Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Brovero, Malsin, Davis
Reid’s still not sure
UPI 2-7 United Press International; “U.S. pro-Israel group: Wait before Iran sanctions vote” United Press International; February 7, 2014; http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2014/02/07/US-pro-Israel-group-Wait-before-Iran-sanctions-vote/UPI-51421391752800/?spt=rlnandor=1
The main pro-Israel U.S. lobby came out against an immediate
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he would schedule the sanctions measure for a vote before the negotiations conclude.¶ 

AIPAC trumps their warrants
Bennis 2-8 Phyllis,  Fellow and the Director of the New Internationalism Project at the Institute for Policy Studies; “States of the Union, States of War, States of the Middle East – Challenging All” The Real News; February 8, 2014; http://therealnews.com/t2/component/content/article/51-phyllis/1959-states-of-the-union-states-of-war-states-of-the-middle-east~-~-challenging-all
So the agreement is in place, and for now it’s holding. That’s all
AND
official Washington to do it. Sign the petition here for a start.

Republicans will take over the senate in the midterms.  That ensures passage.
Charen 2-22 Mona, syndicated columnist and political analyst living in Washington, D.C.; “Charen: Cruz should focus on Obama” The Southern Illinoisan; February 22, 2014; http://thesouthern.com/news/opinion/editorial/charen/charen-cruz-should-focus-on-obama/article_7184806d-4bd6-552d-929b-e24fe3ee2c17.html
Because Speaker John Boehner sent over a "clean" debt limit bill, Republican
AND
Republican Senate would force the president to choose a somewhat less objectionable nominee.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Brovero, Malsin, Davis
A demonstration of congressional support is a prerequisite to negotiations – Iran doesn’t think Obama can deliver on his promises.
Alterman, 13 (Jon B. Alterman holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy and directs the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Al-monitor. US-Iran Nuclear Deal Hinges   On Syria Vote. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/us-iran-nuclear-deal-hinges-on-syria-vote.html)
To start, it is worth noting the extent to which foreign governments are sophisticated
AND
a hostile Congress is not a president with whom it is worth negotiating.

1) Doesn’t solve Israel – the strongest support for Iran strikes is coming from congress.
Times of Israel, 13 (Senate backs Israel in event of strike on Iran nuclear weapon program. http://www.timesofisrael.com/senate-votes-to-back-possible-strike-on-iran-nuclear-weapon-program/)
NEW YORK — In a show of force, the United States Senate on Wednesday
AND
that prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon, sanctions will be lifted.”

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Brovero, Malsin, Davis
Obama not key – he hasn’t talked about it since January, and the judiciary committee is just resolving internal divisions over fees.
Hattem 3/27 Julian, The Hill,  Senate panel ‘close’ to patent deal March 27, 2014, 12:12 pm By Julian Hattem

The Senate Judiciary Committee is getting closer to a deal on legislation to stop patent
AND
from Judiciary Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.), in December. 

Executive actions solve the impact.
Wired 3/20 History Will Remember Obama as the Great Slayer of Patent Trolls BY DAVID KRAVETS03.20.14 http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2014/03/obama-legacy-patent-trolls/

Against that backdrop, Obama issued five executive orders on patent reform last summer.
AND
to dry up as new rules get put into place,” he says.

Supreme Court, FTC, and states all solve the impact.
Hopkins 3/18 The bell tolls for patent trolls in 2014   Blog entry: March 18, 2014, 8:52 am   |   Author: Susanne M. Hopkins  Susanne M. Hopkins is a partner in Vorys' Cleveland and Washington, D.C., offices and a member of the firm's technology and intellectual property group. http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20140318/BLOGS05/140319786

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission may join the effort, deploying its
AND
-tech industry, small businesses and the innovators driving the economy forward.

Patent trolls are industry hype – prefer objective data.
EET 3/18 Stanford study to scrutinise U.S. patent system, http://www.eetindia.co.in/ART_8800696219_1800000_NT_9b45f45b.HTM

"There are many strong positions but a weakness of empirical evidence," said Stephan
AND
is high, but I dispute the idea these patent cases are egregious."

Worst climate impacts take decades to arrive and don’t assume adaptation
Robert O. Mendelsohn 9, the Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, June 2009, “Climate Change and Economic Growth,” online: http://www.growthcommission.org/storage/cgdev/documents/gcwp060web.pdf
The heart of the debate about climate change comes from numerous warnings from scientists and
AND
range climate risks. What is needed are long-run balanced responses.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Brovero, Malsin, Davis
No spillover – President enjoys institutional preservation of war powers
Howell and Pevehouse, 07 (Willam G. Howell, Prof @ U Chicago, Jon C. Pevehouse, Prof @ U Chicago. While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers. 7-8)
There is, at present, a burgeoning body of work within the American politics
AND
over the same institutional features that undermine its capacity to govern more generally.

Unitary executive weakens the presidency
John W. Dean 9, former Counsel to the President, Chief Minority Counsel to the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives, the Associate Director of a law reform commission, and Associate Deputy Attorney General of the United States, graduate fellowship from American University to study government and the presidency, before entering Georgetown University Law Center, 1/9/09, http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20090109.html
During the past eight years, President Bush has asserted presidential power in a singular
AND
and unity, and that means give and take, not just pronouncing.”
Restrictions inevitable---the aff prevents haphazard ones which are worse
Benjamin Wittes 9, senior fellow and research director in public law at the Brookings Institution, is the author of Law and the Long War: The Future of Justice in the Age of Terror and is also a member of the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law, “Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform”, November 3, Book, p. 17
A new administration now confronts the same hard problems that plagued its ideologically opposite predecessor
AND
past several years and will likely continue sparring over the next several years.

Impact to biowar is small
Dove 12 Alan Dove, PhD in Microbiology, science journalist and former Adjunct Professor at New York University, “Who’s Afraid of the Big, Bad Bioterrorist?” Jan 24 2012, http://alandove.com/content/2012/01/whos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-bioterrorist/
The second problem is much more serious. Eliminating the toxins, we’re left with
AND
biodefense industry is a far greater threat to us than any actual bioterrorists.

Forward deployment doesn’t solve conflict.
Fettweis, Political Science – Tulane, 10 Christopher J., fifth year doctoral
AND
Policy, April 2010 Survival, 52:2, 59 - 82
One potential explanation for the growth of global peace can be dismissed fairly quickly:
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to reach the conclusion that world peace and US military expenditure are unrelated.

ALSO READ LAYNE EVIDENCE

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: Northwestern MP | Judge: Brovero, Malsin, Davis
Contention One is Israel
The Iran bill is being debated in congress now and will likely pass.  In addition to a new round of sanctions, it includes a war mandate to support any Israeli strike against Iran.  This makes a US-backed Israeli strike on Iran inevitable
Perr 13 Jon, New Democrat Network; “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos; December 24, 2013; http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran
As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
their way, Israel may well have a green light to start it.

The bill is coming—eighty three senators are on board and a super majority have already co-signed it
Stoil 3/18/2014, "Large senate majority warns of Iran sanctions slippage”, Rebecca Shimoni Stoil, March 18, 2014, Times of Israel
http://www.timesofisrael.com/huge-senate-majority-warns-of-iran-sanctions-slippage/
WASHINGTON — Over four-fifths of the US Senate sent a letter Tuesday to
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sponsors of the bill, which has 67 other Senate co-sponsors.

It’ll pass – senators are under huge pressure
Glass 3-25 Jacob, Truman-Albright Fellow, Woodrow Wilson Center; “As Iran Nuclear Negotiations Begin, Threat of Increased Sanctions Looms Large” Huffington Post; March 25, 2014; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-glass/as-iran-nuclear-negotiati_b_5024604.html
¶ Last week Iran and the so-called P5+1 countries -- Russia
AND
could signal the beginning of a new era in Iranian-Western relations.

Gaining momentum
Benari 3-23 Elad, reporter, Israeli National News; “Senators Urge Obama to Stand Firm Against Iran” Israeli National News; March 23, 2014; http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178782#.UzTzVvldVjI
23 U.S. senators on Saturday sent a letter to President Barack Obama
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Obama, however, has pledged to veto the bill should it pass.

Bill’s coming, Obama can’t hold off pressure
Reinl 2-17 James, freelance foreign correspondent; “Iran and US: Tough talk as talks get tougher” Al Jazeera; February 17, 2014; http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/iran-us-tough-talk-as-talks-get-tougher-201421775519711760.html
During that time, domestic tensions have risen in Iran and the United States.
AND
think he is dependent on the opposition and eventually be obliged to yield." 

This is a reversal of Obama’s previous doctrine, which would refuse support to an Israeli strike
Cole 13 Juan, Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History, University of Michigan; specializes in Modern Middle Eastern and South Asian History; “Obama will Veto new Iran Sanctions, Israel War Mandate pushed by AIPAC Senators” Informed Comment; December 21, 2013; http://www.juancole.com/2013/12/sanctions-mandate-senators.html?utm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=feedandutm_campaign=Feed3A+juancole2Fymbn+28Informed+Comment29
The bill they crafted includes $55 bn in new sanctions on Iran and requires the United States to support Netanyahu in any war he launches on Iran. (President Obama and his officials have in the past have hinted broadly that Israel is welcome to attack Iran but is on its own if it does so.)
The war mandate encourages Israel to provoke war – it’s a signal of US backing
McConnell 13 Scott, Founding Editor, The American Conservative; PhD, History, Columbia University; “Schumer-Menendez-Kirk Open the Back Door to War” The American Conservative; December 20, 2013; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/schumer-menendez-kirk-open-the-back-door-to-war/
Democrats Charles Schumer (N.Y.) and Robert Menendez (N.J
AND
They just don’t have the courage, as yet, to say so.

