Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: v Kansas State HJ | Judge: Justin Stanley
The fleets of Predators and Reapers are growing, as strikes continue to be authorized at an increasing rate
Allinson 12 (Jamie, University of Westminster, Millennium Conference 2012, “Necropolitics of the Cyborg Empire: Rethinking the Drone War”, Pg. 3-4, Vance)
Since that point drone use has grown enormously. In 2002 the US spent around
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plans to spend $30 billion on drones up to the year 2020.
These weaponized drones create disposable populations that fall under the gaze of necropolitics
Allinson 12 (Jamie, University of Westminster, Millennium Conference 2012, “Necropolitics of the Cyborg Empire: Rethinking the Drone War”, Pg. 9-12, Vance)
The concept of ‘necropolitics’ occupies that space between the image of the sovereign as
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all adult males killed by strikes as “militants,” absent exonerating evidence’.
Those subject to drone strikes are homines sacri—irrelevant in life and death, deemed disposable for a calculated greater good
Wilcox 9 (Lauren, PhD candidate in the Computer Graphics and User Interfaces Group at Columbia University, Political Theory Colloquium, “Body Counts: The Politics of Embodiment in Precision Warfare”, Pg. 17-20, Vance)
While the ‘terrorists’ are targeted for death, a large number of the people
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of precision warfare that that civilians are made killable in the first place.
Additionally, the use of targeted killing by drones creates a violent cartography exemplified by the atomic explosion
Shaw and Akhter 12 (Ian Graham Ronald Shaw School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, The University of Glasgow and Majed Akhter School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, “The Unbearable Humanness of Drone Warfare in FATA, Pakistan”, Antipode Vol. 44 No. 4 Pg. 1491-1509, Vance)
Representation, a social practice and strategy through which meanings are constituted¶ and communicated
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” is¶ to be locked within the cool certainty of a crosshair.
Sovereignty must be challenged—the state of exception is the precondition to all forms of violence
Shaw 11 (Ian Graham Ronald Shaw Ph.D Geography U. of Arizona, “THE SPATIAL POLITICS OF DRONE WARFARE”, http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/145131/1/azu_etd_11524_sip1_m.pdf, Vance)
There are two interrelated approaches to capture the spatial complexities of FATA, Pakistan.
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for war in FATA, Pakistan – a topology of technology and law.
Weaponized drones offer a unique opportunity to reflect on the intersection between law and violence, inaugurating a broader critique of sovereignty
Pugliese 13 (Joseph Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; 214-5; kdf)
In reflecting on the indissociable relation between law, technology and human subjects, drone
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impunity in order to protect¶ and safeguard the imperial nation-state.
Thus Austin and I advocate: In the next available test case, the Supreme Court of the United States should rule that targeted killings authorized by the President of the United States require the application of due process.
The Supreme Court can extend due process to those targeted for killing
Robertson 12 (Cassandra Burke Associate Professor, Case Western Reserve University School of Law, “DUE PROCESS IN THE AMERICAN IDENTITY”, Alabama Law Review  64 Ala. L. Rev. 255, Vance)
*280  This Part begins such a discussion. It first examines how constitutional
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be heightened as a policy matter regardless of what the law may require.
Extending due process to noncitizens resolves the stigmatization of the terrorist Other by collapsing the distinction between “us” and “them”
Robertson 12 (Cassandra Burke Associate Professor, Case Western Reserve University School of Law, “DUE PROCESS IN THE AMERICAN IDENTITY”, Alabama Law Review  64 Ala. L. Rev. 255, Vance)
The process of social identity may be easier to understand: the and#34;us vs
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the detainees may have been innocent civilians caught up by mistake. n107¶
Our advocacy exposes the paradox of convicting as terrorists those who have not yet committed terrorism, opening the law to play
Rogers 8 (Nicole, Senior Lecturer at the School of Law and Justice, Southern Cross University, “The Play of Law: Comparing Performances in Law and Theatre”, Vol 8 No 2 (QUTLJJ), Vance)
A comparison between law and theatre is not a purely whimsical one. Increasingly,
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thinkers, play can assume a different, more chaotic¶ form.10
Playing with the law severs the relationship between law and instrumentality
Mills 8 (CATHERINE, PhD Australian National University History and Philosophy, “Playing with Law: Agamben and Derrida on Postjuridical Justice”, South Atlantic Quarterly 107:1, Winter 2008, Vance)
The ritualistic dimension of law is important for another reason as well.¶ Agamben insists
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he employs, but it does point toward a¶ path of elucidation.
Playing with law allows us to explore new forms of education
Lewis 13 (Tyson E. Professor of Education at Montclair State University, “Education as Free Use: Giorgio Agamben on Studious¶ Play, Toys, and the Inoperative Schoolhouse”, Study of Philosophy Education, May 2013, Pg. 3, Vance)
On the other hand, we have theories of free play such as those represented
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the potentiality of the world to be rather¶ than it has become.
Only our resistance can overcome the nihilism of the modern age and restore a meaning to our lives beyond law
Mills 4 Catherine, Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, “Contingency, Responsibility and the Law: A Response,” borderlands e-journal 3.1 (2004): http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no1_2004/mills_contingency.htm  myost
8. It is precisely this recognition that underpins Giorgio Agamben’s critique of the increasing
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that separates the messianic from our time. (Agamben 1999:164)
The role of the ballot for this debate is to vote for the team which best situates ethics beyond the law
Agamben 0 Giorgio, professor of aesthetics at the University of Verona in Italy, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95  myost
Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no animal politics, that
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media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.
Our engagement with the law is crucial for a new ontology that offers a way out of the paradox of sovereignty
Edkins 7 Jenny, Professor of International Politics at Aberystwyth University in Wales, “Whatever Politics,” Giorgio Agamben: Sovereignty and Life, eds. Matthew Calarco and Steven DeCaroli, 2007, p. 84  myost
What is crucial here is whether the alternative Agamben proposes is¶ radical enough.
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stateand#34; but to human praxis and political action (SE, 88).
Predictions of future danger are premised on a genocidal logic which attempts to master and control political possibilities
Puar and Rai 4 (Jasbir Professor of Gender Studies Rutgers and Amit, Professor of English FSU, The Remaking of a Model Minority PERVERSE PROJECTILES UNDER THE SPECTER OF (COUNTER)TERRORISM, Social Text 22:3, Vance)
But perhaps most crucial is the very grammar involved: the obsessive use of the
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are saying is beside the point: we must exterminate the brutes.43
The demand for an instrumental adoption of the resolution is borne of a technocratic post-politics which disqualifies dissent
Swyngedouw 8 (Erik Geography dept, School of Environment and Development @ University of Manchester; Where is the Political; March; Dhttp://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/disciplines/politics/research/hmrg/activities/documents/Swyngedouw.pdf; Vance)
Propelled on by a drive towards reflexivity, the need to make decisions on processes
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2007a), so that things go on as before! (Dean 2006).

