University of Bristol,Military gender integration and foreign policy in the United States: A feminist international relations perspective   Security Dialogue August 2012 vol. 43 no. 4 305-321.)
This analysis highlights the multiple ways in which military gender issues and foreign policy interact
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gender regimes can be conducted beyond the study period and the US case.

Legislative action key to social change – debate is the only way to generate public perception

Stoddard 97 Thomas B. Stoddard, attorney and adjunct professor at the New York University School of Law
New York University Law Review   November, 1997   72 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 967  ESSAY: BLEEDING HEART: REFLECTIONS ON USING THE LAW TO MAKE SOCIAL CHANGE
"Rule-shifting" cannot possibly become "culture-shifting" without public
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in the debate they engender rather than the formal consequences of their enactment.

Political action is key to feminist actualization – discourse and epistemology are insufficient

Zerilli 8 Linda Zerilli, professor of political science @ University of Chicago, 2008, Judith Butler’s Precarious Politics, ed. Terrell Carver and Samuel A. Chambers, p.43-44.
Castoriadis’s account of radical imagination and Wittgenstein’s critique of rule-following are valuable resources
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such, but with doing – with world-building, beginning anew.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Northwestern HS | Judge: Feldman
Same as R2

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Washington AS | Judge: Karlson
Same as R2, R3

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Binghamton GF | Judge: Sanchez
Same as R2, R3, R6

Tournament: Navy | Round: 1 | Opponent: United States Military LS | Judge: Foley
Same as UTD

Tournament: Navy | Round: 3 | Opponent: Pittsburgh CK | Judge: Weiner
Same as UTD with NEW PLAN TEXT:

The United States federal government should restrict the President's war powers authority in targeted killing operations by removing immunity from judicial review and by establishing a cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured, their heirs, or their estates.

Tournament: Navy | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Washington SN | Judge: Hall
Same as Navy R3 with new ME impact:
Middle East war causes extinction
Nassar 2 (Bahig, Arab Coordinating Centre of Non-Governmental Organizations, paper for Cordoba Dialogue on Peace and Human Rights in Europe and the Middle East)
Wars in the Middle … instead of solving them.

Tournament: UTD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Northern Iowa SS | Judge: Morgan

Plan

The United States federal government should restrict the President's war powers authority to declare immunity from judicial review by establishing a cause of action allowing civil suits brought against the United States by those unlawfully injured by targeted killing operations, their heirs, or their estates.

Terrorism

Accountability constrains executive drone overuse – drones key to counterterrorism but overuse is counterproductive
Farley 12 (Benjamin R. Farley, JD from Emory University School of Law, former Editor-in-Chief of the Emory International Law Review, “Drones and Democracy: Missing Out on Accountability?” August 2012, 54 S. Tex. L. Rev. 385, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003andcontext=benjamin_farley nimo)
Effective accountability mechanisms …mor¶ e likely to¶ lead the nation into war.

Broadly defined “imminent threat” ensure blowback and retaliation
Guiora 13 (Amos N. Guiora, Professor of Law, S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, 2013, “Targeted Killing: When Proportionality Gets All Out of Proportion,” http://ssrn.com/abstract=2230686 nimo)
Morality in armed … values, are just too high.

Unaccountability in drone strikes strengthens AQAP and destabilizes Yemen
Manning 12 (Jacqueline Manning, Senior Editor of International Affairs Review, December 9, 2012, “Free to Kill: How a Lack of Accountability in America’s Drone Campaign Threatens U.S. Efforts in Yemen,” http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/450 nimo)
Earlier this year … to families of the victims.

AQAP will attack Israel
NCAFP 10 (National Committee on American Foreign Policy, “Global Terrorism: The U.S. Challenge and Response” September 27, 2010, http://ncafp.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Global-Terrorism-Report-Bklt.pdf)
A participant, alluding to the … Jerusalem. Accordingly the presenter thinks that it is likely that AQAP will target Israel directly.

Triggers the Samson option and extinction
Morgan 9 (Dennis Ray Morgan, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Futures, Vol. 41 Issue 10, December 2009, pp. 683-693)
Years later, in 1982… suffering in a nuclear winter.

Independently, Yemen instability destabilizes Saudi Arabia and the region
Abosaq 12 (Colonel Hassan Abosaq, United States Army War College, 28-02-2012, “The Implications of Unstable Yemen on Saudi Arabia,” nimo)
If Yemen’s problems are not … to ensure that Yemen avoids becoming a failed state.

Middle East war
Copley ’02 (Gregory, Editor – GIS, Defense and Foreign Affairs Daily, 5-22, Lexis)
Nonetheless, Saudi Arabia's problems have become the problems of virtually the entire Muslim ummah (nation), and are perhaps the real core of the schism between Western and Muslim societies. The danger … global strategic stability.

