Tournament: Rochester 2013 | Round: 2 | Opponent: various | Judge:
(our counterplan texts vary)

Courts are better than congress for checking an overzealous executive 

MARTINEZ, associate law professor @Stanford law 2006            (Jenny, “Inherent Executive Power: A Comparative Perspective”, 115 Yale L.J. 2480, p. l/n)AR SPR

What do these comparative
AND
broad claims of inherent executive power politically plausible, that is a dangerous sign.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

1NC

Supreme Court will rule against NLRB now but if they perceive less political capital they will dismiss jurisdiction– this would result in a functional win for the NLRB

HIRSCH 2013 (Jeffrey, prof @ North Carolina School of Law, Scotus Blog, 7/17
http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/-http://www.scotusblog.com/2013/07/symposium-will-the-supreme-court-duck-the-recess-appointments-battle/ )~AR VT~

Although I am not optimistic that the Supreme Court will aid the NLRB and its
AND
recess appointments and ensure that agencies have the appointees needed to maintain operations.

Supreme court war powers decisions are controversial – justices see plan as a drain on their political capital

MCGINNIS professor @Cardozo school of law 1993 (John , assistant professor and former deputy assistant attorney general in the office of legal counsel, "Constitutional Review by the Executive in Foreign Affairs and War Powers: A Consequence of Rational Choice in the Separation of Powers", Law and Contemporary Problems, 56(4), p. 306-308)~AR VT~

The Court has the least interest of all in exercising rights of governance in the
AND
from the executive to the Congress without disturbing as much substantive precedent.71

Justices treat their political capital as finite – fear of executive backlash triggers strategic behavior, they won’t risk going against the president on multiple issues at once

FEREJOHN and KRAMER 2002 (John, prof poli sci at Stanford and Larry, prof law and politics NYU school of law, "INDEPENDENT JUDGES, DEPENDENT JUDICIARY: INSTITUTIONALIZING JUDICIAL RESTRAINT", 77 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 962, p. ln)~AR VT~

The pressure nevertheless can become quite intense, its mere threat a cause for anxiety
AND
publicly muses about resurrecting Lincoln’s position on the limits of judicial authority.

Stopping NLRB enforcement is key because of the quickie election rule

MORGAN LEWIS 2013  (Morgan Lewis Labor and Employment Practice, "Third Circuit Holds Craig Becker’s NLRB Recess Appointment Unconstitutional", 5/17, retrieved 10/31/13 from http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/LEPG_LF_BeckerNLRBRecessAppointmentUnconstitutional_17may13-http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/LEPG_LF_BeckerNLRBRecessAppointmentUnconstitutional_17may13 )~AR VT~

On May 16, in National Labor Relations Board v. New Vista Nursing and
AND
purposes of interpreting the Recess Appointments Clause. The clause provides
AND
valid Board is confirmed by the Senate)—is of highly questionable validity.

The quickie election rule crushes the economy – small businesses are hurt the most

ISSA 2012 (Darrell, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 12/13, p19-21, retrieved 10/31 from http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NLRB-Report-FINAL-12.13.12.pdf-http://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NLRB-Report-FINAL-12.13.12.pdf )~AR VT~

b. The "Quickie Election" Rule Illustrates a Disregard for Quorum Requirements In
AND
employers rather than looking out for the best interest of American workers.  

Economic collapse risks global conflicts and extinction

AUSLIN and LACHMAN 2009 (Michael and Desmond, both from the  American Enterprise Institute "The Global Economy Unravels" American Enterprise Institute, 3/6, retrieved 10/31 from http://www.aei.org/article/economics/international-economy/the-global-economy-unravels/)//~~AR-http://www.aei.org/article/economics/international-economy/the-global-economy-unravels/)//5bAR VT~

What do these trends mean in the short and medium term? The Great Depression
AND
may be a series of small explosions that coalesce into a big bang.

Tournament: Vermont 2013 | Round: 6 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

The Court invokes the political question doctrine regarding areas of law where the executive has "special responsibilities" such as war powers

Choper 2007
Jesse, Earl Warren Professor of Public Law at University of California Berkeley, "Introduction", The Political Question Doctrine and the Supreme Court of the United States, Lexington Books 2007, pg. 12-13 ~JPW SPR~
This second criterion, in particular, also takes account of John Marshall’s understanding:
AND
because of the defects of the electoral and political systems that Siegel identifies.