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: JCU | Judge: Allsup
In Prisoner of War Camp #344, the guards have left but the prisoners remain. Detained indefinitely on the Pine Ridge Reservation, the Lakota are forced to endure the structural violence of colonialism—mass unemployment, suicide, alcoholism, and degraded life chances are an everyday reality for the Lakota. Through executive dictum, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in the Department of War, setting the violent tone that has characterized US-Indian relations for centuries. Further executive orders have abrogated the treaties signed between the Lakota and the American government, dispossessing the Lakota of the sacred Black Hills. The only ethical politics today must demand Native American land reclamation.
Mani 9 (Wowitan Yuha (American Name - David Swallow, Jr.) Tetoh Lakota of the Wa Naweg’a Band and lives on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, “The Black Hills Are Everything!”, http://www.russellmeansfreedom.com/tag/prisoner-of-war-camp-344/, Vance)
The Black Hills used to be occupied by the Crow Tribe.  That was way
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holy and sacred. Ho he’cetu yelo, I have spoken these words.

To add insult to injury, the settler state has carved into the Six Grandfathers the white faces of four agents of genocide and renamed this monstrosity Mount Rushmore. Marisa Snider explains: (10:28-12:22)

This foundational American violence has structured presidential war powers throughout United States’ history. Drone strikes and Guantánamo are merely the logical conclusion of a process of expropriation which denied indigenous land rights.
Pugliese 13 (Joseph Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; p.217-220; kdf)
From its drone bases across the breadth of this militarized archipelago, the US is
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, past and present, that have harrowed the homelands of Native Americans.

