Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown SK | Judge: Bankey

Case

Politics is dead – your movement is inevitably coopted as soon as it becomes visible

Invisible Committee, 07 ~an anonymous group of French professors, phd candidates, and intellectuals, in the book "The Coming Insurrection" published by Semiotext(e) (attributed to the Tarnac Nine-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnac_Nine by the French police), http://tarnac9.noblogs.org/gallery/5188/insurrection_english.pdf-http://tarnac9.noblogs.org/gallery/5188/insurrection_english.pdf~~

Whatever angle you look at it from, there’s no escape from the present.
AND
to an end soon and that a decision is about to be made.

Calls to make "invisible populations" visible destroys any chance of change. Disappearance provides the secrecy and anonymity that avoids giving opportunities to be coopted. To make micropolitics visible is to coopt it – only an embrace of imperceptible politics can solve

Tsianos et. al, 08 – Vassilis, teaches sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany, Dimitris Papadopoulos teaches social theory at Cardiff University, Niamh Stephenson teaches social science at the University of New South Wales. "Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the 21st Century" Pluto Press

In this sense imperceptible politics does not necessarily differ from or oppose other prevalent forms
AND
this void into everyday politics that becomes the vital force for imperceptible politics.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia Tech SJ | Judge: Devin Cooper

Case

Video games program us to become neoliberal machines, constantly seeking out greater and more possessions. It is impossible to create a meaningful dialogue about games because the history- the birth of the industry into the height of neoliberal growth- cannot be severed. It taints everything these games represent.
DOHO 11 (January 14, 2011, Author unnamed, but is a PhD Student in Communications and Cultures, http://dropouthangoutspaceout.tumblr.com/post/2753901971/neoliberalism-and-videogames-as-public-good)
In the popular narrative around videogames the most puzzling for many observers is the rapid
AND
experiencing this game within the context of that war (Grant, 2010).

Even their aff got played- the call to make video games appear to be a medium for social change is a trick by the videogame industry to extend their protection under the first amendment by CLAIMING they make a political statement- The cards written for their aff are LITERALLY neoliberal tools to increase the profits of those companies.

DOHO 11 (January 14, 2011, Author unnamed, but is a PhD Student in Communications and Cultures, http://dropouthangoutspaceout.tumblr.com/post/2753901971/neoliberalism-and-videogames-as-public-good)
Electronic Arts and other development houses have long been lobbying for videogames to continue being
AND
, not citizens, reflecting the dominant ideology and subject position of neoliberalism.

Video games, especially Metal Gear Solid 4, advance imperialist violence by normalizing killing and violence. This is a conscious effort from the Military Industrial Complex
John Sanbonmatsu 95 (and#34;War Simulation and the Militarization of Everyday Life,and#34; in Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader, p. 429-430) Associate professor of humanities 26 arts.
War Simulation and the Militarization of Everyday Life To frame my discussion, I want
AND
which and#34;the gamer involved in a military shooter set in the Middle East

This causes is an assimilative process translating into inevitable violence, genocide and colonialism. Metal Gear solid continues the narrative of the American War Hero, out in the foreign frontier saving the world. We become psychologically primed to believe that American exceptionalism is a sexy bicep we should flex at every available moment.
Nayar in ’99
(Jayan, RE-FRAMING INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: Orders of Inhumanity, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall, 1999, 9 Transnat’l L. 26 Contemp. Probs. 599, MDA)
Despite the vision of world-order founded on a notion of a universal society
AND
-ingand#34; within the historical epoch of colonialism is now plainly visible.

Video games are largely unethical. This should be a given. Gaming communities are breeding grounds for racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, and just about any other phobia you can think of. Devon, we know you will not vote for unethical arguments- this is the epitome of that. 

Metal Gear Solid 4 is the worst thing a video game could be. Let’s start with the unforgivable racism, outside of the already imperialist message:

The only reoccurring black character in the game is named Drebin, who naturally must
AND
Black men are only seemed as disposable cogs in the military industrial complex.
Every instance of racism must be rejected on ethical grounds, but it gets worse for you- racism is a tool of the neoliberal system. The aff pushes cap out the door only for it to return through the window.
Young 6 (Robert, Red Critique, Winter/Spring, and#34;Putting Materialism back into Race Theoryand#34;, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm)
This essay advances a materialist theory of race. In my view, race oppression
AND
to one of democratic multiculturalism, ultimately, requires the transformation of capitalism.