Substantive court rulings on war powers would require throwing out the political question doctrine

Yoo 1996
John, Professor of Law at UC-Berkeley, General Counsel for the Committee of the Judiciary, US Senate, "The Continuation of Politics by Other Means: The Original Understanding of War Powers", California Law Review Vol. 84 No. 2, March 1996, pg. 194-196
To Franck, such arguments in favor of the political question doc- trine are
AND
treason to the constitution" by not taking jurisdiction when they should.’57

The political question doctrine is THE KEY CHECK to judicial supremacy – removing it lets the Court police its own boundaries, destroying separation of powers

Barkow 2007
Rachel, Associate Professor of Law at New York University School of Law, "Introduction", The Political Question Doctrine and the Supreme Court of the United States, Lexington Books 2007, pg. 44-45 ~JPW SPR~
Because the prudential doctrine allows the Court to avoid deciding a case without an anchor
AND
conversation among the three coordinate branches into a monologue by the Supreme Court.

Global transitions are inevitable and ongoing and weak separation of powers model destabilizes causing nationalism and war

Zakaria 97
(Fareed Zakaria; received a B.A. from Yale and a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard 1997, "The rise of illiberal democracy" November/December, foreign affairs, http://www.fareedzakaria.com/ARTICLES/other/democracy.html)
Illiberal democracies gain legitimacy, and thus strength, from the fact that they are
AND
next century, our task is to make democracy safe for the world.

Tournament: Vermont 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

1NC Politics - CIR

Obama has an opportunity on immigration with the Republicans in disarray – his framing and influence is key

The Hill 10-18
"Obama’s hollow debt victory", http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/329219-obamas-hollow-debt-victory-http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/329219-obamas-hollow-debt-victory, 10/18/13 ~JPW HVD~
Another former White House official saw things differently and argued Obama now has a real
AND
of the House to the Tea Party, very little will get done."

Congress doesn’t like plan – shifting war powers on to them guts their ability to critique from a distance

HEALY 2008 (Gene, vice president of the Cato institute, J.D. University of Chicago Law School,  The Cult of the Presidency: America’s Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power.  Cato Institute, p.162-163)~AR SPR~

Domestic delegation of lawmaking authority allows representatives AND
doubt about where the real authority resides.

Obama’s push on immigration is critical to getting it through the House

MSNBC 10-16
Zachary Roth, MSNBC national reporter, "Obama’s next move", http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/what-the-deal-means-obamas-presidency-http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/what-the-deal-means-obamas-presidency, 10/16/13 ~JPW HVD~
President Barack Obama stood his ground, forced Republicans into submission and overcame liberals’ worst
AND
Dunn, referring to Senate Republican dealmakers like Susan Collins and Lindsey Graham.

Comprehensive immigration reform is key to the economy and highly skilled workers

Farrell 12/13/12 (Chris, a contributing editor for Bloomberg Businessweek. From 1986-97, he was on the magazine’s staff, as a corporate finance staff and department editor and then as an economics editor. Farrell wrote Right on the Money: Taking Control of Your Personal Finances and Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall? Among Farrell’s many awards are a National Magazine Award, two Loeb Awards, and the Edward R. Murrow Award. Farrell is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Stanford University. "Obama’s Next Act: Immigration Reform" http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform-http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-13/obamas-next-act-immigration-reform)
Washington won’t get much of a reprieve from verbal pyrotechnics once the drama of the
AND
legality offers Washington a rare twofer: a just move that’s economically efficient.