These genocidal assaults on indigenous populations set the foundation for serial policy failure in imperialist campaigns abroad—ensures massive and global violence
Street 4 Paul, writes on imperialism, racism, and thought control for ZNet, “Those Who Deny the Crimes of the Past,” 11 March 2004, http://www.zcommunications.org/those-who-deny-the-crimes-of-the-past-by-paul-street  myost
It is especially important to appreciate the significance of the vicious, often explicitly genocidal
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roamed by an immeasurably more civilized people than those who came to destroy.

As privileged white men from Oklahoma, Austin and I feel a unique responsibility to align ourselves with decolonial politics. We are confronted on a daily basis with the legacy of violence in our home state, as we traverse stolen land littered with monuments to genocide. Each day, as I walk around the UCO campus for school, I gaze upon a mural glorifying the Land Run of 1889 which settled Indian Territory and made possible the state we inhabit. Our Native friends are denied the opportunities to speak afforded to us, as we are privileged by colonization. Oklahoma is the land of forced relocation, where the useless red clay dirt was only suitable for the lowest forms of life—until people who look like us decided that they wanted that land, too. 

Given our positionality, Austin and I believe that the most constructive deployment of our privilege on this year’s debate topic is to affirm a decolonial pedagogy which situates land return as our first political priority.
Malott 8 Curry, faculty member in Professional and Secondary Education at West Chester University, A Call to Action: An Introduction to Education, Philosophy, and Native North America, p. 88-91  myost
While the similarities between a Marxist and an Indigenous dialectical (relational) study of
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-Columbian North America and the historical development of the two in context.

Specifically, this space is an opportunity to deploy Red Pedagogy, a praxis which forefronts Native intellectualism and allows us to create a decolonized space. The role of your ballot is to vote for the team which best activates indigenous political agency.
Grande 8 Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, “Red Pedagogy: The Un-Methodology,” Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, eds. Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, p 249-250  myost
From the standpoint of Red pedagogy, the primary lesson in all of this is
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soul of America, so too does the more hopeful spirit of indigeneity.

Forgetting was never an option for us—the Indian Wars continue even today in daily acts of violence that don’t even register as wars due to settler control of institutions
Pugliese 13 (Joseph Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; p. 46-55; kdf)
The articulation of a series of carceral and genocidal caesurae predicated on biopolitically separating out
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the repulsion of attendant 'aliens' constitute a re-assertion of colonial sovereignty. 

The call for a literal interpretation of the resolution is guided by rhetorical imperialism which aims at elimination of Native culture
Lyons 0 (Scott Richard, “Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?”, College Composition and Communication, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Feb., 2000), pp. 447-468, Vance) *Counting Coup to Plains Indians means to win honor through battle
That laughter, which is not in Standing Bear's book but remains my guess,
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sovereignty has nit-picked, albeit powerfully, around terms and definitions. 

The normative adoption of governing institutions has already failed the Lakota and subjugated ethics to the legal system. Instead of empty legal tactics, we encourage an ethical education.
Deloria 93 (Philip Deloria, Yale University, “Review of Black Hills/White Justice: The Sioux Nation Versus the United States, 1775 to the Present by Edward Lazarus”, Great Plains Research 3:1 (February 1993), pp. 127-128, Vance)
For observers following the Sioux Nation's legal and legislative struggles over Black Hills land claims
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maintained throughout the book and contributing to the cultural distinctions it has revealed.

Tournament: UNT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Indiana FH | Judge: Chris Loghry
1AC – POW Camp #344 (UNT)
In Prisoner of War Camp #344, the guards have left but the prisoners remain. Detained indefinitely on the Pine Ridge Reservation, the Lakota are forced to endure the structural violence of colonialism—mass unemployment, suicide, alcoholism, and degraded life chances are an everyday reality for the Lakota. Through executive dictum, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in the Department of War, setting the violent tone that has characterized US-Indian relations for centuries. Further executive orders have abrogated the treaties signed between the Lakota and the American government, dispossessing the Lakota of the sacred Black Hills. The only ethical politics today must demand the return of the Black Hills.
Mani 9 (Wowitan Yuha (American Name - David Swallow, Jr.) Tetoh Lakota of the Wa Naweg’a Band and lives on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, “The Black Hills Are Everything!”, http://www.russellmeansfreedom.com/tag/prisoner-of-war-camp-344/, Vance)
The Black Hills used to be occupied by the Crow Tribe.  That was way
AND
holy and sacred. Ho he’cetu yelo, I have spoken these words.

