Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Whit Whitmore

Obama’s ignoring human rights with China now – he doesn’t think he has the moral authority

Roth 10
Kenneth Roth, Foreign Affairs, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, “Empty Promises: Obama's Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights”, 89 Foreign Aff. 10 2010 jchen
Similarly, in China, Obama followed in the footsteps of successive U.S
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failed to confront China's authoritarian rulers on questions of religious and political freedom.

Hunger strikes are the key determinant of US legitimacy – impacts Obama decisionmaking

Revcom 13
Revcom 5/12/13, “Guantánamo: The Hunger Strike and the Hellhole of Made-in-America Torture”, 5/12/13, http://www.revcom.us/a/303/the-hunger-strike-at-guantanamo-en.html jchen
The hunger strike at Guantánamo has brought this dungeon and all its horrors to world
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It is a recruitment tool for extremists. It needs to be closed."
In other words, Obama and the imperialist rulers he represents are concerned that their
AND
prisoner behind barbed wire, forced to their knees by heavily armed captors.

Refocusing on human rights entrenches an ideological divide and reignites a cool war

Feldman 13
Noah Feldman, Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Salon, 5/19/13, “How Guantanamo affects China: Our human rights hypocrisies ”, http://www.salon.com/2013/05/19/how_guantanamo_affects_china_our_human_rights_hypocrisies/ jchen
How Guantanamo affects China: Our human rights hypocrisies
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 gain advantage under cool war circumstances.

Causes US China War – ideology is comparatively more important than other interests

Feldman 13
Noah Feldman is Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Cool War”, 2013 jchen
The Cold War was a battle of ideals. Communism and liberal de-mocracy each
And
cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War.

Extinction.

White 11 Mr. Hugh White is professor of strategic studies at the Australian National University in Canberra and a visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute in Sydney. The Obama Doctrine WSJ, 11/25/11 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204452104577057660524758198.html
One risk is that escalating strategic competition will disrupt the vital economic relationship between the
AND
U.S.-China clash might be dangerously unclear and disastrously low.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake Forest Clifford-Villa | Judge: Hingstman

Stripping

A. Detention change uniquely causes court stripping – In other areas Congress seldom does anything; with detention, even procedural protections have been nullified by court stripping.  Backlash to the plan would be massive

Alexander 7   Janet Cooper Alexander, Frederick I. Richman Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.     California Law Review   Fall, 2007  95 Calif. L. Rev. 1193    ARTICLE: Jurisdiction-Stripping in a Time of Terror
Although the question of congressional power to limit the jurisdiction of the federal courts is
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as well as detainees at Guantanamo and other locations outside the United States.

B. The Ukraine judiciary, including its independence is based off the American court system. Ukraine adjusts its system each year to mirror that of the US

The Supreme Court of  Ohio ’8  (The Supreme court of Ohio and the Ohio judicial system  Nov. 14, 2008   www.sconet.state.oh.us/PIO/news/2008/ukraine_111408.asp)
The Supreme Court of Ohio will welcome six members of the Ukrainian judiciary on Monday
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State in conducting education programs for judges and lawyers in Argentina and Chile. 

C. Ukrainian Judicial independence is key to political and economic stability

Ukrainian Rule of law project ’9  (Ukrainian Rule of Law project in cooperation with the United States Agency for International development and the millennium challenge corporation "An expert conference ’’Judicial Reform in Ukraine: Finding Solutions in Line with European Standards" March 23 March 2009 http://www.ukrainerol.org.ua/index.php?option=com_content26task=view26id=12826Itemid=126lang=en )
The Council of Europe in the framework of the Joint Programme between the European Union
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of Ukrainian people, was expressed by the vast majority of the participants.

D. Ukrainian economic collapse draws in Russia and the west leading to a nuclear world war three

Kingston, Loveridge, Steritt ’9
(Brian Kingston, Peter Loveridge, Joe Sterritt masters paper @ The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs – CIFP "UKRAINE:  A RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT February 2009 www.carleton.ca/cifp/app/serve.php/1214.pdf)

Worst Case Scenario: WWIII  Economics: Ukraine suffers catastrophic economic collapse during the global
AND
nuclear war, or at least the drawing in of many other countries.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga HS | Judge: Armans Revilins

Judicial deference is stable now but the plan’s precedent collapses it

John O’Connor 7, Former officer in the Marine Corp and Judge Advocate; JD, U Maryland Law School. Statistics and the Military Deference Doctrine: a Response to Professor Lichtman, 66 Md. L. Rev. 668, Lexis
As I have written elsewhere, one of the most important aspects of the military
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there is no sign that such an upheaval is anywhere on the horizon.

Deference is vital to effective executive crisis response -~-- solves terror, rogue states, and prolif

Robert Blomquist 10, Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law, THE JURISPRUDENCE OF AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY PRESIPRUDENCE, 44 Val. U.L. Rev. 881
Supreme Court Justices--along with legal advocates--need to conceptualize and prioritize big
AND
," n48 as determined by the POTUS and his national security executive subordinates.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 2 | Opponent: Oklahoma LW | Judge: Andrew Allsup

The U.S. is committed to counterterrorism – absent drones they would find alternatives

Wittes and Singh 12
Benjamin Wittes Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, where he is the Research Director in Public Law, and Co-Director of the Harvard Law School - Brookings Project on Law and Security, and Ritika Singh project coordinator at the Brookings Institution where she focuses on national security law and policy, 1/24/12, “The Droneless Counterfactual”, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/01/24/benjamin-wittes-ritika-singh/droneless-counterfactual jchen
Cortright’s example, the use of drones
AND
on both sides. It is a mistake that colors his entire argument.

The alternatives are bombs and cruise missiles – drastically increases civilian casualties

The News Tribune 13
The News Tribune, “Drones: Wise, maybe; constitutional, certainly”, 2/17/13,  http://www.thenewstribune.com/2013/02/17/2478932/drones-wise-maybe-constitutional.html jchen
The realistic alternative to drone strikes
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reduced the deaths of innocent bystanders.

Taliban controlled areas are in extreme suffering –drone strikes are better than just letting the Taliban do what they like

Taj 10
Farhat Taj, PhD research fellow at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Gender Research, University of Oslo, Norway and Aryana Institute for Regional Research and Advocacy, AIRRA, Islamabad, Pakistan, well-known newspaper columnist in Pakistan and director of the documentary film Waziristan A Culture Under Attack, 9/17/10, “The year of the drone misinformation”, Small Wars and Insurgencies, 21:3, 529-535, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592318.2010.505486 jchen
4. Civilian casualties: the tribal realism
I have had dozens of opportunities to discuss with many people of FATA – men
AND
control of their land. Most people of FATA go for the latter.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Whit Whitmore

Comprehensive reform will pass now – Obama’s going all-in to work with moderates.

Daily Mail 10/17 “Immigration battle threatens to dwarf debt-limit fight as many Republicans fear power of 17 MILLION newly legalized loyal Democrats,” http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2464112/Immigration-battle-threatens-dwarf-debt-limit-fight-Republicans-fear-power-17-MILLION-newly-legalized-loyal-Democrats.html#ixzz2i182BrcS

The White House has shifted gears and put its policy team in immigration overdrive,
AND
, that's just good politics in addition to doing the right thing.'

Public backlash to closing Gitmo gets Congress on board

Posner 13 Eric, Professor at University of Chicago Law School; “President Obama Can Shut Guantanamo Whenever He Wants” Slate; May 2, 2013; http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/05/president_obama_can_shut_guantanamo_whenever_he_wants_to.html
The real issue here, of course, is that Congress has given the president
AND
, not law. If you don’t like this choice, blame him.

Immigration is critical to the growth – every day it’s delayed crushes competitiveness.

Garfield 13 Dean Garfield, president and CEO of the Information Technology Industry Council, Mercury News, 02/12/2013, “Dean Garfield: Immigration reform means a stronger Silicon Valley and U.S. economy,” http://www.mercurynews.com/opinion/ci_22570060/dean-garfield-immigration-reform-means-stronger-silicon-valley

The recent jobs report and the decline in fourth-quarter GDP growth reinforce that
AND
turn away from old, misguided stereotypes and toward a stronger American future.

Economic collapse causes global nuclear war.

Merlini, Senior Fellow – Brookings, 11
 Cesare Merlini, nonresident senior fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe and chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Italian Institute for International Affairs (IAI) in Rome. He served as IAI president from 1979 to 2001. Until 2009, he also occupied the position of executive vice chairman of the Council for the United States and Italy, which he co-founded in 1983. His areas of expertise include transatlantic relations, European integration and nuclear non-proliferation, with particular focus on nuclear science and technology. A Post-Secular World?  DOI: 10.1080/00396338.2011.571015 Article Requests: Order Reprints : Request Permissions Published in: journal Survival, Volume 53, Issue 2 April 2011 , pages 117 - 130 Publication Frequency: 6 issues per year  Download PDF Download PDF (357 KB)     View Related Articles  To cite this Article: Merlini, Cesare 'A Post-Secular World?', Survival, 53:2, 117 – 130
Two neatly opposed scenarios for the future of the world order illustrate the range of
AND
theocratic absolutes, competing or converging with secular absolutes such as unbridled nationalism.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Williford-Stothers | Judge: Garrett

A deal to stall Iran’s nuclear program is coming – Obama will hold off Senate sanctions now – key to prevent Iran proliferation.

Landler and Sanger 11/14 ~Mark and David, New York Times, Obama Calls for Patience in Iran Talks, 11/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/15/us/politics/obama-iran.html?_r=0~~

President Obama made a vigorous appeal to Congress on Thursday to give breathing space to
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will, just like the European Union and the United States have done."

Obama would fight restrictions on his authority —- fiat means he loses

Scheuerman 13 (William, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, PhD from Harvard, Barack Obama’s "war on terror", Eurozine, 3/7, http://www.eurozine.com/pdf/2013-03-07-scheuerman-en.pdf)
Given dual democratic legitimacy, holders of executive power face deeply rooted institutional incentives to
AND
get reelected ?? simultaneously has had¶ deeply troublesome humanitarian and legal consequences.

Capital key – prevents confrontation.

Cockburn 11/11 ~Patrick, Independent.co.uk, November 11, 2013 Monday 10:14 AM GMT, Iranian concessions on nuclear issues are not going to lead to an agreement; L/N~

On the other hand, the decision by President Obama not to launch airstrikes against
AND
extinguished by those who believe that confrontation with Iran works better than diplomacy.

Deal prevents war and Iran prolif.

Shank and Gould 9/12 ~Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/~~

Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.  

Nuclear Iran Escalates to full scale war and causes extinction

WIMBUSH ’7 - Hudson Institute Senior Fellow, Center for Future Security Strategies Director (S. Enders, "The End of Deterrence: A nuclear Iran will change everything." The Weekley Standard. 1/11/2007, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=1315426R=162562FD5A)

Iran is fast building its position as the Middle East’s political and military hegemon,
AND
will grow, and where deterrence, once broken, cannot be restored.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: Kansas City Kansas CC Casas-Gonzaba | Judge: Short

Restrictions on presidential powers cause adversaries to doubt the resolve of U.S. deterrence – causes crisis escalation.

Waxman 8/25 ~Matthew Waxman 8/25/13, Professor of Law – Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy – CFR, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War," Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN~
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war
AND
to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179

Credible conventional deterrence checks nuclear aggression

Gerson 09
MICHAEL S. GERSON, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, Policy Fellow with the ONE Campaign, a visiting fellow with the Center for Public Justice, and a former senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations,"Conventional Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age", Strategic Studies Institute, Autumn 2009 jchen
Although implicit or explicit nuclear threats may lack credibili- ty against non-WMD regimes, many potential adversaries believe that the United States will use conventional firepower, especially because America has conventional superiority and a demonstrated willingness to use it. Consequently, when dealing with non-WMD-related threats, conventional deterrence will be the most likely mechanism for deterring hostile actions.
According to Admiral Michael Mullen, the current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "A big part of credibility, of course, lies in our convention- al capability. The capability to project power globally and conduct effective theater-level operations . . . remains essential to deterrence effectiveness."14
Conventional deterrence also plays an important role in preventing nonnuclear aggression by nuclear-armed
AND
and perhaps coali- tion partners) would choose not to get involved.
In this context, conventional deterrence can be an important mech- anism to limit
AND
regimes from believing that nuclear possession provides opportunities for conventional aggression and coercion.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga HS | Judge: Armans Revilins

CP Text: The United States Congress and the appropriate number of states should amend the Constitution of the United States of America overturning the Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu v the United States.

Amendments can overturn the Supreme Court Decisions

Schaffner 2005 (Joan, Associate Professor of Law, George Washington University Law School, “THE FEDERAL MARRIAGE AMENDMENT: TO PROTECT THE SANCTITY OF MARRIAGE OR DESTROY CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY?”, 54 Am. U.L. Rev. 1487, lexis, BB)
Because the judicial branch has the ultimate authority over constitutional interpretation and construction, the
AND
power to overrule these cases was proper and consistent with basic democratic principles.

Tournament: USC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberty Chiri-Edwards | Judge: Lundeen
Jackie and I advocate the United Snakes of Amerikkka stop lockin up bodies except the bodies of convicted child molesters.

Imprisonment incapacitates offenders – it removes them, preventing commission of the crime
Hess 9    Kären M. Hess 2009, Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.  ninth edition p 520  Google Books
Incapacitation refers to making it impossible for offenders to commit further offenses. Incapacitation can
AND
threat to society. The most extreme for of incapacitation is capital punishment.

We have a moral obligation to protect children
Parisi 10 Joe Parisi ,  Wisconsin State Representative  2-22-10  
Child Victims Act Provides Opportunity for Justice, Healing, and Accountability                                                                     http://legis.wisconsin.gov/assembly/asm48/news/Informational20Columns/2.22.1020Child20Victims20Act.pdf
One of the most important roles of government is to protect people who are vulnerable
AND
accountable in court and will help prevent the further sexual victimization of children.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Vanderbilt Williford-Stothers | Judge: Garrett

Ikenberry CP

Text: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase funding for global education, health, shelter, and social service initiatives administered by the United Nations.

The United States Federal Government should declare its willingness to cooperate on and participate in international climate science and disease research.

The United States Federal Government should announce its support for the expansion of the permanent membership on the Security Council.

The United States Federal Government should enter into negotiations with democratic states over the creation of a Concert of Democracies.

The United States federal government bioweapons

Counterplan solves the actual issues Ikenberry says are crucial to restoring legitimacy.

Ikenberry 8 ~G. John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. An AGEndA FoR LIBERAL IntERnAtIonAL REnEWAL Finding Our Way: Debating American Grand Strategy Edited by Michèle A. Flournoy and Shawn Brimley Contributing Authors: Robert J. Art, G. John Ikenberry, Frederick W. Kagan, Barry R. Posen, Sarah Sewall, Vikram J. Singh Center for New American Security, June 2008~
The New Agenda of Liberal Order Building If
AND
and connect that power more closely to other states.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 3 | Opponent: Baylor SW | Judge: Justin Kirk

The United States federal government should substantially increase restrictions on the war powers authority of the president of the United States by removing the authority to authorize the preemptive use of large-scale cyber-attacks, except for attacks on Iranian nuclear infrastructure and in direct support of authorized United States military operations.