US support for a first strike increases Israeli aggression exponentially.  Absent US support, Israel won’t risk attack
Giraldi 12 Philip, executive director, Council for the National Interest; former CIA officer; PhD, European History, University of London; “Entangled With Israel” The American Conservative; September 3, 2012; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/entangled-with-israel/
Israel’s attempt to steer American foreign policy has been nowhere more evident than in the
AND
follow.” Let America’s actual interests dictate U.S. foreign policy.
Israel won’t attack without US support – extremely sensitive to US concerns
Zanotti et al 12 (Jim Zanotti, Coordinator Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs. Israel: Possible Military Strike Against Iran’s Nuclear Facilities. CRS. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R42443.pdf)
Despite the reference by Defense Minister Barak to the possible need for “overt or
AND
and bolster Israel’s “qualitative military edge” over regional security   threats.145

Israel strikes trigger a massive war
Reuveny, 10 (Rafael Reuveny is a professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. Con: Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression,  http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.tGUOoSDf.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Middle East wars escalate and go nuclear
Russell 9 (James, Senior Lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs – Naval Postgraduate School, “Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prosepects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East,” Online)
Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.
And even if it doesn’t escalate, a small nuclear conflagration in the Middle East causes environmental damage significant enough to cause extinction
Beth Hoffman Staffwriter for Inside Bay Area, “'Nuclear winter' looms, experts say,” 2006 Lexis)
Researchers at the American Geophysical Union's annual meeting warned Monday that even a small regional
AND
would starve exceeded those who would die in the initial blasts and radiation.

Contention Two Is Negotiations
Iranian fear of US invasion derails nuclear negotiations in the status quo
AP 2-8 Associated Press; “Iran leader: Don't pin hope on sanctions relief” Boston Herald; February 8, 2014; http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2014/02/iran_leader_dont_pin_hope_on_sanctions_relief
Iran's Supreme Leader urged officials Saturday not to pin hopes for economic recovery on the
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But he also asserts that the Islamic Republic's core principles will remain unchanged.

The threat of a US strike convinces Iran that they need a nuclear weapon for self-defense
Pillar ’13, Paul R. Pillar, 28 year CIA veteran, visiting prof at Georgetown for security studies and a member of the Center for Peace and Security Studies, International Security, Volume 38, Number 1, Summer 2013 “Correspondence: Nuclear Negotiations with Iran,” p. 179
Sebenius and Singh do acknowledge another difficulty: that Iran would perceive negotiations  as merely
AND
stoke whatever interest the Iranians have in acquiring  nuclear weapons as a deterrent.
The issue of military intervention is comparatively a bigger issue than sanctions.  Assuring Iran of US non-intervention is key
Gobry, 13 (Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, lecturer at HEC Paris business school, A Completely Unrealistic Iran Grand Bargain Proposal. http://www.forbes.com/sites/pascalemmanuelgobry/2013/03/12/a-completely-unrealistic-iran-grand-bargain-proposal/)
It’s a testament to how dim the prospects of a sustainable solution to Iran‘
AND
credible. Iran would have to get an ironclad, credible security guarantee.

The war mandate makes this scenario especially likely
Larison 13 Daniel, senior editor, The American Conservative; PhD, History, The University of Chicago; “Sabotaging Diplomacy with Iran” The American Conservative; December 23, 2013; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/sabotaging-diplomacy-with-iran/
In addition to setting an unreasonable goal for a final deal, the bill endorses
AND
signing it would be the equivalent of sabotaging his administration’s own diplomatic efforts.

Sanctions themselves won’t kill the deal –that’s just White House exaggeration
Hudson 13
John Hudson, national security reporter at Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy, 12/2/13, “How Congress Could Steamroll Iran Sanctions Past Obama", http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/02/how_congress_could_steamroll_iran_sanctions_past_obama jchen
Though some Democrats fear burning bridges with the White House, aides tell The Cable
AND
legislation as overly lenient, a Senate aide says that's not the case.
Like perhaps no other foreign policy issue, Iran sanctions have pitted President Obama against a sizeable portion of his own party. In the last week, powerful Democrats such as Sens. Robert Menendez of New Jersey and Chuck Schumer of New York have openly defied the White House and advocated for new sanctions legislation.
On Friday, the administration attempted to demonstrate support for its Geneva deal by circulating a handout of lawmakers saying positive things about the agreement. But out of 535 members of the House and Senate, the White House only collected statements from 17 lawmakers -- in a list that counted mildly supportive tweets as endorsements.
In the latest sign of Democrats' open willingness to cross the administration, Menendez accused the White House of "fear-mongering" in its claims that new sanctions legislation would kill the nuclear deal and lead to war with Iran.
"As one of the architects of the sanctions regime we've had on Iran,
AND
, that there is a consequence if you don't strike a successful deal."
Sources say a version of that proposal is currently being hammered out between Democrats and
AND
negotiating a final comprehensive deal, the bill gives the administration more flexibility.

Security concerns are the primary motivator of Iranian nuclearization – the plan causes denuclearization regardless of the success or failure of negotiations.
Bowman, 08 (Bradley Bowman is a 2007-2008 Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow.
Prior to his CFR fellowship, he served as an Assistant Professor of American Politics, Policy, and
Strategy in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. The ‘Demand-Side’:
Avoiding a Nuclear-Armed Iran.  Orbis 52.4)
As the Bush administration began the verbal escalation to war, Iran¶ opposed the
AND
the likelihood of war or a¶ nuclear-armed Iran will grow.

Iran proliferation causes regional proliferation.
Brookes, 10 (Peter,  a Heritage Foundation senior fellow, is a former deputy assistant secretary of defense, Congressional staffer, CIA and State Department officer, and navy veteran. The Post-Iran Proliferation Cascade. Journal of International Security Affaris. Fall Winter 2010. 19. http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2010/19/brookes.php)
In just the last four years, no fewer than fourteen countries in the Middle
AND
joint effort was sparked specifically in response to Iran’s nuclear activities.9.
Mid east proliferation causes nuclear war.
Heisbourg ’12, Francois Heisbourg, Chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, prof at the Geneva Center for Security Policy, July 2012, “How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?”, http://www.npolicy.org/userfiles/file/oving20Beyond20Pretense20web20version.pdf#page=182
Human societies tend to lack the imagination to think through, and to act upon
AND
nuclear Middle East would make the Cuban Missile Crisis look easy in comparison.
Great conflicts tend to occur when one or several of the antagonists   views the status
AND
nuclear program will be essential   to the future of proliferation and nonproliferation prospects.

Iran proliferation is uniquely destabilizing  -- multiple actors.
Joshi, 13 (Shashank, Research Fellow of the Royal United Services Institute. IV. THE IMPLICATIONS OF A NUCLEAR IRAN. Whitehall Papers Volume 79, Issue 1, 2012 Special Issue: The Permanent Crisis: Iran's Nuclear Trajectory.)
 First, nuclear deterrence depends on attribution. Only by accurately attributing a nuclear
AND
accident, error, miscalculation, miscommunication, or some other pathology’.93

The existential risk warrants the effort to avoid nuclear war
Rivers 2    Dennis Rivers, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and the Peacemaker Community     Revised March 30, 2002
Six Arguments for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons       http://nonukes.org/cd18_sixarg.htm
Reason One: The entire world would be more secure if the planet were free of nuclear weapons.
Nuclear weapons are the only type of weapon in existence that have the capacity to annihilate the human species and countless other species.
The very existence of nuclear weapons leaves open the possibility that a nuclear exchange might
AND
planes were scrambled and nuclear bombers were readied before the error was discovered.
In the absence of total nuclear disarmament, terrorists might acquire nuclear weapons. Such a scenario has become more probable since the USSR dissolved. There have been many reports of attempts to smuggle weapons-grade plutonium from Russia. The fewer nuclear weapons there are in the world, the fewer there are for terrorists to try to steal. Every step toward the abolition of nuclear weapons would increase our security.
Without abolition, there is always the danger that nuclear weapons will proliferate - that more and more countries will obtain them. It is ultimately unrealistic to expect that in a world in which some nations rely upon nuclear weapons, other nations will not seek to attain them. A world where there are many nuclear-armed countries would be even more dangerous.
The end of the Cold War has meant that there are no more nuclear-armed opponents, except India and Pakistan. Nuclear weapons do not serve even an arguable purpose when a country has friendly relations with a former opponent. 

Iran has the capability to build a bomb
Heinonen and Henderson, 13 (Simon Henderson is the Baker Fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at The Washington Institute. Olli Heinonen is a senior fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center and a former deputy director-general for safeguards at the IAEA. Rouhani and Iran's Nuclear Progress. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/rouhani-and-irans-nuclear-progress)
Uranium enrichment. Iran continues to enrich uranium and increase the number of centrifuges installed
AND
an important indicator of the direction and progress of nuclear negotiations with Iran.

Plan
The United States federal government should statutorily prohibit the non-defensive introduction of United States armed forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran.  

