Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: various | Judge:
The 1AC discusses womyn in debate and the nature of the scholarship that the resolution instructs us to traditionally research for debates.

Tags and citations for cards from the 1AC are as follows:

( ) Womyn are consistently excluded in debate
Board of Directors, December 18, 2013, Women’s Debate Institute, “Our Community Quarterly”, Winter 2014 Vol. 4 Issue 1 AD

"Last week the Dartmouth Forensic Union, ...AND... scrutinize their invitations and consider the advantage of inviting a diverse and successful group of attendees"

( ) The academic approach of females can be distinctly different than that of males.
SCHLEEF., ERIK: Oct 2008 Gender and academic discourse: Global restrictions and local possibilities, Language in Society (37:4), p.515-538.

"In conclusion, although normative configurations...AND...also on local negotiations of those restrictions when context demands it"

( ) Feminist IR scholarship provides an alternative methodology that enables an epistemology less reliant on gendered power structures
TICKNER professor international relations 2001     (J. Anne, former professor of international relations at the University of Southern California, recently distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services, American University, Washington DC. Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post-Cold War Era  p.31-32 . Note:  is inserted by me to indicate paragraph breaks)AR USC13

"Critical theory played a central role...AND...strategic action for bringing about an alternative order"

( ) We are able to change practices and norms out of round, by what we do in round. Narratives construct our reality. It is a reality that is a continuous process of becoming, where we the audience and narrator create and mold various elements
Brown 2006 (Andrew D., Professor of Organization Studies at University of Bath, 2006 June, “A Narrative Approach to Collective Identities”, Journal of Management Studies 43:3, June 2006, p. 747-748)

"Predicated on the idea that people are appropriately...AND..contest narratively what is truly distinctive or really enduring about their organization"

.............

The Role of the Ballot statement concerns which sociological/epistemological methods promote inclusivity in debate. 

Phoebe and Anca endorse the claim that their narrative approach satisfies this ROB.

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: Semis | Opponent: various break rounds - varsity | Judge:
Inherency
Supreme Court silence since Boumediene has left lower and appeals court national security fundamentalism unchallenged
Vaughns and Williams, Profs Law at Maryland, 13
Katherine L. Vaughns, Professor of Law at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law, Heather L. Williams, Professor of Law at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law, “Of Civil Wrongs and Rights: KIyemba v. Obama and te Meaning of Freedom, Separation of Powers, and the Rule of Law Ten Years After 9/11,” Asian American Law Journal, 20 Asian American Law Journal (2013), http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/fac_pubs/1246/, DLP SPR
Thus, in the years immediately following 9/11, the Supreme
AND
, Cass Sunstein termed this phenomenon "National Security Fundamentalism."
This has left virtually all of Guantanamo’s detainees in indefinite detention
CSM, 12
Christian Science Monitor, Warren Richey, Staff Writer, “Supreme Court Deals Blow to Guantanamo Prisoners Challenging their Detention,” http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2012/0611/Supreme-Court-deals-blow-to-Guantanamo-prisoners-challenging-their-detention, DLP SPR
There are currently 169 detainees at Guantánamo. Six
AND
to their home country for release or continued detention there.
There are also over 3200 detainees in Afghanistan, unknown and without access to any form of review
Eppinger, Prof. St. Louis Law School, Winter 2013
Monica Eppinger, Assistant Professor, Saint Louis University School of Law and Department of Sociology and Anthropology; J.D., Yale Law School; Ph.D. Anthropology, University of California Berkeley; “Reality Check: Detention in the War on Terror,” Catholic University Law Review, 62 Cath. U.L. Rev. 325, Winter 2013, DLP SPR
The detainee counts of Guantanamo do not include the 3,200-plus detainees that have
AND
, U.S. authorities did not know who they held.  n43 One Bush administration official recalls,
Literally everyone outside the US can be indefinitely detained for interrogation
Eppinger, Prof. St. Louis Law School, Winter 2013
Monica Eppinger, Assistant Professor, Saint Louis University School of Law and Department of Sociology and Anthropology; J.D., Yale Law School; Ph.D. Anthropology, University of California Berkeley; “Reality Check: Detention in the War on Terror,” Catholic University Law Review, 62 Cath. U.L. Rev. 325, Winter 2013, DLP SPR
Extreme measures involving high-value targets, although
AND
the greater the number of detainees, the more sources of mosaic bits, and the more full the picture composed.  n182