The counterplan is mutually exclusive, it does less than the plan, and net beneficial.  Functional competition alone is sufficient.  Textual competition is bad – it makes adding "not" and doing the opposite of the plan non-competitive.====

Iran prolif
Cyber attacks disrupt Iran’s nuclear weapons acquisition —  attacks are on-going and increasingly sophisticated

Cohen 13   Tamir Cohen  Aug. 15, 2012 Haaretz   (Israeli newspaper)   Iran threatens to counter cyber warfare with legal action
In effort to defend the country’s infrastructure against future cyber-attacks, cabinet announces plan to cutoff government websites from global networks.  http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/iran-threatens-to-counter-cyber-warfare-with-legal-action-1.458486
A new virus had attacked nuclear facilities in Natanz and Fordo, a scientist at
AND
they were playing ’Thunderstruck’ by AC/DC," the scientist wrote.

Escalates to full scale war and causes extinction

WIMBUSH ’7 - Hudson Institute Senior Fellow, Center for Future Security Strategies Director (S. Enders, "The End of Deterrence: A nuclear Iran will change everything." The Weekley Standard. 1/11/2007, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=1315426R=162562FD5A)

Iran is fast building its position as the Middle East’s political and military hegemon,
AND
will grow, and where deterrence, once broken, cannot be restored.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 3 | Opponent: Baylor SW | Judge: Justin Kirk

The President of the United States should issue an executive order mandating incorporation of preemptive large-scale cyber-attacks into the covert action regime, except in direct support of authorized United States military operations.

XO incorporation into covert action regime solves – adds Congressional oversight, creates momentum for future presidents and legislation====
Brecher 13 Aaron Brecher, JD candidate at the UMich Law School, May 2013, "Toward a Domestic Legal Framework for ¶ Offensive Cyberoperations," http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/111/3/Brecher.pdf
Cyberattacks present a challenge for U.S. policymakers: they are difficult to
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of ¶ cyberoperations before passing detailed statutes that may result in unintended consequences.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga HS | Judge: Armans Revilins

The continued existence of capitalism forms the basis for all inequalities and oppressions. We do not deny that racialized violence happens and is important to address, but absent a rejection of the class system racism will continue to be deployed as a means to divide and rule the working class and to preserve increasingly wide material disparities.

Taylor 11 Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, doctoral candidate in the department of African-American studies at Northwestern University, Race, class and Marxism, January 4, 2011 http://socialistworker.org/2011/01/04/race-class-and-marxism

Marxists argue that capitalism is a system that is based on the exploitation of the
AND
In the United States, racism is the most important of those ideologies.

The unchecked spread of neoliberal capitalism necessitates extermination in the name of profit – ensures poverty and environmental and cultural destruction, culminating in eventual extinction.

Cole 11 Dr. Mike Cole is Emeritus Research Professor in Education and Equality at Bishop  Grosseteste University College Lincoln, Lincoln, UK. His most recent book is Racism  and Education in the U.K. and the U.S.: towards a socialist alternative (New York  and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 RACISM AND EDUCATION IN THE U.K. AND THE U.S.  Palgrave Macmillan (June 7, 2011), pgs. 180-182
Neo-liberal capitalism, in being primarily about expanding opportunities for large multinational companies
AND
, the world has, so to speak, caught up with Marx.”

Vote negative as an absolute rejection of the structures that support capitalism

We must hollow out capitalist structures by refusing to invest our energy in reforms and rescue operations

Herod 2004
(James, Getting Free, http://site.www.umb.edu/faculty/salzman_g/Strate/GetFre/06.htm)
   It is time to try to describe, at first abstractly and
AND
. Otherwise we are doomed to perpetual slavery and possibly even to extinction.

Tournament: UCO | Round: 3 | Opponent: Baylor SW | Judge: Justin Kirk

The logic of security desires to manage an inherently chaotic world. Disorder and the unknown are identified as evil, producing hostility and conflict. Securing ourselves against ambiguity comes at the cost of all that makes life worthwhile

Der Derian 98 (James, Professor of International Studies at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University "The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard", On Security, CIAO)
The will to power, then, should not be confused with a Hobbesian perpetual
AND
canalized into a cautious identity constructed from the calculation of risks and benefits.

The alternative is to do nothing – this is a policy of resistance that changes the very concept of policymaking. Security Logic is a form of future prediction that always fails. This orientation prescripts a violent engagement with others.

Mcquillan 08 (Martin Mcquillan, Professor of Literary Theory and Cultural Analysis and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Kingston University, London, Derrida and Policy: Is Deconstruction Really a Social Science? Derrida Today)
One might think that Derrida’s invocation of International Law in his later writings would represent
AND
as such is on the side of the unconditional rather than the sovereign.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Georgia State Floyd-Finch | Judge: Ziegler

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative "wins," it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
publication record is itself sufficient evidence of the success of their endeavor. n200
Certainly, publication of a best seller may transform its author’s life, with the
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

The 1ac engages in dangerous politics of prioritizing methodology and assigning intellectual prerequisites to political strategy. Their use of the experience of oppression as the status that defines those who should guide politics harms progressive political strategies. Their particular strategy is part of a larger discourse of recapturing agency through privileging experience as the basis for politics.

Craig Ireland American Culture @ Bilkent 02 "The Appeal to Experience and its Consequences" Cultural Critique 52 Fall 2002p.87-88
" Once an arcane philosophical term, experience over the last three decades has become
AND
’black’ or ’lesbian’ or ’homosexual’ for ’working class’" (Scott, 786)

The pedagogy of the oppressed sounds appealing, but regulates consciousness under the disguise of difference. Making the speaker the gateway for listening to the speech demands ever-greater levels of purification and escalating rhetoric of oppressive history as the source for authority.

Rob Moore, Cambridge and Johan Muller, University of Cape Town, 99, "The Discourse of Voice and the Problem of Knowledge and Identity in the Sociology of Education" British Journal of Sociology of Education 20 (2) p. 199-200
The pedagogic device (Bernstein, 1990) of voice discourse promotes a methodology in
AND
knowledge is, most significantly, a device for the regulation of consciousness.
The pedagogic device is thus a symbolic ruler of consciousness in its selective creation,
AND
can be challenged by anyone choosing to assert an alternative perspective or standpoint. 

There should be no methodological prerequisites for participation in argument and education. This is the only way to give the force of argument and rigorous testing of any idea that is necessary for progressive politics to win the public sphere.

Rob Moore, Cambridge, and Johan Muller, University of Cape Town 99 "The Discourse of Voice and the Problem of Knowledge and Identity in the Sociology of Education" British Journal of Sociology of Education 20 (2) p.
Our purpose in this paper is to raise some issues about epistemological debates and approaches
AND
, allegedly related, epistemological ones; (ibid, p. 34).

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga HS | Judge: Armans Revilins

A. The plan does not restrict power of detention

Korematsu was not a decision about indefinite detention – Korematsu was convicted for violating an order saying he could not remain where he lived.  The Court explicitly refused to rule on the detention

Whalin 6   Sarah A. Whalin    Georgia State University Law Review   Spring, 2006   22 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 711   NOTE and COMMENT: NATIONAL SECURITY VERSUS DUE PROCESS: KOREMATSUn1 RAISES ITS UGLY HEAD SIXTY YEARS LATER IN HAMDI n2 AND PADILLA n3
a. Korematsu v. United States
When given the opportunity to review the
AND
 after the government had issued an assembly or relocation order.n39

B. This is a voter

Limits are necessary for negative preparation and clash.  The affirmative makes the topic too big by
Permitting cases outside four areas.  At most they AFFECT detention, but effects T is no limit at all.
Everything affects detention – for example, the economy and taxes affect the ability to detain.====

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 1 | Opponent: Gonzaga HS | Judge: Armans Revilins

A.  The plan is not presidential authority
Detention requires congressional authorization - Executive does not have the authority to detain

Gonzalez 4   ARTURO J. GONZÁLEZ, counsel et al  April 2004  Supreme Court of the United States On Writ Of Certiorari
RUMSFELD, v.  PADILLA     BRIEF AMICUS CURIAEOF FRED KOREMATSU, THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF SAN FRANCISCO, THE ASIAN LAW CAUCUS, THE ASIAN AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION OF THE GREATER BAY AREA,
ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER LEGAL OUTREACH, AND THE JAPANESE AMERICAN CITIZENS
LEAGUE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS  April 2004  http://jenner.com/system/assets/assets/5417/original/18.pdf?1321652398
The history of the detention of Japanese American  citizens
AND
Congress repealed the Emergency  Detention Act of 1950. 

B. This is a voter

Limits are necessary.  Presidential authority is an essential limit.  Otherwise, everything related to war is topical====

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 6 | Opponent: George Washington NS | Judge: Whit Whitmore

Indefinite detention is when a government detains without a trial

US Legal
Indefinite Detention Law and Legal Definition
http://definitions.uslegal.com/i/indefinite-detention/

Indefinite detention is the practice of detaining an arrested person by a national government or
AND
indefinite detention is permitted pursuant to section 412 of the USA Patriot Act.

Affirmative doesn’t restrict the authority to indefinitely detain, but rather what we can do  once we indefinitely detain – that’s a distinction

Clear limits distinction – at best the aff is a restriction on commander in chief power which is LEGALLY and SUBSTANTIVELY distinct from the topic.

Heidt 2013
Stephen, PhD candidate Georgia State University, A Memorandum on the Topic Area, http://www.cedadebate.org/forum/index.php?topic=4846.0

To summarize: War powers are enumerated in Article 1 of the Constitution. Commander
AND
the topic. That is the power presidents enjoy for running an army.
Topic education – commander and chief powers are about HOW wars are fought whereas war powers are IF they are fought. The aff avoids the central clash of the topic where da and cp ground stems from.
Limits – commander in chief powers blow the barn door off, Heidt evidence says it creates tiny unpredictable affs.
Vote neg – reasonability is arbitrary and mandates judge intervention.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Oklahoma MM | Judge: Austin Woodruff

Our interpretation is that an affirmative should defend a topical action by the United States federal government.

Statutory is limits by legislation

Black's Law 6 Black's Law Dictionary Free Online Legal Dictionary 2nd Ed.  2006  http://thelawdictionary.org/statutory-restriction/
What is STATUTORY RESTRICTION?
Limits or controls that have been place on activities by its ruling legislation.

Judicial is by court or judge

Dean's Law Dictionary 12    http://www.lawdictionaryonline.com/home_search.php
Judicial:
adj. Of, relating to, or by the court or a judge. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice, or to a judge; practiced or conformed to in the administration of justice; sanctioned or ordered by a court; as, judicial power; judicial proceedings; a judicial sale. Fitted or apt for judging or de....

Most predictable—the agent and verb indicate a debate about hypothetical government action

Jon M Ericson 3, Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

A general subject isn’t enough—debate requires a specific point of difference

Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND ====David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

The devil is in the details—the mechanism of statutory or judicial restrictions on war powers is the debate. Procedural requirements and their effectiveness determine whether we can or cannot curtail the military.

Dehn 11 John C. Dehn,  Assistant Professor, Department of Law, United States Military Academy      Temple Law Review   Spring, 2011   83 Temp. L. Rev. 599  ARTICLE: THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AND THE NECESSITIES OF WAR: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
B. The Constitutional Design and Military Regulation There is little question that the Framers
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authority of the Commander-in-Chief and his subordinate commanders. n65

Vote neg—they undermine debate’s transformative potential— 

1. Preparation and clash—changing the topic post facto manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy and prep makes the discussion one-sided and subverts any meaningful neg role====
Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively
AND
substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

2. Substantive constraints on the debate are key to actualize effective pluralism and agonistic democracy

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference
AND
need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

The impact outweighs—deliberative debate models impart skills vital to respond to existential threats

Christian O. Lundberg 10 Professor of Communications @ University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Tradition of Debate in North Carolina” in Navigating Opportunity: Policy Debate in the 21st Century By Allan D. Louden, p. 311
The second major problem with the critique that identifies a naivety in articulating debate and
AND
with the existential challenges to democracy in an increasingly complex world. 

Limited and prepared debate where both sides has an equitable distribution of arguments matters. It’s crucial to personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters sometimes defend views they do not completely agree with

Roberts-Miller ’03, (Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas) 3
(Patricia, "Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt ' s Agonistic Rhetoric" JAC 22.2 2003)
Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis of totalitarianism (especially her The Origins
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Tournament: D8ndtqualifier | Round: 5 | Opponent: CUNY McIntyre-Joseph | Judge: Shanahan, White
1NC

Debate follows an adversarial framework. In this framework, teams rely on agonism or ritualized refutation to win debates.  Limiting discourse in this way can distort scholarship.  
Tannen 2    Deborah Tannen, Linguistics Department, Georgetown University,  Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669   "Agonism in academic discourse"     Elsevier
In doing discourse analysis, we use discourse to do our analysis, yet we
AND
as restoring ‘‘the person of the scholar’’ to the endeavor of scholarship.
Traditional debate is a paradigmatic instance of how agonism distorts the acquisition of knowledge
Tannen 2    Deborah Tannen, Linguistics Department, Georgetown University,  Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669   "Agonism in academic discourse"     Elsevier
3.3. Cultural variation in modern academic discourse
If there are cultural traditions in which agonism is less associated with intellectual interchange,
AND
is not to better understand the other’s position but to win the debate.

Using this adversarial method is not good for truth-testing – encourages binary, polarizing debates
Menkel 96   Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown and UCLA Law Schools and CoDirect or, UCLA Center for Conflict Resolution.    William and Mary Law Review   October, 1996   38 Wm. and Mary L. Rev. 5   W.M. KECK FOUNDATION FORUM ON THE TEACHING OF LEGAL ETHICS: THE TROUBLE WITH THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM IN A POSTMODERN, MULTICULTURAL WORLD    lexis
I. Introduction
 In this Essay I suggest the heretical notion that the adversary system may no
AND
Modern life presents us with complex problems,  n8 often requiring complex and multifaceted solutions. Courts, with what I have called their "limited remedial imaginations,"  n9 may not be the best institutional settings for resolving some of the disputes that we continue to put before them.

The traditional debate model of adversarial confrontation limits understanding and acquisition of knowledge and moves in ways that are dehumanizing
Tannen 2    Deborah Tannen, Linguistics Department, Georgetown University,  Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669   "Agonism in academic discourse"     Elsevier
4.2. The adversary paradigm in philosophy
What Elbow calls ‘‘the doubting game’’ is closely related to what Moulton (1983
AND
the personal’’ in academic discourse (see Sections 6.2, 7).