Contention Four Is Solvency
A demonstration of congressional support is a prerequisite to negotiations – Iran doesn’t think Obama can deliver on his promises.
Alterman, 13 (Jon B. Alterman holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy and directs the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Al-monitor. US-Iran Nuclear Deal Hinges   On Syria Vote. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/us-iran-nuclear-deal-hinges-on-syria-vote.html)
To start, it is worth noting the extent to which foreign governments are sophisticated
AND
a hostile Congress is not a president with whom it is worth negotiating.
The United States should provide a security assurance to Iran.
Leverett and Leverett 08 (Flynt Leverett, senior fellow and director of the New America Foundation’s Geopolitics of Energy Initiative, served as senior director for Middle East affairs at the National Security Council. Hillary Mann Leverett, CEO of STRATEGA, a political risk consultancy, is a former Foreign Service officer who served as director for Iran, Afghanistan, and Persian Gulf affairs at the National Security Council. The Grand Bargain. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2008/0808.leverett.html)
From an Iranian perspective, one of the essential found-ations for a U
AND
This is the essential substance of a U.S. security assurance.

Advocating for material rapprochement with Iran is key to challenge racist discourse that demonizes Iran
Richman 13 Sheldon Richman is vice president and editor at The Future of Freedom Foundation in Fairfax, Va. (www.fff.org). OCTOBER 10, 2013  The War Caucus The Ongoing Demonization of Iran http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/10/10/the-ongoing-demonization-of-iran/

So, despite overtures from the new Iranian president, Hassan Rouhani, Iran’s regime
AND
Iran is dominated by Shi’ite Muslims, the sectarian rivals of the Sunnis.)

Academic debates about alternative policy strategies towards Iran are crucial to demonstrate the potential of cooperative diplomacy. The alternative cedes debates to neoconservatives who ensure continued policy failure and violence in the Middle East and beyond.
Ingram 13 1. Paul Ingram is the Executive Director of the British American Security Information Council (BASIC), based in London and Washington (since 2007). He leads the UK Trident Commission secretariat in London, and BASIC’s work on the Middle East (Iran, Egypt, the Gulf States, and the WMD Free Zone initiative) and on NATO’s nuclear posture. He presented a peak-time weekly TV talk-show on global strategic issues on IRINN (domestic Iranian TV), for five years (2007-2012), and visited Iran several times in that period. He also taught at the UK National School of Government on their Top Management Programme (2007-2012). He has published a number of articles through BASIC, and other international media, available through the BASIC website: http://www.basicint.org/people/Paul-Ingram 2. Seyed Hossein Mousavian is a Research Scholar at the Program on Science and Global Security. He is a former diplomat who served as Iran’s Ambassador to Germany (1990-1997), head of the Foreign Relations Committee of Iran’s National Security Council (1997-2005) and as spokesman for Iran in its nuclear negotiations with the European Union (2003-5). He has taught at Islamic Azad University (Tehran), served as Vice President of Iran’s official Center for Strategic Research (Tehran) and was the editor in chief of the Tehran Times. Mousavian earned a PhD in international relations from the University of Kent in the U.K. His research focuses on options for resolving the crisis over Iran’s nuclear program through diplomacy and improving US-Iran relations. His most recent book is: The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: A Memoir, 2012, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 612 pages. A list of other recent publications are available here: http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/facultystaff/ seyed-hossein-mousavian/ Finding a way out of the nuclear dispute with Iran: back to basics Paul Ingram1 and Hossein Mousavian2 October 2013, http://www.basicint.org/sites/default/files/ingrammousavian-iranbacktobasics-2013_1.pdf

Conclusions: think positive Outcomes in the Middle East are dominated by pessimists who assume
AND
-increasing consumption, rising pollution, financial stress, poverty and migration.

Tournament: D8ndtqualifier | Round: 3 | Opponent: United States Military Lipksy-Stevens | Judge: Katsulas, White
===Contention One is Israel===

====The Iran bill is being debated in congress now and will likely pass.  In addition to a new round of sanctions, it includes a war mandate to support any Israeli strike against Iran.  This makes a US-backed Israeli strike on Iran inevitable====
Perr 13 Jon, New Democrat Network; "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos; December 24, 2013; http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran
As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
their way, Israel may well have a green light to start it.

The bill is coming—the latest vote count says they’re within one vote of a super-majority and the Iranian foreign minister says prospects are grim

Vick 2-18 Karl, Jerusalem Bureau Chief, Time Magazine; "Iran’s Foreign Minister Sounds Glum About Nuke Talks Over Skype" Time; February 18, 2014; http://world.time.com/2014/02/18/irans-foreign-minister-zarif-skype/**
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif sounds a bit glum as he expresses optimism about
AND
its commitments," Khamenei said. "But this will not lead anywhere."

Bill’s coming, Obama can’t hold off pressure

Reinl 2-17 James, freelance foreign correspondent; "Iran and US: Tough talk as talks get tougher" Al Jazeera; February 17, 2014; http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/iran-us-tough-talk-as-talks-get-tougher-201421775519711760.html**
During that time, domestic tensions have risen in Iran and the United States.
AND
think he is dependent on the opposition and eventually be obliged to yield." 

This is a reversal of Obama’s previous doctrine, which would refuse support to an Israeli strike

Cole 13 Juan, Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History, University of Michigan; specializes in Modern Middle Eastern and South Asian History; "Obama will Veto new Iran Sanctions, Israel War Mandate pushed by AIPAC Senators" Informed Comment; December 21, 2013; http://www.juancole.com/2013/12/sanctions-mandate-senators.html?utm_source=feedburner26utm_medium=feed26utm_campaign=Feed3A+juancole2Fymbn+28Informed+Comment29**
The bill they crafted includes 2455 bn in new sanctions on Iran and requires the United States to support Netanyahu in any war he launches on Iran. (President Obama and his officials have in the past have hinted broadly that Israel is welcome to attack Iran but is on its own if it does so.)

====The war mandate encourages Israel to provoke war – it’s a signal of US backing====
McConnell 13 Scott, Founding Editor, The American Conservative; PhD, History, Columbia University; "Schumer-Menendez-Kirk Open the Back Door to War" The American Conservative; December 20, 2013; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/schumer-menendez-kirk-open-the-back-door-to-war/**
Democrats Charles Schumer (N.Y.) and Robert Menendez (N.J
AND
They just don’t have the courage, as yet, to say so.

====US support for a first strike increases Israeli aggression exponentially.  Absent US support, Israel won’t risk attack====
Giraldi 12 Philip, executive director, Council for the National Interest; former CIA officer; PhD, European History, University of London; "Entangled With Israel" The American Conservative; September 3, 2012; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/entangled-with-israel/
Israel’s attempt to steer American foreign policy has been nowhere more evident than in the
AND
follow." Let America’s actual interests dictate U.S. foreign policy.

Israel won’t attack without US support – extremely sensitive to US concerns

Zanotti et al 12 (Jim Zanotti, Coordinator Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs. Israel: Possible Military Strike Against Iran’s Nuclear Facilities. CRS. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R42443.pdf)
Despite the reference by Defense Minister Barak to the possible need for "overt or
AND
and bolster Israel’s "qualitative military edge" over regional security   threats.145

Israel strikes trigger a massive war

Reuveny, 10 (Rafael Reuveny is a professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. Con: Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression,  http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.tGUOoSDf.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Middle East wars escalate and go nuclear

Russell 9 (James, Senior Lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs – Naval Postgraduate School, "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prosepects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East," Online)
Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world. 

And even if it doesn’t escalate, a small nuclear conflagration in the Middle East causes environmental damage significant enough to cause extinction

Beth Hoffman Staffwriter for Inside Bay Area, "’Nuclear winter’ looms, experts say," 2006 Lexis)
Researchers at the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting warned Monday that even a small regional
AND
would starve exceeded those who would die in the initial blasts and radiation.

Contention Two Is Negotiations

====Iranian fear of US invasion derails nuclear negotiations in the status quo====
AP 2-8 Associated Press; "Iran leader: Don’t pin hope on sanctions relief" Boston Herald; February 8, 2014; http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2014/02/iran_leader_dont_pin_hope_on_sanctions_relief**
Iran’s Supreme Leader urged officials Saturday not to pin hopes for economic recovery on the
AND
But he also asserts that the Islamic Republic’s core principles will remain unchanged.

The threat of a US strike convinces Iran that they need a nuclear weapon for self-defense

Pillar ’13, Paul R. Pillar, 28 year CIA veteran, visiting prof at Georgetown for security studies and a member of the Center for Peace and Security Studies, International Security, Volume 38, Number 1, Summer 2013 "Correspondence: Nuclear Negotiations with Iran," p. 179
Sebenius and Singh do acknowledge another difficulty: that Iran would perceive negotiations  as merely
AND
stoke whatever interest the Iranians have in acquiring  nuclear weapons as a deterrent.

The issue of military intervention is comparatively a bigger issue than sanctions.  Assuring Iran of US non-intervention is key

Gobry, 13 (Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, lecturer at HEC Paris business school, A Completely Unrealistic Iran Grand Bargain Proposal. http://www.forbes.com/sites/pascalemmanuelgobry/2013/03/12/a-completely-unrealistic-iran-grand-bargain-proposal/)
It’s a testament to how dim the prospects of a sustainable solution to Iran’
AND
credible. Iran would have to get an ironclad, credible security guarantee.