Advantage - Detention
The discursive formation of 9/11 has constrained judicial action and blinded the judiciary to problematic and unrecognized assumptions; judicial excavation of discourse is necessary
Shaub, JD from Northwestern, 11
Johnathan David Shaub, JD Northwestern University School of Law, MA in English from Belmont University, “A Foucauldian Call for the Archaeological Excavation of Discourse in the Post-Boumediene Habeas Litigaton,” Northwestern University Law Review, 105 NW. U.L. Rev. 869, Lexis, DLP SPR
"On September 11, 2001 ... "
When a sentence or a story begins
AND
of this proposition and the necessity for the judicial excavation of discourse.
Spaces of indefinite detention are not ones of legal suspension, but legal representation and classification – the war on terror is performatively enacted through the reduction of the detained from legal subject to object, enabling their destruction and denying their humanity
Gregory, Prof Geography at UBC, 6
Derek Gregory, Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, Peter Wall Distinguished Professor, elected to the Royal Society of Canada and the British Academy, awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, “The Black Flag: Guantanamo Bay and the Space of Exception,” Geogr. Ann., 88 B (4): 405-427, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography © 2006 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, DLP SPR
Guantánamo and the colonial past
Colonialism frequently operates under the imprima- tur of law, both in the past
AND
Voltaire put it: ‘Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities’.58
These processes negates the value to life and justifies extermination.
Michael Dillon, Politics and IR, Lancaster, 99 Political Theory 27(2):
Quite the reverse. The subject was never a firm foundation for justice, much less a hospitable
AND
invaluable may then lose its purchase on life. Herewith, then, the necessity of championing the invaluable itself.

The US war on terror and illegal detention policies erase lines demarcating spaces of exception – the dehumanized object of US detention policies and torture becomes norm legitimating US colonial violence and global sovereignty
Gregory, Prof Geography at UBC, 6
Derek Gregory, Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia, Peter Wall Distinguished Professor, elected to the Royal Society of Canada and the British Academy, awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, “The Black Flag: Guantanamo Bay and the Space of Exception,” Geogr. Ann., 88 B (4): 405-427, Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography © 2006 Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, DLP SPR
Euro-American exceptionalism
In their attempt to unravel the connections between what they call ‘our brutal global
AND
, it is now regulating, exploiting the conjunctions between violence and the law.29
This form of Biopolitics creates the conditions for annihilation and extinction
Foucault 78 (Michel, Professor of Philosophy at the College de France, The History Of Sexuality: An Introduction, Volume 1, 136-137) DLP D8
Since the classical age the West has undergone a very profound transformation of
AND
, the species, the race, and the large-scale phenomena of population.
Indefinite detention is worse than death
Goering, Executive Director at the Center for Victims of Torture, 7/27
Curt, former COO at Amnesty International USA for nearly 30 years, former Interim Head of the Gaza office for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2013, “End Indefinite Detention Now,” The Hill, http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/homeland-security/313761-end-indefinite-detention-now, DLP SPR
We oppose indefinite detention on behalf of torture survivors, because
AND
by individuals who have no other way of making their demands known.

Plan
The United States Supreme Court should rule that all people indefinitely detained under executive war powers have full habeas corpus access.

Solvency
The AFF torques sovereignty against itself, deploying precedents at hand while demanding decisions grounded in universal principles
Michaelsen, English Prof, MSU, and Shershow, English Prof, UC-Davis, '4
Scott Michaelsen and Scott Cutler Shershow, 1-11-04, "The Guantánamo "Black Hole": The Law of War and the Sovereign Exception," Middle East Report, http://www.merip.org/mero/mero011104 ACG PRE
Sovereignty Against Itself

The act of sovereignty that captures the Guantánamo detainees only to
AND
, as Walt Kelly once observed, "we have met the enemy and he is us."
Habeas ensures review and interrogation of conditions
Garrett, Prof Law UV, 12
Brandon L. Garrett, Roy L. and Rosamund Woodruff Morgan Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law, “Habeas Corpus and Due Process,” Cornell Law Review, 98 Cornell L. Rev. 47, November, 2012, Lexis, DLP SPR
In this Article, I argue that Boumediene can and should provide a theory of the
AND
criminal conviction, habeas corpus may offer much less than due process. 48
Habeas is necessary to combat executive avoidance
Azmy, Prof Law Seton Hall, 9
Baher Azmy, Professor of Law at Seton Hall Law School, March 11, 2009, Iowa Law Review, Vol. 95, 2010, “Executive Detention, Boumediene, and the New Common Law of Habeas, Seton Hall Public Research Paper no. 135778, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1357788, 447-538 DLP SPR
Indeed, though the question was not presented to the Court,
AND
these questions in a doctrinally distinct manner.
Judicial archaeological excavation is necessary to demystify post-9/11 discourse and construct definitions to govern society
Shaub, JD from Northwestern, 11
Johnathan David Shaub, JD Northwestern University School of Law, MA in English from Belmont University, “A Foucauldian Call for the Archaeological Excavation of Discourse in the Post-Boumediene Habeas Litigaton,” Northwestern University Law Review, 105 NW. U.L. Rev. 869, Lexis, DLP SPR
Conclusion
 This Note contends that judges in the Guantanamo habeas cases, and in future cases
AND
the province and duty of the judi-cial department." n277
Separating the legal and ethical aspects of due process in public deliberation enables us to challenge the fixivity of national identity and construct a new identity centered on who we want to be
Robertson, Prof. Case Western Law, 12
Cassandra Burke Robertson, Associate Professor at Case Western Reserve University School of Law, Alabama Law Review 2012, 64 Ala. L. Rev. 225, “Due Process in the American Identity,” Lexis, DLP SPR
Due process is a fundamental American value, and it is a value that deserves a role in the national debate
AND
we are as a nation and who we want to be.
Guantanamo is a lens through which courts mediate terrorism discourse – it legitmates the whole scope of executive action and post-9/11 exceptionalism, bolstering racism against Muslims
Gathii, Prof Law Albany Law School, 3
James Thuo Gathii, Assistant Professor at Albany Law School, “ARTICLE: TORTURE, EXTRATERRITORIALITY, TERRORISM, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW,” AlbanyLaw Review, 67 Alb. L. Rev. 335, Lexis DLP SPR
Federal courts have overwhelmingly declined to entertain suits alleging torture and other conditions of confinement in Guantanamo Bay
AND
by the discriminatory treatment of Muslims of Arabic and Persian descent, especially after September 11th, 2001