Economic decline risks multiple global nuclear wars

O’Hanlon 12  (Kenneth G. Lieberthal, Director of the John L. Thornton China Center and Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy and Global Economy and Development at the Brookings Institution, former Professor at the University of Michigan ~"The Real National Security Threat: America’s Debt," Los Angeles Times, July 10th, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon-http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/10-economy-foreign-policy-lieberthal-ohanlon~~)**
Alas, globalization and automation trends of the last generation have increasingly called the American
AND
else is really possible if that fundamentalprerequisite to effective foreign policy is not reestablished

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: 3 | Opponent: various | Judge: 

We’re on the brink – the house bill is setting up a fiscal showdown in the status quo

WEISMAN and PARKER 9/20/2013
(Jonathan and Ashley, staff writers, "House Passes Spending Bill that Would Cut Health Funds", http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/us/politics/house-spending-bill.html?_r=0)//~~AR-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/21/us/politics/house-spending-bill.html?_r=0)//5bAR BING~

WASHINGTON — House Republicans pushed through a stopgap spending bill Friday that would strip all
AND
, and the nation’s first default on federal debt could follow weeks later.

Obama needs all of his focus to broker compromises on the budget

INVIGLIO  9/20/2013 (Daniel, staff writer @ Reuters specializing in Washington DC based issues, former, associate editor for the Atlantic,  "Capitol Misallocation" http://www.breakingviews.com/activist-would-contest-obamas-capital-allocation/21108651.article-http://www.breakingviews.com/activist-would-contest-obamas-capital-allocation/21108651.article  )~MW BING~

If Barack Obama were the chief executive officer of the United States, an activist
AND
The broad economic risks make this an area demanding far more presidential attention.

Shutdown destroys the economy

YI WU 2013 (8/27, "Government Shutdown 2013: Still a Terrible Idea," PolicyMic,http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea-http://www.policymic.com/articles/60837/government-shutdown-2013-still-a-terrible-idea)//~~AR BING~

Around a third of House Republicans, many Tea Party-backed,
AND
to demand cancellation of the entire health care reform enacted a year before.

This Causes global nuclear war

HARRIS and BURROWS 2009 (PhD European History @ Cambridge, counselor of the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis"http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf)//~~AR BING~

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: West Point 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

Obama diplomacy with Iran is making progress now – he needs to guide it at his pace, fending off Congressional push to accelerate sanctions

THOMAS 10/17/2013 (Ken, "Defying Obama, Senators Urge Tougher Iran Sanctions", The Times of Israel, http://www.timesofisrael.com/defying-obama-senators-urge-tougher-iran-sanctions/-http://www.timesofisrael.com/defying-obama-senators-urge-tougher-iran-sanctions/ )~AR WESTP~

WASHINGTON (AP) — Demands in Congress grew Wednesday for a speedy escalation of
AND
substantive actions" and a verifiable plan to scale back its nuclear program.

Congress doesn’t like plan – shifting war powers on to them guts their ability to critique from a distance

HEALY 2008 (Gene, vice president of the Cato institute, J.D. University of Chicago Law School,  The Cult of the Presidency: America’s Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power.  Cato Institute, p.162-163)~AR SPR~

Domestic delegation of lawmaking authority allows
AND
 doubt about where the real authority resides.

Obama relations with Congress key to manage the delicate path to Iran concessions

WASHINGTON TIMES 10/17/2013 ("Optimism surfaces amid progress in Iranian nuclear talks", Washington Times, Oct 17, p. ln)~AR WESTP~

White House spokesman Jay Carney said it’s too soon to talk about easing the far
AND
leaders are "going to insist upon some limited level of safeguarded enrichment."

Iranian prolif causes global nuclear war

EDELMAN center for strategic studies 2011 (Eric, former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, visiting scholar at the Philip Merrill Center For Strategic Studies, "The Dangers of A Nuclear Iran: The Limits of Containment", Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, accessed-http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67162/eric-s-edelman-andrew-f-krepinevich-jr-and-evan-braden-montgomer/the-dangers-of-a-nuclear-iran via Get it21 Cornell 10/17/13)~AR WESTP~

The reports of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States and
AND
would retaliate against the wrong party, potentially triggering a regional nuclear war.

Tournament: Rochester 2013 | Round: 1 | Opponent: various | Judge:
Obama war powers are high now

FRIEDERSDORF 9/12/2013 (Conor, “Obama Acts Like He Doesn’t Know He’s An Executive Power Extremist”, the Atlantic, 9/12, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/obama-acts-like-he-doesnt-know-hes-an-executive-power-extremist/279583/ )AR ROCH

It's often hard to tell if President Obama
AND
charges or due process, that he can sit in judgment of anyone on earth, then send a drone anywhere to strike them.

