Tournament: Usc | Round: 5 | Opponent: Weber State Shackelford-Soper | Judge: Loy Jr
Use of the term "America" for United States is imperialist appropriation of the word
Malavet 2     Pedro A. Malavet, Associate Professor of Law, The University of Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law; J.D., LL.M., Georgetown.    La Raza Law Journal   Fall, 2002      13 La Raza L.J. 387    LATCRIT VII: COALITIONAL THEORY AND PRAXIS: SOCIAL JUSTICE MOVEMENTS AND LATCRIT COMMUNITY: The Past, Present and Future of the Puerto Rico-U.S. Colonial Relationship: Vieques, Transculturation, and Reparations: Reparations Theory and Postcolonial Puerto Rico: Some Preliminary Thoughts   lexis
n18. See also the discussion ... Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol ed., 2002). 

Use of the term is hegemonic – perpetuating colonialism and racism
VELAZQUEZ   7   Edyael D.C. Casaperalta VELAZQUEZ MA Candidate, Center for International Studies of Ohio University August 2007 MA Thesis - INFLUENCE OF TRAJECTORY AND AGENCY ON STRATETGIES OF INCORPORATION AND IDENTITY OF IMMIGRANT YOUTH: A CASE STUDY OF NEW LIFE HIGH SCHOOL                    https://etd.ohiolink. edu/ap:0:0:APPLICATION_PROCESS=DOWNLOAD_ETD_SUB_DOC_ACCNUM:::F1501_:ohiou1187742144,inline
p 12
In contrast, my definition of immigrant ... someone is considered immigrant.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Perez-Cooper | Judge: Roberts
Obama’s pressuring the GOP by staying on the debt message – the GOP will blink.
Dovere 10/1 Edward, Politico, “Government shutdown: President Obama holds the line”
http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/government-shutdown-president-obama-holds-the-line-97646.html?hp=f3

President Barack Obama started September ... way as people rethink this.”

Going off message undermines Obama’s constant pressure on the GOP.
Milbank 9/27 Dana, Washington Post, “Obama should pivot to Dubya’s playbook” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dana-milbank-obama-should-try-pivoting-to-george-bushs-playbook/2013/09/27/c72469f0-278a-11e3-ad0d-b7c8d2a594b9_story.html

If President Obama can stick to his guns, he will ... opponents and demoralize his supporters.

Failure to lift the ceiling collapses the global economy.
Davidson 9/10 Adam, co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money," Our Debt to Society, New York Times, 9/10/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all

If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted ... economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war.
Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11
 Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World?  DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2011.571015 Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Published in: journal Survival, Volume 53, Issue 2 April 2011 , pages 117 - 130 Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year  Download PDF Download PDF (357 KB)     View Related Articles  To cite this Article: Merlini, Cesare 'A Post-Secular World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130
Two neatly opposed scenarios for ... absolutes such as unbridled nationalism

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Towson Johnson-Ruffin | Judge: Henry
The body is a sight for the production of an unfettered being – their understanding of identity rivets being and prevents its creative journey through the infinite. We should not seek to affirm identity; we should seek to reach the point where identity itself is meaningless.
Ballantyne 2007 (Andrew, Tectonic Cultures Research Group at Newcastle University , "Deleuze and Guattari for Architects" 78-79)
Landscape reappears with another ... pandaemonium, feels will help it on its way.

Emphasis on localized identity feeds into state based forms of oppression by masking the enemy and precluding global solutions to global exploitation.
Hardt and Negri, 2000 (*Michael, Professor of Literature and Italian, Duke University, Ph.D in Comparative Literature, University of Washington, and *Antonio, Former professor in State Theory, Padua University Empire P44-45)
We maintain, however, that today this ...power of the global multitude.

Creativity is only possible with free thinking and openness – because the advocacy functions from the standpoint of the Sapphire their movement is relegated to a homogenized form of identity.
Goddard in 2k6 (July 6th, 2006: The Encounter between Guattari and Berandi and the Post – Modern Era “Felix and Alice in Wonderland”; http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpbifo1.htm)
What this type of radio achieved ... projections of societal change.”

Desire manifests itself at the local level – the unconscious – and resonates into a group order, powering politics. Failure to investigate motivations at the level of desire abandons any possibility of understanding how political formations come to be and ensures serial policy failure.
Ballantyne 2007 (Andrew, Tectonic Cultures Research Group at Newcastle University , "Deleuze and Guattari for Architects" 27-28)
So these habits of thought, once ... to have an inaccurate aspect.

The status quo is paranoiac even in its attempt at counter culture. Status quo methodology confines experimentation to only processes with set goals in mind, destroying these movements from the beginning. We must instead abandon these final goals and embrace free thought.
Deleuze and Guattari 1972 (Anti-Oedipus, 370-1)

The codes and their signifiers , ... fulfillment as it proceeds-art as "experimentation.'  