The adversary system falsely assumes binaries in every instance and distorts perception to fit that model
Menkel 96   Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown and UCLA Law Schools and CoDirect or, UCLA Center for Conflict Resolution.    William and Mary Law Review   October, 1996   38 Wm. and Mary L. Rev. 5   W.M. KECK FOUNDATION FORUM ON THE TEACHING OF LEGAL ETHICS: THE TROUBLE WITH THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM IN A POSTMODERN, MULTICULTURAL WORLD    lexis
Let me illustrate the particular dilemma of oppositional, binary thinking a t trial when
AND
no order exists, and where we cannot determine relevance rationally.  n61\

The binaries of the adversary method distort understanding and inherently limits the utility of debate as a space for identity reclamation
Menkel 96   Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown and UCLA Law Schools and CoDirect or, UCLA Center for Conflict Resolution.    William and Mary Law Review   October, 1996   38 Wm. and Mary L. Rev. 5   W.M. KECK FOUNDATION FORUM ON THE TEACHING OF LEGAL ETHICS: THE TROUBLE WITH THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM IN A POSTMODERN, MULTICULTURAL WORLD    lexis
 I want to address briefly one other element of postmodernism: the explicit recognition
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all know, however, that "the 'haves' come out ahead."  n83

Agonism's focus on disagreement ignores positive contributions and becomes exclusively negative critique.  This hurts development of critical thinking skills.
Tannen 2    Deborah Tannen, Linguistics Department, Georgetown University,  Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669   "Agonism in academic discourse"     Elsevier
4.3. The influence of agonism on academic discourse If the task of
AND
stake out a position’ in opposition to the work of an established scholar.

The agonistic paradigm is often compared to the battlefield.  As in the military metaphor, the adversarial approach pits the two sides against one another, precluding their cooperation.  Knowledge and understanding are limited in 4 ways
Tannen 2    Deborah Tannen, Linguistics Department, Georgetown University,  Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669   "Agonism in academic discourse"     Elsevier
There is something so appealing about conceptualizing differing approaches as warring camps that such dichotomies
AND
vulnerable and edgy, even if they are temporarily protected by fortress walls.

The negative position is a break from traditional debate forms.  Unlike the affirmative, we see problems with adherence to agonism, to adversarial argument.  Our position is one of cooperation and collaboration.

So, we agree with the affirmative and offer our assistance and cooperation in order to advance the ideas they have presented.

As an alternative, the distortions caused by agonism and the adversarial system are avoided. Additionally, the alternative opens debate to other types of discourse
Menkel 96   Carrie Menkel-Meadow, Professor of Law, Georgetown and UCLA Law Schools and CoDirect or, UCLA Center for Conflict Resolution.    William and Mary Law Review   October, 1996   38 Wm. and Mary L. Rev. 5   W.M. KECK FOUNDATION FORUM ON THE TEACHING OF LEGAL ETHICS: THE TROUBLE WITH THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM IN A POSTMODERN, MULTICULTURAL WORLD    lexis
After I critique the adversary system, you will wonder what I would substitute for
AND
better meet the needs of more complex postmodern, multicultural disputes and issues.

We should replace the idea of adversarial debate with one of a collaborative model with common goals – there is still value in questioning, but constructive motivations are key
Tannen 2    Deborah Tannen, Linguistics Department, Georgetown University,  Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669Journal of Pragmatics 34 (2002) 1651–1669   "Agonism in academic discourse"     Elsevier
8. Conclusion: looking ahead
We need new metaphors by which to conceptualize what we are about. In the
AND
primary goal, and the human community of which we are a part.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dartmouth Chen Markovich | Judge: 

Go to Chen-Markovich neg wiki at

http://opencaselist.paperlessdebate.com/bin/Dartmouth/Chen-Markovich+Neg

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona State Chotras-Rajan | Judge: Murillo, Osborn, Russell

Terror DA

Their criticism of indefinite detention policy leads to the end of indefinite detention

Davis 7 Morris D., third chief prosecutor for the Guantanamo military commissions; "In Defense of Guantanamo Bay" 117 Yale Law Journal Pocket Part 21; August 13, 2007
Am I ashamed of the picture I see of Guantanamo Bay and the military commissions
AND
eyes. The picture looks much better than you were led to believe.

They lead to the release dangerous terrorists that destabilize Yemen

Daskal 13 Jennifer, fellow and adjunct professor at Georgetown Law Center; senior counterterrorism counsel, Human Rights Watch; counsel to the assistant attorney general for national security at the Department of Justice; "Don’t Close Guantánamo" New York Times; January 10, 2013; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/opinion/dont-close-guantanamo.html-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/opinion/dont-close-guantanamo.html
IN 2010, I was branded a member of the "Al Qaeda 7"
AND
legal authority to detain, pursuant to the law of war, endures.

Yemeni instability causes war

Berger et al 2012 (May, Lars Berger, Lecturer in politics and contemporary history of the middle east at the university of salford/Manchester, Maurice Doring, MA in political science, international law and philosophy from the University of Bonn, Sven-Eric Fikenscher, research fellow at Geothe University, Ahmed Salf, Exeutive Director of the Sheba Center for Strategic Studies, Ahmed Al-Wahishi, Executive Secretary of the Yemeni International Affairs Center, "Yemen and the Middle East Conference The Challenge of Failing States and Transnational Terrorism", http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf-http://usir.salford.ac.uk/22952/1/Yemen_and_the_Middle_East_Conference.pdf)
 While in a geographical and political sense Yemen is far from being a central
AND
which the region’s state actors might contemplate as part of the envisioned MEC.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona State Chotras-Rajan | Judge: Murillo, Osborn, Russell

Case

No unending executive adventurism – reject their Bush-era evidence.

Aziz 13 ~Omer, graduate student at Cambridge University, is a researcher at the Center for International and Defense Policy at Queen’s University, "The Obama Doctrine’s Second Term," Project Syndicate, 2-5, http://www.project-syndicate.org/blog/the-obama-doctrine-s-second-term—by-omer-aziz~

The Obama Doctrine’s first term has been a remarkable success. After the 243
AND
is the final nail in the coffin of the neoconservatives’ failed imperial policies.

They don’t solve– European fill-in leads to worse Islamaphobic policies being enacted.

Antepli 12 ~Imam Abdullah AntepliMuslim Chaplain, Duke University, Islamophobia: America Becoming Europe, 2/8/12,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/imam-abdullah-antepli/islamophobia-america-becoming-europe_b_1247167.html~~

Islamophobia, defined as unfounded and irrational fear of Islam as a religion and Muslims
AND
is a lot harder to deal with and much more difficult to overcome.

Their rejection of objective truth makes it impossible to challenge racism and sexism.

Nussbaum, 01 (Martha, Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, New Literary History 32.4 (2001) 883-906, Muse)

Such observations might lead us to reject the concept of objectivity altogether, and to argue that the purported norms
AMD

biasedly subjective and the objective. Allen Wood’s essay in this issue offers one attractive account of that distinction in ethics. 

Though social science is never perfect, our author’s rigorous scholarship allows us to make functioning assessments about Middle Eastern politics

Halliday 93
Fred Halliday, IR at LSE, 93, " ’Orientalism’ and its Critics" British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 20(2) pp.145-146
The Middle East is not unique, except possibly in the content of the myths
AND
could be the motto for our necessarily unfinished, and unfinishable, endavour.

There is no perfectly rational subject or perfectly accessible truth, but we can make reasonable predictions about international actors

Miller 2 (Katherine Miller, Prof. of Communication at Texas A26M,  Communication theories:  Perspectives, processes, and contexts, 2002, p 35-36)

If positivism, in its classical and logical forms, is largely rejected, what
AND
are studied within post-positivist theory are considered in the next section.

Islamophobia’ portrays all Muslims as defined by Islam—locks in discrimination and anti-Muslim alarmism

Halliday, professor of international relations – London School of Economics, ’99
(Fred, "`Islamophobia’ reconsidered," Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 22, Number 5, p. 892-902, September)

No subject in contemporary public discussion has attracted more confused discussion than that of relations
AND
interpretation of the Muslim tradition and on its application to the contemporary world.

Islamophobia’ portrays all Muslims as defined by Islam—locks in discrimination and anti-Muslim alarmism

Halliday, professor of international relations – London School of Economics, ’99
(Fred, "`Islamophobia’ reconsidered," Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 22, Number 5, p. 892-902, September)

No subject in contemporary public discussion has attracted more confused discussion than that of relations
AND
interpretation of the Muslim tradition and on its application to the contemporary world.

Their critique is based on a poorly-researched caricature of terrorism studies —- they over-focus on minute biases while ignoring our overwhelming, objective, and self-reflexive evidence

Schmid 9 - Chair in International Relations; the Director of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at St. Andrews University(Alex, Perspectives on Terrorism, v.3, issue 4, Book Review of "Critical Terrorism Studies. A new research agenda. by Richard Jackson", http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine26view=article26id=96-http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php?option=com_rokzine26view=article26id=96
*We do not endorse ableist language
The editors accuse, in their introduction  "the orthodox field" of orthodox terrorism
AND
Terrorism Studies appear to be in fact uncritical and blind on one eye.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona State Chotras-Rajan | Judge: Murillo, Osborn, Russell

Obama’s ignoring human rights with China now – he doesn’t think he has the moral authority

Roth 10
Kenneth Roth, Foreign Affairs, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, "Empty Promises: Obama’s Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights", 89 Foreign Aff. 10 2010 jchen
Similarly, in China, Obama followed in the footsteps of successive U.S
AND
failed to confront China’s authoritarian rulers on questions of religious and political freedom.

Closing Gitmo restores credibility – causes resurgence of US international influence

Shattuck, 08, MA International Law Cambridge 26 CEO of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation, served as assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights and labor, and ambassador to the Czech Republic in the Clinton administration,
John, 8/2 "How US can get its groove back," http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles /2008/08/02/how_us_can_get_its_groove_back/) atw
One of the biggest challenges facing the next president is how to restore US credibility
AND
human rights and the rule of law. He should announce three initiatives.

Refocusing on human rights entrenches an ideological divide and reignites a cool war

Feldman 13
Noah Feldman, Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Salon, 5/19/13, "How Guantanamo affects China: Our human rights hypocrisies ", http://www.salon.com/2013/05/19/how_guantanamo_affects_china_our_human_rights_hypocrisies/ jchen
How Guantanamo affects China: Our human rights hypocrisies
In May 2012, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Treasury Timothy Geithner were poised to make a rare double visit to China for a high-level strategic and economic dialogue. The presence of both of these key cabinet officials at a delicate moment in the relationship between the two countries marked the importance of the issues. For once, economic interdependence and geopolitics were on the agenda at the same moment.
But on April 22, in the tiny village of Dongshigu in the eastern Shandong
AND
had escaped and demanding punishment for the local officials who had detained him.
In the days that followed, Chen’s future became an international incident of the highest
AND
worried for his family’s safety and wanted to come to the United States.
Chen’s predicament, featured for days on the front pages of the U.S
AND
of the visit were ignored, replaced by the subject of human rights.
The Chen Guangcheng episode hints at the hugely complicated and hugely important way that human
AND
the United States knowingly put human rights first in a highly public forum.
From the Chinese standpoint, the whole episode must have been frustrating and embarrassing. Enormous diplomatic resources went into discussing the fate of one previously little-known human rights activist. Instead of being treated respectfully as a rising global power, China was being scolded as a rights violator. The United States seemed to be using human rights to weaken China and give itself an edge in discussions between them.
The emerging historical moment is creating a new context for the rhetoric and practice of human rights. For the first time since the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States now has a major incentive to promote the international human rights agenda. So long as China continues to violate human rights, there may be no better ideological tool for the United States to gain advantage under cool war circumstances.

Causes US China War – ideology is comparatively more important than other interests

Feldman 13
Noah Feldman is Bemis Professor of International Law at Harvard Law School, senior adjunct fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Cool War", 2013 jchen
The Cold War was a battle of ideals. Communism and liberal de-mocracy each claimed the moral high ground, and each claimed to be superior in practice. As systems, they were mutually exclusive. Only one side could win.
Will the cool war be ideological in the same way? Today, is either
AND
Bush’s deputy secretary of state, optimisti¬cally put it in 2007.
This scenario of shared maintenance of the international order sounds appealing. For the United States, after all, being the sole superpower has had its drawbacks. The financial burden of main¬taining global stability has been high. Even more costly have been America’s unforced errors during two decades of unquestioned dominance. A strategic counterpart might help keep it honest. One reason that the United States invaded Iraq and Afghanistan was that it could.
But if cool war ideologies are sufficiently universal and mutually exclusive, they will pose
AND
our ideas—the product of what we believe our interests to be.
Of course, countries with very different political ideas and sys¬tems cooperate with
AND
at war with each other can reach limited agreements in narrow domains.1
But when political ideologies are opposed and aggressive, then any accommodation cannot be more than temporary—an opportunity for both sides to gather resources for the final battle between them. Cooperation strengthens the enemy and is therefore not to be undertaken except under limited, exceptional circumstances and to avoid disastrous breakdown, like the modest cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War.

Extinction.

White 11 ~Mr. Hugh White is professor of strategic studies at the Australian National University in Canberra and a visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute in Sydney. The Obama Doctrine WSJ, 11/25/11 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204452104577057660524758198.html~~
One risk is that escalating strategic competition will disrupt the vital economic relationship between the
AND
U.S.-China clash might be dangerously unclear and disastrously low.

China DA

Any confrontation can spark a war – escalation is fast, imminent and probable

Goldstein 13
Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at UPenn, research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013 Issue, "China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry, " http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger?cid=nlc-this_week_on_foreign_affairs-101013-chinas_real_and_present_danger_4-10101326sp_mid=4353409926sp_rid=amFja2llY2hlbjEzQGdtYWlsLmNvbQS2 jchen
Much of the debate about China’s rise in recent years has focused on the potential
AND
the events of the past few years suggest the risk might be increasing.
Since the end of the Cold War, Beijing and Washington have managed to avoid
AND
the face-off, making it harder for diplomacy to prevent war.
THIN RED LINES
It might seem that the prospects for a crisis of this sort in U.
AND
Washington is prepared to get involved in the event of a regional conflict.
China might be less cautious about triggering a crisis — and less cautious about firing the first shot if a crisis ensued.
Also, the United States insists that international law affords it freedom of navigation in
AND
United States, and they remain a possible trigger for a serious crisis.
It is true that China and the United States are not currently adversaries — certainly
AND
shared understanding about vital interests or to develop reliable means for crisis management.

It’s the biggest impact – outweighs all other scenarios

Washington Times 11
Eli Lake staff writer, article is about James Clapper Director of National Intelligence, 3/10/11, "China deemed biggest threat to U.S.: Russia second, DNI chief says", http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/10/china-deemed-biggest-threat-to-us/?page=all-http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/10/china-deemed-biggest-threat-to-us/?page=all jchen
China’s nuclear arsenal poses the most serious "mortal threat" to the United States among nation states, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper told the Senate on Thursday.
In candid testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, Mr. Clapper said he considered China the most significant threat among nation states, with Russia posing the second-greatest threat. He later clarified the comments by saying he did not assess that China or Russia had the intention to launch an attack on the United States.
The testimony contrasts with statements by Obama administration officials who have sought to highlight the dangers of Iran and North Korea while paying less attention to China and Russia.
Mr. Clapper said he does not assess that North Korea and Iran pose greater strategic threats because they lack the forces that Russia and China have that could deliver a nuclear attack on the United States.
North Korea has tested at least twice a multistaged long-range missile capable of hitting the United States. On Tuesday, Sen. James M. Inhofe, Oklahoma Republican, told a conference in Washington that analysts estimate that Iran would be able to deliver a payload by missile to the U.S. East Coast by 2015.
Asked by Sen. Joe Manchin III, West Virginia Democrat, what country he viewed as the greatest adversary of the United States, Mr. Clapper said: "Probably China, if the question is pick one nation state."
He added, "We have a treaty, the New START treaty, with the Russians. I guess I would rank them a little lower because we don’t have such a treaty with the Chinese."
China, according to successive Pentagon reports to Congress, is building up its strategic nuclear forces and has spurned offers from the administration to begin talks on nuclear arms, missile defenses, space and cyberweapons, as well as an international agreement to limit the production of fissile material.