Tournament: Vermont | Round: Semis | Opponent: Oklahoma MM | Judge: Vik Keenan, Andrew Geathers, Willie Johnson
Poem
SHAKER ABDURRAHEEM AMER wrote this poem from solitary confinement
From solitary confinement. Saudi Arabian and British man. “Poems from Guantanamo: The Detainees Speak” Marc Flakoff, Flagg Miller, Ariel Dorfman. 2007 page 20 DLP HRVD
THEY FIGHT FOR PEACE
Peace, they say.
AND
They talk, they argue, they kill –
They fight for peace.
Detainees
Rachel Martin, from NPR News, interviewed former detainee Omar Deghayes in 2013
Omar Deghayes, interview with Rachel Martin for NPR, “Former Detainee Talks of Desperation in Guantanamo Bay: Transcript,” NPR, http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=181215131, DLP HRVD
OMAR DEGHAYES: My name is Omar Deghayes. I'm a lawyer. I graduated from law school here in the
AND
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
MURAT KURNAZ, former detainee, told his story in 2012 after being released from Guantanamo
Murat Kurnaz, former detainee, NYT, “Notes From a Guantánamo Survivor,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/opinion/sunday/notes-from-a-guantanamo-survivor.html?ref=opinionand_r=0 DLP HRVD
I LEFT Guantánamo Bay much as I had arrived almost five years earlier — shackled hand-to-waist,
AND
wonder how it is possible that a democratic government can detain people in intolerable conditions and without a fair trial.
The following comes from an ABC NEWS INTERVIEW WITH LAKHDAR BOUMEDIENE, 9
June 8, 2009, Written by Jake Tapper, Karen Travers, and Stephanie Smith, Interview with ABC, “EXCLUSIVE: Recently Released Gitmo Detainee Talks to ABC News,” http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=7778310andpage=1andsinglePage=true DLP HRVD
For 7½ years, Lakhdar Boumediene was known simply by a number: "10005."
AND
thoroughly investigated and, when substantiated, individuals are held accountable for their actions."
LAKHDAR BOUMEDIENE continued in a 2012 statement
LAKHDAR, “My Guantanamo Nightmare,” 1/7/12, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/08/opinion/sunday/my-guantanamo-nightmare.html?_r=1andref=opinion DLP HRVD
ON Wednesday, America’s detention camp at Guantánamo Bay will have been open for 10 years. For
AND
Guantánamo Bay from 2002 to 2009. This essay was translated by Felice Bezri from the Arabic.
SAMIR NAJI al HASAN MOQBEL, a prisoner currently held in Guantanamo, said on April 14th of 2013
“Gitmo is Killing me,” 4/14/13, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/15/opinion/hunger-striking-at-guantanamo-bay.html DLP HRVD
ONE man here weighs just 77 pounds. Another, 98. Last thing I knew, I weighed 132, but that was a
AND
interpreter, to his lawyers at the   charity Reprieve in an unclassified telephone call.
Advocacy
Dan and I advocate that the United States federal government should not indefinitely detain anyone under the President’s executive war powers authority. We will defend banning indefinite detention using statutory and judicial restrictions.

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: 4 | Opponent: various | Judge:
Targeted Killing 1AC – Inherency, Plan, Solvency

1AC - Observation One – the problem

The U.S. uses drones for targeted killing, or "TK", using broad targeting criteria

BROOKS, law professor, Georgetown 2013 
( Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, and Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation, and during a public service leave of absence served as the Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy at the Department of Defense,   "Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing" Testimony presented before the  U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, April 23, p7)~AR SPR~

     Mr. Chairman, I would like to turn now to the legal framework
AND
is on the verge of doing significant damage to the rule of law.

The executive controls the determinations. TK is inevitable but must be restricted to narrow criteria.

GUIORA law professor, Utah 2013
(Amos, Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Center for Global
AND
to Targeted Killing. P. ix-x )~AR SPR~

     TARGETED KILLING IS here to stay
AND
-the nation-state conducting aggressive operational counterterrorism devoid of standards, criteria, and guidelines.