Our alternative is to foster rhizomatic connections to replace the arborescent models of the state. Our politics seeks to cultivate smooth space for new potentials of political realities. While the Sapphire is a vertical movement against state politics, we are a horizontal movement that seeks to start at the level of the state and slowly dissolve identity.
Conley in 2006 (Verena Andermatt, professor of literature at Harvard, “Borderlines; Deleuze and the Contemporary World, 95-100)

In their dialogues and collaborations, Gilles Deleuze ... every utopian scenario, all identity is undone.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton Reddick-Sehgal | Judge: Henry, Rollins, Sternhagen

The 1AC attempt to archive the Potawatomi narrative within the debate space is reflective of a much larger political play. That which is archived has always been interpreted, represented, and displayed by those in a position of privilege.

Derrida ’95 ~Jacques Derrida, "Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression" Diacritics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), pp. 9-63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/465144~~
The concept of the archive shelters in itself, of course, this memory of
AND
is also a principle of consignation, that is, of gathering together.

The archive requires the inscription of an event into an external environment similar to how the 1AC inscribes Potawatomi history to give it credence within debate. The archive can only assume an originary breakdown of that memory, and by doing so imposes hermeneutic violence upon the text.

Derrida ’95 ~Jacques Derrida, "Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression" Diacritics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), pp. 9-63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/465144~~
But, the point must be stressed, this archiviolithic force leaves nothing of its
AND
we will call, later on, le mal d’archive, archive fever.

Nothing is more problematic than the notion of the archive – the 1AC documentation of Potawatomi history is only the aff’s re-presentation of that history. This is the worst form of violence by proscribing their own interpretation of Pottawatomi life.

Derrida ’95 ~Jacques Derrida, "Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression" Diacritics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), pp. 9-63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/465144~~
Nothing is less reliable, nothing is less clear today than the word "archive
AND
concept of the archive, one other with the concept of the concept.

The alternative is to recognize that we can never have a pure identification with the oppressed. This is the only way to prevent the violence of the static archive – we must always yearn to know what was lost.

Derrida ’95 ~Jacques Derrida, "Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression" Diacritics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), pp. 9-63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/465144~~
And as wager ~gageure~. The archive has always been a pledge, and
AND

enlisting the in-finite, archive fever verges on radical evil.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: North Texas Anderson-Kersch | Judge: Garcia-Lugo
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order mandating that the United States Federal Government cease and disavow indefinite detention of red people.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Perez-Cooper | Judge: Roberts
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order mandating that the United States federal government should change supervision of the drone program from Title 50 of the United States Code to Title 10 of the United States Code.

Presidential mandate on Title 10 targeted killing solves – establishes oversight, increases transparency, and sets international precedent.
Zenko, Their author, 13
Micah Zenko, Douglas Dillon Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, April 2013“Transferring CIA Drone Strikes to the Pentagon”, http://www.cfr.org/drones/transferring-cia-drone-strikes-pentagon/p30434 jchen
Consolidating Executive Authority In 2004, the 9/11 Commission ... on how others use drones.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Towson Johnson-Ruffin | Judge: Henry
“USFG should” proscribes both a stable agent and mechanism
Ericson ‘03
(Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)

The Proposition of Policy: Urging ... future action that you propose. 

Increasing the abstraction of debates and undermining stasis hampers the decision-making benefits of debate
Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 45)
Debate is a means of settling differences, so... in the following discussion.

Decision-making is the most important facet of education we could take away from debate – key to success in any future role
Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8
(David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making p. 9-10)

After several days of ... favored political candidate.

Sufficient research-based preparation and debates focused on detailed points of disagreement are crucial to transforming political culture
Gutting (professor of philosophy at the University of Notre Dame) 13
(Gary, Feb 19, A Great Debate,  http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/a-great-debate/?emc=eta1)
This is the year of what should be ... carefully prepared and open to considered responses.

And effective deliberative discourse is the lynchpin to solving all existential problems
Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p311
The second major problem with the... democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

And this turns the Aff – debates over mechanisms for change are crucial to the success of leftist politics
Schostak (Professor of Education at Manchester Metropolitan University) 11
(John, Wikileaks, Tahrir Square – their significance for re-thinking democracy, Manchester social movements conference, April, http://www.enquirylearning.net/ELU/politics/tahrirwikileaks.html)
In his study of the conditions of... happening in the Middle East is so important today.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 8 | Opponent: Liberty Chiri-Edwards | Judge: Revelins
The 1ac engages in dangerous politics of prioritizing methodology and assigning intellectual prerequisites political strategy. Their use of the experience of oppression as the status that defines those who should guide politics harms progressive political strategies. Their particular strategy is part of a larger discourse of recapturing agency through privileging experience as the basis for politics.
Craig IRELAND American Culture @ Bilkent ‘02 "The Appeal to Experience and its Consequences" Cultural Critique 52 Fall 2002p.87-88
" Once an arcane philosophical term, experience ..'black' or 'lesbian' or 'homosexual' for 'working class'" (Scott, 786)

Experience as manifest destiny. The 1ac's description of unalienated experience turns into a new form of authoritarian pedagogy. Presenting the self as evidence prevents a critical inquiry into what authorities experience itself. The discourse of experience becomes a trump card-a fascist prohibition on what can be criticized and what stands as absolute.
Rey CHOW Modern Culture and Media @ Brown ’98 Ethics After Idealism
In the foregoing pages, I have tried to argue … history or what Scott calls its “discursive character.”