Obama won’t pressure China until he closes Guantanamo

Kessler 10
Glenn Kessler, chief State Department reporter for nine years, traveling around the world with three different Secretaries of State, veteran diplomatic correspondent, Washington Post, 7/22/10, "Clinton, Gates offer distinct messages on human rights in Asia," http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkpoint-washington/2010/07/perhaps_it_is_a_coincidence.html atw
Clinton, on her first overseas trip, caused waves when she said promotion of
AND
, Cuba, and then working behind the scenes to advance change overseas.

Obama’s ignoring human rights with China now – he doesn’t think he has the moral authority

Roth 10
Kenneth Roth, Foreign Affairs, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, "Empty Promises: Obama’s Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights", 89 Foreign Aff. 10 2010 jchen
Similarly, in China, Obama followed in the footsteps of successive U.S
AND
failed to confront China’s authoritarian rulers on questions of religious and political freedom.

Guantanamo undermining credibility – prevents us from criticizing others

The Guardian (London) 2005
1/14, "Bush under fire over human rights: Watchdog says US setting bad example," lexis
The torture and degrading treatment of prisoners in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay
AND
of suicide bombings, beheadings, and other attacks on civilians and noncombatants."

Guantanamo killed cred/ability to criticize

Karns 08
Margaret P. Karns is Professor of Political Science at the University of Dayton, "Multilateralism Matters Even More", SAIS Review of International Affairs  Volume 28, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2008, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v028/28.2.karns.html jchen
 This essay has alluded to several actions taken by the Clinton and Bush II
AND
the US now has little credibility in criticizing other countries’ human rights records.
John Ikenberry has noted, "America’s ’new unilateralism’ has unsettled world politics.
AND
view adequately protect US freedom of action with escape clauses or veto rights. 

Obama thinks it’s important

Verma 13
Neha Verma, 5/23/13, "FROM HUNGER STRIKE TO GLOBAL PROTEST: WHAT WILL IT TAKE FOR OBAMA TO CLOSE GUANTANAMO BAY?", http://campusblueprint.com/2013/05/23/from-hunger-strike-to-global-protest-what-will-it-take-for-obama-to-close-guantanamo-bay/ jchen
In the days leading up to Obama’s first election, he said "our legitimacy is reduced when we’ve got a Guantanamo that is open, when we suspend habeas corpus – those kinds of things erode our moral claims that we are acting on behalf of broader universal principles."  Following the election, he described his plan to close Guantanamo as "an effort to regain America’s moral stature in the world."

Gitmo undercuts our authority

Al Jazeera 08
Tony Cheng, Al Jazeera, 10/20/08, "China decries US ’moral authority’ ", http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2008/10/20081020132346256814.html jchen
Nonetheless, it is undeniable that the US has lost some of its moral authority during George Bush’s term in office.
Once regarded as the world’s policeman, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and abuses of prisoners at Abu Ghraib have damaged global perceptions, something that many Americans seem to feel acutely.
"Holding people without trial for years on end at Guantanamo, using secret prisons and blackhole sites for interrogations, subjecting people to torture, the US doesn’t have a leg to stand on in criticising other governments for those practices when it itself is engaged in them," says Alison Parker of Human Rights Watch.

No willingness to tackle human rights now

Higdon 9/24
TRNS, Talk Radio News Service, Marissa Higdon, "Chinese Dissident Chen Guangcheng Pleads For Help From Obama", http://www.talkradionews.com/audio/2013/09/24/chinese-dissident-chen-guangcheng-pleads-for-help-from-obama.html~~23.UmcufyRJwoY jchen
Human rights activists called on the Obama administration Tuesday to become more engaged in Chinese
AND
of willingness, by very senior officials…to address these issues."’

No pushback from Obama on human rights now

Simpson 9/24
Reuters, Ian Simpson, 9/24/13, "Blind dissident says China still harassing family, urges Obama to act", http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/24/us-usa-china-chen-idUSBRE98N0ZY20130924 jchen
(Reuters) - Chinese political dissident Chen Guangcheng urged U.S. President
AND
Chinese president, Mr. Xi Jinping," he said through an interpreter.

Obama’s not prioritizing human rights criticism now

AFP 12
AFP 7/25/12, "Rights advocates say Obama must do more on China", http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jFlz_Uu_0hRC24QaL5tt5S6LsxsQ?docId=CNG.40399b46f2e13b0ba1705cbf9fd8467d.1b1 jchen
WASHINGTON — US lawmakers took Beijing to task Wednesday for its "deplorable" human rights record, while advocates called on President Barack Obama to personally engage with the Chinese on rights cases.
Four human rights defenders, including Chinese Uighur rights defender Rebiya Kadeer, testified to the House Foreign Affairs Committee about what they said are deteriorating conditions in China and Tibet.
But as an example of what committee chair Ileana Ros-Lehtinen called the "tentacles of Chinese security" extending beyond that country’s borders, the most prominent witness due to testify, dissident Chen Guangcheng who was recently allowed to move to the United States, declined to appear, apparently out of fear of reprisal against relatives back in China.
"We’re all aware that the Chinese record on human rights and the rule of law remains deplorable," Howard Berman, the committee’s ranking Democrat, told the hearing.
"Chinese authorities remain hyper-vigilant about tamping down anything that smacks of political or social dissent, including criticism of the government and exposure of official wrongdoing."
The hearing comes after this week’s annual US-China talks on human rights, and while some of the advocates said such a dialogue was vital to keep pressure on Beijing, they all called for the White House to do more.
"At the highest levels it has not been a priority," Jared Genser, founder of US-based non-profit group Freedom Now, told lawmakers.
"President Obama and Secretary (of State Hillary) Clinton must personally engage on Chinese human rights cases and make full use of the bully pulpit, something they have only done to date on rare occasions," he added.

Disad turns this – the plan gives neocons the perfect chance to China bash and warmonger over arbitrary human rights records. We’re saying the US is at fault for causing hostilities, not China

Pan, Department of Political Science and International Relations at Australian National University, ’6 (Chengxin, March 22-25, "’A Window of Opportunity’? Neoconservatives’ Grand Strategy and Implications for U.S.-China Relations," Paper for the 47th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, http://64.112.226.70/ one/isa/isa06/index.php?cmd=Download+Document26key=unpublished_manuscript26file_index=426pop_up=true26n_click_key=true26attachment_style=attachment26PHPSESSID=00f13cd20b6adc226504d38baf4cc233)
In this way, it could threaten to realise China’s utmost political nightmare. In
AND
is now time to take the connection between neoconservatism and China more seriously. 

Deterrence fails – conventional forces incentivize brinkship and nuclear escalation

Goldstein 13
Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at UPenn, research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013 Issue, "China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry, " http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger?cid=nlc-this_week_on_foreign_affairs-101013-chinas_real_and_present_danger_4-10101326sp_mid=4353409926sp_rid=amFja2llY2hlbjEzQGdtYWlsLmNvbQS2 jchen
The fact that both sides have nuclear arsenals would help keep the situation in check
AND
guarantee that brinkmanship would end before it led to an unanticipated nuclear catastrophe.

Nuclear deterrence actually lowers the threshold for conventional war

Goldstein 13
Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at UPenn, research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013 Issue, "China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry, " http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger?cid=nlc-this_week_on_foreign_affairs-101013-chinas_real_and_present_danger_4-10101326sp_mid=4353409926sp_rid=amFja2llY2hlbjEzQGdtYWlsLmNvbQS2 jchen
China, moreover, apparently believes that nuclear deterrence opens the door to the safe
AND
ensued, China might also be less cautious about firing the first shot.

Miscalculation likely – ambiguous redlines make the situation more dangerous than the Cold War

Goldstein 13
Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at UPenn, research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013 Issue, "China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry, " http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger?cid=nlc-this_week_on_foreign_affairs-101013-chinas_real_and_present_danger_4-10101326sp_mid=4353409926sp_rid=amFja2llY2hlbjEzQGdtYWlsLmNvbQS2 jchen
Neither China nor the United States has clearly defined its vital interests across broad areas
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areas of the East China and South China seas to be core interests.
Washington has also been vague about what it sees as its vital interests in the
AND
that it believes are safe but that turn out to be unexpectedly provocative.
MORE DANGEROUS THAN THE COLD WAR?
Uncertainty about what could lead either Beijing or Washington to risk war makes a crisis
AND
rules of the road. But today’s environment might be even more dangerous.

Lack of military parity increases the risk

Goldstein 13
Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at UPenn, research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013 Issue, "China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry, " http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger?cid=nlc-this_week_on_foreign_affairs-101013-chinas_real_and_present_danger_4-10101326sp_mid=4353409926sp_rid=amFja2llY2hlbjEzQGdtYWlsLmNvbQS2 jchen
The balance of nuclear and conventional military power between China and the United States,
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United States would be the best way to get it to back off.

Lack of effective communication ensures crisis escalation

Goldstein 13
Avery Goldstein, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics and International Relations at UPenn, research focuses on international relations, security studies, and Chinese politics, Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013 Issue, "China’s Real and Present Danger: Now Is the Time for Washington to Worry, " http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139651/avery-goldstein/chinas-real-and-present-danger?cid=nlc-this_week_on_foreign_affairs-101013-chinas_real_and_present_danger_4-10101326sp_mid=4353409926sp_rid=amFja2llY2hlbjEzQGdtYWlsLmNvbQS2 jchen
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
A U.S.-Chinese crisis might also be more dangerous than Cold War
AND
the crucial early moments of an unfolding U.S.-Chinese crisis.
Instead, communication between the two countries might initially be limited to either public statements
AND
such as classified details about military capabilities or military maneuvers already under way.
Communicating through actions is also problematic, with many possibilities for distortion in sending messages
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kind would entail a risk of inadvertent serious damage and thus unintended escalation.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona State Chotras-Rajan | Judge: Murillo, Osborn, Russell

Topicality

A topical affirmative must defend statutory or judicial restrictions on war powers authority of the president in one of the topically designated list areas

Resolved means to enact by law

Words and Phrases 64  
Permanent Edition
Definition of the word "resolve," given by Webster is "to express an opinion or determination by resolution or vote; as ’it was resolved by the legislature;" It is of similar force to the word "enact," which is defined by Bouvier as meaning "to establish by law".

Vote neg—they undermine debate’s transformative potential—

Extra t

1. Preparation and clash—changing the topic after the fact manipulates balance of prep, which structurally favors the aff because they speak last and permute alternatives—strategic fairness is key to engaging a well-prepared opponent

Tournament: Ndt | Round: 3 | Opponent: George Mason Kwon-Mohney | Judge: Hardy, Packer, Struth

1NC

XO

Text: The President of the United States should issue an executive order banning signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles.

Executive can restrain itself —- it is subject to internal separation of powers

Sales, 12 —- Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law (7/3/2012, Nathan Alexander Sales, Journal of National Security Law 26 Policy, "Self-Restraint and National Security," 6 J. Nat’l Security L. 26 Pol’y 227, Lexis))
III. Self-Restraint as Cost-Benefit Asymmetry
As we’ve seen, certain officials within military and intelligence agencies - general counsels,
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building by officials who review operations for compliance with domestic and international law.

Flex DA

Executive self-restraint is key to preserve the ability to respond to crises.

Pildes 12 ~Richard H., Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law, NYU School of Law and Co-Director, NYU Center on Law and Security. 2/27/12 BOOK REVIEWS  LAW AND THE PRESIDENT  THE EXECUTIVE UNBOUND: AFTER THE MADISONIAN REPUBLIC. By Eric  A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.  2010. Pp. 249. 2429.95. New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers~
First, they argue, a President unbound can produce better outcomes  than a President
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, in the President’s best judgment, doing  so will produce better outcomes. 

Restrictions on presidential power cause adversaries to doubt the resolve of U.S. deterrence – causes crisis escalation.

Waxman 8/25 ~Matthew Waxman 8/25/13, Professor of Law – Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy – CFR, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War," Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN~
A claim previously advanced from a presidentialist perspective is that stronger legislative checks on war
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to use force in order to prevent a confrontation which might escalate.179

Poltics DA

Obama has held off Iran sanctions thus far.
Reuters 3/4 ~"U.S. senator still believes in new Iran sanctions bill," http://news.yahoo.com/u-senator-still-believes-iran-sanctions-bill-163117789.html~~

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. Senator Robert Menendez said on Tuesday
AND
that only intense, punishing economic pressure influences Iranian leaders," he said.

Obama would fight restrictions on his authority —- fiat means he loses

Scheuerman 13 (William, Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, PhD from Harvard, Barack Obama’s "war on terror", Eurozine, 3/7, http://www.eurozine.com/pdf/2013-03-07-scheuerman-en.pdf)
Given dual democratic legitimacy, holders of executive power face deeply rooted institutional incentives to
AND
get reelected ?? simultaneously has had¶ deeply troublesome humanitarian and legal consequences.

Political capital is key to holding off sanctions.
Kaper 2/2 ~Stacy, National Journal, 2-2-14, "How Obama Won the War on Iran Sanctions," http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/how-obama-won-the-war-on-iran-sanctions-20140202~~

The push for new sanctions on Iran has stalled. The Democrats who bucked President
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it partisan, and we’ll see if Republicans will take the next step."

Deal prevents war and Iran prolif.
Shank and Gould 9/12 ~Michael Shank, Ph.D., is director of foreign policy at the Friends Committee on National Legislation. Kate Gould is legislative associate for Middle East policy at FCNL, No Iran deal, but significant progress in Geneva, 9/12/13, http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/cause-conflict-conclusion/2013/nov/12/no-iran-deal-significant-progress-geneva/~~

Congress should welcome, not stubbornly dismiss, diplomatic efforts to finalize the interim accord
AND
Iran’s enrichment program as well as Congress’s obstructionism to a peaceful path forward.  

CP

The United States Federal Government should ban signature strikes carried out by Remotely-Piloted Vehicles except in Yemen.