The war mandate makes this scenario especially likely

Larison 13 Daniel, senior editor, The American Conservative; PhD, History, The University of Chicago; "Sabotaging Diplomacy with Iran" The American Conservative; December 23, 2013; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/sabotaging-diplomacy-with-iran/**
In addition to setting an unreasonable goal for a final deal, the bill endorses
AND
signing it would be the equivalent of sabotaging his administration’s own diplomatic efforts.

Sanctions themselves won’t kill the deal –that’s just White House exaggeration
Hudson 13
John Hudson, national security reporter at Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy, 12/2/13, "How Congress Could Steamroll Iran Sanctions Past Obama", http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/02/how_congress_could_steamroll_iran_sanctions_past_obama jchen
Though some Democrats fear burning bridges with the White House, aides tell The Cable
AND
legislation as overly lenient, a Senate aide says that’s not the case.
Like perhaps no other foreign policy issue, Iran sanctions have pitted President Obama against a sizeable portion of his own party. In the last week, powerful Democrats such as Sens. Robert Menendez of New Jersey and Chuck Schumer of New York have openly defied the White House and advocated for new sanctions legislation.
On Friday, the administration attempted to demonstrate support for its Geneva deal by circulating a handout of lawmakers saying positive things about the agreement. But out of 535 members of the House and Senate, the White House only collected statements from 17 lawmakers — in a list that counted mildly supportive tweets as endorsements.
In the latest sign of Democrats’ open willingness to cross the administration, Menendez accused the White House of "fear-mongering" in its claims that new sanctions legislation would kill the nuclear deal and lead to war with Iran.
"As one of the architects of the sanctions regime we’ve had on Iran,
AND
, that there is a consequence if you don’t strike a successful deal."
Sources say a version of that proposal is currently being hammered out between Democrats and
AND
negotiating a final comprehensive deal, the bill gives the administration more flexibility.

Security concerns are the primary motivator of Iranian nuclearization – the plan causes denuclearization regardless of the success or failure of negotiations.

Bowman, 08 (Bradley Bowman is a 2007-2008 Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow.
Prior to his CFR fellowship, he served as an Assistant Professor of American Politics, Policy, and
Strategy in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. The ’Demand-Side’:
Avoiding a Nuclear-Armed Iran.  Orbis 52.4)
As the Bush administration began the verbal escalation to war, Iran¶ opposed the
AND
the likelihood of war or a¶ nuclear-armed Iran will grow.

Iran proliferation causes regional proliferation.

Brookes, 10 (Peter,  a Heritage Foundation senior fellow, is a former deputy assistant secretary of defense, Congressional staffer, CIA and State Department officer, and navy veteran. The Post-Iran Proliferation Cascade. Journal of International Security Affaris. Fall Winter 2010. 19. http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2010/19/brookes.php)
In just the last four years, no fewer than fourteen countries in the Middle
AND
joint effort was sparked specifically in response to Iran’s nuclear activities.9.

====Mid east proliferation causes nuclear war.====
Heisbourg ’12, ~Francois Heisbourg, Chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, prof at the Geneva Center for Security Policy, July 2012, "How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?", http://www.npolicy.org/userfiles/file/oving20Beyond20Pretense20web20version.pdf~~23page=182~~
Human societies tend to lack the imagination to think through, and to act upon
AND
nuclear Middle East would make the Cuban Missile Crisis look easy in comparison.
Great conflicts tend to occur when one or several of the antagonists   views the status
AND
nuclear program will be essential   to the future of proliferation and nonproliferation prospects.

Iran proliferation is uniquely destabilizing  — multiple actors.

Joshi, 13 (Shashank, Research Fellow of the Royal United Services Institute. IV. THE IMPLICATIONS OF A NUCLEAR IRAN. Whitehall Papers Volume 79, Issue 1, 2012 Special Issue: The Permanent Crisis: Iran’s Nuclear Trajectory.)
 First, nuclear deterrence depends on attribution. Only by accurately attributing a nuclear
AND
accident, error, miscalculation, miscommunication, or some other pathology’.93

The existential risk warrants the effort to avoid nuclear war

Rivers 2    Dennis Rivers, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and the Peacemaker Community     Revised March 30, 2002
Six Arguments for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons       http://nonukes.org/cd18_sixarg.htm
Reason One: The entire world would be more secure if the planet were free of nuclear weapons.
Nuclear weapons are the only type of weapon in existence that have the capacity to annihilate the human species and countless other species.
The very existence of nuclear weapons leaves open the possibility that a nuclear exchange might
AND
planes were scrambled and nuclear bombers were readied before the error was discovered.
In the absence of total nuclear disarmament, terrorists might acquire nuclear weapons. Such a scenario has become more probable since the USSR dissolved. There have been many reports of attempts to smuggle weapons-grade plutonium from Russia. The fewer nuclear weapons there are in the world, the fewer there are for terrorists to try to steal. Every step toward the abolition of nuclear weapons would increase our security.
Without abolition, there is always the danger that nuclear weapons will proliferate - that more and more countries will obtain them. It is ultimately unrealistic to expect that in a world in which some nations rely upon nuclear weapons, other nations will not seek to attain them. A world where there are many nuclear-armed countries would be even more dangerous.
The end of the Cold War has meant that there are no more nuclear-armed opponents, except India and Pakistan. Nuclear weapons do not serve even an arguable purpose when a country has friendly relations with a former opponent. 

====Iran has the capability to build a bomb====
Heinonen and Henderson, 13 (Simon Henderson is the Baker Fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at The Washington Institute. Olli Heinonen is a senior fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center and a former deputy director-general for safeguards at the IAEA. Rouhani and Iran’s Nuclear Progress. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/rouhani-and-irans-nuclear-progress)
Uranium enrichment. Iran continues to enrich uranium and increase the number of centrifuges installed
AND
an important indicator of the direction and progress of nuclear negotiations with Iran.

Plan

The United States federal government should statutorily prohibit the non-defensive introduction of United States armed forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Contention Four Is Solvency

====A demonstration of congressional support is a prerequisite to negotiations – Iran doesn’t think Obama can deliver on his promises. ====
Alterman, 13 (Jon B. Alterman holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy and directs the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Al-monitor. US-Iran Nuclear Deal Hinges   On Syria Vote. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/us-iran-nuclear-deal-hinges-on-syria-vote.html)
To start, it is worth noting the extent to which foreign governments are sophisticated
AND
a hostile Congress is not a president with whom it is worth negotiating.

The United States should provide a security assurance to Iran.

Leverett and Leverett 08 (Flynt Leverett, senior fellow and director of the New America Foundation’s Geopolitics of Energy Initiative, served as senior director for Middle East affairs at the National Security Council. Hillary Mann Leverett, CEO of STRATEGA, a political risk consultancy, is a former Foreign Service officer who served as director for Iran, Afghanistan, and Persian Gulf affairs at the National Security Council. The Grand Bargain. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2008/0808.leverett.html)
From an Iranian perspective, one of the essential found-ations for a U
AND
This is the essential substance of a U.S. security assurance.

Advocating for material rapprochement with Iran is key to challenge racist discourse that demonizes Iran

Richman 13 ~Sheldon Richman is vice president and editor at The Future of Freedom Foundation in Fairfax, Va. (www.fff.org). OCTOBER 10, 2013  The War Caucus The Ongoing Demonization of Iran http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/10/10/the-ongoing-demonization-of-iran/~~

So, despite overtures from the new Iranian president, Hassan Rouhani, Iran’s regime
AND
Iran is dominated by Shi’ite Muslims, the sectarian rivals of the Sunnis.)

Academic debates about alternative policy strategies towards Iran are crucial to demonstrate the potential of cooperative diplomacy. The alternative cedes debates to neoconservatives who ensure continued policy failure and violence in the Middle East and beyond.

Ingram 13 ~1. Paul Ingram is the Executive Director of the British American Security Information Council (BASIC), based in London and Washington (since 2007). He leads the UK Trident Commission secretariat in London, and BASIC’s work on the Middle East (Iran, Egypt, the Gulf States, and the WMD Free Zone initiative) and on NATO’s nuclear posture. He presented a peak-time weekly TV talk-show on global strategic issues on IRINN (domestic Iranian TV), for five years (2007-2012), and visited Iran several times in that period. He also taught at the UK National School of Government on their Top Management Programme (2007-2012). He has published a number of articles through BASIC, and other international media, available through the BASIC website: http://www.basicint.org/people/Paul-Ingram 2. Seyed Hossein Mousavian is a Research Scholar at the Program on Science and Global Security. He is a former diplomat who served as Iran’s Ambassador to Germany (1990-1997), head of the Foreign Relations Committee of Iran’s National Security Council (1997-2005) and as spokesman for Iran in its nuclear negotiations with the European Union (2003-5). He has taught at Islamic Azad University (Tehran), served as Vice President of Iran’s official Center for Strategic Research (Tehran) and was the editor in chief of the Tehran Times. Mousavian earned a PhD in international relations from the University of Kent in the U.K. His research focuses on options for resolving the crisis over Iran’s nuclear program through diplomacy and improving US-Iran relations. His most recent book is: The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: A Memoir, 2012, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 612 pages. A list of other recent publications are available here: http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/facultystaff/ seyed-hossein-mousavian/ Finding a way out of the nuclear dispute with Iran: back to basics Paul Ingram1 and Hossein Mousavian2 October 2013, http://www.basicint.org/sites/default/files/ingrammousavian-iranbacktobasics-2013_1.pdf~~

Conclusions: think positive Outcomes in the Middle East are dominated by pessimists who assume
AND
-increasing consumption, rising pollution, financial stress, poverty and migration.