The 1ac begins with the appeal to bodily experience and materiality as the basis for political action. This becomes the basis for an authentic and unideological experience that questions dominant narrative. Treating this body as the corrective to ideology reduces everyone to a purely biological identity. Instead of exchange and transgression we end up with a static politics and pedagogy.
Craig IRELAND American Culture @ Bilkent ’02  "The Appeal to Experience and its Consequences" Cultural Critique 52 Fall 2002, 91-96   
It was precisely in response to this turn or events … initially set out to historicize.

Tournament: Usc | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard Kim-Seaton | Judge: Shanahan
Obama’s veto threat is key to preventing new sanctions risking war with Iran.
Merry 12/31 Robert W. Merry, political editor of the National Interest, is the author of books on American history and foreign policy.ba MERRY: Obama may buck the Israel lobby on Iran By Robert W. Merry Tuesday, December 31, 2013 Illustration by Alexander Hunter/The Washington Times

Presidential press secretary Jay ...should be made in Jerusalem or Washington.

Political capital is key to a veto threat.
Lee 5
Andrew Lee Truman Scholar , Claremont Mckenna, 2005 “Invest or Spend? Political Capital and Statements of Administration Policy in the First Term of the George W. Bush Presidency” a-s.clayton.edu/trachtenberg/200520Proceedings20Lee.pdf Georgia Political Science Association • Conference Proceedings
How does Congress gauge... to be a losing battle” (2).

Link
Impact

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
Off
1
Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order subjecting self-defense targeted killings to jus ad bellum standards of necessity, proportionality and impending peril of the threat.

Executive can restrain itself --- it is subject to internal separation of powers
Sales, 12 --- Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law (7/3/2012, Nathan Alexander Sales, Journal of National Security Law and Policy, “Self-Restraint and National Security,” 6 J. Nat'l Security L. and Pol'y 227, Lexis))
III. Self-Restraint as Cost-Benefit Asymmetry
As we've seen, certain officials within military and intelligence agencies - general counsels,
AND
building by officials who review operations for compliance with domestic and international law.
2
Obama has held off Iran sanctions thus far.
Reuters 3/4 “U.S. senator still believes in new Iran sanctions bill,” http://news.yahoo.com/u-senator-still-believes-iran-sanctions-bill-163117789.html

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. Senator Robert Menendez said on Tuesday
AND
that only intense, punishing economic pressure influences Iranian leaders," he said.

Obama would fight restrictions on his authority --- fiat means he loses
Scheuerman 13 (William, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, PhD from Harvard, Barack Obama's "war on terror", Eurozine, 3/7, http://www.eurozine.com/pdf/2013-03-07-scheuerman-en.pdf)
Given dual democratic legitimacy, holders of executive power face deeply rooted institutional incentives to
AND
get reelected ?? simultaneously has had¶ deeply troublesome humanitarian and legal consequences.

Political capital is key to holding off sanctions.
Kaper 2/2 Stacy, National Journal, 2-2-14, “How Obama Won the War on Iran Sanctions,” http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/how-obama-won-the-war-on-iran-sanctions-20140202

The push for new sanctions on Iran has stalled. The Democrats who bucked President
AND
it partisan, and we'll see if Republicans will take the next step."
Ensures Israel strikes.
Perr 12/24/13 – B.A. in Political Science from Rutgers University; technology marketing consultant based in Portland, Oregon. Jon has long been active in Democratic politics and public policy as an organizer and advisor in California and Massachusetts. His past roles include field staffer for Gary Hart for President (1984), organizer of Silicon Valley tech executives backing President Clinton's call for national education standards (1997), recruiter of tech executives for Al Gore's and John Kerry's presidential campaigns, and co-coordinator of MassTech for Robert Reich (2002). (Jon, “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran#

As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
these costs and lead, potentially, to all-out regional war.
Israeli strike on Iran triggers world war III.
Reuveny, 10 (Rafael Reuveny is a professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. Con: Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression,  http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.tGUOoSDf.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

3
Descriptions of conflict over Taiwan reproduce security and are constructed by the military-industrial-complex.
Lim 11 Kean Fan Lim, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, What You See Is (Not) What You Get? The Taiwan Question, Geo-economic Realities, and the “China Threat” Imaginary, Article first published online: 29 SEP 2011 Antipode