Restricting executive war powers undermines broader presidential powers

FREEMAN 2007 (Daniel, “The Canons of War”, Yale Law Journal 117(280), p. ln )AR ROCH

Outside the confines of partisan absolutism, determining
AND
Supreme Court must determine the net authorization, synthesizing those statutes while effectuating the underlying constitutional, structural, and historical concerns.

Presidential power key to check multiple scenarios for nuclear war

YOO 2006 (John, professor of law at the University of California at Berkeley School of Law, visiting scholar at the American enterprise institute. From 2001-2003 served as a deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel of the U.S. Department of Justice, where he worked on issues of foreign affairs, national security, and the separation of powers. “Energy in the Executive: Re-examining Presidential Power in the Midst of the War on Terrorism” http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2006/04/energy-in-the-executive-reexamining-presidential-power-in-the-midst-of-the-war-on-terrorism)//AR ROCH

Aside from bitter controversy over Vietnam, there appeared to be
AND
any time-critical intelligence or windows of opportunity.

Tournament: Rochester 2013 | Round: 3 | Opponent: various | Judge:
INTERPRETATION –
“Resolved” implies a policy or legislative decision

PARCHER 2001 -  (Jeff Parcher, former debate coach at Georgetown, Feb 2001 http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html)

Pardon me if I turn to a source besides
AND
resolutions by legislative bodies. A resolution is either adopted or it is not. It's a question before a legislative body. Should this statement be adopted or not.

The agent of the resolution is the United States Federal Government – we can read a definition if this is contested. 

“Should” means “shall” or “must” – the aff  is required to defend implementation

NIETO 2009 --- (Judge Henry Nieto, Colorado Court of Appeals, 8-20-2009 People v. Munoz, 240 P.3d 311 (Colo. Ct. App. 2009)

"Should" is "used . . . to express duty, obligation, propriety,
AND
purpose of parents' federal tax exemption to be mandatory).

VIOLATION - The aff must defend the hypothetical implementation of a topical plan enacted by the USFG. They do not do this. They do not try to do this. 

STANDARDS - 

1. DELIBERATION: predictably switching sides with the resolution as the pivot within the game space is key. This is the internal link to two impacts:

a) Trains PORTABLE SKILLS for policymaking, solving social harms. Challenging sedimented beliefs leads to stronger advocacy – empirically demonstrated. It’s better than the dogma of their decisionism. 

MITCHELL 2010 (Gordon, associate professor and director of graduate studies in the dpt. of communication at the University of Pittsburgh, “Switch-Side Debating Meets Demand-Driven Rhetoric of Science”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 13.1, p.106-108)AR

The preceding analysis of U.S. intelligence community debating
AND
activate the generative aspect of rhetorical practice, a key element of the Sophistical tradition.62

b) Generates PRODUCTIVE EDUCATION. Clashing over a targeted area of argument yields more truth outcomes. Complying with the implicit contract of debate is better than having two ships passing in the night.

HARRIGAN 2008 (Casey, associate director of debate at UGA, M.A. in communication at Wake Forest University, “A Defense of Switch Side Debate,” A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Wake Forest University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Communication, May, retrieved from http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/14746/harrigancd_05_2008.pdf;jsessionid= 556116414E4A9F4187AE B73A3954CB9F?sequence=1, p. 52-53)AR

A second exception to the rule of free expression
AND
need to be institutionally constrained by the framework for discussion.

2. LIMITS: advancing a topical plan and thus protecting the negative is key. This is the internal link to two impacts 

a) It’s a PRECONDITION FOR DEBATE to occur. Delimiting the content of our debates establishes ground and shared understanding. They make debate meaningless.

SHIVELY 2000 (Ruth Lessl y, former assistant professor of political science, Texas AandM university,  “Political Theory and the Postmodern Politics of Ambiguity” , in eds Edward Bryan Portis , prof political science Texas AandM university; Adolf Gundersen, former associate professor Texas AandM, and Ruth Shiveley:  Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-182)AR

The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists
AND
contestation rests on  some basic agreement or harmony.

b) It preserves RESEARCH-BASED EDUCATION. Affirmation by assertion instead of as part of a dialogue is limitless and inherently evasive. We learn best when we interact within an agreed-upon domain.