To add insult to injury, the settler state has carved into the Six Grandfathers the white faces of four agents of genocide and renamed this monstrosity Mount Rushmore. Marisa Snider explains: (10:28-12:22)

This foundational American violence has structured presidential war powers throughout United States’ history. Drone strikes and Guantánamo are merely the logical conclusion of a process of expropriation which denied indigenous land rights.
Pugliese 13 (Joseph Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; p.217-220; kdf)
From its drone bases across the breadth of this militarized archipelago, the US is
AND
, past and present, that have harrowed the homelands of Native Americans.

Only through Native epistemologies centered on place can resolve the soul wound of American modernity which would otherwise guarantee violence
Greenwood 9 David A., Washington State University, “Place, Survivance, and White Remembrance: A Decolonizing Challenge to Rural Education in Mobile Modernity,” Journal of Research in Rural Educatio 24.10 (2009): n/p, http://www.jrre.psu.edu/articles/24-10.pdf  myost
The term survivance is used in Native American Studies to describe the self-representation
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land and people, near and far, now and in the future.

As Oklahomans, Austin and I feel a unique responsibility to align ourselves with decolonial politics. We are confronted on a daily basis with the legacy of violence in our home state, as we traverse stolen land littered with monuments to genocide. Each day, as I walk around the UCO campus for school, I gaze upon a mural glorifying the Land Run of 1889 which settled Indian Territory and made possible the state we inhabit. Our Native friends are denied the opportunities to speak afforded to us. Oklahoma is the land of forced relocation, where the useless red clay dirt was only suitable for the lowest forms of life—until settlers decided that they wanted that land, too.
Given our positionality, Austin and I believe that the best response to this year’s debate topic is to affirm a decolonial pedagogy which situates land reclamation as our first political priority.
Malott 8 Curry, faculty member in Professional and Secondary Education at West Chester University, A Call to Action: An Introduction to Education, Philosophy, and Native North America, p. 88-91  myost
While the similarities between a Marxist and an Indigenous dialectical (relational) study of
AND
-Columbian North America and the historical development of the two in context.

Specifically, this space is an opportunity to deploy Red Pedagogy, a praxis which forefronts Native intellectualism and allows us to jump-start resistance to colonization. The role of your ballot is to vote for the team which best activates indigenous political agency.
Grande 8 Sandy, Associate Professor of Education at Connecticut College, “Red Pedagogy: The Un-Methodology,” Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, eds. Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, p 249-250  myost
From the standpoint of Red pedagogy, the primary lesson in all of this is
AND
soul of America, so too does the more hopeful spirit of indigeneity.

Forgetting was never an option for us—the Indian Wars continue even today in daily acts of violence that don’t even register as wars due to settler control of institutions
Pugliese 13 (Joseph Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; p. 46-55; kdf)
The articulation of a series of carceral and genocidal caesurae predicated on biopolitically separating out
AND
the repulsion of attendant 'aliens' constitute a re-assertion of colonial sovereignty. 

The call for a literal interpretation of the resolution is guided by rhetorical imperialism which aims at elimination of Native culture
Lyons 0 (Scott Richard, “Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?”, College Composition and Communication, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Feb., 2000), pp. 447-468, Vance) *Counting Coup to Plains Indians means to win honor through battle
That laughter, which is not in Standing Bear's book but remains my guess,
AND
sovereignty has nit-picked, albeit powerfully, around terms and definitions. 

The normative adoption of governing institutions has already failed the Lakota and subjugated ethics to the legal system. Instead of empty legal tactics, we encourage an ethical education.
Deloria 93 (Philip Deloria, Yale University, “Review of Black Hills/White Justice: The Sioux Nation Versus the United States, 1775 to the Present by Edward Lazarus”, Great Plains Research 3:1 (February 1993), pp. 127-128, Vance)
For observers following the Sioux Nation's legal and legislative struggles over Black Hills land claims
AND
maintained throughout the book and contributing to the cultural distinctions it has revealed.

Tournament: Districts | Round: 2 | Opponent: Missouri State BR | Judge: Sarah Spring
This debate actually began over a hundred years ago in the state of Georgia; at a time when the president circumvented a judicial restriction to stop the introduction of US Army forces into hostilities, with the decree “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” Informed by a cosmological understanding of land that viewed it as empty space, the violent dispossession known as the Trail of Tears began as thousands of natives were killed and relocated to the land called Oklahoma where we now find ourselves.
Peterson 2010 (Herman, Associate Professor Library Affairs, Southern Illinois University, The Trail of Tears: An Annotated Bibliography of Southeastern Indian Removal, Introduction, Vance)
The other major tribes of the southeast—the Choctaw, Chickasaw, and¶
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human knowledge about the Trail of Tears can aid¶ in this endeavor.