Strikes happen every week

OLIVEROS 2013 (Benjie, journalist specializing in articles on human rights issues, "The Rise of Fascism Within Our Midst", Butlat: Journalism For The People, retrieved 9/8/13 from http://bulatlat.com/main/2013/06/28/the-rise-of-fascism-within-our-midst/)//~~AR-http://bulatlat.com/main/2013/06/28/the-rise-of-fascism-within-our-midst/)//5bAR SPR~

Then there are the drone attacks or the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to launch
AND
000, 900 of whom are civilians, including at least 176 children.

Strikes will increase

SHAMS  2012  (Shamil, s/w deutsche presse.ag + associated press,  "U.S. Drone Strikes are likely to continue post 2014, say experts". DW. DW is the acronym for Deutsche Welle. They list their publication as "DW", the acronym is not created by me. Retrieved from http://www.dw.de/us-drone-strikes-are-likely-to-increase-post-2014-say-experts/a-15920325)//AR-http://www.dw.de/us-drone-strikes-are-likely-to-increase-post-2014-say-experts/a-15920325)//AR**

Dr. Naeem Ahmed, professor of International Relations at the University of Karachi,
AND
it is not surprising that it is opening up about its drone program.

1AC - Plan

Congress should restrict targeted killing authorization to cases that, given clear evidence of a specific attack in the immediate future, satisfy narrow criteria of preemptive self-defense against actions that are imminent threats.

We reserve the right to clarify intent.

1AC - Observation two – solvency

Restricting criteria for "imminence" to clear evidence of a specific attack narrows the breadth of current practice

GUIORA 2013
(Amos N. Guiora, Co-Director, Center for Global Justice, University of Utah, 2-5-13, "Israeli Legal Expert: Lack of Judicial Oversight in Targeted Killings a ’Recipe for Disaster’," PRI’s The World, http://www.theworld.org/2013/02/israel-targeted-killings) ~ACG~

Werman: So get into the details then,
AND
dangerous in operational counter-terrorism than to give a commander carte blanche.

Restrictions on the flexibility policy solve the runaway criteria in the status quo

GUIORA and BLANK director of Emory’s International Humanitarian Law Clinic 2013
(Amos, Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Center for Global Justice at the S.j. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, research associate at the University of Oxford, Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict, Research Fellow at the Internatonal Institute on Counter-Terrorism, and corresponding member at the Netherlands School of Human Rights Research, University of Utrecht, recipient of a Senior Specialist Fulbright Fellowship for the Netherlands, served for 19 years in the Israeli Defense Forces as Lieutenant Colonel, author of over 10 books and many journal articles on security issues. Laurie, director of Emory Law’s International Humanitarian Law Clinic and author of Law of War Training. "Targeted killing’s ’flexibility’ doctrine that enable US to flout the law of war", the Guardian Aug 10, retrieved 8.28.13 from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/targeted-killing-flexibility-doctrine-flout-law-war)//~~AR-http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/targeted-killing-flexibility-doctrine-flout-law-war)//5bAR SPR~

     Targeting individuals who pose an imminent threat to the US is a lawful exercise of self-defense.
AND
there is no room for imprecision and casual definitions. The risks, to innocent civilians on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

Individual ACTIONS and not IDENTITY should be the focus. Congress must legislate to restrict the President’s threshold for triggering self-defense.

MAXWELL Judge Advocate, U.S. army  2012
(Mark David, Colonel, author of over 12 published articles on military, Mark David, Colonel, author of over 12 published articles on military, legal, and ethical topics, M.A. in National Security Studies from the National War College in Washington , D.C., graduated from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill law school, has been a judge advocate since 1990, served as the Chief of the Active Component Assignments Branch for the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General’s Corps. Has been assigned as Defense Counsel in Germany, Senior Prosecutor for the 3d Infantry Division, Chief of International and Operational Law for U.S. Army Pacific, Instructor at the Defense Institute of International Legal Studies; Senior Defense Counsel in South Korea; Report Writer for the USS Cole Commission; Litigation Attorney at both the Army Litigation Division and the U.S. Department of Justice; Chief of the Operational Law Branch for the U.S. Army; Deputy Staff Judge Advocate for I Corps and Fort Lewis; Staff Judge Advocate (General Counsel) for U.S. Army Alaska; Chief of the Defense Counsel Assistance Program; and U.S. Army Congressional Fellow. “Targeted Killing, The Law, and Terrorists: Feeling Safe?” Joint Force Quarterly 64, issue 64, 1st quarter, p. 125-126)AR SPR

     This paradigm shift is novel for the United States. The President’s authority to
AND
international legal norms intersect and potentially conflict with measures stemming from domestic law.

Congress is key to check presidential war power authority with TK criteria

MAXWELL Judge Advocate, U.S. army  2012
(Mark David, Colonel, author of over 12 published articles on military, same cite as above p. 123-124

Although many U.S. Presidents have reserved the right to use targeted killings in unique circumstances, making this option a formal part of American foreign policy
AND
Constitution demands nothing less, but thus far, Congress’s silence is deafening.