HANGHOJ 2008 (Thorkild, MSc in Cultural Studies, PhD, assistant professor at the Research Program for Media and ICT in a Learning Perspective at the Danish School of Education, University of Aarhus: His key field of research is the design and use of games in school contexts, especially in relation to game-based teacher roles. Playful Knowledge: An Explorative Study of Educational Gaming, PhD dissertation, Institute of Literature, Media and Cultural Studies, University of Southern Denmark, p. 50-51)AR

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios
AND
perhaps the most important goal,  should be dialogue as an end in itself” (Wegerif, 2006: 61).

VOTING ISSUE – reject the aff. Their presentation is incompatible with debate and destroys the productive, educational, and fair potential of debate.

Tournament: Ithaca College | Round: Semis | Opponent: various | Judge: various
Ableism K

Using the word “cripple” uses language that is ableist
MOBILITY INTERNATIONAL USA 2014     (accessed 2/9/14, retrieved from http://www.miusa.org/ncde/tools/respect )AR IC14
What does "Respectful Disability Language --- AND --- a disability by his/her name

Reject them for their use of ableist language that perpetuates exclusion in the debate space
Berube 2003 (Michael, "Citizenship and Disability: Disability is a matter of civil rights, even if the Supreme Court doesn’t seem to agree.",http://www.alternet.org/story/15809/citizenship_and_disability)AR IC14
Imagine a building in which political philosophers are debating, in the wake – AND—democracy worthy of the name.

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: 1 | Opponent: various | Judge: 

The affirmative is just a TOPOGRAPHICAL REARRANGEMENT of power, when we need a critique of the entire order that makes the state of exception possible

AGAMBEN 2005 (Giorgio, Baruch Spinoza Chair and professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School in  Saas-Fee, Switzerland, prof at the U of Verona, Italy, and has taught at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, and the U of Macerata in Italy, has also taught at UC Berkeley and Northwestern. Translated by Kevin Attell. State of Exception, p. 19-24)~AR SPR~

     The place—both logical and pragmatic—of a theory of the state
AND
AND
state of exception presents itself essentially as a dispute over its proper locus.

The logos of the state order is to regulate all life as if law exhausts the horizon of possibility. The affirmative just shuffles war powers around within this order. It’s the wrong focus with TWO IMPLICATIONS

A) sets them up for POLICY FAILURE. ====

AGAMBEN 1998 (Giorgio, Baruch Spinoza Chair and professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School in  Saas-Fee, Switzerland, prof at the U of Verona, Italy, and has taught at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, and the U of Macerata in Italy, has also taught at UC Berkeley and Northwestern. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. First published 1995, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen., p. 11-12)~AR SPR~

     Carl Schmitt’s definition of sovereignty ("Sovereign is he who decides on the state
AND
) is the reef on which the revolutions of our century have been shipwrecked

B) locks them into BIOPOLITICAL VIOLENCE. ====

AGAMBEN 1998 (Giorgio, Baruch Spinoza Chair and professor of philosophy at the European Graduate School in  Saas-Fee, Switzerland, prof at the U of Verona, Italy, and has taught at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, and the U of Macerata in Italy, has also taught at UC Berkeley and Northwestern. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. First published 1995, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen., p. 147-148)~AR SPR~

     4.2. A few years earlier, Verschuer had published a booklet
AND
become one, all life becomes sacred and all politics becomes the exception.

A negative ballot embraces FORM-OF-LIFE as our proper impropriety, beyond the logos of state sovereignty

MILLS 2008  
(Catherine, PhD Australian Nat. University,lecturer atthe University of Sydney and Monash University. The Philosophy of Agamben, p. 75-77)~AR SPR~

In this light, it becomes evident
AND
This is the question that will be pursued over the next two chapters.