Forgetting was not an option for us. Indian wars continue today as the War Powers are deployed to defend the innocence of the settler state. The structural violence against native populations did not end with the Trial of Tears.     
Pugliese 13 (Joseph Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; p. 48-55; kdf)
Paglen's concept of 'relational geographies' can be productively amplified by conjoining it with the concept
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determines what will count as a 'war' in the context of the nation. 

Native Americans are the original enemy combatants—discourses of security are grounded in violence against the indigenous “Other”
Byrd 11 Jodi A., Associate Professor of English and American Indian Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism, 2011, p. xviii  myost
The stakes could not be greater, given that currently U.S. empire
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States, the Indian is the original enemy combatant who cannot be grieved.

The premise of the resolution enframes war powers, defining the violence against Natives out of existence. This is symptomatic of a form of temporal thinking that relegates indigenous peoples to the past, victims to the inevitable progress of history. Never are affs forced to confront targeted killing, indefinite detention, and hostilities against native bodies – colonialism begins at this point of exclusion.
Marzec 2001 (Robert, Teaches Postcolonial Studies @ State U of New York @ Fredonia, An Anatomy of Empire, symploke 9.1-2 (2001) 165-168, muse)
Retrieving crucial foundational shifts in history that determine the order of existence in our present
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--one, according to Spanos, "most difficult but not impossible."

Assaults on indigenous populations at home set the foundation for serial policy failure in imperialist campaigns abroad
Street 4 Paul, writes on imperialism, racism, and thought control for ZNet, “Those Who Deny the Crimes of the Past,” 11 March 2004, http://www.zcommunications.org/those-who-deny-the-crimes-of-the-past-by-paul-street  myost
It is especially important to appreciate the significance of the vicious, often explicitly genocidal
AND
roamed by an immeasurably more civilized people than those who came to destroy.

The practice of education is inseparable from the notion of decolonial justice—dominant pedagogies repeat genocide against indigenous peoples through structural violence
Courtney-Lawson 2013 (Summerbrook, Elon University, “The Cultural Decline of Native Americans”, http://www.elon.edu/e-web/academics/writing_excellence/contest/Contest20Entry20Courtney-Lawson20Essay.xhtml, Vance)
Since the arrival of the Europeans, Native Americans have struggled to maintain ownership of
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Native Americans in order for Americans to respond to future events and challenges.

In response to the resolution: Austin and I affirm a critical indigenous reading of the topic that restricts the United States federal government from conducting hostilities against indigenous peoples.
Our critical indigenous reading of the topic engages settler ideology by starting at the point of place which allows us to deconstruct violent colonialism.
Byrd 2011 (Jodi, Transit of Empire, Pg. xxix – xxx, Vance)
Although the United Nations’ Working Group on Indigenous Peoples¶ and the 2007 Declaration on
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inferior, other¶ and its origins are not tied to migration.”34

We hear a lot about the “debate space” these days. Every tournament we attend becomes undifferentiated, an empty and neutral space devoid of history and content. As Oklahomans, debating in Oklahoma, Austin and I demand that debate confront the ways that the activity perpetuates regimes of domination visited upon this place and every place we visit. The primary question of this debate must be our ongoing occupation of Native lands and how the clearing of indigeneity is the condition of possibility for our activity. Indeed, even before UCO could be founded, Muskogee and Seminole claims to this land were exterminated. At the same time, this place is our home, a place we love, and therefore, the right place to begin a project of decolonization.

Dominant understanding of space encourages a nomadic approach to life. In order to have a connection with place we must start with historical understanding of the land we find ourselves.
Deloria 99 Vine, badass, For This Land, p. 253-255, Vance
When non-Indians admire or try to emulate the Indian love of land,
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the medicine men and women describe their feelings as intense dread and foreboding.

The role of the ballot is to endorse the team with the best epistemological approach to this place. Only epistemologies centered on place can resolve the soul wound of American modernity which would otherwise guarantee violence
Greenwood 9 David A., Washington State University, “Place, Survivance, and White Remembrance: A Decolonizing Challenge to Rural Education in Mobile Modernity,” Journal of Research in Rural Educatio 24.10 (2009): n/p, http://www.jrre.psu.edu/articles/24-10.pdf  myost
The term survivance is used in Native American Studies to describe the self-representation
AND
land and people, near and far, now and in the future.