Tournament: D8ndtqualifier | Round: 3 | Opponent: United States Military Lipksy-Stevens | Judge: Katsulas, White
===Contention One is Israel===

====The Iran bill is being debated in congress now and will likely pass.  In addition to a new round of sanctions, it includes a war mandate to support any Israeli strike against Iran.  This makes a US-backed Israeli strike on Iran inevitable====
Perr 13 Jon, New Democrat Network; "Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran" Daily Kos; December 24, 2013; http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran
As 2013 draws to close, the negotiations over the Iranian nuclear program have entered
AND
their way, Israel may well have a green light to start it.

The bill is coming—the latest vote count says they’re within one vote of a super-majority and the Iranian foreign minister says prospects are grim

Vick 2-18 Karl, Jerusalem Bureau Chief, Time Magazine; "Iran’s Foreign Minister Sounds Glum About Nuke Talks Over Skype" Time; February 18, 2014; http://world.time.com/2014/02/18/irans-foreign-minister-zarif-skype/**
Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif sounds a bit glum as he expresses optimism about
AND
its commitments," Khamenei said. "But this will not lead anywhere."

Bill’s coming, Obama can’t hold off pressure

Reinl 2-17 James, freelance foreign correspondent; "Iran and US: Tough talk as talks get tougher" Al Jazeera; February 17, 2014; http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/iran-us-tough-talk-as-talks-get-tougher-201421775519711760.html**
During that time, domestic tensions have risen in Iran and the United States.
AND
think he is dependent on the opposition and eventually be obliged to yield." 

This is a reversal of Obama’s previous doctrine, which would refuse support to an Israeli strike

Cole 13 Juan, Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History, University of Michigan; specializes in Modern Middle Eastern and South Asian History; "Obama will Veto new Iran Sanctions, Israel War Mandate pushed by AIPAC Senators" Informed Comment; December 21, 2013; http://www.juancole.com/2013/12/sanctions-mandate-senators.html?utm_source=feedburner26utm_medium=feed26utm_campaign=Feed3A+juancole2Fymbn+28Informed+Comment29**
The bill they crafted includes 2455 bn in new sanctions on Iran and requires the United States to support Netanyahu in any war he launches on Iran. (President Obama and his officials have in the past have hinted broadly that Israel is welcome to attack Iran but is on its own if it does so.)

====The war mandate encourages Israel to provoke war – it’s a signal of US backing====
McConnell 13 Scott, Founding Editor, The American Conservative; PhD, History, Columbia University; "Schumer-Menendez-Kirk Open the Back Door to War" The American Conservative; December 20, 2013; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/schumer-menendez-kirk-open-the-back-door-to-war/**
Democrats Charles Schumer (N.Y.) and Robert Menendez (N.J
AND
They just don’t have the courage, as yet, to say so.

====US support for a first strike increases Israeli aggression exponentially.  Absent US support, Israel won’t risk attack====
Giraldi 12 Philip, executive director, Council for the National Interest; former CIA officer; PhD, European History, University of London; "Entangled With Israel" The American Conservative; September 3, 2012; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/entangled-with-israel/
Israel’s attempt to steer American foreign policy has been nowhere more evident than in the
AND
follow." Let America’s actual interests dictate U.S. foreign policy.

Israel won’t attack without US support – extremely sensitive to US concerns

Zanotti et al 12 (Jim Zanotti, Coordinator Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs. Israel: Possible Military Strike Against Iran’s Nuclear Facilities. CRS. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R42443.pdf)
Despite the reference by Defense Minister Barak to the possible need for "overt or
AND
and bolster Israel’s "qualitative military edge" over regional security   threats.145

Israel strikes trigger a massive war

Reuveny, 10 (Rafael Reuveny is a professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. Con: Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression,  http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.tGUOoSDf.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
AND
green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Middle East wars escalate and go nuclear

Russell 9 (James, Senior Lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs – Naval Postgraduate School, "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prosepects for Nuclear War and Escalation in the Middle East," Online)
Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world. 

And even if it doesn’t escalate, a small nuclear conflagration in the Middle East causes environmental damage significant enough to cause extinction

Beth Hoffman Staffwriter for Inside Bay Area, "’Nuclear winter’ looms, experts say," 2006 Lexis)
Researchers at the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting warned Monday that even a small regional
AND
would starve exceeded those who would die in the initial blasts and radiation.

Contention Two Is Negotiations

====Iranian fear of US invasion derails nuclear negotiations in the status quo====
AP 2-8 Associated Press; "Iran leader: Don’t pin hope on sanctions relief" Boston Herald; February 8, 2014; http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/international/middle_east/2014/02/iran_leader_dont_pin_hope_on_sanctions_relief**
Iran’s Supreme Leader urged officials Saturday not to pin hopes for economic recovery on the
AND
But he also asserts that the Islamic Republic’s core principles will remain unchanged.

The threat of a US strike convinces Iran that they need a nuclear weapon for self-defense

Pillar ’13, Paul R. Pillar, 28 year CIA veteran, visiting prof at Georgetown for security studies and a member of the Center for Peace and Security Studies, International Security, Volume 38, Number 1, Summer 2013 "Correspondence: Nuclear Negotiations with Iran," p. 179
Sebenius and Singh do acknowledge another difficulty: that Iran would perceive negotiations  as merely
AND
stoke whatever interest the Iranians have in acquiring  nuclear weapons as a deterrent.

The issue of military intervention is comparatively a bigger issue than sanctions.  Assuring Iran of US non-intervention is key

Gobry, 13 (Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, lecturer at HEC Paris business school, A Completely Unrealistic Iran Grand Bargain Proposal. http://www.forbes.com/sites/pascalemmanuelgobry/2013/03/12/a-completely-unrealistic-iran-grand-bargain-proposal/)
It’s a testament to how dim the prospects of a sustainable solution to Iran’
AND
credible. Iran would have to get an ironclad, credible security guarantee.

The war mandate makes this scenario especially likely

Larison 13 Daniel, senior editor, The American Conservative; PhD, History, The University of Chicago; "Sabotaging Diplomacy with Iran" The American Conservative; December 23, 2013; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/larison/sabotaging-diplomacy-with-iran/**
In addition to setting an unreasonable goal for a final deal, the bill endorses
AND
signing it would be the equivalent of sabotaging his administration’s own diplomatic efforts.

Sanctions themselves won’t kill the deal –that’s just White House exaggeration
Hudson 13
John Hudson, national security reporter at Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy, 12/2/13, "How Congress Could Steamroll Iran Sanctions Past Obama", http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/12/02/how_congress_could_steamroll_iran_sanctions_past_obama jchen
Though some Democrats fear burning bridges with the White House, aides tell The Cable
AND
legislation as overly lenient, a Senate aide says that’s not the case.
Like perhaps no other foreign policy issue, Iran sanctions have pitted President Obama against a sizeable portion of his own party. In the last week, powerful Democrats such as Sens. Robert Menendez of New Jersey and Chuck Schumer of New York have openly defied the White House and advocated for new sanctions legislation.
On Friday, the administration attempted to demonstrate support for its Geneva deal by circulating a handout of lawmakers saying positive things about the agreement. But out of 535 members of the House and Senate, the White House only collected statements from 17 lawmakers — in a list that counted mildly supportive tweets as endorsements.
In the latest sign of Democrats’ open willingness to cross the administration, Menendez accused the White House of "fear-mongering" in its claims that new sanctions legislation would kill the nuclear deal and lead to war with Iran.
"As one of the architects of the sanctions regime we’ve had on Iran,
AND
, that there is a consequence if you don’t strike a successful deal."
Sources say a version of that proposal is currently being hammered out between Democrats and
AND
negotiating a final comprehensive deal, the bill gives the administration more flexibility.

Security concerns are the primary motivator of Iranian nuclearization – the plan causes denuclearization regardless of the success or failure of negotiations.

Bowman, 08 (Bradley Bowman is a 2007-2008 Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow.
Prior to his CFR fellowship, he served as an Assistant Professor of American Politics, Policy, and
Strategy in the Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. The ’Demand-Side’:
Avoiding a Nuclear-Armed Iran.  Orbis 52.4)
As the Bush administration began the verbal escalation to war, Iran¶ opposed the
AND
the likelihood of war or a¶ nuclear-armed Iran will grow.

Iran proliferation causes regional proliferation.

Brookes, 10 (Peter,  a Heritage Foundation senior fellow, is a former deputy assistant secretary of defense, Congressional staffer, CIA and State Department officer, and navy veteran. The Post-Iran Proliferation Cascade. Journal of International Security Affaris. Fall Winter 2010. 19. http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2010/19/brookes.php)
In just the last four years, no fewer than fourteen countries in the Middle
AND
joint effort was sparked specifically in response to Iran’s nuclear activities.9.

====Mid east proliferation causes nuclear war.====
Heisbourg ’12, ~Francois Heisbourg, Chairman of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, prof at the Geneva Center for Security Policy, July 2012, "How Bad Would the Further Spread of Nuclear Weapons Be?", http://www.npolicy.org/userfiles/file/oving20Beyond20Pretense20web20version.pdf~~23page=182~~
Human societies tend to lack the imagination to think through, and to act upon
AND
nuclear Middle East would make the Cuban Missile Crisis look easy in comparison.
Great conflicts tend to occur when one or several of the antagonists   views the status
AND
nuclear program will be essential   to the future of proliferation and nonproliferation prospects.