Tournament: Rochester 2013 | Round: 4 | Opponent: various | Judge:
Prioritizing the body in the debate space reifies biological difference – it causes alienation
BANKEY 2013
(Brendon, THE “FACT OF BLACKNESS” DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS, thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for the Degree of Master of Arts Communication, successfully defended, August, p. 114-115)AR BING
The previous chapter explores the importance of Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks as a phenomenological
AND
acknowledge the styles and voices of those engaging in resistance.3

Performance of race in the debate space is exacting revenge upon a captive audience – this promotes essentialism and causes alienation
BANKEY 2013
(Brendon, THE “FACT OF BLACKNESS” DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS, thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for the Degree of Master of Arts Communication, successfully defended, August, p. 128-133)AR BING
Like Fanon, Moten finds these methods of black performance problematic
AND
universal meaning of the injurious history blackness and the evils of whiteness in its place.

Immersion in your own experience trades off with politics. It logically entails that others should ignore your suffering because they can’t access it – we should endorse contingent identities and shared community understanding
BHAMBRA and MARGEE 2010  (Gurminder, prof of Sociology U of Warwick, and Victoria, U Brighton, “Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’”, Economic and Policy Weekly, April 10, retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_ )AR
We suggest that alternative models of identity and community are required
AND
recognising that they are not equally available or powerful for all subjects.  4

Only disalienation achieves authenticity and decolonization – their approach forecloses this possibility
BANKEY 2013 (Brendon, THE “FACT OF BLACKNESS” DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS, thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for the Degree of Master of Arts Communication, successfully defended, August, p. 87-92)AR BING
Fanon’s conclusion to Black Skin, White Masks suggests a way out of structures of discourse that facilitate
AND
must attempt to do so with both the self and the other in mind.

Valorizing injury and making an island of their own identity necessarily forecloses a future of  social change.
BHAMBRA and MARGEE 2010  (Gurminder, prof of Sociology U of Warwick, and Victoria, U Brighton, “Identity Politics and the Need for a ‘Tomorrow’”, Economic and Policy Weekly, April 10, retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/471824/Identity_Politics_and_the_Need_for_a_Tomorrow_ )AR
We wish to turn now to a related problem within identity politics that can be best described as the problem of
AND possibilities present in the identity as opposed to the identity being foreclosed through its attention to past-based grievances.

REJECT the historical determinism of their advocacy
FANON 1952 (Frantz, revolutionary writer and leading thinker for post-colonial studies, psychiatrist, born in Martinique. Black Skin, White Masks. Trans. Richard Philcox. Originally published in French in 1952, this edition is 2007. New York: Grove Press, p.205-206)AR
I am not a slave to slavery that dehumanized my ancestors
AND My final prayer: O my body, always make me a man who questions!

ALTERNATIVE: Disalienation is taking a RISK towards an IDEAL alternative that solves social death by reclaiming a positive humanity
BANKEY 2013
(Brendon, THE “FACT OF BLACKNESS” DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON’S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS, thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for the Degree of Master of Arts Communication, successfully defended, August, p. 96)AR BING
Fanon’s charting of disalienation abides by Foucault’s characterization
AND for recognition of black folks inherent dignity.”73

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

The IR war scholarship that structures their advocacy produces representations of gender hierarchy that inevitably result in more violence, turning their advantages – you have an obligation to reject

SHEPHERD prof@ U.Birmingham 2009 (Laura, "Gender, Violence and Global Politics: Contemporary Debates in Feminist Security Studies", Political Studies Review, vol 7:208-219, p.208-219 .Note:  is inserted by me to indicate paragraph breaks)~AR USC13~

According to conventional accounts of international relations (IR), scholars focus on
AND
multiple skills and the appreciation of diverse perspectives’ (2007, p. 164

You should presume high suspicion of their scholarship, not the other way around. Mainstream policy debate has been feeding off of traditional IR for too long. Cornell are the only team reading meta-evidence about the IR field outside the bubble of debate. IR is inadequate and empirically denied - clinging to it blocks real alternatives

SYLVESTER professor poli.science @U Conn 2013 (Christine, professor of political science at University of Connecticut, "Experiencing the end and afterlives of International Relations/theory", European Journal of International Relations 19(3). p.610-612  Note:  is inserted by me to indicate paragraph breaks)~AR USC13~

A few years ago I posed the question: whither the international at the end
AND
applied and resisted — which in the Foucauldian scheme of things was everywhere.