Rather than an affirmation of a singular idea of the resolution, we open the topic to alternative visions of possibility, disrupting the hegemony of Western thought
Deloria 99 Vine, Jr., Sioux scholar, “On Liberation,” For This Land: Writings on Religion in America, p. 105-107  myost
An old Indian saying captures the radical difference between Indians and Western peoples quite adequately
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traditions into a new universal cultural expression. And everyone will become liberated.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Deven Cooper
Through playing with the law the aff exposes the flaws with necropolitics which allow bare life in the form of anti-blackness originally.
Sexton 2010 (Jared, University of California, Irvine (School of Humanities) “People-of-Color-Blindness¶ Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery”, Social Text 103 • Vol. 28, No. 2 • Summer 2010, Vance)
In Means without End, the theoretical precis of his Homo Sacer tetralogy,1
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“the very structure of the plantation system¶ and its aftermath.”8

Law is a pre-requisite to subjugation of the black body – we control the root cause
Sexton 2010 (Jared, University of California, Irvine (School of Humanities) “'The Curtain of the Sky': An Introduction”, Critical Sociology 36(1) 11-24, Vance)
True even if elevated by the income and formal education of the mythic American¶
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the potentiality of slave¶ resistance is rendered illegitimate and illegible a priori.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: v Kansas State HJ | Judge: Justin Stanley
Their focus on technical solutions to climate change trades off with other environmental concerns
Crist 7 Eileen, Associate Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at Virginia Tech, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse” Telos 141 Winter 2007  myost
While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even
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to—will barely address—the ongoing destruction of life on Earth.

Framing warming in terms of extinction fails – cedes power to climate deniers and creates a disincentive to change
Gross and Gilles 12 Mathew Barrett, Director of Internet Communications for Howard Deanand#39;s 2004 presidential campaign and MS from University of Montana, and Mel, Director of Sol Kula Healing, both authors of The Last Myth: What the Rise of Apocalyptic Thinking Tells Us About America, “How Apocalyptic Thinking Prevents Us from Taking Political Action,” 23 Apr 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/04/how-apocalyptic-thinking-prevents-us-from-taking-political-action/255758/  myost
For example, annual climate-related disasters such as droughts, storms, and
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about a future apocalypse, scientists tell us that the trend is accelerating.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Brian Box
The counterplan doesn’t prevent future drone strikes
Dreyfuss 2012 (Mike PhD Candidate @ Vanderbilt University Law School; NOTE: My Fellow Americans, We Are Going to Kill You: The Legality of Targeting and Killing U.S. Citizens Abroad; 65 Vand. L. Rev. 249; kdf)
Notwithstanding any of the above, the President can revoke or modify Executive Order 12
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order to carve out an exception for whatever activities he wished to conduct.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Deven Cooper
The need for space for utopian creation stifles the ability to engage the sovereign modes of violence.
Salzani 2012 (Carlo Monash University “Quodlibet: Giorgio Agamben’s Anti-Utopia”, Utopian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2012, Vance)

I do not claim that Hardt, Negri, and Žižek are representative of “
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“little bit”¶ that lies hidden in the potentialities of the present.