Iran proliferation is uniquely destabilizing  — multiple actors.

Joshi, 13 (Shashank, Research Fellow of the Royal United Services Institute. IV. THE IMPLICATIONS OF A NUCLEAR IRAN. Whitehall Papers Volume 79, Issue 1, 2012 Special Issue: The Permanent Crisis: Iran’s Nuclear Trajectory.)
 First, nuclear deterrence depends on attribution. Only by accurately attributing a nuclear
AND
accident, error, miscalculation, miscommunication, or some other pathology’.93

The existential risk warrants the effort to avoid nuclear war

Rivers 2    Dennis Rivers, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and the Peacemaker Community     Revised March 30, 2002
Six Arguments for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons       http://nonukes.org/cd18_sixarg.htm
Reason One: The entire world would be more secure if the planet were free of nuclear weapons.
Nuclear weapons are the only type of weapon in existence that have the capacity to annihilate the human species and countless other species.
The very existence of nuclear weapons leaves open the possibility that a nuclear exchange might
AND
planes were scrambled and nuclear bombers were readied before the error was discovered.
In the absence of total nuclear disarmament, terrorists might acquire nuclear weapons. Such a scenario has become more probable since the USSR dissolved. There have been many reports of attempts to smuggle weapons-grade plutonium from Russia. The fewer nuclear weapons there are in the world, the fewer there are for terrorists to try to steal. Every step toward the abolition of nuclear weapons would increase our security.
Without abolition, there is always the danger that nuclear weapons will proliferate - that more and more countries will obtain them. It is ultimately unrealistic to expect that in a world in which some nations rely upon nuclear weapons, other nations will not seek to attain them. A world where there are many nuclear-armed countries would be even more dangerous.
The end of the Cold War has meant that there are no more nuclear-armed opponents, except India and Pakistan. Nuclear weapons do not serve even an arguable purpose when a country has friendly relations with a former opponent. 

====Iran has the capability to build a bomb====
Heinonen and Henderson, 13 (Simon Henderson is the Baker Fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at The Washington Institute. Olli Heinonen is a senior fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center and a former deputy director-general for safeguards at the IAEA. Rouhani and Iran’s Nuclear Progress. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/rouhani-and-irans-nuclear-progress)
Uranium enrichment. Iran continues to enrich uranium and increase the number of centrifuges installed
AND
an important indicator of the direction and progress of nuclear negotiations with Iran.

Plan

The United States federal government should statutorily prohibit the non-defensive introduction of United States armed forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Contention Four Is Solvency

====A demonstration of congressional support is a prerequisite to negotiations – Iran doesn’t think Obama can deliver on his promises. ====
Alterman, 13 (Jon B. Alterman holds the Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy and directs the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Al-monitor. US-Iran Nuclear Deal Hinges   On Syria Vote. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/09/us-iran-nuclear-deal-hinges-on-syria-vote.html)
To start, it is worth noting the extent to which foreign governments are sophisticated
AND
a hostile Congress is not a president with whom it is worth negotiating.

The United States should provide a security assurance to Iran.

Leverett and Leverett 08 (Flynt Leverett, senior fellow and director of the New America Foundation’s Geopolitics of Energy Initiative, served as senior director for Middle East affairs at the National Security Council. Hillary Mann Leverett, CEO of STRATEGA, a political risk consultancy, is a former Foreign Service officer who served as director for Iran, Afghanistan, and Persian Gulf affairs at the National Security Council. The Grand Bargain. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2008/0808.leverett.html)
From an Iranian perspective, one of the essential found-ations for a U
AND
This is the essential substance of a U.S. security assurance.

Advocating for material rapprochement with Iran is key to challenge racist discourse that demonizes Iran

Richman 13 ~Sheldon Richman is vice president and editor at The Future of Freedom Foundation in Fairfax, Va. (www.fff.org). OCTOBER 10, 2013  The War Caucus The Ongoing Demonization of Iran http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/10/10/the-ongoing-demonization-of-iran/~~

So, despite overtures from the new Iranian president, Hassan Rouhani, Iran’s regime
AND
Iran is dominated by Shi’ite Muslims, the sectarian rivals of the Sunnis.)

Academic debates about alternative policy strategies towards Iran are crucial to demonstrate the potential of cooperative diplomacy. The alternative cedes debates to neoconservatives who ensure continued policy failure and violence in the Middle East and beyond.

Ingram 13 ~1. Paul Ingram is the Executive Director of the British American Security Information Council (BASIC), based in London and Washington (since 2007). He leads the UK Trident Commission secretariat in London, and BASIC’s work on the Middle East (Iran, Egypt, the Gulf States, and the WMD Free Zone initiative) and on NATO’s nuclear posture. He presented a peak-time weekly TV talk-show on global strategic issues on IRINN (domestic Iranian TV), for five years (2007-2012), and visited Iran several times in that period. He also taught at the UK National School of Government on their Top Management Programme (2007-2012). He has published a number of articles through BASIC, and other international media, available through the BASIC website: http://www.basicint.org/people/Paul-Ingram 2. Seyed Hossein Mousavian is a Research Scholar at the Program on Science and Global Security. He is a former diplomat who served as Iran’s Ambassador to Germany (1990-1997), head of the Foreign Relations Committee of Iran’s National Security Council (1997-2005) and as spokesman for Iran in its nuclear negotiations with the European Union (2003-5). He has taught at Islamic Azad University (Tehran), served as Vice President of Iran’s official Center for Strategic Research (Tehran) and was the editor in chief of the Tehran Times. Mousavian earned a PhD in international relations from the University of Kent in the U.K. His research focuses on options for resolving the crisis over Iran’s nuclear program through diplomacy and improving US-Iran relations. His most recent book is: The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: A Memoir, 2012, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 612 pages. A list of other recent publications are available here: http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/facultystaff/ seyed-hossein-mousavian/ Finding a way out of the nuclear dispute with Iran: back to basics Paul Ingram1 and Hossein Mousavian2 October 2013, http://www.basicint.org/sites/default/files/ingrammousavian-iranbacktobasics-2013_1.pdf~~

Conclusions: think positive Outcomes in the Middle East are dominated by pessimists who assume
AND
-increasing consumption, rising pollution, financial stress, poverty and migration.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Towson TW | Judge: Corey Stone, Natalie Woodward, Fred Sternhagen
Contention One is Israel

The Iran bill debated in congress now will likely pass.  In addition to a new round of sanctions, it includes a war mandate to support any Israeli strike against Iran.  This makes a US-backed Israeli strike on Iran inevitable
Perr 13 Jon, New Democrat Network; “Senate sanctions bill could let Israel take U.S. to war against Iran” Daily Kos; December 24, 2013; http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/12/24/1265184/-Senate-sanctions-bill-could-let-Israel-take-U-S-to-war-against-Iran
As 2013 draws to close … green light to start it.

The bill is coming—eighty three senators are on board and a super majority have already co-signed it
Stoil 3/18/2014, "Large senate majority warns of Iran sanctions slippage”, Rebecca Shimoni Stoil, March 18, 2014, Times of Israel
http://www.timesofisrael.com/huge-senate-majority-warns-of-iran-sanctions-slippage/
WASHINGTON — Over four-fifths of the … 67 other Senate co-sponsors.

The war mandate in the Iran bill encourages Israel to provoke war – it’s a signal of US backing
McConnell 13 Scott, Founding Editor, The American Conservative; PhD, History, Columbia University; “Schumer-Menendez-Kirk Open the Back Door to War” The American Conservative; December 20, 2013; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/schumer-menendez-kirk-open-the-back-door-to-war/
Democrats Charles Schumer (N.Y.) and … yet, to say so.

US support for a first strike increases Israeli aggression exponentially.  Absent US support, Israel won’t risk an attack
Giraldi 12 Philip, executive director, Council for the National Interest; former CIA officer; PhD, European History, University of London; “Entangled With Israel” The American Conservative; September 3, 2012; http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/entangled-with-israel/
Israel’s attempt to … dictate U.S. foreign policy.

Israel won’t attack without US support – extremely sensitive to US concerns
Zanotti et al 12 (Jim Zanotti, Coordinator Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs. Israel: Possible Military Strike Against Iran’s Nuclear Facilities. CRS. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R42443.pdf)
Despite the reference by … edge” over regional security   threats.145

The threat of war fractures feminist movements in Iran
Sahimi 12 Muhammad, Professor of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, USC; , translating feminist activists in Iran “Iranian Women Raise Voices against War and Sanctions” PBS; March 13, 2012; http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2012/03/perspectives-iranian-women-raises-voices-against-war-and-sanctions.html
Over the past several … the war with a smile.

Israel strikes would trigger a massive Middle Eastern war
Reuveny, 10 (Rafael Reuveny is a professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University. Con: Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression,  http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/#sthash.tGUOoSDf.dpuf)
A unilateral Israeli strike … spark World War III.

even if it doesn’t escalate, a small nuclear conflagration in the Middle East causes enough environmental damage to cause extinction
Beth Hoffman Staffwriter for Inside Bay Area, “'Nuclear winter' looms, experts say,” 2006 Lexis)
Researchers at the American … in the initial blasts and radiation.