We live in a world replete with a motley set of security threats: some
AND
think of US economic relations with China in such zero-sum terms?
Norm setting lends moral authority to neocolonial violence---this link is specific to their mechanism of boosting the prestige of U.S. legitimacy in order to export legal norms and practices
Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law and University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, “GLOBAL LAW and PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW,” online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014andcontext=bocconi_legal_papers

There is a clear pattern of continuity, not of rupture, between the current
AND
local complexities and suggests radical and universal transplantation of Western notions and institutions.
LOAC normalizes violent practices – monopolization of norms-setting means it becomes a legal cover for intervention
Dowdeswell ‘13
Tracey, PhD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School at York University. Her research focuses on the impact of globalisation on the customary laws of war, “How Atrocity Becomes Law: The Neoliberalisation of Security Governance and the Customary Laws of Armed Conflict,” Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies , Issue 6 (2013)

Certain practices of contemporary warfare, such as pre-emptive attacks on civilians,
AND
zones, but its increasing use as an instrument of their violent repression.
Ongoing militaristic discourse ensures structural violence – outweighs case
Kovel 2
(Joel, “The United States Military Machine”, http://www.joelkovel.org/americanmilitary.htm; Jacob)
I want to talk to you this evening about war - not the immediate threat
AND
military machine is about to plunge, dragging us all down with it.

The Affs Fear of India/Pakistan Nuclear Use AND Claims of Modeling Entrenches Claims of Oriental Irrationality and Western Universalism
Hugh Gusterson, @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ’99 Cultural Anthropology 14.1, “Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination,” p. jstor

According to the literature on risk in anthropology, shared fears often reveal as much
AND
source of danger just as the Soviet threat was declining (Klare 1995).
Thus in Western discourse nuclear weapons are represented so that "theirs" are a
AND
is also to be found in U.S. national security discourse.
Security politics causes global destruction.
Der Derian ’98 (James, Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University “The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard”, On Security, CIAO)
No other concept in international relations packs the metaphysical punch, nor commands the disciplinary
AND
on the otherness of death, and identities calcifying into a fearful sameness.  
Alternative – Reject The Affirmative’s Security Logic – This Allows for Actual Political Thought – Accepting Their Descriptions and Responses Colonizes the Debate.
Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 Critique of Security, 185-6
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is
AND

it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."'
Case – LOAC

1. International norm against drones fail – states won’t give up tech advantage
   Megret 13
   Frédéric Mégret, Associate-Professor, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Research Chair in the Law of Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, “The Humanitarian Problem with Drones”, March 5, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2228659 jchen
   A good classic example of this is the invention of the crossbow which conferred a
   AND
   disproportionality from such regulation (the side that did not master the technology).
   Both the attempts at regulating the crossbow and aerial bombardment were almost unmitigated catastrophes.
   AND
   that have such an edge would voluntarily limit, let alone relinquish it.

2. Even if they model, drone prolif is slow- no investment
Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)
Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within
AND
will undertake the significant investment required for armed drones in the near term.
3. Norms fail – other countries will reinterpret I-law to justify using drones
Lerner 13
Ben Lerner, Vice President for Government Relations at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C, American Spectator, “Judging ‘Drones’ From Afar”, 3/25/13, http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar/1
Whatever the potential motivations for trying to codify international rules for using UAVs, such
AND
at the expense of its neighbors to see how this often plays out.
And who would enforce the treaty’s rules — a third party tribunal? Would it be an apparatus of the United Nations, the same U.N. that assures us that it is not coming after the United States or its allies specifically, even as its investigation takes on as its “immediate focus” UAV operations recently conducted by those countries?
The United States already conducts warfare under the norms of centuries of practice of customary
AND
countries that already use UAVs responsibly, while empowering those that do not.
America is in the midst of an important conversation about UAVs. President Obama should state unambiguously that we will not invite others to dictate its outcome.
4. Drone use won’t spread – limited strategic options
Time 12
“Betting Against a Drone Arms Race”, Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/ jchen
This recent bout also illustrated a salient point regarding drone technology: most states maintain at least minimal air defenses that can quickly detect and take down drones, as the U.S. discovered when it employed drones at the onset of the Iraq invasion, while Saddam Hussein’s surface-to-air missiles were still active.
What the U.S. also learned, however, was that drones constitute an effective military tool in an extremely narrow strategic context. They are well-suited either in direct support of a broader military campaign, or to conduct targeted killing operations against a technologically unsophisticated enemy.
In a nutshell, then, the very contexts in which we have seen drones deployed. Northern Pakistan, along with a few other regions in the world, remain conducive to drone usage given a lack of air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
5. Accidental war unlikely
Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, “North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Wars”, The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)
Accidental wars rarely happen. Historians have demonstrated that most wars initially deemed “accidental,” (perhaps most notably the First World War), have in actuality resulted from deliberative state policy, even if the circumstances of the war were unplanned.  While war seems discordant, it actually requires a great deal of cooperation and coordination. Fundamentally, two parties have to agree to conduct a war; otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.
Case – Self Defense
China will be constrained with drones – worried about reputation and precedent-setting
Erickson and Strange 13
Andrew Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange, researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute, Foreign Affairs, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", 5/29/13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
Indeed, the time to fret about when China and other authoritarian countries will acquire drones is over: they have them. The question now is when and how they will use them. But as with its other, less exotic military capabilities, Beijing has cleared only a technological hurdle - and its behaviour will continue to be constrained by politics.
China has been developing a drone capacity for over half a century, starting with
AND
the very few states that have or are building a stealth drone capacity.
This impressive arsenal may tempt China to pull the trigger. The fact that a
AND
, and to keep an eye on movements near the North Korean border.
Beijing, however, is unlikely to use its drones lightly. It already faces
AND
areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China's Defence Ministry.