Our demand for due process is more destabilizing to law than simple radical negation. Absent engaging the law all forms of oppression become whitewashed.
Zizek 1998 (Slavoj, was born, writes books, and will die, Law and the Postmodern Mind, “Why Does the Law need an Obscene Supplement?” Pg 91-94)
Finally, the point about inherent transgression is not that every opposition, every
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that makes them "too good" for the banality of men's rights.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Brian Box
In the face of the never coming nuclear war at the expense of those being killed now we should play with the nukes.
Chaloupka 1992 (William, Professor emeritus of political science at Colorado State, Knowing Nukes, Pg. 131-138, Vance)
It is true that there have been attempts to conjure the end of the world
AND
told that nuclear war is unthinkable, that it is impossible to contemplate.
But, Derrida argues, nukes are far from "unspeakable." Derrida's breakthrough¶
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varieties, in which specific sets of facts and objects have been privileged.
Nuclear war not only is not a fact, it can never be a fact
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¶ the advocates of reality, exposing their hubris. It is playful.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: v Kansas State HJ | Judge: Justin Stanley
Focus on the political process kills agency depriving the aff of its ethical content
Van Oenen 6 Gijs, senior lecturer in the department of philosophy at Erasmus University Rotterdam, “A Machine That Would Go of Itself: Interpassivity and Its Impact on Political Life,” Theory and Event 9.2 (2006): Project Muse  myost
This understanding of interpassivity differs from, but accords well with the views espoused by
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the contrary, is the ability to be involved in the production process.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: v Kansas State HJ | Judge: Justin Stanley
Courts don’t link to politics- avoids political fallout
Whittington, 2005 (Keith E. Whittington, Professor of Politics - Princeton University, and#34;Interpose Your Friendly Hand: Political Supports for the Exercise of Judicial Review by the United States Supreme Court”, The American Political Science Review, Nov., (99)4, p. 583)
There are some issues that politicians cannot easily handle. For individual legislators, their
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action that political leaders want taken, as illustrated in the following case.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: v Kansas State HJ | Judge: Justin Stanley
Al-Queda is the new “war on terror” justifying shadow war for empire.
Pugliese 2013 (Joseph Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; 215-220; kdf)
In the conduct of its counter-terror operations, the Obama administration has effectively
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the and#39;kill box, meaning within range of launching its missiles.and#39; 123 

The neg reproduces terror discursively, which justifies securitizing the state of exception.  
Agamben 2001 (Giorgio, professor at the University of Verona, “On Security and Terror”)
Today we face extreme and most dangerous developments in the thought of security. In
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single deadly system, in which they justify and legitimate each others’ actions.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: v Kansas State HJ | Judge: Justin Stanley
Executive Orders are the embodiment of fascism – the president maintains the ability to declare and end states of exception.
Agamben 2003 (Giorgio, Balding Italian, “GIORGIO AGAMBEN - STATE OF EXCEPTION”, http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/state-of-exception/, Vance)
From a technical point of view, it is important to note that in modern
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guarantee its functioning would necessarily have to entertain a relation to an anomy.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Northwestern MV | Judge: Brian Box
Neg missed the boat – no solvency doesn’t change the ethic of the 1AC
Mills 2008 (CATHERINE, PhD Australian National University History and Philosophy, “Playing with Law: Agamben and Derrida on Postjuridical Justice”, South Atlantic Quarterly 107:1, Winter 2008, Vance)
In general terms at least, this affirmation of the necessity of holding off¶
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toys¶ is to make present and tangible human temporality in itself.10

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: UMKC AF | Judge: Deven Cooper
Political identification gets coopted by sovereignty to justify exclusion
Edkins 7
Jenny, Professor of International Politics at Aberystwyth University in Wales, “Whatever Politics,” Giorgio Agamben: Sovereignty and Life, eds. Matthew Calarco and Steven DeCaroli, 2007, p. 74-76  myost
The coming politics, as a politics of whatever being, is not then the
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the aporias of sovereignty¶ remains unthinkable" (HS, 44).25

Tournament: NDT | Round: 2 | Opponent: George Mason KM | Judge: 

History is written by the colonizers, framing the Native as the perpetual victim of genocide, denying an always-present resistance to colonialism.

Lamphere 5 (Peter, "A Native War of Independence", International Socialist Review Issue 39, January–February 2005, Vance)
THE HISTORY of Native Americans is usually presented as a passive tale of victimization.
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brother led a rebellion in a bid for an independent Native American nation. 

Even this very debate round is structured by a history of colonization and resistance—just miles from here is where the Battle of Tippecanoe was fought, with Native forces led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader whose struggle against encroachment inspires us today.

Lamphere 5 (Peter, "A Native War of Independence", International Socialist Review Issue 39, January–February 2005, Vance)
The War of 1812 was not just a border skirmish between the new American republic
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be a beacon to us all when self-determination is threatened anywhere.