The existential risk of nuclear war warrants the effort to avoid it
Rivers 2    Dennis Rivers, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation and the Peacemaker Community     Revised March 30, 2002
Six Arguments for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons       http://nonukes.org/cd18_sixarg.htm
Reason One: The entire world would be more secure if the planet were free of nuclear weapons.
Nuclear weapons are the … the error was discovered.

Plan: The United States federal government should statutorily prohibit the introduction of United States armed forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran. 

Contention Two is Epistemology

Though social science is never perfect, our author’s rigorous scholarship allows us to make functioning assessments about Middle Eastern politics
Halliday 93
Fred Halliday, IR at LSE, 93, “ ‘Orientalism’ and its Critics” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 20(2) pp.145-146
The Middle East is not … unfinished, and unfinishable, endavour.

There is no perfectly rational subject or perfectly accessible truth, but we can make reasonable predictions about international actors
Miller 2 (Katherine Miller, Prof. of Communication at Texas AandM,  Communication theories:  Perspectives, processes, and contexts, 2002, p 35-36)
If positivism, in … in the next section.

Advocating for material rapprochement with Iran is key to challenge racist discourse that demonizes Iran
Richman 13 Sheldon Richman is vice president and editor at The Future of Freedom Foundation in Fairfax, Va. (www.fff.org). OCTOBER 10, 2013  The War Caucus The Ongoing Demonization of Iran http://www.counterpunch.org/2013/10/10/the-ongoing-demonization-of-iran/
So, despite overtures from … sectarian rivals of the Sunnis.)

Academic debates about alternative policy strategies towards Iran are crucial to demonstrate the potential of cooperative diplomacy. The alternative cedes debates to neoconservatives who ensure continued policy failure and violence in the Middle East and beyond.
Ingram 13 1. Paul Ingram is the Executive Director of the British American Security Information Council (BASIC), based in London and Washington (since 2007). He leads the UK Trident Commission secretariat in London, and BASIC’s work on the Middle East (Iran, Egypt, the Gulf States, and the WMD Free Zone initiative) and on NATO’s nuclear posture. He presented a peak-time weekly TV talk-show on global strategic issues on IRINN (domestic Iranian TV), for five years (2007-2012), and visited Iran several times in that period. He also taught at the UK National School of Government on their Top Management Programme (2007-2012). He has published a number of articles through BASIC, and other international media, available through the BASIC website: http://www.basicint.org/people/Paul-Ingram 2. Seyed Hossein Mousavian is a Research Scholar at the Program on Science and Global Security. He is a former diplomat who served as Iran’s Ambassador to Germany (1990-1997), head of the Foreign Relations Committee of Iran’s National Security Council (1997-2005) and as spokesman for Iran in its nuclear negotiations with the European Union (2003-5). He has taught at Islamic Azad University (Tehran), served as Vice President of Iran’s official Center for Strategic Research (Tehran) and was the editor in chief of the Tehran Times. Mousavian earned a PhD in international relations from the University of Kent in the U.K. His research focuses on options for resolving the crisis over Iran’s nuclear program through diplomacy and improving US-Iran relations. His most recent book is: The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: A Memoir, 2012, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 612 pages. A list of other recent publications are available here: http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/facultystaff/ seyed-hossein-mousavian/ Finding a way out of the nuclear dispute with Iran: back to basics Paul Ingram1 and Hossein Mousavian2 October 2013, http://www.basicint.org/sites/default/files/ingrammousavian-iranbacktobasics-2013_1.pdf
Conclusions: think positive … stress, poverty and migration.

Reality and law are coproductive. Changing our thinking about law helps to reconstitute the material realities that we live in.
Jane Baron, Law @ Temple – Beasley School of Law, 2003 (“Romancing the Real.” 57 U. Miami L. Rev. 573 lexis)
Yet, imagine that what … portray "reality" that way.

Using pedagogical institutions to make prescriptions for change prevents docile acceptance of oppression. Evaluating the likely consequences of our prescriptions shapes successful social change.
Susan Carle, Law @ American University, 2005 (“Theorizing Agency.” 55 Am. U.L. Rev. 307 lexis)
Precisely because he believed … of political disengagement and apathy.287

Academic debate over war powers is critical to contest interventionism and improve policy making
Stephen M. Walt 11, Professor of International Affairs at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, July 21, “International Affairs and the Public Sphere”, http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/walt-international-affairs-and-the-public-sphere/
Academics can make at … produce it might wish.

Working with policy is good – Extra-legalism creates the “myth of activism” – eroding any possibility for actual reform
Orly Lobel ‘7 -- Professor of Law @ University of San Diego, “The Paradox of Extralegal Activism Critical Legal Consciousness and Transformative Politics” Harvard Law Review, Vol. 120, 2007
At this point, the … patterned sets of reforms. 

Reforms of the state are achievable – only way to get others on board
Wright, 07 Erik Olin, Vilas Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin, “Guidelines for Envisioning Real Utopias”, Soundings, April, www.ssc.wisc.edu/wright/Published20writing/Guidelines-soundings.pdf
5. Waystations The final guideline for discussions … action in the future.

Behaving as if we can change the law creates the most effective politics and genuine change
Sparer ‘84
Ed, Prof. Law and Soc Welfare @ Pennsylvania, “Fundamental Human Rights, Legal Entitlements, and the Social Struggle: A Friendly Critique of the Critical Legal Studies Movement,” 36 Stan. L. Rev. 509, January, ln  
From this background, Gordon …  practitioners' yearning for helpful theory.

Linear projections can be a useful basis for establishing priorities – the alternative to complexity is complacency.
Dr. Sebastian L. V. Gorka et al 12, Director of the Homeland Defense Fellows Program at the College of International Security Affairs, National Defense University, teaches Irregular Warfare and US National Security at NDU and Georgetown, et al., Spring 2012, “The Complexity Trap,” Parameters, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/parameters/Articles/2012spring/Gallagher_Geltzer_Gorka.pdf
These competing views …  in which nothing is.

Tournament: NDT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Towson TW | Judge: Corey Stone, Natalie Woodward, Fred Sternhagen
Their Janelle Monae song’s conflation of futurepast reproduces neoliberal colonialism
James 13 Robin, Associate Professor of Philosophy, UNC Charlotte; “Afrofuturism and Drones” The Society Pages; November 1, 2013; http://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2013/11/01/afrofuturism-and-drones/
Afrofuturism is a … West, and Beyonce.)

The proper response to recurrent state/legal racism is protective measures – only legal reform can embed bulwarks against historical injustice
Delgado 98
(Richard, Jean N. Lindsley Professor of Law at the University of Colorado Law School, “Is American Law Inherently Racist”, Debate w/ Prof. Farber, Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1211andcontext=facpubs)
AUDIENCE: If we accept the … later in my talk.

The American legal system and state are not inherently racist – their overly fatalistic narrative ignores massive progress and incorrectly assumes that the US uniquely represents a site of anti-blackness
Farber 98
(Daniel, Prof. of the Minnesota School of Law, “Is American Law Inherently Racist”, w/ Prof. Delgado, Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1211andcontext=facpubs)
Let me begin with … considerably better than most.

What is hip hop?  The alternative engages in a politics of authenticity that stereotypes and excludes other ways of knowing and other forms of hip hop.
Gosa and Fields 12 Travis L., Assistant Professor of Social Science, Cornell University. Africana Studies and Research ¶ Center; and Tristan G., Graduate Student, M.S Education, Cornell University. Department of Education; “Is Hip Hop Education Another Hustle? The (Ir)Responsible Use of Hip Hop as Pedagogy” In P. J. Bradley and V. J. Michael (Eds.),
 Hip-Hop(e): The cultural practice and critical pedagogy of international hip-hop.
 (1-24). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4. The Elusiveness of Hip Hop … and girls (promiscuous gold diggers).¶ 

Hip hop is not a panacea.  Reducing the problems isolated by the negative to a question of hip hop makes confronting those problems impossible and is pedagogically ineffective.
Gosa and Fields 12 Travis L., Assistant Professor of Social Science, Cornell University. Africana Studies and Research ¶ Center; and Tristan G., Graduate Student, M.S Education, Cornell University. Department of Education; “Is Hip Hop Education Another Hustle? The (Ir)Responsible Use of Hip Hop as Pedagogy” In P. J. Bradley and V. J. Michael (Eds.),
 Hip-Hop(e): The cultural practice and critical pedagogy of international hip-hop.
 (1-24). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Teachers can easily conflate … Lil? Wayne and Drake?s “Gonorrhea” (2010).¶

Hip hop pedagogy isn’t revolutionary—it can be a good form of education, but doesn’t replace the need for broader changes
Gosa and Fields 12 Travis L., Assistant Professor of Social Science, Cornell University. Africana Studies and Research ¶ Center; and Tristan G., Graduate Student, M.S Education, Cornell University. Department of Education; “Is Hip Hop Education Another Hustle? The (Ir)Responsible Use of Hip Hop as Pedagogy” In P. J. Bradley and V. J. Michael (Eds.),
 Hip-Hop(e): The cultural practice and critical pedagogy of international hip-hop.
 (1-24). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Educators need to be … exposed in the literature. 

Focus on bottom-up change exclusively is bad.
George Monbiot, journalist, academic, and political and environmental activist, 2004, Manifesto for a New World Order, p. 11-13
The quest for global … requires for its survival.

Tournament: Shirley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Houston Jennings-Jennings | Judge: Malsin

Contention 1

For years the executive branch has operated under the President’s war powers authority to exclude women from ground forces introduced into hostilities.