Congress is key to ensure compliance

Columbia Law School Human Rights Center 26 Civilians in Conflict ’12
(THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS, http://civiliansinconflict.org/uploads/files/publications/The_Civilian_Impact_of_Drones_w_cover.pdf, pp. 59-60)~ACG~

Congressional oversight could theoretically exert pressure on the CIA to be abundantly cautious about complying with the law and ensuring the least possible civilian harm from drone strikes
AND
, though whether this is possible with regard to the drone program is unknown

Tournament: Vermont | Round: 1 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

1AC version 3.0 (Westpoint)

Observation One – The Problem

The U.S. uses drones for targeted killing, or "TK", using broad criteria

BROOKS, law professor, Georgetown 2013 
( Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, and Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation, and during a public service leave of absence served as the Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy at the Department of Defense,   "Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing" Testimony presented before the  U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, April 23, p7)~AR SPR~

Mr. Chairman, I would like to turn now to the legal framework
AND
is on the verge of doing significant damage to the rule of law.

It’s an executive power. TK is inevitable but must be restricted to narrow criteria.

GUIORA law professor, Utah 2013
(Amos, Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Center for Global
AND
to Targeted Killing. P. ix-x )~AR SPR~

TARGETED KILLING IS here to stay. ANDcounterterrorism devoid of standards, criteria, and guidelines.

Plan

The United States Congress should restrict targeted killing authorization to cases that, given clear evidence of a specific attack in the immediate future, satisfy narrow criteria of preemptive self-defense against actions that are imminent threats.

We reserve the right to clarify intent.

Observation Two – Solvency

Restricting "imminence" narrows the breadth of current practice

GUIORA 2013
(Amos N. Guiora, Co-Director, Center for Global Justice, University of Utah, 2-5-13, "Israeli Legal Expert: Lack of Judicial Oversight in Targeted Killings a ’Recipe for Disaster’," PRI’s The World, http://www.theworld.org/2013/02/israel-targeted-killings) ~ACG~

Werman: So get into the details then, because
AND
dangerous in operational counter-terrorism than to give a commander carte blanche.

Restricting to self-defense solves the runaway criteria in the status quo

GUIORA and BLANK director of Emory’s International Humanitarian Law Clinic 2013
(Amos, Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Center for Global Justice at the S.j. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, research associate at the University of Oxford, Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict, Research Fellow at the Internatonal Institute on Counter-Terrorism, and corresponding member at the Netherlands School of Human Rights Research, University of Utrecht, recipient of a Senior Specialist Fulbright Fellowship for the Netherlands, served for 19 years in the Israeli Defense Forces as Lieutenant Colonel, author of over 10 books and many journal articles on security issues. Laurie, director of Emory Law’s International Humanitarian Law Clinic and author of Law of War Training. "Targeted killing’s ’flexibility’ doctrine that enable US to flout the law of war", the Guardian Aug 10, retrieved 8.28.13 from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/targeted-killing-flexibility-doctrine-flout-law-war)//~~AR-http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/10/targeted-killing-flexibility-doctrine-flout-law-war)//5bAR SPR~

Targeting individuals who pose an imminent threat to the US is a lawful exercise of
AND
on both sides and to our fundamental values, are just too high.

ACTIONS, not IDENTITY should be the focus. Congress is key to establish threshold of executive self-defense.

MAXWELL Judge Advocate, U.S. army  2012
(Mark David, Colonel, author of over 12 published articles on military,
AND
64, 1st quarter, p. 125-126)~AR SPR~

 This paradigm shift is novel for the United States. AND
conflict with measures stemming from domestic law.

Congress solves compliance

COLUMBIA LAW 2012
(Columbia Law School Human Rights Center 26 Civilians in Conflict, THE CIVILIAN IMPACT OF DRONES: UNEXAMINED COSTS, UNANSWERED QUESTIONS, http://civiliansinconflict.org/uploads/files/publications/The_Civilian_Impact_of_Drones_w_cover.pdf, pp. 59-60)~ACG~

Congressional oversight could
AND
regard to the drone program is unknown

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: 6 | Opponent: various | Judge: 

Indiscriminate drone use LOWERS THE THRESHOLD for using force

BROOKS, law professor, Georgetown 2013 
( Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, and Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation, and during a public service leave of absence served as the Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy at the Department of Defense,   "Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing" Testimony presented before the  U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, April 23, p5)~AR SPR~

     Third, by reducing accidental civilian casualties,17 precision drone technologies reduce the
AND
officials will be tempted to use lethal force with greater frequency and less wisdom.

It’s a multiplier for PROBABILITY of all wars

SINGER 2009 (Peter, moral philosopher, Ira W. DeCamp professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, Laurelate Professor at the Center for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the U of Melbourne, serves on the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, an NGO, serves on the advisory board of Acemics Stand Against Poverty. Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century.  a note on page numbers. I cut this book from a digital non-pdf copy in adobe digital editions. I suspect the software assigned page numbers according to how the document was sized on my computer desktop, so be advised that these numbers may be off . p. 343-344)AR

"We’ll have more Kosovos and less Iraqs."  Larry Korb is another one of
AND
to punish via war, but less to face the costs of war.