They’ll avoid strikes – don’t want to make sovereignty violations the norm
Erickson and Strange 13
Andrew Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange, researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute, Foreign Affairs, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", 5/29/13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
The restrictive position that Beijing takes on sovereignty in international forums will further constrain its
AND
on other countries' sovereignty - something Beijing regularly decries when others do it.
Their academic literature proves intent is for surveillance only
Erickson and Strange 13
Andrew Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University's Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange, researcher at the Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute, Foreign Affairs, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", 5/29/13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
The limitations on China's drone use are reflected in the country's academic literature on the
AND
scholars, however, have publicly considered the use of drone strikes overseas.

No war – China won’t risk it all and no flashpoints.
Bremmer 10 Ian, president of Eurasia Group and the author, most recently, of The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War between States and Corporations?, Gathering Storm: America and China in 2020 July/August 2010 http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/articles/2010-JulyAugust/full-Bremmer-JA-2010.html 

In addition, Beijing has no incentive to mount a global military challenge to U
AND
of Taiwan’s business elite of privileged access to investment opportunities on the mainland.

No Indo-Pak war.
Loudon 8 Bruce, The Australian, Doomsday dread, December 04, 2008, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24746635-25837,00.html

THE doomsayers' published assessments tell the grim story: upwards of 12 million people killed
AND
nuclear weapons, matched only by the intense secrecy that surrounds their arsenals.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
Drone use won’t spread – limited strategic options
Time 12
“Betting Against a Drone Arms Race”, Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/ jchen
This recent bout also illustrated a salient point regarding drone technology: most states maintain at least minimal air defenses that can quickly detect and take down drones, as the U.S. discovered when it employed drones at the onset of the Iraq invasion, while Saddam Hussein’s surface-to-air missiles were still active.
What the U.S. also learned, however, was that drones constitute an effective military tool in an extremely narrow strategic context. They are well-suited either in direct support of a broader military campaign, or to conduct targeted killing operations against a technologically unsophisticated enemy.
In a nutshell, then, the very contexts in which we have seen drones deployed. Northern Pakistan, along with a few other regions in the world, remain conducive to drone usage given a lack of air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.
Accidental war unlikely
Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, “North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Wars”, The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)
Accidental wars rarely happen. Historians have demonstrated that most wars initially deemed “accidental,” (perhaps most notably the First World War), have in actuality resulted from deliberative state policy, even if the circumstances of the war were unplanned.  While war seems discordant, it actually requires a great deal of cooperation and coordination. Fundamentally, two parties have to agree to conduct a war; otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.