Ethical obligation to reject racism- voting aff cedes the public sphere, destroying their offense.

Giroux ’11 
Henry A Giroux, Truthout, Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals, 21 November 2011, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=5046:occupy-colleges-now—students-as-the-new-public-intellectuals
Of course, such a position is at odds with those intellectuals who have retreated
AND
critical - to all the power of dogmatic and unjust appropriation.~3~

This game fails in its representations of women as well
The boss of this game- a male- has control over the four mini bosses- four women who are severely afflicted with PTSD, whose trauma was exploited as they were given animal suits and turned into killing machines. They are only referred to by their animal names (i.e Crying Wolf). You then get to free them from their suits and have the option of sexually assaulting them or killing them. 

This translates to real acts of sexual assault, rape, and violence against women. 
Totilo 11 (Steven, 2/10/11, Interviewing psychologist and author Carol Lieberman http://kotaku.com/5757307/the-doctor-who-said-video-games-cause-rape-explains-what-she-meant)

and#34;The more video games a person plays that have violent sexual content,and#34; she
AND
head. Would you please come here so I can fulfill my needs?and#34;¶

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 7 | Opponent: Wyoming DM | Judge: Scott Herndon

Drone prolif

Modeling fails – different cultures and resources

Jeremy Rabkin 13, Professor of Law at the George Mason School of Law. Model, Resource, or Outlier? What Effect Has the U.S. Constitution Had on the Recently Adopted Constitutions of Other Nations?, 29 May 2013, www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2013/05/model-resource-or-outlier-what-effect-has-the-us-constitution-had-on-the-recently-adopted-constitutions-of-other-nations
Even when people are not ambivalent in their desire to embrace American practices, they
AND
be imported into different cultures as easily as cell phones or Internet connections.

Modeling isn’t reverse-causal – ~US posture is an excuse after the fact, not the cause~
Stanley Foundation 8 – "A New Look at No First Use," April 4, 2008, online: http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/pdb/NoFirstUsePDB708.pdf
That said, conference participants were divided as to how, and how much,
AND
at the very least deprive other states of one argument for their arsenals.

No Indo-Pak war

Mutti 9— Master’s degree in International Studies with a focus on South Asia, U Washington. BA in History, Knox College.  over a decade of expertise covering on South Asia geopolitics, Contributing Editor to Demockracy journal (James, 1/5, Mumbai Misperceptions: War is Not Imminent, http://demockracy.com/four-reasons-why-the-mumbai-attacks-wont-result-in-a-nuclear-war/)
Fearful of imminent war, the media has indulged in frantic hand wringing about Indian
AND
and is using its regional influence to bring more diplomatic pressure on Pakistan.  

War won’t go nuclear

Enders 2 (Jan 30, David, Michigan Daily, "Experts say nuclear war still unlikely," http://www.michigandaily.com/content/experts-say-nuclear-war-still-unlikely)

• Ashutosh Varshney – Professor of Political Science and South Asia expert at the University of Michigan
• Paul Huth – Professor of International Conflict and Security Affairs at the University of Maryland
• Kenneth Lieberthal – Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan. Former special assistant to President Clinton at the National Security Council
  University political science Prof. Ashutosh Varshney becomes animated when asked about the likelihood of
  AND
  command control system has strengthened. The trigger is in very safe hands."

Not even close to extinction

Khan 9 ~Shamsur Rabb, Newstrack India, Price of an Indo-Pak War, Newstrack India, 1/20, http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/62680~~
Let us turn to unprecedented casualty in case of a nuclear conflict: Natural Resources
AND
of entire population of the Indian sub-continent would have been possible.

Multiple checks prevent Executive overreach —- their impact is a myth

John Yoo 9, Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law @ UC-Berkeley Law, visiting scholar @ the American Enterprise Institute, former Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Law @ the University of Trento, served as a deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Council at the U.S. Department of Justice between 2001 and 2003, received his J.D. from Yale and his undergraduate degree from Harvard, "Crisis and Command," E-Book
A second lesson of this book is that the notion of an unchecked executive,
AND
Mexican-American War and to end the Vietnam conflict, for example.