Case

Terrorism

Signature strikes are needed to fight AQAP

Saletan 12   William Saletan   April 26 2012   Salon Slipping With the Yemenis; We’re escalating our drone campaign in Yemen. Are we getting into a war?       http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/human_nature/2012/04/                                                   yemen_s_drone_war_is_mission_creep_drawing_us_into_a_civil_war_.html-http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/human_nature/2012/04/                                                   yemen_s_drone_war_is_mission_creep_drawing_us_into_a_civil_war_.html
Our troops have come home from Iraq. They’re coming home from Afghanistan. Are you ready to send them off to Yemen?
I didn’t think so. Neither is the Obama administration. But Yemen is where al-Qaida is setting up shop. Unless you’re willing to risk another terrorist strike on the United States, we’ll have to stay after these guys. And unless you’re willing to send troops or manned aircraft to do that job, we’ll have to send drones.
That’s why we just expanded, in a limited way, our drone campaign in Yemen. We’re trying to take out the people who are most dangerous to us without getting mired in Yemen’s civil war.
The CIA and the Joint Special Operations Command have been flying killer drones over Yemen for years. Last year, they took out Anwar al-Awlaki. But according to a report by Adam Entous, Siobhan Gorman, and Julian Barnes in today’s Wall Street Journal, the White House has just changed the rules.
Under the old rules, the CIA and JSOC could use the drones over Yemen only for "personality" strikes, in which the target was identified as someone on an approved list of bad guys. Nobody was deliberately killed until we knew who he was and until we investigated his role in al-Qaida.
Last year, the CIA and JSOC asked the White House to relax the rules
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lot more people. That’s why we’ve launched so many strikes in Pakistan.
But in Pakistan, the signature rule has become pretty lax. What began as a campaign to take out al-Qaida operatives, based on what’s now a decade-old attack on the U.S., has become a broader air war on the Taliban. In the Pakistani frontier regions, the CIA has license to take out fighters who appear to be involved, or intent on getting involved, in the Afghan insurgency. The drone campaign has spread from counterterrorism to counterinsurgency.
The White House doesn’t want to slide into a counterinsurgency role in Yemen. According
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they note that drone operators have improved their ability to avoid civilian casualties.
So the White House has relented. It has authorized signature strikes, with a caveat. Under the new rules, you don’t have to know exactly whom you’re killing. According to the Journal’s paraphrase, you can even target "lower-level fighters." But you have to "determine that their militant activities are significant enough" to make them "high-value targets," or that they’re "plotting against U.S. and Western interests."
The administration thinks this rule will prevent the Yemen drone campaign from slipping into counterinsurgency
AND
its terrorist plotting against the West are two sides of the same coin."

Signature strikes in Yemen are based on identification of AQAP presence – AQAP leadership signatures are used

Miller 12    Greg Miller, covers the intelligence beat for The Washington Post     April 25, 2012   Washington Post
White House approves broader Yemen drone campaign            http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/white-house-approves-broader-yemen-drone-campaign/2012/04/25/gIQA82U6hT_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/white-house-approves-broader-yemen-drone-campaign/2012/04/25/gIQA82U6hT_story.html
The United States has begun launching drone strikes against suspected al-Qaeda operatives in Yemen under new authority approved by President Obama that allows the CIA and the military to fire even when the identity of those who could be killed is not known, U.S. officials said.
The policy shift marks a significant expansion of the clandestine drone war against an al-Qaeda affiliate that has seized large ­pieces of territory in Yemen and is linked to a series of terrorist plots against the United States.
U.S. officials said that Obama approved the use of "signature" strikes this month and that the killing of an al-Qaeda operative near the border of Yemen’s Marib province this week was among the first attacks carried out under the new authority.
The decision to give the CIA and the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) greater leeway is almost certain to escalate a drone campaign that has accelerated significantly this year, with at least nine strikes in under four months. The number is about equal to the sum of airstrikes all last year.
The expanded authority will allow the CIA and JSOC to fire on targets based solely on their intelligence "signatures" — patterns of behavior that are detected through signals intercepts, human sources and aerial surveillance, and that indicate the presence of an important operative or a plot against U.S. interests.
Until now, the administration had allowed strikes only against known terrorist leaders who appear on secret CIA and JSOC target lists and whose location can be confirmed.
Moving beyond those rules of engagement raises substantial risks for the Obama administration, which has sought to avoid being drawn into a fight between insurgents and Yemen’s central government.
Congressional officials have expressed concern that using signature strikes would raise the likelihood of killing militants who are not involved in plots against the United States, angering Yemeni tribes and potentially creating a new crop of al-Qaeda recruits.
Critics have also challenged the legal grounds for expanding the drone campaign in Yemen. In an opinion piece published in The Washington Post on Sunday, Bruce Ackerman, a law professor at Yale University, argued that war measures adopted in the aftermath of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks were not aimed at al-Qaeda’s Yemeni affiliate and don’t provide Obama "with authority to respond to these threats without seeking further congressional consent."
The Post reported last week that the CIA was seeking authority to expand the drone campaign in Yemen. The approval of that enhanced authority was first reported Wednesday on the Wall Street Journal’s Web site.
CIA and White House officials declined to comment.
Administration officials stressed that U.S. airstrikes in Yemen will still be under tighter restrictions than they have been in Pakistan. CIA drones flying over Pakistan’s tribal belt are allowed to strike groups of armed militants traveling by truck toward the war in Afghanistan, for example, even when there is no indication of the presence of al-Qaeda operatives or a high-value terrorist.
In Yemen, by contrast, signature strikes will only be allowed when there is clear indication of the presence of an al-Qaeda leader or of plotting against targets in the United States or Americans overseas. In recent months, U.S. spy agencies have collected intelligence indicating plots against American diplomats or U.S. special operations troops who are working alongside Yemeni counter-terrorism units.
But much of the expertise that the CIA and JSOC will employ in Yemen is
AND
behavior of al-Qaeda security personnel around the perimeter of the site.

Signature strikes are crucial in taking out leadership – Pakistan experience proves

Miller 12    Greg Miller, April 18, 2012 Washington Post  CIA seeks new authority to expand Yemen drone campaign
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-seeks-new-authority-to-expand-yemen-drone-campaign/2012/04/18/gIQAsaumRT_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-seeks-new-authority-to-expand-yemen-drone-campaign/2012/04/18/gIQAsaumRT_story.html
Securing permission to use these "signature strikes" would allow the agency to hit targets based solely on intelligence indicating patterns of suspicious behavior, such as imagery showing militants gathering at known al-Qaeda compounds or unloading explosives.
The practice has been a core element of the CIA’s drone program in Pakistan for several years. CIA Director David H. Petraeus has requested permission to use the tactic against the al-Qaeda affiliate in Yemen, which has emerged as the most pressing terrorism threat to the United States, officials said.
If approved, the change would probably accelerate a campaign of U.S. airstrikes in Yemen that is already on a record pace, with at least eight attacks in the past four months.
For President Obama, an endorsement of signature strikes would mean a significant, and potentially risky, policy shift. The administration has placed tight limits on drone operations in Yemen to avoid being drawn into an often murky regional conflict and risk turning militants with local agendas into al-Qaeda recruits.
A senior administration official, who like others spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive internal deliberations, declined to talk about what he described as U.S. "tactics" in Yemen, but he said that "there is still a very firm emphasis on being surgical and targeting only those who have a direct interest in attacking the United States."
U.S. officials acknowledge that the standard has not always been upheld. Last year, a U.S. drone strike inadvertently killed the American son of al-Qaeda leader Anwar al-Awlaki. The teenager had never been accused of terrorist activity and was killed in a strike aimed at other militants.
Some U.S. officials have voiced concern that such incidents could become more frequent if the CIA is given the authority to use signature strikes.
 "How discriminating can they be?" asked a senior U.S. official familiar with the proposal. Al-Qaeda’s affiliate in Yemen "is joined at the hip" with a local insurgency whose main goal is to oust the country’s government, the official said. "I think there is the potential that we would be perceived as taking sides in a civil war."
U.S. officials said that the CIA proposal has been presented to the National Security Council and that no decision has been reached. Officials from the White House and the CIA declined to comment.
Proponents of the plan said improvements in U.S. intelligence collection in Yemen have made it possible to expand the drone campaign — and use signature strikes — while minimizing the risk of civilian casualties.
They also pointed to the CIA’s experience in Pakistan. U.S. officials said the agency killed more senior al-Qaeda operatives there with signature strikes than with those in which it had identified and located someone on its kill list.
In Pakistan, the CIA "killed most of their ’list people’ when they didn’t know they were there," said a former senior U.S. military official familiar with drone operations.
The agency has cited the Pakistan experience to administration officials in arguing, perhaps counterintuitively, that it can be more effective against al-Qaeda’s Yemen affiliate if it doesn’t have to identify its targets before an attack. Obama, however, ruled out a similar push for such authority more than a year ago.
 Increasing focus on Yemen
The CIA, the National Security Agency and other spy services have deployed more officers and resources to Yemen over the past several years to augment counterterrorism operations that were previously handled almost exclusively by the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command.
The CIA began flying armed drones over Yemen last year after opening a secret base on the Arabian Peninsula. The agency also has worked with the Saudi and Yemeni intelligence services to build networks of informants — much the way it did in Pakistan before ramping up drone strikes there.
The agency’s strategy in Pakistan was centered on mounting a drone campaign so relentless that it allowed no time between attacks for al-Qaeda operatives to regroup. The use of signature strikes came to be seen as critical to achieving that pace.
The approach involved assembling threads of intelligence from multiple sources to develop telltale "signatures" of al-Qaeda activity based on operatives’ vehicles, facilities, communications equipment and patterns of behavior.
A former senior U.S. intelligence official said the CIA became so adept at this that it could tell what was happening inside an al-Qaeda compound — whether a leader was visiting or explosives were being assembled, for example — based on the location and number of security operatives surrounding the site.

Fast and constant signature strikes key – degrades support network

Mudd 13
Philip Mudd, Senior Research Fellow, Counterterrorism Strategy Initiative, CIA analyst since 1985 working in counterterrorism, Foreign Policy, 5/24/13, "Fear Factor", http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/24/fear_factor_signature_strikes jchen
The impact of armed drones during the decade-plus of this intense global counterterrorism
AND
of Pakistan. The threat was fading steadily. But not fast enough.
So-called signature strikes — in which target selection is based not on identification
AND
the revolutionary leader, but it was the troops who executed his vision.
Signature strikes have pulled out these lower-level threads of al Qaeda’s apparatus —
AND
terror organizations, destroying their operational capability faster than the groups can recover. 

Signature strikes key – killing leaders isn’t enough, need to reduce overall skill and capacity

Llenza 11
Michael Steven Llenza, Senior Navy Fellow at Atlantic Council, Foreign Affairs Specialist NATO ISAF at OSD, "Targeted Killings in Pakistan: A Defense", Global Security Studies, Spring, 2011, Volume 2, Issue 2 jchen
A former CIA officer compared the Predator strikes to attacking a beehive one bee at
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end make it more difficult for the terror machinery to function (ibid.).
Taliban spokesperson Tariq Azam has stated that their meetings within the FATA no longer take
AND
government to stabilize the regions will only result in their return (ibid.).

Targeting middle leadership is especially effective – incites power struggles

Morehouse 11
Matthew Morehouse, Master’s Thesis for Political Science dissertation, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, "Hellfire and Grey Drones: An Empirical Examination of the Effectiveness of Targeted Killings", May 2011 jchen
There are several key findings that flow forth from this data. Firstly, the
AND
likely lead towards terrorists targeting focus (and weapons) towards each other.

Even if recruits increase, they’re inexperienced – stopping strikes gives them a chance to learn

Byman 06
Daniel Byman, professor in the Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service @ Georgetown University, Senior Fellow at Brookings Institution, "Do Targeted Killings Work?", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85 No. 2, Mar-Apr 2006, 95-111 jchen
Something more than correlation was at work here. Contrary to popular myth, the
AND
expertise, these new recruits will not pose the same kind of threat.
To achieve such an effect on a terrorist group requires a rapid pace of attacks
AND
flow of information in their organization and makes internal communications problematic and dangerous.

Staying strong is the only way to win hearts and minds – backing down is seen as weakness

Gitz 7 – Dr. Bradley R. Gitz, William Jefferson Clinton Professor of International Politics at Lyon College  "Perception as Destiny," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette (Little Rock), 1/14/07, Lexis)
Muslim majorities will eventually reject Islamism only if it is perceived as being effectively and
AND
the other side will be determined by perceptions of our strength and resolve.

Restriction on drones creates a slippery slope that makes them completely unusable

Foreign Affairs 12
Omar Bashir, Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Politics at Princeton University and a graduate of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, "Who Watches the Drones? The Case for Independent Oversight ", 9/24/12, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138141/omar-s-bashir/who-watches-the-drones jchen
First, imagine that the government opted for full transparency in its drone programs.
AND
for the government to use non-lethal options to round up suspects.
So how much transparency is enough? How can citizens know that the state is
AND
the courts that might render one of its most potent counterterrorism weapons unusable.
Presumably to overcome the transparency tug of war, Congress was granted an oversight role
AND
expertise and busy schedules might also hinder members of Congress in making judgments.

Increased restrictions mean terrorists escape

Etzioni 10
Amitai Etzioni, University Professor and Professor of International Relations at The George Washington University, "Unmanned Aircraft Systems: The Moral and Legal Case", National Defense University, Joint Force Quarterly, JFQ issue 57, 2010 p66 jchen
One should, though, note that just as the matrix (the decisionmaking apparatus
AND
Pakistani government delayed giving permission for the attack on its soil in 2004.)

Norms

1. International norm against drones fail – states won’t give up tech advantage

Megret 13
Frédéric Mégret, Associate-Professor, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Research Chair in the Law of Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, "The Humanitarian Problem with Drones", March 5, 2013, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2228659 jchen
A good classic example of this is the invention of the crossbow which conferred a
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disproportionality from such regulation (the side that did not master the technology).
Both the attempts at regulating the crossbow and aerial bombardment were almost unmitigated catastrophes.
AND
that have such an edge would voluntarily limit, let alone relinquish it.

2. Even if they model, drone prolif is slow- no investment

Micah Zenko 2013 (Douglas Dillon fellow in the Center for Preventive Action (CPA) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Previously, he worked for five years at the Harvard Kennedy School and in Washington, DC, at the Brookings Institution, Congressional Research Service, and State Department’s Office of Policy Planning, council on foreign relations, "Reforming US Drone Strike Policies" pdf)
Based on current trends, it is unlikely that most states will have, within
AND
will undertake the significant investment required for armed drones in the near term.

3. Norms fail – other countries will reinterpret I-law to justify using drones

Lerner 13
Ben Lerner, Vice President for Government Relations at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C, American Spectator, "Judging ’Drones’ From Afar", 3/25/13, http://spectator.org/archives/2013/03/25/judging-drones-from-afar/1
Whatever the potential motivations for trying to codify international rules for using UAVs, such
AND
at the expense of its neighbors to see how this often plays out.
And who would enforce the treaty’s rules — a third party tribunal? Would it be an apparatus of the United Nations, the same U.N. that assures us that it is not coming after the United States or its allies specifically, even as its investigation takes on as its "immediate focus" UAV operations recently conducted by those countries?
The United States already conducts warfare under the norms of centuries of practice of customary
AND
countries that already use UAVs responsibly, while empowering those that do not.
America is in the midst of an important conversation about UAVs. President Obama should state unambiguously that we will not invite others to dictate its outcome.

4. Drone use won’t spread – limited strategic options

Time 12
"Betting Against a Drone Arms Race", Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/ jchen
This recent bout also illustrated a salient point regarding drone technology: most states maintain at least minimal air defenses that can quickly detect and take down drones, as the U.S. discovered when it employed drones at the onset of the Iraq invasion, while Saddam Hussein’s surface-to-air missiles were still active.
What the U.S. also learned, however, was that drones constitute an effective military tool in an extremely narrow strategic context. They are well-suited either in direct support of a broader military campaign, or to conduct targeted killing operations against a technologically unsophisticated enemy.
In a nutshell, then, the very contexts in which we have seen drones deployed. Northern Pakistan, along with a few other regions in the world, remain conducive to drone usage given a lack of air defenses, poor media coverage, and difficulties in accessing the region.