Drone overuse destabilizes Pakistani government
Boyle 13 (Michael J. Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf nimo)
The escalation of drone strikes … before, remains a popular force.¶ 77

Instability causes loose nukes and conflict with India
O’Hanlon 5 (Michael O’Hanlon, PhD, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies and The Sydney Stein, Jr. Chair at the Brookings Institution, “Dealing with the Collapse of a Nuclear-Armed State,” The Princeton Project Papers, 2005, http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/papers/ohanlon.pdf nimo)
Were Pakistan to … considered to run very high.

Extinction
Chaffin 11 (Greg Chaffin, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia)
The greatest threat to regional …widespread political upheaval.

Norms

Drone war coming absent accountability – reform now key to norms shifting and confidence building
Ingersoll and Kelley 13 (Geoffrey Ingersoll, Michael Kelley, Business Insider, Jan. 9, 2013, “America Is Setting A Dangerous Precedent For The Drone Age,” http://www.businessinsider.com/america-is-setting-a-dangerous-precedent-for-the-drone-age-2013-1#ixzz2oH9x2FTE nimo)
The decisions America makes … in accordance with the rule of law."

Unrestricted drone strikes make great power war inevitable – traditional checks don’t apply
Posner 13 (Eric Posner, professor at the University of Chicago Law School, May 15 2013, Slate, “The Killer Robot War Is Coming,” http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/drone_warfare_and_spying_we_need_new_laws.html nimo)
Drones have existed for decades, …may need to be tightened.

Drone conflicts erode deterrence and escalate to nuclear war
Boyle 13 (Michael J. Boyle, Assistant Professor of Political Science at La Salle University, “The costs and consequences of drone warfare,” International Affairs 89: 1 (2013) 1–29, http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International20Affairs/2013/89_1/89_1Boyle.pdf nimo)
A second consequence of the  …risks of a spiral of conflict¶ between them.

Only the US can act to set norms – now is key – continued use undermines norms on ALL violence
Whibley 13 (James Whibley received a M.A. in International Relations from Victoria University of Wellington, February 6th, 2013, Georgetown Journal of Int’l Affairs, “The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent,” http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/ nimo)
While drone advocates such as Max Boot  …such a program would be terrifying.

Unrestricted drone use causes Armenia-Azerbaijan war absent norms
Clayton 12 (Nicholas Clayton, Worked in several publications, including the Washington Times the Asia Times and Washington Diplomat. He is currently the senior editor of Kanal PIK TV's English Service (a Russian-language channel), October 23, 2012, “Drone violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war,” http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war nimo)
Drone violence along Armenian- … That’s the one thing I’m sure of.”

Nuclear war – most probable great power war
Blank 2k (Stephen J. Blank, PhD, served as the Strategic Studies Institute’s expert on the Soviet bloc and the post-Soviet world since 1989, prior to that he was Associate Professor of Soviet Studies at the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, June 2000, “U.S. MILITARY ENGAGEMENT WITH TRANSCAUCASIA AND CENTRAL ASIA,” nimo)
Washington’s burgeoning military-political- …a strong and lasting regional commitment.

Solvency

Plan ensures compliance with laws of war and creates legal norms
Hafetz 13 (Jonathan Hafetz, Associate Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law, 03/08/2013, “Reviewing Drones,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html nimo)
The better course is to ensure meaningful  … these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Cause of action creates a deterrent effect and mitigates negative impacts of judicial reviews
Vladeck 13 (Stephen I. Vladeck, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Scholarship, American University Washington College of Law, February 27, 2013, “DRONES AND THE WAR ON TERROR: WHEN CAN THE U.S. TARGET ALLEGED AMERICAN TERRORISTS OVERSEAS?” http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vladeck-02272013.pdf nimo)
At first blush, it may seem like many of these  …does the ¶ government have to hide?

Post hoc review restrains executive control and signals global law compliance
Holman 13 (Kwame Holman at PBS, citing Rosa Brooks, Prof of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, April 26, 2013, “Congress Begins to Weigh In On Drone Strikes Policy,” http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/04/congress-begins-to-weigh-in-on-drone-strikes-policy.html nimo)
While some experts have  … compliance with rule of law norms."

Judicial oversight necessary to ensure compliance with law
Plaw 7 (Avery Plaw, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, Theoria, December 2007, “Terminating Terror: The Legality, Ethics and Effectiveness of Targeting Terrorists,” jstor nimo)
To summarize, the general  …be effectively performed by a court.

Obama will comply with court decisions
Vladeck 9 (Stephen I. Vladeck, American University Washington College of Law, 3/1/2009, University Of Richmond Law Review, “The Long War, the Federal Courts, and the Necessity / Legality Paradox,” nimo)
Moreover, even if one believes  … decision. But perhaps I am nai?ve.184

Tournament: UTD | Round: 3 | Opponent: UT San Antonio CR | Judge: Holland
Same as R1

Tournament: UTD | Round: 5 | Opponent: Baylor MS | Judge: Box
Same as R1, R3