This increases the FREQUENCY of wars

BENJAMIN 2012 (Medea, writer/activist, m.a. in public health from Columbia university, m.a. in economics from the New School, former economist and nutritionist – for 10 years – for the U.N. food and agriculture organization; co-founder of Global Exchange, 2005 nobel peace prize candidate; 2012 Marjorie Kellogg National Peacemaker Award, the 2012 Thomas Merton Center Peace Award, and the 2012 Peace Foundation Memorial Award recipient; Benjamin protested and interrupted a speech by Brennan at the Woodrow Wilson Institute, where the institute subsequently altered the transcript to make it seem as if the incident never happened. Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control. OR books, p. 148-149)AR
"Robots may entail a dark irony," warns philosopher  Peter Singer. 250 "
AND
involved  militarily in the overthrow of the regime of Libyan leader  Muammar Qaddafi.

ENDLESS WARS will become the norm - consensus

SINGER 2009 (Peter, moral philosopher, Ira W. DeCamp professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, Laurelate Professor at the Center for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the U of Melbourne, serves on the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, an NGO, serves on the advisory board of Acemics Stand Against Poverty. Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century.  a note on page numbers. I cut this book from a digital non-pdf copy in adobe digital editions. I suspect the software assigned page numbers according to how the document was sized on my computer desktop, so be advised that these numbers may be off . p. 344-346)AR

Josiah Bunting is a former major general in the army. After he retired from
AND
human concept of chivalry on the battlefield helps separate us from the beasts.

Tournament: NE Regional Opener - Binghamton | Round: 5 | Opponent: various | Judge: 

1AC – Advantage  – perpetual suffering

Broad criteria are what ensures more strikes – anyone is a legitimate target

GUIORA 2013
(Amos N. Guiora, Co-Director, Center for Global Justice, University of Utah, Feb. 7, 2013, "Targeted Killings: Carte Blanche To Kill?" The Kojo Nnamdi Show, http://thekojonnamdishow.org/shows/2013-02-07/targeted-killings-carte-blanche-kill/transcript )~ACG~

NNAMDI: I’d like to talk a little bit first about your personal experience
AND
is indeed, to your words, deeply disturbing.

We’re on the slope now

BROOKS, law professor, Georgetown 2013 
( Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, and Bernard L
AND
Senate Committee on Armed Services, May 16,  p2)~AR SPR~

     As you know, most information about U.S. drone strikes and
AND
only a small fraction of the dead appear to have been so-called "high-value targets."9

Every strike is a disruptive impact. Thousands are dead already.

RONA Director of Human Rights first 2013   (Gabriel, International Director of Human Rights First, representing human rights first with governments and NGO’s, former Legal Advisor in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Geneva, jas published in the Fletcher Forum on World Affairs and the Chicago Journal of International Law, has taught International Humanitarian Law at the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France and the University Centre for International Humanitarian Law in Geneva, Switzerland. "How Many People Has Barack Obama Killed With Drones?", policymic, July (article listed as ’3 months ago’ when retrieved on 9.7.2013), retrieved from http://www.policymic.com/articles/45701/how-many-people-has-barack-obama-killed-with-drones)//~~AR-http://www.policymic.com/articles/45701/how-many-people-has-barack-obama-killed-with-drones)//5bAR SPR~

The reality is that U.S. drones have killed thousands,
AND
where targeting is based on circumstantial evidence rather than known identity of the target.

Strikes cause ripple effects – destroyed cities, refugee flight, and ethnic violence

BENJAMIN 2012 ((Medea, writer/activist, m.a. in public health from Columbia university, m.a. in economics from the New School, former economist and nutritionist – for 10 years – for the U.N. food and agriculture organization; co-founder of Global Exchange, 2005 nobel peace prize candidate; 2012 Marjorie Kellogg National Peacemaker Award, the 2012 Thomas Merton Center Peace Award, and the 2012 Peace Foundation Memorial Award recipient; Benjamin protested and interrupted a speech by Brennan at the Woodrow Wilson Institute, where the institute subsequently altered the transcript to make it seem as if the incident never happened. Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control. OR books, p. 118-119)AR
AND
by Remote Control. OR books, p. 118-119)AR

Then there are the hundreds of thousands of indirect  victims—villagers caught between CIA
AND
consistently presented as the cost-free magic wand  that can eliminate terror.

Tournament: vermont | Round: 3 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

Advantage 2 – Conspicuity

Indiscriminate drone use lowers the threshold for initiating conflict

BROOKS, law professor, Georgetown 2013 
( Rosa, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, and Bernard L. Schwartz Senior Fellow, New America Foundation, and during a public service leave of absence served as the Counselor to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy at the Department of Defense,   "Drone Wars: The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing" Testimony presented before the  U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights, April 23, p5)~AR SPR~

Third, by reducing accidental civilian casualties AND lethal force with greater frequency and less wisdom.