5. Deterrence logic still applies – nations won’t recklessly deploy drones

Time 12
"Betting Against a Drone Arms Race", Joseph Singh is a researcher at the Center for a New American Security, 8/13/12, http://nation.time.com/2012/08/13/betting-against-a-drone-arms-race/ jchen
Instead, we must return to what we know about state behavior in an anarchistic international order. Nations will confront the same principles of deterrence, for example, when deciding to launch a targeted killing operation regardless of whether they conduct it through a drone or a covert amphibious assault team.
Drones may make waging war more domestically palatable, but they don’t change the very serious risks of retaliation for an attacking state. Any state otherwise deterred from using force abroad will not significantly increase its power projection on account of acquiring drones.
What’s more, the very states whose use of drones could threaten U.S. security – countries like China – are not democratic, which means that the possible political ramifications of the low risk of casualties resulting from drone use are irrelevant. For all their military benefits, putting drones into play requires an ability to meet the political and security risks associated with their use.
Despite these realities, there remain a host of defensible arguments one could employ to discredit the Obama drone strategy. The legal justification for targeted killings in areas not internationally recognized as war zones is uncertain at best.
Further, the short-term gains yielded by targeted killing operations in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen, while debilitating to Al Qaeda leadership in the short-term, may serve to destroy already tenacious bilateral relations in the region and radicalize local populations.
Yet, the past decade’s experience with drones bears no evidence of impending instability in the global strategic landscape. Conflict may not be any less likely in the era of drones, but the nature of 21st Century warfare remains fundamentally unaltered despite their arrival in large numbers.

6. Accidental war unlikely

Farley, 13 (Robert, assistant professor at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce – University of Kentucky, April 5, "North Korea and the Fallacy of Accidental Wars", The Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2013/04/05/north-korea-and-the-fallacy-of-accidental-wars/?all=true)
Accidental wars rarely happen. Historians have demonstrated that most wars initially deemed "accidental," (perhaps most notably the First World War), have in actuality resulted from deliberative state policy, even if the circumstances of the war were unplanned.  While war seems discordant, it actually requires a great deal of cooperation and coordination. Fundamentally, two parties have to agree to conduct a war; otherwise, you have either a punitive raid or an armed surrender negotiation.

EU scenario won’t escalate

Weitz, Hudson institute Center for Security Strategies Associate Director and Senior Fellow, 6  ~Richard, Summer "Averting a New Great Game in Central Asia," Washington Quarterly, lexis~

Central Asian security affairs have become much more complex than during the original nineteenth-
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they seek to maneuver among the major powers without compromising their newfound autonomy.
Although Russia, China, and the United States substantially affect regional security issues, they cannot dictate outcomes the way imperial governments frequently did a century ago.
Concerns about a renewed great game are thus exaggerated. The contest for influence in
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opportunities for cooperative diplomacy in a region where bilateral ties traditionally have predominated.

Bombing PKK inevitable- drones are only for surveillance

Matthews 11
Owen Matthews is a Contributing Editor to Newsweek and The Daily Beast based in Moscow and Istanbul 9-13-2011 http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/09/13/turkey-s-tricky-drone-diplomacy-with-israel-and-u-s-over-pkk.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/09/13/turkey-s-tricky-drone-diplomacy-with-israel-and-u-s-over-pkk.html
But even as Erdogan sounds off against Israel, his bellicosity is tempered by the
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the Turkish military reliant on American Predator drones to spy on Kurdish separatists.
Over the last month the Turkish military has stepped up a war against Kurdish rebels
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near the border last week, further raising speculation about a ground offensive.
But crucial to all Turkish anti-PKK operations is intelligence gathered by U.
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pro-Israeli lobbyists in Washington will strongly oppose more aid to Turkey.

Turkey already using air strikes and ground troops versus PKK – not drones

Whitlock 13
Washington Post, Craig Whitlock, covers the Pentagon and national security for The Post, 7/20/13, "U.S. military drone surveillance is expanding to hot spots beyond declared combat zones", http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-07-20/world/40695383_1_drone-bases-unarmed-drones-drone-attacks/2 jchen
An invitation from Turkey
In the fall of 2011, four disassembled Predator drones arrived in crates at Incirlik Air Base in southern Anatolia, a joint U.S.-Turkish military installation.
The drones came from Iraq, where for the previous four years they had been devoted to surveilling that country’s northern mountains. Along with manned U.S. aircraft, the Predators tracked the movements of PKK fighters, sharing video feeds and other intelligence with the Turkish armed forces.
The Kurdish group has long fought to create an autonomous enclave in Turkey, launching cross-border attacks from its hideouts in northern Iraq. Turkey has responded with airstrikes and artillery attacks but has also sent ground troops into Iraq, further destabilizing an already volatile area. The Turkish and U.S. governments both classify the PKK as a terrorist group.

Twitter ban kills EU accession
EurActiv 3-21 "EU leaders tell Turkey: gagging Twitter is unacceptable" EurActiv— is a public service foundation under Belgian law and acts primarily to bring together individuals and organisations seeking to shape European Union policies; March 21, 2014; http://www.euractiv.com/sections/enlargement/eu-leaders-tell-turkey-gagging-twitter-unacceptable-301053**
European leaders slammed the Turkish government for banning Twitter this morning (21 March).
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of expression is one of the most important stumbling blocks in the talks.

EU accession doesn’t solve war—ridiculous

Increased influence kills accession
Paul 11 Amanda, Policy Analyst and Programme Executive, European Policy Centre; "Turkey riding high" Today’s Zaman, February 2, 2011 http://www.todayszaman.com/ columnist-234198-turkey-riding-high.html-http://www.todayszaman.com/ columnist-234198-turkey-riding-high.html
While Ba??? gave assurances that Ankara remains committed to taking the EU medicine, the
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be any objections. But of course Turkey is not Iceland or Serbia. 

Increased Turkish influence leads to several scenarios for Turkey-Russia war
Bhalla et. al. 9 Reva, Director of Analysis, Middle East and South Asia Analyst, Director of Latin American Operations, STRATFOR; 26 Lauren Goodrich, Senior Eurasia Analyst, STRATFOR; Russian Peace Foundation; 26 Peter Zeihan, Analyst, Vice President of Analysis, STRATFOR; US Embassy Australia; Office Coordinator, Center for Political and Strategic Studies; "Turkey and Russia on the Rise" STRATFOR, March 17, 2009 http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_ and_russia_rise-http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_ and_russia_rise
There are four zones of overlapping interest for the Turks and Russians.
First, the end of the Soviet empire opened up a wealth of economic opportunities
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, this Turkish penetration nevertheless is cause for much concern among Russian authorities.
So far, Turkey has been scrupulous about not politicizing these useful trade links beyond some intelligence-gathering efforts (particularly in Ukraine). Considering Russia’s current financial problems-http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090302_financial_crisis_and_six_pillars_russian_strength, having a stable source of consumer goods — especially one that is not China — is actually seen as a positive. At least for now, the Russian government would rather see its trade relationship with Turkey stay strong. There will certainly be a clash later — either as Russia weakens or as Turkey becomes more ambitious — but for now, the Russians are content with the trade relationship.
Second, the Russian retreat in the post-Cold War era has opened up
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links, Turkey clearly holds the upper hand in this theater of competition.
But this particular region is unlikely to generate much Turkish-Russian animosity, simply because both countries are in the process of giving up.
Most of the Balkan states are already members of an organization that is unlikely to
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joint exclusion might provide some room for the two to agree on something.
The third area for Russian-Turkish competition is in energy, and this is
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to Ukraine because Moscow felt the need to reassert its writ in Kiev.
Sharing the Turks’ energy anxiety, the Europeans have been more than eager to use Turkey as an energy transit hub for routes that would bypass the Russians altogether in supplying the European market. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline-http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/turkey_implications_blast_btc_pipeline is one such route, and others, like Nabucco, are still stuck in the planning stages. The Russians have every reason to pressure the Turks into staying far away from any more energy diversification schemes that could cost Russia one of its biggest energy clients — and deny Moscow much of the political leverage it currently holds over the Europeans who are dependent on the Russian energy network.
There are only two options for the Turks in diversifying away from the Russians. The first lies to Turkey’s south in Iraq-http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iraq_turkey_igniting_kurdish_rivalry and Iran-http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/turkey_iran_ankaras_priorities_shift. Turkey has big plans for Iraq’s oil industry, but it will still take considerable time to upgrade and restore the oil fields and pipelines that have been persistently sabotaged and ransacked by insurgents during the fighting that followed the 2003 U.S. invasion. The Iranians offer another large source of energy for the Turks to tap into, but the political complications attached to dealing with Iran are still too prickly for the Turks to move ahead with concrete energy deals at this time. Complications remain for now, but Turkey will be keeping an eye on its Middle Eastern neighbors for robust energy partnerships in the future.
The second potential source of energy for the Turks lies in Central Asia-http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/turkey_caucasian_challenge, a region that Russia must keep in its grip at all costs if it hopes to survive in the long run. In many ways this theater is the reverse of the Balkans, where the Russians hold the ethnic links and the Turks the economic advantage. Here, four of the five Central Asian countries — Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan — are Turkic. But as a consequence of the Soviet years, the infrastructure and economies of all four are so hardwired into the Russian sphere of influence that it would take some major surgery to liberate them. But the prize is a rich one: Central Asia possesses the world’s largest concentration of untapped energy reserves-http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/turkey_eyeing_central_asian_energy_ties. And as the term "central" implies, whoever controls the region can project power into the former Soviet Union, China and South Asia. If the Russians and
Turks are going to fight over something, this is it.
Here Turkey faces a problem, however — it does not directly abut the region. If the Turks are even going to attempt to shift the Central Asian balance of power, they will need a lever. This brings us to the final — and most dynamic — realm of competition: the Caucasus.
Turkey here faces the best and worst in terms of influence projection. The Azerbaijanis do not consider themselves simply Turkic, like the Central Asians, but actually Turkish. If there is a country in the former Soviet Union that would consider not only allying with but actually joining with another state to escape Russia’s orbit, it would be Azerbaijan with Turkey. CONTINUED
Azerbaijan has its own significant energy supplies-http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/azerbaijan_stark_new_energy_landscape, but its real value is in serving as a willing springboard for Turkish influence into Central Asia.
However, the core of Azerbaijan does not border Turkey. Instead, it is on the other side of Armenia, a country that thrashed Azerbaijan in a war over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave and still has deep historical bitterness against the Turks over claims of genocide. Armenia has sold itself to the Russians to keep its Turkish foes at bay.
This means Turkish designs on Central Asia all boil down to the former Soviet state of Georgia. If Turkey can bring Georgia fully under its wing, Turkey can then set about to integrate with Azerbaijan and project influence into Central Asia. But without Georgia, Turkey is hamstrung before it can even begin to reach for the real prize in Central Asia.

Turkey-Russia conflict evolves into great power conflict
Cecire 10 Michael Hikari, independent Black Sea-Eurasia regional analyst and an associate scholar at the Foreign Policy Research Institute; World Politics Review, and TCS Daily "A Turkey V. Russia Showdown" Eurasia Review, December 17, 2010 http://www.eurasiareview.com/analysis/a-turkey-v-russia-showdown-17122010/-http://www.eurasiareview.com/analysis/a-turkey-v-russia-showdown-17122010/
Turkey, a NATO member state and a budding contender for a leadership role in
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concomitant increase in the number of potential security flashpoints that require dedicated garrisons.
It goes without saying that the conventional narrative of the August 2008 war between Russia
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off a much larger, transcontinental war involving NATO and other major powers.

Turkish influence causes rights abuses against Armenians
Sassounian 10 Harout, "Growing Turkish Influence in Middle East Leads to Restrictions in Armenian Rights" Asbarez, June 18, 2010 http://asbarez.com/82267/growing-turkish-influence-in-middle-east-leads-to-restrictions-in-armenian-rights/-http://asbarez.com/82267/growing-turkish-influence-in-middle-east-leads-to-restrictions-in-armenian-rights/
Turkey’s growing influence in the Middle East, even before the naval confrontation with Israel over Gaza, had prompted some Arab countries to restrict the political rights of local Armenian communities.
It is feared that the latest Gaza conflict, which catapulted Prime Minister Erdogan to a heroic stature throughout the Islamic world, would result in further limitations on Armenian activities deemed to be "anti-Turkish."
In recent months, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria have taken specific actions to place some restrictions on the activities of their Armenian citizens either out of concern for a backlash from Turkey or under direct pressure from Turkish authorities.
A case in point was the Jordanian government’s cancellation of AGBU’s Middle East Young Professionals
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conferences being allowed to take place in Turkey, but not in Jordan21
Earlier this year, when a Lebanese TV crew was about to enter Syria to
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CBS to film an "anti-Turkish" program in their country.
The third incident, unexpectedly, took place in Lebanon, home to one of the most influential Armenian communities in the Diaspora. In a surprise move, government officials banned the airing of Eileen Khatchadourian’s music video, "Zartir Vortyag," a genocide era song calling for resistance against oppression. Even though the song makes no reference to Turkey, Lebanese authorities were concerned that it would negatively affect Lebanese-Turkish relations.
These are troubling examples of blatant interference with Armenian citizens’ right to free expression.
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to Arab interests for decades, as a close military ally of Israel.

And stopping the Armenian genocide is d-rule
PanArmenian 8 "Adam Schiff: Genocide recognition is our moral imperative" PanArmenian April 25, 2008 http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/world/news/25797/-http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/world/news/25797/
"I’m Congressman Adam Schiff and I’m very proud to represent one of the largest
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prevail in time for the survivors to see justice done in their name." 

Turkish influence kills EU Balkan influence and Balkan accession
Alic 10 Anes, executive director, ISA Intel; senior analyst, ISN Security Watch; "Turkey’s Growing Influence in the Balkans" Oil Price June 9, 2010 http://oilprice.com/Geo-Politics/Europe/Turkeys-Growing-Influence-in-the-Balkans.html
Turkey’s desire to position itself as the regional leader and a conciliatory force is not
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a price to pay for having lost interest in the region after 2001. 

EU influence key to Balkan stability—brink is now
Schilly 9 Otto, former Federal Minister of the Interior, Germany;  "If the EU reneges on Balkan enlargement it’s at its own peril" Europe’s World Autumn, 2009  http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/Article/ tabid/191/ArticleType/ArticleView/ArticleID/21490/IftheEUrenegesonBalkanenlargementitsatitsownperil.aspx-http://www.europesworld.org/NewEnglish/Home_old/Article/ tabid/191/ArticleType/ArticleView/ArticleID/21490/IftheEUrenegesonBalkanenlargementitsatitsownperil.aspx
Without strong and credible EU hopes, the western Balkans could relapse back into being
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the Balkan countries towards EU membership should be accelerated and given fresh impetus. 

Extinction
Chicago Daily 99 ~May 9, "Dogs of War," Lexis~
We need to stop the war and return to the negotiating table to end the
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point of world conflict resulting in nuclear war and incalculable self-destruction.