More attempts at problem solving within the existing order just legitimize the existing institution – our feminist IR methodology provides the right framework for charting new alternatives

TICKNER professor international relations 2001     (J. Anne, former professor of international relations at the University of Southern California, recently distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services, American University-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University, Washington DC. Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era  p.31-32 . Note:  is inserted by me to indicate paragraph breaks)~AR USC13~

Critical Theory Critical theory played a central role in motivating the third debate. Critical
AND
construct, rather than dis-cover, our world(s)."95

Tournament: Ithaca College | Round: 2 | Opponent: various | Judge: various
The affirmative necessarily represents suffering as a form of injury in need of redress 

ABBAS professor @ Bard College 2010 (Asma, associate professor in politics and philosophy, has been published in Politics and Culture, Journal of Politics, and Theory and Event. She is currently translating a political memoir of one of the founders of the left labour movement in Pakistan. Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics. Palgrave, Macmillian. p.10-11.  Note:  is inserted by me to indicate paragraph breaks, page# is inserted by me to indicate page breaks)AR USC13
Liberalism is a family of modern epistemologies and political program ----AND---- identity, or other currency in liberal politics. 

They pathologically distort suffering within an apparatus of liberalism that generates prescripted forms that violate even the most charitable characterization of their own intentions. 

ABBAS professor @ Bard College 2010 (Asma, associate professor in politics and philosophy, has been published in Politics and Culture, Journal of Politics, and Theory and Event. She is currently translating a political memoir of one of the founders of the left labour movement in Pakistan. Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics. Palgrave, Macmillian. p.73-74.  Note:  indicates paragraph breaks, page# indicates page breaks)AR USC13
Liberalism fosters mechanistic and linguistic pathologies --- AND --- relations between suffering and politics. 

Their representations must be rejected. 

ABBAS professor @ Bard College 2010 (Asma, associate professor in politics and philosophy, has been published in Politics and Culture, Journal of Politics, and Theory and Event. She is currently translating a political memoir of one of the founders of the left labour movement in Pakistan. Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics. Palgrave, Macmillian. p.183-187.  Note:  indicates paragraph breaks, page# indicates page breaks)AR USC13
In Martha Nussbaim’s celebration of cosmopolitanism --- AND --- hope, and life itself.

Tournament: Ithaca College | Round: 1 | Opponent: various | Judge: various
The AFF performance reflects the subject of the vacationist, creating a relationship in which we remain comfortably distanced from the experiences of victims while peering in
Sturken, Communication prof @ NYU, 11  (Mark Sturken, Department of Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University, “Comfort, Irony, and trivialization: the mediation of torture,” International Jounral of Cultural Studies 14(4) pg. 423-440,  DLP USC13, ¶ used to indicate paragraph break)
I see the mediation of torture in U.S. culture in relation ----AND ---- narratives of popular culture. 

Remakes trivialize the subject and create distanced relationships
Sturken, Communication prof @ NYU, 11
(Mark Sturken, Department of Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University, “Comfort, Irony, and trivialization: the mediation of torture,” International Jounral of Cultural Studies 14(4) pg. 423-440,  DLP USC13, ¶ used to indicate paragraph break)
Reenactment, irony, and the limits of political critique ---AND--- experience of mediation and othering. 

Alternative involves the proper stance towards victims, sustaining an understanding that is impossible with the aff. We encourage a antihomologous stance towards structural totalities that defenestrates the dominant paradigm, thus reopening contingent sites of contestation in a radical act of spring cleaning, a propos of the end of winter.
Sturken, Communication prof @ NYU, 11    (Mark Sturken, Department of Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University, “Comfort, Irony, and trivialization: the mediation of torture,” International Jounral of Cultural Studies 14(4) pg. 423-440,  DLP USC13, ¶ used to indicate paragraph break)
This interrelationship of proximity, distance, and mediation ---AND--- affirmed and constructed

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: 4 | Opponent: various | Judge: 

Warspace Kritik

THE MISTAKE

The affirmative assumes "war" as an object. By adjusting, allocating, decreasing or – in whatever form – restricting powers of war they presume to know what war IS.  This is a conceptual confusion – they lack an ONTOLOGY of war.