Chinese drones inevitable – strategic and economic considerations
Stratfor 13
Stratfor, “China's Expanding Drone Program”, 4/9/13, http://www.irgamag.com/regions/item/2107-chinas-expanding-drone-program jchen
China is rapidly expanding its research into and production, deployments and sales of unmanned aerial vehicles, colloquially known as drones. The primary role of this growing program is to help Beijing control and monitor disputed territories in the Asia-Pacific region.
Beijing has decided to prioritize its drone program for security and economic reasons. In the security sphere, these machines are very useful for patrolling the East and South China seas, allowing Beijing to maintain a presence in the disputed waters, and play a role in China's anti-access/area denial strategy.
Fears of a ‘drones arms race’ is media hype
Moss 13
Trefor Moss, The Diplomat, independent journalist based in Hong Kong. He covers Asian politics, defence and security, and was Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/2/13, “Here Come…China’s Drones”, http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true jchen
It’s safe to say, then, that Chinese drones conjure up a particularly intense
AND
Department of Defense report which described China’s development of UAVs as "alarming."
That’s quite unreasonable. All of the world’s advanced militaries are adopting drones, not
AND
modernizing in all areas of military technology – unmanned systems being no exception.
China’s already achieved deterrence with current ASBM – US won’t intervene
The Diplomat 13
J. Michael Cole, Taipei-based journalist who focuses on military issues in Northeast Asia and in the Taiwan Strait. He previously served as an intelligence officer at the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, 4/22/13“The DF-21D or “Carrier Killer”: An Instrument of Deception?”, http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/04/22/the-df-21d-or-carrier-killer-an-instrument-of-deception/ jchen
What if our intelligence missed some crucial information, and China’s ASBM capabilities are far
AND
far more important to China than it is to the U.S.
One of China’s top mid-term objectives is to push U.S. naval forces out of what it regards as its backyard. It will use every means at its disposal — diplomacy, sweeteners, threats — to achieve this goal. It would be a terrible mistake to ignore deception as another tool in China’s box.
No US draw-in – China will avoid the threshold for intervention and high costs deter involvement
Holmes 12
James Holmes, defense analyst for The Diplomat and a professor of strategy at the U.S. Naval War College where he specializes in U.S., Chinese and Indian maritime strategy and U.S. diplomatic and military history. He is co-author of Red Star over the Pacific, an Atlantic Monthly Best Foreign Affairs Book for 2010 and a former US Navy surface warfare officer, “The Nightmare Scenario: A U.S.-China War”, 9/19/12,  http://thediplomat.com/the-naval-diplomat/2012/09/19/the-nightmare-scanerio-a-u-s-china-war/ jchen
Aristotle observed that every plot has a beginning, a middle, and an end
AND
something unforeseen—Beijing will refuse to make Washington’s choice to intervene easy.
In fact, Chinese leaders will go out of their way to make it hard. They will sow doubt and dissension among U.S. leaders. For instance, they will determinedly withhold the stark casus belli—a Pearl Harbor or a 9/11—necessary to rally a liberal republic like the United States around the battle flag. Ambiguity will reign. U.S. leaders should anticipate it.
Staying beneath the provocation threshold constitutes purest common sense for Beijing. Why not play head games with prospective foes? I would. As Shakespeare memorably showed, it takes time and moral courage for an individual to overcome Hamlet-like indecision. Some never do. That’s doubly true in big institutions, where decisions typically emerge from political wrangling among many individuals and groups.
Time spent in internal debate would work in China’s favor in any contingency along the
AND
the costs and dangers inherent in combat operations against a fellow great power.
No Indo-Pak war – no political will on either side – extreme caution will check any use because neither country wants a fourth war because of both economic and human costs. That’s Louden.
Even if using UAV’s no causal link.
Indian self-restraint checks.
Yadav and Barwa 10 Vikash Yadav is an assistant professor of political science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva, New York. Conrad Barwa is a researcher at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. The future of India-Pakistan rivalry PRAGATI—THE INDIAN NATIONAL INTEREST REVIEW April 2010 

• • • BJP = Bharatiya Janata Party - The party is associated with Hindu nationalism and advocates conservative social policies, self-reliance, free market economics, foreign policy driven by a nationalist agenda, and strong national defense Wikipedia

There is zero possibility that India would contemplate further dismembering Pakistan. India has no
AND
Decapitating the hydra only creates more problems and distractions for India’s foreign policy.
No escalation.
Loudon 8 Bruce, The Australian, Doomsday dread, December 04, 2008, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24746635-25837,00.html

Three wars with Pakistan have demonstrated that India, despite its historical association with Mahatma
AND
that the country's nuclear arsenal should be restricted to serving a deterrent purpose.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Kansas KS | Judge: Johnson,Fifelski, Petit
Condo Good

1. Counter Interpretation - the Neg gets conditional options and the status quo.
   2. Negative Flexibility - the Aff gets to choose the topic of the debate and speaks first and last, so the Neg should get to test the Aff from multiple angles.
   3. Strategic Thinking - forces the Aff to choose their best arguments. That's the biggest internal link to education since it's the only portable skill we get in the debate.
   4. Logic - the status quo should always be an option. Forcing a decision between 2 options that are worse than the status quo is dumb.
   5. Skew inevitable - faster and more experienced teams and no-risk arguments like T and theory means there's always a skew - that IS strategy.
   6. Don't vote on potential for abuse - evaluating theory on competing interpretations encourages trivial procedurals at the expense of substantive debate. Only vote on conditionality if we made the debate impossible for the Aff
   2NC Impact O/V
   They say case outweighs; but—
   Security demands nuclear extermination—threat discourse causes cycles of insecurity that make conflict inevitable. That’s Der Derian.
   They misidentify the cause—their impacts are a consequence of security politics:
   TURNS CASE FOR EACH 1AC IMPACT
   This is not just defense. Their reliance on security suffers from serial policy failure – and the attendant endless production of new threats to be countered creates an endless politics of war
   Dillon and Reed 09 (IR professor @ Lancaster University; Lecturer @ King’s College London, “The Liberal Way of Killing: Killing to Make Live”)
   There is, third, the additional critical attribute of contingency. It is this
   AND
   emergency of emergence, it is a governing through the transactional freedoms of contingency
   Structural violence and inequality kills millions yearly. Probability outweighs magnitude—treat near zero risks as zero—Improbable risk scenarios are instruments used to justify militarism and mask responsibility for structural violence.
   Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois (Prof of Anthropology @ Cal-Berkely; Prof of Anthropology @ UPenn) 4
   (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)
   This large and at first sight “messy” Part VII is central to this
   AND
   as a chronic “state of emergency” (Taussig, Chapter 31).
   2NC Alternative O/V
   Only a complete rejection of security creates a space for conversation about policymaking that interrogates the justifications made by the state – we can find better motivation for action than irrational fear – that’s Neocleous
   Its try or die for the alt – we don’t even have to win solvency to prove that the status quo security mentality is fundamentally unsustainable – as long as we remain in the destructive cycle extinction is inevitable, alternative is the only way out
   Solves the aff—
   Indo-Pak
   China
   Future Weapons