And it kills EU credibility

Andric 12 Gordana, managing editor, Balkan Investigative Reporting Network’s Belgrade Insight; "EU Enlargement Strategy Pinpoints Balkan Challenges" Balkan Insight; October 10, 2012; http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/eu-enlargement-strategy-points-out-balkan-weaknesses**
The Enlargement Strategy, presented on Wednesday in Brussels, highlights good governance, administrative
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EU and act as an encouragement to reform efforts elsewhere in the region.

2NC

SS

Drones in Yemen now work – key to prevent AQAP resurgence and Yemen instability

Terrill 13
Andrew Terrill, Research Professor of National Security Affairs, Strategic Studies Institute Middle East Specialist, "Op-Ed: Drones Are Making A Difference In Yemen", http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13-http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/index.cfm/articles/Drones-Are-Making-A-Difference-In-Yemen/2013/03/13
At least in the case of Yemen, drones appear to have been stunningly successful
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key examples support Hadi’s view of drones as a war-winning system.
The 2011 death of AQAP planner Anwar al-Awlaki in an apparent drone strike
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up a passenger aircraft traveling from Amsterdam to Detroit with 280 passengers aboard.
The unsuccessful bombing scheme appears to have had the diabolical purpose of attempting to provoke the U.S. leadership to invade Yemen in response to these innocent deaths. Such an intervention with ground troops could have produced catastrophic results. Yemen is a highly nationalistic country with around 24 million people and 60 million firearms. Any intervention there could last for years and swell rather than diminish the ranks of AQAP. This disaster was worth avoiding.
Drones may also have saved the United States from a serious foreign policy crisis a
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there. Hadi needed every tool he could obtain to help him win.
Drones were widely reported in the U.S. and international press as helping
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one of the first authoritative statements on the combat role of these systems.
In considering these examples, it seems clear that drones are helping to prevent the
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be kept open to avoid the need for much more frightening choices later.

A2 Blowback – Yemen

No backlash in Yemen

Axe 12
David Axe, American military correspondent who writes on military life and aspects of current conflicts, 8/13/12, "Hidden History: America’s Secret Drone War in Africa", http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/08/somalia-drones/all/ jchen
In other countries, however , attitudes might be different. This spring, University of Virginia researcher Chris Swift spent a week interviewing tribal leaders in southern Yemen, another target-rich zone for U.S. drones. Swift found that war-weary rural populations were ambivalent about robot strikes. "Nobody in my cohort ~of interview subjects~ drew a causal link between drones on one hand and ~militant~ recruiting on other," Swift said.

Yemen public is more tolerant of drone strikes – resentment decreasing

Terrill 13
W. Andrew Terrill, Strategic Studies Institute, SSI’s Middle East specialist, served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the Inter- national Assessments Division of the Lawrence Liver- more National Laboratory, PhD in international relations from Claremont, "The Struggle for Yemen and the Challenge of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula", June 2013 jchen
Hadi’s decision to acknowledge the U.S. use of drones in the struggle
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certainly exaggerate the number of innocents killed in strikes that involve civilian deaths.

New recruits are mostly foreign radicals – youth join for 2424 and resentment of local government ~not drones~

Terrill 13
W. Andrew Terrill, Strategic Studies Institute, SSI’s Middle East specialist, served as a Middle East nonproliferation analyst for the Inter- national Assessments Division of the Lawrence Liver- more National Laboratory, PhD in international relations from Claremont, "The Struggle for Yemen and the Challenge of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula", June 2013 jchen
Several U.S. and Yemeni estimates of the number of AQAP members at
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should be considered an arm of AQAP and not an independent allied organization.
AQAP insurgents in Yemen could number in the thousands, and provided the foot soldiers
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of Somali radicals continued to arrive in Yemen to join with AQAP.84

Yemen wedding party strike did not kill civilians

Devereaux 14    Ryan Devereaux, journalist covering national security. His work has appeared at The Guardian, RollingStone.com, The Nation, Democracy Now21, The Village Voice and elsewhere.   20 Feb 2014,   The Intercept   New Details of Attack on Yemeni Wedding Prompt More Demands Obama Explain Drone Policy
https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/02/20/report-yemen-wedding-drone-strike-may-violated-laws-war/-https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/02/20/report-yemen-wedding-drone-strike-may-violated-laws-war/
Obama administration officials have insisted since the strike that only members of al Qaeda were killed. Defense Department spokesman Bill Speaks reiterated to The Intercept on Wednesday "that the Yemeni Government has stated that the targets of this operation were dangerous senior al Qaeda militants," but he declined to provide any details or evidence to support that conclusion. National Security Council spokeswoman Caitlin Hayden also declined.
The Associated Press reported Thursday morning that, according to three anonymous U.S. officials, two government investigations concluded that only members of al Qaeda were hit in the strike:
    Lt. Gen. Joseph Votel, commander of Joint Special Operations Command, ordered an independent investigation by an Air Force general and the White House requested another by the National Counterterrorism Center. Both concluded no civilians were killed. Votel’s staff also showed lawmakers video of the operation. Two U.S. officials who watched the video and were briefed on the investigations said it showed three trucks in the convoy were hit, all carrying armed men.

A2 Statistics/Consensus

Consensus is wrong – previous studies used flawed methodologies ~set the bar too high, didn’t evaluate other factors~

Johnston 12
Patrick B. Johnston, Associate Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation. He wrote
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No. 4 (Spring 2012), pp. 47–79 jchen
This consensus is premature. Researchers have conducted few systematic assessments of leadership decapitation’s effectiveness
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to avoid making conclusions and policy recommendations based on spurious, misleading findings.

Our study best – reviewed 118 case studies

Johnston 12
Patrick B. Johnston, Associate Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation. He wrote
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No. 4 (Spring 2012), pp. 47–79 jchen
This article addresses these challenges by analyzing a large number of cases in which governments
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were captured or killed would have fared differently had their leadership remained intact.
This approach is valid for identifying the effect of leadership decapitation as long as decapitation
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to predict the success or failure of government actions to remove militant leaders.
My results challenge previous claims that removing militant leaders is ineffective or counterproductive. On the contrary, they suggest that leadership decapitation (1) increases the chances of war termination; (2) increases the probability of government victory; (3) reduces the intensity of militant violence; and (4) reduces the frequency of insurgent attacks.

Decreasing drone strikes in the past didn’t reduce resentment

Etzioni 13
Amitai Etzioni, professor of in- ternational relations at George Washington University and author of Hot Spots: American Foreign Pol- icy in a Post-Human-Rights World, 4/30/13, "Drones: Say it with figures", http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/Outside-View/2013/04/30/Outside-View-Drones-Say-it-with-figures/UPI-25571367294880/ jchen
In reality, ample evidence shows that large parts of the population of several Muslim countries resent the United States for numerous and profound reasons, unrelated to drone attacks.
These Muslims consider the United States to be the "Great Satan" because it violates core religious values they hold dear; it promotes secular democratic liberal regimes; it supports women’s rights; and it exports a lifestyle that devout Muslims consider hedonistic and materialistic to their countries.
These feelings, data show, are rampant in countries in which no drones attacks have occurred, were common in those countries in which the drones have been employed well before any attacks took place, and continue unabated, even when drone attacks are greatly scaled back.
As Marc Lynch notes in Foreign Affairs:
"A decade ago, anti-Americanism seemed like an urgent problem. Overseas
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Americanism might have ebbed momentarily, but it is once again flowing freely."

Strikes reduce the intensity and conflict of terrorist attacks. Blowback theory is wrong – best statistical study

Johnston 12
Patrick B. Johnston, Associate Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation. He wrote
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No. 4 (Spring 2012), pp. 47–79 jchen
Conclusion
Targeting militant leaders is now a centerpiece of U.S. strategy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen, but does capturing or killing militant leaders work? Most extant research eschews the notion that removing enemy leaders can help governments achieve military and political goals. Regardless of whether a government’s adversary is a state, a terrorist organization, or a guerrilla insurgency, the scholarly opinion has been that high-value targeting is ineffective at best and counterproductive at worst.
The evidence presented in this article challenges this view. In previous studies, causal
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high-value targeting missions. This was confirmed to be the case.
Yet the data also show conclusively that killing or capturing insurgent leaders is usually not
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invest in high-value targeting despite its legal ambiguity and normative disrepute.
These are not the only findings with policy implications. Importantly, the results do
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from the battlefield to the shadows, this trend will likely remain true.

Norms

1nc 1 – Norms Fail

Countries use realist calculations for drones – they’ll pick whatever weapons help them

Etzioni 13
Amitai Etzioni, professor of in- ternational relations at George Washington University and author of Hot Spots: American Foreign Pol- icy in a Post-Human-Rights World, "The Great Drone Debate", March-April 2013, Military Review jchen
Other critics contend that by the United States using drones, it leads other countries
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to use bombs that would have caused much greater col- lateral damage.
Further, the record shows that even when the United States did not develop a
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terrorist group Y—if the United States refrains from employing that technology.

Other states won’t model US restraint

Max Boot 11, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow in National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, 10/9/11, "We Cannot Afford to Stop Drone Strikes," Commentary Magazine, http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/-http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2011/10/09/drone-arms-race/
The New York Times engages in some scare-mongering today about a drone ams race. Scott Shane notes correctly other nations such as China are building their own drones and in the future U.S. forces could be attacked by them–our forces will not have a monopoly on their use forever. Fair enough, but he goes further, suggesting our current use of drones to target terrorists will backfire:
If China, for instance, sends killer drones into Kazakhstan to hunt minority Uighur Muslims it accuses of plotting terrorism, what will the United States say? What if India uses remotely controlled craft to hit terrorism suspects in Kashmir, or Russia sends drones after militants in the Caucasus? American officials who protest will likely find their own example thrown back at them.
"The problem is that we’re creating an international norm" — asserting the right to strike preemptively against those we suspect of planning attacks, argues Dennis M. Gormley, a senior research fellow at the University of Pittsburgh and author of Missile Contagion, who has called for tougher export controls on American drone technology. "The copycatting is what I worry about most."
This is a familiar trope of liberal critics who are always claiming we should forego
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and cut down our own arsenal–to encourage similar restraint from Iran.
The argument falls apart rather quickly because it is founded on a false premise:
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is unilateral disarmament–which is what the New York Times implicitly suggests.
Imagine if we did refrain from drone strikes against al-Qaeda–what would
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. What’s the difference between sending a hit team and sending a drone?
While a decision on our part to stop drone strikes would be unlikely to alter
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the vain hope it will encourage disarmament on the part of dictatorial states.

Legal regime has no effect- states will always act in their self interest

Goldsmith and Posner 5 – *Harvard Law School professor and former US Assistant Attorney General and Professor of Law at UChicago Law School (Jack L. and Eric A., "The Limits of International Law," April, http://www.angelfire.com/jazz/sugimoto/law.pdf-http://www.angelfire.com/jazz/sugimoto/law.pdf)
The Limits of International Law intends to fill that gap. The book begins with
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international law when doing so does not serve the interests of the voters.

China will be constrained with drones – worried about reputation and precedent-setting

Erickson and Strange 13
Andrew Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute, Foreign Affairs, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", 5/29/13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
Indeed, the time to fret about when China and other authoritarian countries will acquire drones is over: they have them. The question now is when and how they will use them. But as with its other, less exotic military capabilities, Beijing has cleared only a technological hurdle - and its behaviour will continue to be constrained by politics.
China has been developing a drone capacity for over half a century, starting with
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the very few states that have or are building a stealth drone capacity.
This impressive arsenal may tempt China to pull the trigger. The fact that a
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, and to keep an eye on movements near the North Korean border.
Beijing, however, is unlikely to use its drones lightly. It already faces
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areas to surveillance, according to recent public statements from China’s Defence Ministry.

They’ll avoid strikes – don’t want to make sovereignty violations the norm

Erickson and Strange 13
Andrew Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute, Foreign Affairs, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", 5/29/13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
The restrictive position that Beijing takes on sovereignty in international forums will further constrain its
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on other countries’ sovereignty - something Beijing regularly decries when others do it.

Their academic literature proves intent is for surveillance only

Erickson and Strange 13
Andrew Erickson, associate professor at the Naval War College and an Associate in Research at Harvard University’s Fairbank Centre, Austin Strange, researcher at the Naval War College’s China Maritime Studies Institute, Foreign Affairs, "China has drones. Now how will it use them?", 5/29/13, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/China-has-drones-Now-how-will-it-use-them-30207095.html
The limitations on China’s drone use are reflected in the country’s academic literature on the
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scholars, however, have publicly considered the use of drone strikes overseas.

Chinese drones inevitable – strategic and economic considerations

Stratfor 13
Stratfor, "China’s Expanding Drone Program", 4/9/13, http://www.irgamag.com/regions/item/2107-chinas-expanding-drone-program jchen
China is rapidly expanding its research into and production, deployments and sales of unmanned aerial vehicles, colloquially known as drones. The primary role of this growing program is to help Beijing control and monitor disputed territories in the Asia-Pacific region.
Beijing has decided to prioritize its drone program for security and economic reasons. In the security sphere, these machines are very useful for patrolling the East and South China seas, allowing Beijing to maintain a presence in the disputed waters, and play a role in China’s anti-access/area denial strategy.

Fears of a ’drones arms race’ is media hype

Moss 13
Trefor Moss, The Diplomat, independent journalist based in Hong Kong. He covers Asian politics, defence and security, and was Asia-Pacific Editor at Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3/2/13, "Here Come…China’s Drones", http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/02/here-comes-chinas-drones/?all=true jchen
It’s safe to say, then, that Chinese drones conjure up a particularly intense
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Department of Defense report which described China’s development of UAVs as "alarming."
That’s quite unreasonable. All of the world’s advanced militaries are adopting drones, not
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modernizing in all areas of military technology – unmanned systems being no exception.

No escalation – Indian drone already violated air sovereignty before

The Nation 13
The Nation, Zafar Malik, 8/4/13, "Indian drone violates Pak airspace ", http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/national/04-Aug-2013/indian-drone-violates-pak-airspace jchen
An Indian drone violated Pakistani airspace near Sialkot on Saturday evoking a formal protest from Pakistani authorities, who have asked the Indians to explain this violation, according to security sources.
According to Chenab Rangers, the green coloured Remote Piloted Vehicle (RPV) entered Pakistani airspace in Sialkot sector near the Bajwat-Chaprar-Sialkot sector at around 1:55pm.
Entering from neighbouring Occupied Jammu and Kashmir and flying at a height of 3,500 feet, the drone penetrated 350 metres into Pakistani airspace. After a one and half minute flight, the RPV was forced back into India after Pakistan Air Force came into action.
Pakistani authorities have reportedly expressed grave concern over this violation and has lodged a strong protest, seeking detailed Indian explanation, the officials said. Earlier in June, two Indian fighter planes had entered Pakistan’s airspace near Head Sulemanki border. The planes were reportedly five to seven miles inside Pakistan.

Indian acquisition will take years

Mataram 13
Vande Mataram, "India’s indigenous drones", 5/14/13, http://vandemataram.info/indias-indigenous-drones/-http://vandemataram.info/indias-indigenous-drones/ jchen
However, it will take some years before such acquisitions come through. This was
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terror’. Israel, on the other hand, poses no such obstacles.
With, without Israel
While there is widespread agreement within the Indian military about the growing importance of UAVs
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Development Organisation (DRDO) has shown the potential to develop indigenous drones.

No Europe/Russia war.