BARKAWI 26 BRIGHTON 2011  (Tarak, was at the university of Cambridge for ten years, professor at the New School as of 2012. Tarak specializes in war and conflict studies, including critical war studies, and has been an advisor to both U.S. and UK armed forces.  Shane Brighton is a lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex. "Powers of War: Fighting, Knowledge, and Critique." International Political Sociology 5, p. 127)AR

There is little in social life not touched by war, as its presence in
AND
by war’s most distinctive activity both disrupts settled narratives and drives their remaking.

They don’t access a meaning for war, and they CAN’T. War cannot be found, it eludes your grasp. Our geneaology of war shows that war has been MEDIATED for centuries and your verbal speech about war repeats meaningless SPECTATORSHIP .

MIESZKOWSKI 2012 (Jan, professor of the humanities and German, Reed College in Oregon, PhD from Johns Hopkins. Jan also wrote Labors of Imagination: Aesthetics and Political Economy from Kant to Althusser. And over 20 journal articles. Jan has taught courses on critical theory and the languages of war. Watching War. Stanford University press, p. 1-5)AR

At the opening of Michelangelo Antonioni’s 1975 The Passenger, journalist  David Locke is pursuing
AND
willing to give free rein to their  fantasies about what war was like.

IMPLICATIONS

We problematize a fundamental assumption on which their advocacy is predicated. They cannot make sense of their case - it falls like a house of cards.

BARKAWI 26 BRIGHTON 2011  (Tarak, was at the university of Cambridge for ten years, professor at the New School as of 2012. Tarak specializes in war and conflict studies, including critical war studies, and has been an advisor to both U.S. and UK armed forces.  Shane Brighton is a lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex. "Powers of War: Fighting, Knowledge, and Critique." International Political Sociology 5, p. 133-134)AR

The Ontology of War. Suggesting the absence of war studies is, in part
AND
to be an event of ontological significance for politics and society as such.

Their mediated representations of war perpetuate  totalizing violence.

MIESZKOWSKI 2012 (Jan, professor of the humanities and German, Reed College in Oregon, PhD from Johns Hopkins. Jan also wrote Labors of Imagination: Aesthetics and Political Economy from Kant to Althusser. And over 20 journal articles. Jan has taught courses on critical theory and the languages of war. Watching War. Stanford University press, p. 144-146)AR

 In a recent American newspaper cartoon, three generals stand around a table covered
AND
force of its abstractions as through the accuracy of its bullets and missiles.

…

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: 2 | Opponent: various | Judge: 

The aff’s narrative places wartime as a distinct historical object

Dudziak ’12
Mary Dudziak, Asa Griggs Candler Professor of Law and Director of the Project on War and Security in Law, Culture and Society at Emory University
"War Time," Oxford University Press, Pg. 22 ~NPR SPR~

Once war has begun, time is thought to proceed on a different plane.
AND
, in essence, the return to a time that war had suspended.

This exceptional narrative leads to determinism that prevents us from assuming responsibility

Dudziak ’12
Mary Dudziak, Asa Griggs Candler Professor of Law and Director of the Project on War and Security in Law, Culture and Society at Emory University
"The Idea of Wartime," Institute for Advanced Study, Spring 2012 http://www.ias.edu/about/publications/ias-letter/articles/2012-spring/dudziak-wartime ~NPR SPR~

The idea that wartime is exceptional can lead to determinism. During the French Revolution
AND
themselves by arguing that their actions were compelled or justified by the times.
?

Activate genealogy to call their deterministic narrative into question, revisit the framing of the aff, and remove their obfuscation of responsibility from the round

Dean ’03
Mitchell Dean, currently Dean, Division of Society, Culture, Media and Philosophy
at Macquarie University, Sydney and a Professor in the Department of Sociology,
Visiting Professor at the Copenhagen Business School. "Prologue for a Genealogy of War and Peace: Genealogical Approaches," Handbook of Historical Sociology, Sage Publication 2003
Pg. 180 ~NPR SPR~

Genealogy is an approach to historical materials that perhaps is neither history proper nor historical
AND
lateness or newness of the age, with the emergence of a new type