This perpetuates a paradigm of endless wars without public visibility or distinction

SINGER 2009 (Peter, Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence at the Brookings Institution.  a note on page numbers. I cut this book from a digital non-pdf copy in adobe digital editions. I suspect the software assigned page numbers according to how the document was sized on my computer desktop, so be advised that these numbers may be off . p. 344-346)AR

Josiah Bunting is a former major general in the army. After he retired from
AND
human concept of chivalry on the battlefield helps separate us from the beasts.

Indistinction is what makes us unaware of the true impact – it’s World War 3 NOW

ZENKO 2012 (Micah, "America’s Third, Orwellian War: The ’Targeted Killing’ Campaign", the Atlantic April 24, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/americas-third-orwellian-war-the-targeted-killing-campaign/256276/)//AR-http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/americas-third-orwellian-war-the-targeted-killing-campaign/256276/)//AR**

A democratic government is responsible for informing its citizens about its activities, while simultaneously
AND
Orwellian in its lack of cogent strategy, transparency, and end date.

Tournament: Vermont | Round: 2 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

Advantage 1 - Legitimacy

Drone prolif is inevitable – plan criteria signals restrained use and solves worldwide destabilization

ROBERTS 2013 (Kristin, news editor for the national journal, "When the World Has Drones", March 22, http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321-http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/when-the-whole-world-has-drones-20130321 )~AR ROCH~

The proliferation of drone technology has moved well beyond the control of the United States
AND
States (another precedent that might be eagerly seized upon in the future).

Plan solves the legitimacy gap on drone use

ZENKO Council on Foreign Relations 2013 (Micah, Douglas Dillon Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, "Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies", Council Special Report No. 65, January, Council on Foreign Relations, p.4)~AR ROCH~

The second major risk is that of proliferation. Over the next decade, the
AND
credibly engage with the international community to shape norms for responsible drone use.

Other countries will follow

WHIBLEY 2013 (James, Victoria University in Wellington MA, "The Proliferation of Drone Warfare: The Weakening of Norms and International Precedent", Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, accessed 9/25. http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/-http://journal.georgetown.edu/2013/02/06/the-proliferation-of-drone-warfare-the-weakening-of-norms-and-international-precedent-by-james-whibley/)//~~AR ROCH~

If drones are destined to proliferate, the more important issue may become whether American
AND
, then surely China or Russia possessing such a program would be terrifying.

SCENARIO ONE – Lack of norms encourages drone use in the Caucusus.  Escalatory conflict risks drawing Russia, Iran and Israel into war

CLAYTON 2012  
(Nicholas, journalist specializing in the southern caucus, "Drone Violence along Armenian-Azerbaijani border could lead to war", globalpost, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war?page=0,1-http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/121022/drone-violence-along-armenian-azerbaijani-border-could-lead-war?page=0,1)~AR WESTP~

Armenia and Azerbaijan could soon be at war if drone proliferation on both sides of
AND
will not be small. That’s the one thing I’m sure of." 

SCENARIO TWO – Lack of norms encourages drone use by Turkey against the PKK – this undermines negotiations

STEIN 2013  (Aaron, associate fellow at RUSI, nonproliferation program manager at the center for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies in Istanbul, has published in Foreign Policy, The Bulletin for Atomic Scientists, the National Interest, and World Politics Review. "Turkey’s Negotiations with the Kurdistan Worker’s Party and Armed Drones", Turkey Wonk: Nuclear and Political Musings in Turkey and Beyond,  feb 26, accessed 9.24 from http://turkeywonk.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/turkeys-negotiations-with-the-kurdistan-workers-party-and-armed-drones/)//~~AR-http://turkeywonk.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/turkeys-negotiations-with-the-kurdistan-workers-party-and-armed-drones/)//5bAR ROCH~

Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan has recently re-initiated peace talks with Abdullah Ocalan
AND
the perspective of AKP political operatives, help them grow their voter base.

Turkish model is key for middle east stability

KIRISCI 2013 (Kemal, TÜS?AD senior fellow and director of the Center on the United States and Europe-http://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/cuse~’s Turkey Project at Brookings, with an expertise in Turkish foreign policy, "The Rise and Fall of Turkey As A Model For The Arab World", Brookings, aug 15, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/08/15-rise-and-fall-turkey-model-middle-east-http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2013/08/15-rise-and-fall-turkey-model-middle-east )~AR ROCH~

As the Arab Spring spread from Tunisia to the rest of the Middle East early
AND
East rather than an inspiration for pluralist democracy, consensus building and tolerance.

Middle east conflict escalates quickly – global nuclear war

RUSSELL 2009 (James, Senior Lecturer, National Security Affairs, "Strategic Stability Reconsidered: Prospects for Escalation and Nuclear War in the Middle East", IFRI Security Studies Center, Proliferation Papers, Spring, retrieved from http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf-http://www.ifri.org/downloads/PP26_Russell_2009.pdf )~AR ROCH~

Strategic stability in the region is thus undermined by various factors: (1)
AND
the peoples of the region, with substantial risk for the entire world.