Urias. 4   ARNULFO URIAS, J.D. Candidate, University of Southern California Law School, 2005;
Southern California Review of Law and Women’s Studies   Fall, 2004   14 S. Cal. Rev. L. 26 Women’s Stud. 83
NOTE: THE POLITICS OF BIOLOGY: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY AND THE EXCLUSION OF WOMEN FROM COMBAT *
~*89~  In 1993, Congress passed the 1994 Defense Authorization Act (DAA
AND
front-line combat, remains a relatively bright-line rule. n53

Although the DOD formally repealed the combat exclusion, the maintenance of physical requirements means that women will continue to be excluded from those forces introduced into hostilities.

Burrelli 13 David F., Specialist in Military WoManpower Policy, Congressional Research Service; "Women in Combat: Issues for Congress" Congressional Research Service; May 9, 2013; http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42075.pdf
As written, this language can be the subject of differing interpretations. Since no standards AND
participated and dropped from the program early in the training.53 

A new report to congress confirmed that very few women will be able to meet the current standards.

Washington Times, 13 (Few women will qualify for land combat: report. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/24/report-few-women-will-qualify-for-land-combat-loop/?page=all)
A new report to Congress predicts that relatively few women will be able to perform
AND
, citing the 1993 Gender-Neutral Occupational Performance Standards as the guide.

Military service is the KEY marker of civic membership – exclusion of women from this process structures the entire civic identity of the nation around gendered identity

Novkov, 8 (Julie Novkov, Chair, Department of Political Science, University at Albany, SUNY, Sacrifice and Civic Membership: Who Earns Rights, and When?, Maryland/Georgetown Discussion Group on Constitutionalism, University of Maryland School of Law, March 7-8, 2008, http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=109726context=schmooze_papers)
Holmes was tapping into an important dynamic that has operated through the span of American
AND
at the intersection of race and gender through their connection to civic service.

Legislation action is key to social change—debate is the only way to generate public perception

Stoddard 97  Thomas B. Stoddard, attorney and adjunct professor at the New York University School of Law
New York University Law Review   November, 1997   72 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 967  ESSAY: BLEEDING HEART: REFLECTIONS ON USING THE LAW TO MAKE SOCIAL CHANGE
"Rule-shifting" cannot possibly become "culture-shifting" without public
AND
 they engender rather than the formal consequences of their enactment.

Plan: The United States federal government should statutorily prohibit the exclusion of women from Armed Forces introduced into hostilities.

Contention 2

The military relies on physical requirements that presume a masculine military and subordinate women to continue the exclusion of women from combat roles.

Goodell 10   Maia Goodell, partner at Vladeck, Waldman, Elias 26 Engelhard, she was a Surface Warfare Officer in the U.S. Navy, serving on the USS Abraham Lincoln and USS Port Royal. She is a member of the Committee on Military Affairs and Justice of the New York City Bar. Seattle University Law Review   Fall, 2010   34 Seattle Univ. L. R. 17   ARTICLE: Physical-Strength Rationales for De Jure Exclusion of Women from Military Combat Positions
Task definition is the clearest indicator that all of the thinking behind physical-strength
AND
of who they are":  n223 The prohibition on women serving in combat.

Isolated physical requirements are not a good measure of actual ability – emphasizing those measures is biased

Goodell 10   Maia Goodell, partner at Vladeck, Waldman, Elias 26 Engelhard, she was a Surface Warfare Officer in the U.S. Navy, serving on the USS Abraham Lincoln and USS Port Royal. She is a member of the Committee on Military Affairs and Justice of the New York City Bar. Seattle University Law Review   Fall, 2010   34 Seattle Univ. L. R. 17   ARTICLE: Physical-Strength Rationales for De Jure Exclusion of Women from Military Combat Positions
Indeed, real life examples show that, despite the lower scores on isolated tasks
AND
the measures, not the job requirements, that leads to the dramatic gap

Exclusion of women constructs female subordination

Vojdik 5   Valorie K. Vojdik , Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia University College of Law.  Alabama Law Review    Winter, 2005    57 Ala. L. Rev. 303   ARTICLE: Beyond Stereotyping in Equal Protection Doctrine: Reframing the Exclusion of Women from Combat
 By moving beyond stereotyping, the argument against judicial deference to the military’s discriminatory
AND
of the most powerful institutions that continue to deny women equal citizenship status.

The full integration of women in the military prevents sexual assault – it is the only way to solve the cause of the problem

Haring, 13 (Army Col. Ellen Haring is on the staff of the Army War College. To stop sexual assault against women in the US military, add more women. http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2013/0624/To-stop-sexual-assault-against-women-in-the-US-military-add-more-women)
Last week, the US military services announced their plans to integrate women in combat
AND
military culture change to one in which all servicemembers are valued team players.

Women in Combat challenges gender stereotypes used to keep women subordinate

Vojdoik 5   Valorie K. Vojdik , Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia University College of Law.  Alabama Law Review    Winter, 2005    57 Ala. L. Rev. 303   ARTICLE: Beyond Stereotyping in Equal Protection Doctrine: Reframing the Exclusion of Women from Combat
Litigation strategies that illuminate the particular practices within social institutions that subordinate women are well
AND
of a system of subordination that reflects hostility toward treating women as equals.

Exclusion of women from combat prevents women from getting promoted in the military

Bacon 11 Lance M., staff writer, Army Times; "Odierno backs expanding role of women in combat" Army Times; October 22, 2011; http://www.armytimes.com/article/20111022/NEWS/110220308/**
Others, such as the Military Leadership Diversity Council and the Defense Department Advisory Committee
AND
— are female, though women represent roughly 15 percent of the force.

Failure to engage gender discrimination ensures a terminally dysfunctional social order leading to violence and environmental destruction

Warren and Cady, 96
(Karen Warren and Duane Cady, Professors at Macalester and Hamline, Bringing peace home: feminism, violence, and nature, 1996, p. 12-13)
Operationalized, the evidence of patriarchy as a dysfunctional system is found in the behaviors
AND
-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts.

The plan challenges patriarchy at its most fundamental level.

Skaine,94 (Rosemarie, Activist, Author. Gender Issues of Americans in Combat.  140-141)
Family roles remain at the heart of the controversy over whether women should serve in
AND
were among  the ’collateral damage’ of the precision bombing and Iraqi occupation."  

Including more women in combat independently transforms the international system.

Statchowistch, 12 (Saskia, Prof@ University of Bristol,Military gender integration and foreign policy in the United States: A feminist international relations perspective   Security Dialogue August 2012 vol. 43 no. 4 305-321.)
This analysis highlights the multiple ways in which military gender issues and foreign policy interact
AND
gender regimes can be conducted beyond the study period and the US case.

Congressional action is key – solves integration

Duhart 12   Olympia Duhart, Professor of Law, Nova Southeastern University, Shepard Broad Law Center       Cardozo Journal of Law 26 Gender    2012    18 Cardozo J.L. 26 Gender 327    ARTICLE: PTSD AND WOMEN WARRIORS: CAUSES, CONTROLS AND A CONGRESSIONAL CURE
 The "combat exclusion" policies have led to controversy regarding their application even
AND
of women in combat has reactivated several opponents to the change in policy.

Don’t evaluate high magnitude low probability impacts – a low probability means no probability.

Rescher 83
Rescher. Prof of Philosophy @ Pitt, 1983, ~Nicholas, Risk, pg. 36-37~
In real-life deliberations, in the law (especially in the context of
AND
about, as meriting being set at zero, as being literally negligible. 

Attempts at purely objective calculus justifies atrocity.

Michael WILLIAMS Int’l Politics @ Aberystwyth ’5 The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations p. 172-173
If viewed simply as the consideration of likely outcomes, an ethic of consequences is
AND
rejected in instrumental reason, would have little resonance in the Realist tradition.  

Conceptualizing of war as only state level conflict ignores the everyday violence against women

Ray, 97 (Law Clerk to the Honorable Clyde H. Hamilton, United States Court of Appeals for the  Fourth Circuit. THE SHAME OF IT: GENDER-BASED  TERRORISM IN THE FORMER  YUGOSLAVIA AND THE FAILURE OF  INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW  TO COMPREHEND THE INJURIES. http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=138026context=aulr)
The international community must recognize that violence against  women is always political, regardless of
AND
human rights law is no accident, but rather part of a system politically

The plan is not an embrace of status quo American militarism – we can criticize military policy without endorsing militarism. The existence of the military is sometimes justified.

Decew, 95 (Judith Wagner DeCew is Professor of Philosophy and Department Chair at Clark University, where she is also former Associate Dean of the College. The Combat Exclusion and the Role of Women in the Military. Special Issue: Feminist Ethics and Social Policy, Part 1  Volume 10, Issue 1, pages 56–73, February 1995)
Feminists may believe that a right to serve in combat in the military exists but
AND
liberal feminist approach, it is, I believe, a compelling one.

Power is fluid and the state is not a unitary institution—our politics recognizes the contradictory nature of the state and uses it to advance our struggle

Rhode 94
Deborah L. Rhode, Law Prof @ Stanford, April 1994, "Changing Images of the State," 107 Harv. L. Rev. 1181, p ln
Neither can the state be understood solely as an instrument of men’s interests. As
AND
of sex-based inequality and in the strategies necessary to address it.
These tensions within the women’s movement are, of course, by no means unique
AND
struggle, evaluation of their strategic value demands historically-situated contextual analysis.