Mandelbaum 11 ~In an era of tightening budgets, can America remain a superpower on the cheap? By Michael Mandelbaum Thursday, February 17, 2011; 3:35 PM   http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/17/AR2011021704610.html~~

By contrast, there is no immediate prospect of war in Europe or East Asia
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reasons, to boost its military forces or obtain its own nuclear weapons.

No impact to central asia.

Claes, program specialist in USIP’s Center for Conflict Analysis and Prevention, 10 
(Jonas, United States Institute of Peace, "Preventing Conflict in the "Stans"," 4-23, http://www.usip.org/files/resources/PB202120Preventing20Conflict20in20the20Stans.pdf, accessed 11-4-12, CMM)

Despite this litany of conflict drivers, Central Asia has remained relatively peaceful for the
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system,’ as it is incapable of reabsorbing its emigrants into society.

No war – China will maintain the squo.

Renic 12 ~Neil, University of Queensland, ’Rising China’: A Threat to International Security?, April 13, 2012  http://www.e-ir.info/2012/04/13/rising-china-a-threat-to-international-security/~~

Despite alarmist claims to the contrary, the growth of China is unlikely to jeopardise
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when focus is placed on the volatility that exists between China and Taiwan.

No Indo-Pak war.

Loudon 8 ~Bruce, The Australian, Doomsday dread, December 04, 2008, http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24746635-25837,00.html~

THE doomsayers’ published assessments tell the grim story: upwards of 12 million people killed
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nuclear weapons, matched only by the intense secrecy that surrounds their arsenals.

Not even close to extinction

Khan 9 ~Shamsur Rabb, Newstrack India, Price of an Indo-Pak War, Newstrack India, 1/20, http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/62680~~
Let us turn to unprecedented casualty in case of a nuclear conflict: Natural Resources
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of entire population of the Indian sub-continent would have been possible.

1NR

XO CP key to test the statutory restrictions and need to reign in authority externally. Learning about mechanisms to restrict war powers is specified in the Rez – key to topic education.

This is distinct from fiating that the President’s authority no longer exists.

The counterplan is predictable – solvency advocates and common sense prove they have to answer the "restraint CP," especially for ’war powers authority’

Reject the argument, not the team.

CP sends the most powerful signal

Zbigniew Brzezinski 12, national security advisor under U.S. President Jimmy Carter, 12/3/12, Obama’s Moment, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/12/03/obamas_moment
In foreign affairs, the central challenge now facing President Barack Obama is how to
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to confront him. This is exactly what Obama needs to do now.

it outweighs legal restrictions

Roberts 13 (Kristin, When the Whole World Has Drones, National Journal, 21 March 2013, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321, da 8-1-13) PC
But even without raising standards, tightening up drone-specific restrictions in the standing
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operations manual for other nations but a legal and moral one as well.

Presidential action is perceived globally.

Sunstein 95 ~Cass, Karl N. Llewellyn Professor of Jurisprudence, University of Chicago Law School and Department of Political Science, "An Eighteenth Century Presidency in a Twenty-First Century World" Arkansas Law Review, 48 Ark. L. Rev. 1, Lexis~

With the emergence of the United States as a world power, the President’s foreign
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or during an interview, can have enormous consequences for the international community.

Obama has motive and capability to circumvent the plan

Jeffrey Crouch 13, assistant professor of American politics at American University, Mark J. Rozell, acting dean and a professor of public policy at George Mason University, and Mitchel A. Sollenberger, associate professor of political science at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, December 2013, The Law: President Obama’s Signing Statements and the Expansion of Executive Power, Presidential Studies Quarterly 43.4
Signing statements are a natural result of the vast growth in the exercise of unilateral
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196; see also Korzi 2011, 197; Fisher 2006, 1).

Congressional fights with Obama cause Russian expansionism and miscalculation of our resolve

Nichols and Schindler 9/16 ~Tom Nichols and John Schindler are professors of national security at the Naval War College, and fellows of the International History Institute at Boston University. The views expressed are entirely their own. America’s Middle East Policy Collapses September 16, 2013 http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/americas-middle-east-policy-collapses-9073~~
If there is a policy solution, it begins in Washington. The President,
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but a danger to long-term peace and security around the world.

Impact – South Asia

Obama cred key to South Asia stability.

Coes 11 ~Ben, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 and author, "The disease of a weak president", The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/~~
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
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Obama could — if he chose — develop a backbone and lead. Alternatively

Weak Obama causes multiple scenarios for nuclear war in Asia and South Asia

COES 2011 (Ben, former speechwriter for George H.W. Bush, September 30, "The Disease of a Weak President," http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/-http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are born with — the desire to be popular. It leads to pandering to different audiences, people and countries and creates a sloppy, incoherent set of policies. Ironically, it ultimately results in that very politician losing the trust and respect of friends and foes alike.
In the case of Israel, those of us who are strong supporters can at
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the soldiers of Shin Bet, Shayetet 13 and the Israeli Defense Forces.
But Obama’s weakness could — in other places — have implications far, far worse than anything that might ultimately occur in Israel. The triangular plot of land that connects Pakistan, India and China is held together with much more fragility and is built upon a truly foreboding foundation of religious hatreds, radicalism, resource envy and nuclear weapons. If you can only worry about preventing one foreign policy disaster, worry about this one.
Here are a few unsettling facts to think about: First, Pakistan and India have fought three wars since the British de-colonized and left the region in 1947. All three wars occurred before the two countries had nuclear weapons. Both countries now possess hundreds of nuclear weapons, enough to wipe each other off the map many times over.
Second, Pakistan is 97 Muslim. It is a question of when — not if — Pakistan elects a radical Islamist in the mold of Ayatollah Khomeini as its president. Make no mistake, it will happen, and when it does the world will have a far greater concern than Ali Khamenei or Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and a single nuclear device.
Third, China sits at the northern border of both India and Pakistan. China is strategically aligned with Pakistan. Most concerning, China covets India’s natural resources. Over the years, it has slowly inched its way into the northern tier of India-controlled Kashmir Territory, appropriating land and resources and drawing little notice from the outside world.
In my book, Coup D’Etat, I consider this tinderbox of colliding forces in
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Pakistani leader through a coup d’état. I wish it was that simple.
The more complicated and difficult truth is that we, as Americans, must take sides. We must be willing to be unpopular in certain places. Most important, we must be ready and willing to threaten our military might on behalf of our allies. And our allies are Israel and India.
There are many threats out there — Islamic radicalism, Chinese technology espionage, global
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one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

There is no warrant made in this card – just an assertion. Make them explain the link turn before they can access it.

Waxman says the mere existence of Congress is what makes threats credible – the plan doesn’t access this as a unique turn

Strong restrictions make the President less likely to exert influence in the future – this is AFTER their cutting

Waxman 8/25 ~Matthew Waxman 8/25/13, Professor of Law – Columbia and Adjunct Senior Fellow for Law and Foreign Policy – CFR, "The Constitutional Power to Threaten War," Forthcoming in Yale Law Journal, vol. 123, August 25, 2013, SSRN~
Even if Congress already wields informal political influence over threatened force, more potent and
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misrepresent preferences about war and peace, and therefore reduce opportunities for bluffing.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Arizona State Chotras-Rajan | Judge: Murillo, Osborn, Russell

Cap K

What’s so unique about Guantamo?  While the affirmative spends all of its energy worrying about a few hundred prisoners in an "exceptional" situation, the working-class is being starved, burnt, poisoned, and shot to death by capitalism.

Johns 2005 (Guantánamo Bay and the Annihilation of the Exception The European Journal of International Law Vol. 16 no.4 © EJIL 2005; all rights reserved  Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Law,)
By assuming the affect of exceptionalism, the normative order of Guanta?namo Bay has soaked
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immigrants in the most informal and vulnerable sectors of the contemporary economy.99

Their myopic focus on a particular manifestation of oppression does not provide a specific explanation for the broader linking of struggles – inhibits the possibility for transformative politics.

Heideman 12 ~Paul M. Heideman Rutgers University, Newark, pmheideman@gmail.com Historical Materialism Volume 20, Issue 2, pages 210- 221 Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics, Manning Marable, Second Edition, London: Verso, 2009~

This theorisation of transformative politics is further weakened by its failure to specify any agency
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movement agency deeply weakens whatever strengths Marable’s theory of transformative politics may possess.

The continued existence of capitalism forms the basis for all inequalities and oppressions. We do not deny that racialized violence happens and is important to address, but absent a rejection of the class system racism will continue to be deployed as a means to divide and rule the working class and to preserve increasingly wide material disparities.

Taylor 11 ~Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, doctoral candidate in the department of African-American studies at Northwestern University, Race, class and Marxism, January 4, 2011 http://socialistworker.org/2011/01/04/race-class-and-marxism~~

Marxists argue that capitalism is a system that is based on the exploitation of the
AND
In the United States, racism is the most important of those ideologies.

The unchecked spread of neoliberal capitalism necessitates extermination in the name of profit – ensures poverty and environmental and cultural destruction, culminating in eventual extinction.

Cole 11 ~Dr. Mike Cole is Emeritus Research Professor in Education and Equality at Bishop  Grosseteste University College Lincoln, Lincoln, UK. His most recent book is Racism  and Education in the U.K. and the U.S.: towards a socialist alternative (New York  and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 RACISM AND EDUCATION IN THE U.K. AND THE U.S.  Palgrave Macmillan (June 7, 2011), pgs. 180-182~
Neo-liberal capitalism, in being primarily about expanding opportunities for large multinational companies
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, the world has, so to speak, caught up with Marx."

You should endorse the best political strategy for addressing all manifestations of exploitation and oppression. Debates about transforming society must center on what constitutes the best method for addressing ongoing struggles

McGregor 13 ~Sheila McGregor Marxism and women’s oppression today International Socialism Issue: 138 Posted: 10 April 13 http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=88526issue=138~~
Revolutionary socialists take part in all struggles against exploitation and oppression, whether they are
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to take it forward. Struggles against sexism are no exception to this.

Only beginning with class relations can eliminate the ideological machinery which legitimizes and extends class domination and Islamophobic practices. Materialist critique of the historical relationship between the means of production and the process of racialization in the United States should mark the starting point of the transformation of exploitative class and market relations.

San Juan 8 ~E. San Juan, Jr., Filipino American literary academic, mentor, cultural reviewer, civic intellectual, activist, writer, essayist, video/film maker, editor, and poet whose works related to the Filipino Diaspora in English and Filipino languages have been translated into German, Russian, French, Italian, and Chinese.~2~ As an author of books on race and cultural studies,~3~ he was a "major influence on the academic world".~2~ He was the director of the Philippines Cultural Studies Center in Storrs, Connecticut in the United States.~1~ In 1999, San Juan, Jr. received the Centennial Award for Achievement in Literature from the Cultural Center of the Philippines because of his contributions to Filipino and Filipino American Studies.~2~  FROM RACE/RACISM TO CLASS STRUGGLE: On Critical Race Theory Posted on October 4, 2008 FROM RACE TO CLASS STRUGGLE: A RE-TURN OF CRITICAL RACE THEORY, THE PHILIPPINES MATRIX PROJECT http://philcsc.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/from-raceracism-to-class-struggle-on-critical-race-theory/~~
Given its composition, and the pervasive climate of reaction, the Forum could not
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itself but, despite its seeming autonomy, an instrumentality of class rule.

Centering class in our analysis does not deny individuals’ experiences of racism and violence. Instead, beginning from the question of class as primary antagonism enables more effective struggles against race and other manifestations of oppression.

Smith 6 ~Sharon Smith is also the author of Women and Socialism: Essays on Women’s Liberation (Haymarket Books, 2005). Her writings appear regularly in Socialist Worker newspaper and the ISR.  Race, class, and "whiteness theory" ISR Issue 46, March–April 2006 http://isreview.org/issues/46/whiteness.shtml~~
Meyerson counters this set of assumptions, proposing that Marx’s emphasis on the centrality of
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term the working class as a whole has nothing to gain from oppression. 

2NC – CAP

Indefinite Detention is not spurred by racism, but rather the authoritarian neoliberal state which pre-empts dissent

Loo 13
Dennis Loo Associate Professor of Sociology at Cal Poly Pomona, 4/27/13, "Courting Catastrophe: Neoliberalism’s Provoking of Disasters on the Micro and Macro Levels", http://dennisloo.com/Sample-Data-Articles/courting-catastrophe-neoliberalism-s-provoking-of-disasters-on-the-micro-and-macro-levels.html jchen
As they laud their respect for the rule of law and for democracy and liberty
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, be arrested and held indefinitely without a right to challenge their detention.
Neoliberals’ insistence on what amounts to dictatorial powers and their campaign to override the rule
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are an example of authorities’ intolerance for dissent and exposés of their policies.

Indefinite detention policies are created by the financialization of society and culture, which justifies the authoritarian state that strips away rights in order to protect wealth

Giroux 12
Henry Giroux, American scholar and cultural critic, 10/2/12, "Henry A. Giroux: Why Don’t Americans Care About Democracy at Home?", http://truth-out.org/opinion/item/11872-henry-a-giroux-why-dont-americans-care-about-democracy-at-home jchen
At the same time, the financialization of the economy and culture has resulted in
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national security state in which civil liberties are being drastically abridged and violated.
As the war on terror becomes a normalized state of existence, the most basic
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... have been cleared for release yet remain at the facility."~26~
With the passing of the National Defense Authorization Act in 2012, the rule of
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preliminary barring of the enforcement of the National Defense Authorization Act.~28~
The anti-democratic practices at work in the Obama administration also include the US
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reveal a frightening and dangerous move toward a 21st century version of authoritarianism.

A2: Butler

Wilkie 2 Rob, Assistant Professor of Cultural and Digital Studies, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse; "Judith Butler’s "Guantánamo Bay": A Marxist Critique" Red Critique vol. 4; May/June, 2002; http://redcritique.org/MayJune02/TextandClass/judithbutlersguantanamobay.htm**
In her essay, "Guantánamo Limbo", (The Nation, April 1,
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direct form at "freerepublic.com" every day of the week.

Their use of language as a model for politics obscures class conflict.

Anderson, 83 (Perry, is a member of the editorial committee of New Left Review, and the author of Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (1974), Lineages of the Absolutist State (1974), Considerations on Western Marxism (1976), and Arguments within English Marxism (1980). In the Tracks of Historical Materialism. P 90-93)
These local objections, conclusive as they may be for the disciplines in question,
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words, is a speculative aggrandisement of language that lacks any comparative credentials.

Reject Gibson-Graham – they were bought off by imperialists.

Wendland 6 ~Joel Wendland, editor of Political Affairs, a Marxist magazine, "Book Review: A Postcapitalist Politics, by J.K. Gibson-Graham," Political Affairs, 12/27/06, http://www.politicalaffairs.net/article/articleview/4602/~~

While their excavation of important cooperative projects provides worthwhile lessons for people interested in socialist
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Gibson-Graham’s work aids in opening the Philippines to Australia’s imperialist agenda.

3. Their argument is a strawman – reject it.

Poitevin 1 ~Rene, Professor of Sociology at NYU, Socialist Review,
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3952/is_200101/ai_n8932891/?tag=mantle_skin;content~~

The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It) begs another question: Who
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baiting and anti-Marxist repression in this country and around the world.