Unfortunately, settler responses to Native resilience continue to justify Presidential deployment of Armed Forces against Indigenous bodies as demonstrated at Wounded Knee

Brand 93 (Joanna, The Life and Death of Anna Mae Aquash, Pg. 44, Vance)
Within hours of the seizure of the historic village, about 90 FBI agents and
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chose not to leave the fortified compound that Wounded Knee village had become.
Tecumseh and Wounded Knee are part of the interconnected struggle against settler-society. Native militancy is inevitable, it's only a question of our alignment with that struggle.
Williams 12 (Kate, DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, "Cyd-Safiad (Standing Together): The Politics of Alliance of Welsh and American Indian Rights' Movements, 1960s-Present", http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/11299/139840/3/Williams_umn_0130E_13107.pdf.txt-http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/11299/139840/3/Williams_umn_0130E_13107.pdf.txt, Vance)
Similarly, American Indians also experienced settler colonialism and, as in Wales, this
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, that fundamentally distinguishes Indigenous peoples from other peoples of the world.61

The resolution is not a neutral descriptor of legality but purposefully constructed to exclude the ongoing Indian Wars—the colonial nation-state controls the frame of discussion

Pugliese 13 (Joseph ~Associate professor of cultural studies @ Macquarie University~; State Violence and the Execution of Law Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones; p. 48-55; kdf)
The articulation of a series of carceral and genocidal caesurae predicated on¶ biopolitically separating
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determines what will count as a 'war' in the context of the nation.

Posed with the question of the resolution, Austin and I offer a critical indigenous affirmation of the topic that increases restrictions on the war powers authority of the President of the United States to introduce armed forces into hostilities against Native Americans.

When faced with a society at war with their very existence, the only question is how Natives should respond—death or resistance.

Churchill 98 (Ward, might be a plagiarist, Struggle for Land, Pg. 40-41, Vance)
In 1793, Thomas Jefferson, author of the American Declaration of Independence and a
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there are no exceptions to this principle within the Laws of Nations . 33
Our indigenous critical reading of the topic holds settler society accountable. The social death of the Native is not irredeemable – mili is an expression of 565 nations practice of agency.
Our critical indigenous reading of the topic offers a starting point for resolving Native social death which is not inevitable but only a product
Byrd 11 (Jodi, Transit of Empire, Pg. Intro, Vance)
As civil rights, queer rights, and other rights struggles have often cathected liberal
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inferior, other¶ and its origins are not tied to migration."34

Rather than conceiving as militancy as a repetition of the cycle of violence, you should think of it as the only available option to combat assimilation.

Fortin 13 (Seth, JD UCLA Law, "THE UNEXTINGUISHED MILITIA POWER OF INDIAN TRIBES", AMERICAN INDIAN LAW JOURNAL Volume II, Issue I – Fall 2013, Pg. 48-55, Vance)
Assuming they have the right to do so, we may ask why Indian tribes
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in achieving those goals? The next Part attempts to answer that question.

Decolonization is the answer, no matter the question—we must respond to the resolution with a decolonial paradigm.

McCaslin 26 Breton 8 ~Wanda D., Law Foundation of Saskatchewan and Research Officer with the Native Law Centre of Canada, and Denise C., founder and executive director of Living Justice Press, "Justice as healing: Going outside the colonizer's cage," Handbook of Critical and Indigenous Methodologies, eds. Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Linda Tuhiwai Smith, p 528-529~  myost
Suffice it to say, for the purposes of this chapter, we cannot map
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we inevitably face as we move in this turbulent but fundamentally healing direction.

The AFF is an example of survivance – rather than be relegated outside the resolution this debate is about a method to resist War Powers deployed on Natives.

Powell 2 (Malea is Indiana Miami, Eastern Shawnee, and Euroamerican Ancestry and is an Assistant Professor of English, Women's Studies, and Native American Studies at the University of Nebraska, "Rhetorics of Survivance: How American Indians Use Writing", College Composition and Communication, Vol. 53, No. 3, (Feb., 2002), pp. 396-434, Vance)
In short, as a discipline, we've done a pretty good job of not
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changed with the intense public  interest in the Ponca tour (Mathes 6)

Native existence in settler society is premised on a denial of agency which warrants Native refusal and militancy.

Heppler 9 (Jason, Academic Technology Specialist in the Department of History at Stanford University, "Intellectual Origins", http://www.framingredpower.org/narrative/aim/intellectual-origins/-http://www.framingredpower.org/narrative/aim/intellectual-origins/, Vance)
In February 1967, Clyde Warrior articulated Red Power's evolving ideas. In testimony before
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change by 1970, when confrontations became the staple of AIM's political tactics.

Tournament: Emporia | Round: 2 | Opponent: Concordia BS | Judge: Malcolm Gordon
Thus Austin and I playfully submit for deliberation: In the next available test case, the Supreme Court of the United States should rule that targeted killings authorized by the President of the United States require the application of due process.