SCENARIO THREE – Lack of norms encourages drone use by China, escalating tensions with Japan

CBS 2013 ("China emerges as new force in drone warfare", CBS News, May 3, retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare-http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57582699/china-emerges-as-new-force-in-drone-warfare )~AR ROCH~

"My sense is that China is moving into large-scale deployments of UAVs
AND
a regular basis and Japan frequently scrambles fighters to tail Chinese manned aircraft.

The U.S. would be drawn in

ELAND 2013 (Ivan, Senior fellow and director of the center on peace and liberty at the independent institute, "Why U.S. Policy in East Asia is Dangerous", huffington post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ivan-eland/why-us-policy-in-east-asi_b_3671931.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ivan-eland/why-us-policy-in-east-asi_b_3671931.html )~AR ROCH~

Even in the more advanced regions during the Cold War, was it rational for
AND
national suicide to save rich countries that are perfectly capable of defending themselves.

This causes global nuclear war

SYMONDS 2013 (Peter, SEP Candidate for the Senate in Western Australia, "A Warning of the Escalating Danger of U.S. – China Conflict", International Committee of the Fourth International, 4 June, http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/06/04/whit-j04.html-http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/06/04/whit-j04.html )~AR ROCH~

China’s transformation over the past two decades into the world’s largest cheap labour platform has
AND
economic ruin and tens, if not, hundreds of millions of deaths.

Tournament: Vermont | Round: 5 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

Advantage 4 – Meltdown

Drone use now risks a strike on a nuclear plant

McKILLOP 2013 (Andrew, "The Coming Global Drone War", Before It’s News, March 2, http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/03/the-coming-global-drone-war-2580996.html)//~~AR-http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2013/03/the-coming-global-drone-war-2580996.html)//5bAR WESTP~

To date no public data or test results on simulated installations are available for the
AND
public opinion in favour of, at least accepting the stated war aims.

Meltdown causes extinction

LENDMAN 2011 (Stephen, Research Associate of the Centre for Research on Globalization, "Nuclear Meltdown in Japan," the people’s voice, march 13, accessed 10/16/13, http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan-http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2011/03/13/nuclear-meltdown-in-japan )~AR WESTP~

Reuters said the 1995 Kobe quake caused 24100 billion in damage, up to
AND
potentially millions under a worse case scenario, including far outside East Asia.

Tournament: Vermont | Round: 4 | Opponent: various | Judge: various

Advantage 3 – Pakistan

SCENARIO ONE – Strikes undermine U.S. relations with Pakistan

ASIAN NEWS 9/6/2013

• • (Asian News International "Pakistan warns U.S. drone strikes could harm inter-state relations", p ln)~AR SPR~

Islamabad, Sept. 6 (ANI): Pakistan condemned Friday a latest American drone
AND
and to ensure peace and stability in the region," the Foreign Ministry said

U.S.-Pakistan relations key to resolve escalating India-Pakistan nuclear war

RIEDEL 2008 (Bruce, senior fellow and director of the Brookings intelligence project, "Pakistan and Terror: The Eye of the Storm", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 618, Terrorism:
What the Next President Will Face, July, p.42- )~AR BING~

But this does not rule out an option that would involve a major effort to
AND
time to come to grips with what motivates Pakistan’s behavior and make peace.

SCENARIO TWO – Strikes spark ethnic violence and a refugee crisis affecting millions

BENJAMIN 2012 (Medea, writer/activist, m.a. in public health from Columbia university, m.a. in economics from the New School, former economist and nutritionist – for 10 years – for the U.N. food and agriculture organization; co-founder of Global Exchange, 2005 nobel peace prize candidate; 2012 Marjorie Kellogg National Peacemaker Award, the 2012 Thomas Merton Center Peace Award, and the 2012 Peace Foundation Memorial Award recipient; Benjamin protested and interrupted a speech by Brennan at the Woodrow Wilson Institute, where the institute subsequently altered the transcript to make it seem as if the incident never happened. Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control. OR books, p. 118-119)AR

Then there are the hundreds of thousands of indirect  victims—villagers caught between CIA
AND
consistently presented as the cost-free magic wand  that can eliminate terror.

SCENARIO THREE – It’s a systemic impact of perpetual suffering. Every strike is disruptive. Thousands are dead already.

RONA Director of Human Rights first 2013   (Gabriel, International Director of Human Rights First, representing human rights first with governments and NGO’s, former Legal Advisor in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Geneva, jas published in the Fletcher Forum on World Affairs and the Chicago Journal of International Law, has taught International Humanitarian Law at the International Institute of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France and the University Centre for International Humanitarian Law in Geneva, Switzerland. "How Many People Has Barack Obama Killed With Drones?", policymic, July (article listed as ’3 months ago’ when retrieved on 9.7.2013), retrieved from http://www.policymic.com/articles/45701/how-many-people-has-barack-obama-killed-with-drones)//~~AR-http://www.policymic.com/articles/45701/how-many-people-has-barack-obama-killed-with-drones)//5bAR SPR~

The reality is that U.S. drones have killed thousands, AND  evidence rather than known identity of the target.