2NC Mech Link – Drones=Cosmetic
Mounting public pressure against drones in the status quo forces massive scaling-back of militaristic targeted killing. The affirmative’s cosmetic restriction saves the drone program by abating public anger. The negative’s pacifist demand rides a wave of public outcry to spark a larger opposition to militarism.
Zenko 13 – fellow @ CFR
(Micah Zenko is the Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department's Office of Policy Planning, Council Special Report No. 65, January 2013, “U.S. Drone Strike Policies”, i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf?)
In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech, President Obama declared: “Where force
AND
if the United States modified its drone policy in the ways suggested below.
Norms
First, norm setting lends moral authority to neocolonial violence---this link is specific to their mechanism of boosting the prestige of U.S. legitimacy in order to export legal norms and practices
Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law and University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo,  M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, “GLOBAL LAW and PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW,” online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014andcontext=bocconi_legal_papers
Reproduces intervention
Sovereignty justification
Save from ourselves
LOAC normalizes violent practices – monopolization of norms-setting means it becomes a legal cover for intervention
Dowdeswell ‘13
Tracey, PhD candidate at Osgoode Hall Law School at York University. Her research focuses on the impact of globalisation on the customary laws of war, “How Atrocity Becomes Law: The Neoliberalisation of Security Governance and the Customary Laws of Armed Conflict,” Journal of Critical Globalisation Studies , Issue 6 (2013)

2NC China Threat Link
—“Hostile China”—
The affirmative’s discouse of insert quotes is highly problematic—it’s grounded in racist and shallow understanding of Chinese culture. Even if their mechanism solves conflict, the way in which China is enframed pushes future decisionmaking towards aggression and makes war inevitable. That’s Wei
Must interrogate discourse of Chinese assertiveness—it’s a prior question—problematic analysis exacerbates the security dilemma.
Johnston ’13, Alastair Iain Johnston, Harvard Professor of China in World Affairs, Spring 2013, “How New and Assertive Is China’s New Assertiveness,” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/IS3704_pp007-048.pdf, International Security 37:4, p. 46-48
Why, then, does it matter whether PRC diplomacy as a whole in 2010
AND
dilemma dynamics between states, including those between the United States and China.
The nationalism hypothesis is an academic joke—
Johnston ’13, Alastair Iain Johnston, Harvard Professor of China in World Affairs, Spring 2013, “How New and Assertive Is China’s New Assertiveness,” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/IS3704_pp007-048.pdf, International Security 37:4, p. 37-38
rising chinese nationalism.
A second explanation for the new assertiveness is rising Chinese nationalism or anti-Americanism
AND
to matter on strategically important questions—they prefer maneuverability, not constraint. 

2NC Constructed
India and Pakistan Nuclear Danger is Constructed - It’s a Product manipulated Represenations, Not Material Threat 

Haider Nizamani, Lecturer in Political Science at the University of British Columbia, 2k The roots of rhetoric: politics of nuclear weapons in India and Pakistan, p. 11-2

I conceptualize security discourses as a framework through which the constant articulation of external dangers
AND
maintenance of their national identities by invoking the themes of threats and dangers.
2NC Link—Tech Swarms
FUTURE THREAT TO JUSTIFY MILITARISM
--40 years
 2NC A2: Permutation
Nothing to permute – IR debates demand scholarly questioning and deliberation, not a rush towards enacting policies supported by contrived internal link chains and an inconsistent piecing together of news articles. Even if some components of the 1AC initially seem compelling, the all-encompassing nature of security demands intellectual reflection prior to policy commitments.
Rampp 9 Benjamin, University of Tübingen, Interdepartmental Centre for Ethics in the Sciences and Humanities (IZEW). Insecurity by Impreciseness  Towards a Specific Concept of Security   http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/ptb/wvw/wvw5/Rampp20paper.pdf
The question arises whether such a logic of security – which in practice comprises more
AND
fields of practice exclusively  and only then investigate connections in the real world.

If we win a link then the permutation is incoherent – can’t do the plan while rejecting the same plan’s problematic constructions of the world. Severance is a voting issue – makes the aff a moving target and we can’t garner stable links

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Perez-Cooper | Judge: Roberts
Executive self-restraint is key to preserve the ability to respond to crises.
Pildes 12 Richard H., Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law, NYU School of Law and Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security. 2/27/12 BOOK REVIEWS  LAW AND THE PRESIDENT  THE EXECUTIVE UNBOUND: AFTER THE MADISONIAN REPUBLIC. By Eric  A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.  2010. Pp. 249. $29.95. New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers

First, they argue, a President unbound ...  so will produce better outcomes. 

Congressional restrictions cause adversaries to doubt the resolve of U.S. deterrence – causes crisis escalation.
Waxman 8/25 Matthew Waxman 8/25/13, Professor of Law – Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy – CFR, “The Constitutional Power to Threaten War,” Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN

A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective ... confrontation which might escalate.179

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: James Madison Perez-Cooper | Judge: Roberts
Aff’s view of terrorism is what makes it possible—designation of people as terrorists allows only the possibility of violence
Schmidt 08 (Dennis J. Schmidt Who Counts? On Democracy, Power, and the Incalculable Research in Phenomenology 38 (2008) 228–243)
In place of any possible sovereign power, today ... power is itself a fundamentally new form. 

The Construction of Miscalc Ends Culpability For Nuclear Violence –It Prevents Responsibility For Violence and ensures Self Fulfilling Prophesy
Hanna M. Segal, MB ChB FRC – Training and Supervising Psychoanalyst – British Pyscho-Analytic Society, ’88 Psychoanalysis and the Nuclear Threat: Clinical and Theoretical Studies, p. 47
The growth of technology is also used for ...truly helpless. We are in their hands. 

Their representations of the Middle East as unstable necessitate Western intervention and justify American belligerence globally
Morten Valbjørn, PhD in the Department of Political Science @ Aarhus, ‘4 Middle East and Palestine: Global Politics and Regional Conflict, “Culture Blind and Culture Blinded: Images of Middle Eastern Conflicts in International Relations,” p. 63-4

From this perspective, it is irrelevant ... Middle East themselves.

Security politics causes global destruction.
Der Derian ’98 (James, Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University “The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard”, On Security, CIAO)
No other concept in international ... calcifying into a fearful sameness.  

Alternative – Reject The Affirmative’s Security Logic – This Allows for Actual Political Thought – Accepting Their Descriptions and Responses Colonizes the Debate.
Neocleous ’08, Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, 2008 Critique of Security, 185-6
The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape ...enough to return the gift."'

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton Reddick-Sehgal | Judge: Henry, Rollins, Sternhagen

Politicizing narratives is wrong—the affirmative acts under the guise of political empowerment, they utilize narratives to accomplish their own goals—this is an act of commodification and colonial domination

Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. "The Problem of Speaking For Others" Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.) ~Gunnarsdottir~
Feminist discourse is not the only site in which the problem of speaking for others
AND
restricting the practice to speaking for groups of which one is a member.

The affirmatives choice to include narratives is an attempt to speak for the oppressed—the choice of narrative exemplifies the affirmatives position of privilege.

Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. "The Problem of Speaking For Others" Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.) ~Gunnarsdottir~
In the examples used above, there may appear to be a conflation between the
AND
as they are in themselves," that is, free of human interpretation. 

Stop the sale of the Native experience. Your ballot takes a stance against the commodification of Native life. We do not exclude anyone’s voice—our act of critique is recognition of the importance of the Native experience and the rejection of the first world impulses to engage in exclusionary discussions about the Native Americans.

Linda Martín Alcoff (Department of Philosophy at Syracuse University. "The Problem of Speaking For Others" Cultural Critique Winter 1991-92, pp. 5-32.) ~Gunnarsdottir~
(1) The impetus to speak must be carefully analyzed and, in many
AND
any of these elements is changed, a new evaluation is called for.

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 3 | Opponent: Binghamton Reddick-Sehgal | Judge: Henry, Rollins, Sternhagen

Indefinite Detention refers exclusively to detaining an arrested person without a trial

US LEGAL 13 ~US Legal Forms Inc., Indefinite Detention Law and Legal Definition http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/~~
Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or
AND
indefinite detention is permitted pursuant to section 412 of the USA Patriot Act. 

The aff is extra topical—they define indefinite detention as a metaphor for broader societal oppression.

Vote neg—

Limits—extra topicality enables affirmative to access not just war powers, but all legality. This explodes the topic and renders debate impossible and undermines preparation and clash—failure to defend solely a restriction on the war powers authority on indefinite detention opens the floodgates to an infinite number of 1ACs which affirm some esoteric methodology.

Competing interpretation is the best model for debate—