Authoritarian states don’t follow norms — their "US justifies others" arg is naive

John O. McGinnis 7, Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law.  Ilya Somin  Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University School of Law. GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: GLOBAL INFLUENCE ON U.S. JURISPRUDENCE: Should International Law Be Part of Our Law? 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1175
The second benefit to foreigners of distinctive U.S. legal norms is information
AND
nations can decide to adopt our good norms and avoid our bad ones.
The only noteworthy counterargument is the claim that U.S. norms will have
AND
political processes to screen out American norms that might cause harm if copied.
Of course, many nations remain authoritarian. n270 But our norms are not likely
AND
compared to the harm of allowing raw international law to trump domestic law.

Terrorism

Alternatives to drones are worse for credibility—-and even eliminating them’s not enough to solve

Amitai Etzioni 12, senior advisor to the Carter White House; taught at Columbia University, Harvard and The University of California at Berkeley; and is a university professor and professor of international relations at The George Washington University, 4/2/12, "In Defense of Drones," http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/defense-drones-6715
Rohde acknowledges that we are dealing with people who make and plant bombs and train
AND
a reason we should not order more drones rather than stand them down.
Why are drones so bad? Mr. Rohde, who was kidnapped by the
AND
adversaries, making them nervous and preventing them from training in large groups?
In addition, Rohde argues that drones are bad for public relations. He says
AND
and above all, American attempts to much change their ways of life.
Moreover, few things agitate Muslims around the world, polls show, more than
AND
do if we are going to fight terrorists and those who harbor them.

There’s no impact to anti-drones backlash

Stephen Holmes 13, the Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law, New York University School of Law, July 2013, "What’s in it for Obama?," The London Review of Books, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n14/stephen-holmes/whats-in-it-for-obama
This is the crux of the problem. We stand at the beginning of the
AND
against which antiwar forces are apparently unable to rally even modest public support.

No motivation for nuclear terror
Francis J. Gavin 10, Professor of International Affairs and Director of the Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin, "Same As It Ever Was," International Security, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Winter 2009/10), pp. 7–37

A recent study contends that al-Qaida’s interest in acquiring and using nuclear weapons
AND
overstated, and that popular wisdom on the topic is significantly flawed."59

American hypocrisy in the Middle East destroys credibility

Neil Macdonald 9/5/13, Senior Washington Correspondent for CBC News, "Obama’s indecision on Syria strains U.S. credibility: Neil Macdonald," http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/09/04/f-vp-obama-congress-syria-missile-strike-neil-macdonald.html
In fact, "red lines" are old hat in the Middle East.
AND
to call it a coup.¶ The list goes on. And on.

Groupthink theory is wrong

Anthony Hempell 4, User Experience Consulting Senior Information Architect, "Groupthink:  An introduction to Janis’ theory of concurrence-seeking tendencies in group work., http://www.anthonyhempell.com/papers/groupthink/, March 3
In the thirty years since Janis first proposed the groupthink model, there is still
AND
1986, p. 399; cited by Choi 26 Kim, 1999). 

No groupthink—executives are fragmented and pluralistic—Congress links harder

Posner and Vermeule, 7 – *Kirkland and Ellis Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School AND professor at Harvard Law School (Eric and Adrian, Terror in the Balance: Security, Liberty, and the Courts p. 46-47)
The idea that Congress will, on net, weed out bad policies rests on
AND
to block harmful policies, whereas executive decisionmaking is relatively centralized and unitary.
The contrast is drawn too sharply, because in practice the executive is a they
AND
of Arab Americans in Michigan, often a swing state in presidential elections.
It is not obvious, then, that statutory authorization makes any difference at all
AND
resists the stampede toward bad policies and safeguards the interests of oppressed minorities.
Even if that condition obtains, however, the argument for authorization goes wrong by
AND
policies that need to be adopted quickly if they are to be effective.

Informal checks on groupthink are sufficient

Kennedy, 12 ~  Copyright (c) 2012 Gould School of Law Southern California
AND
the threat to ""go public’ by leaking embarrassing information or publicly resigning."

No WMD terrorism – lack of desire and capability – empirically the threat is overblown

Mueller ’11. John Mueller, Professor and Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Department of Political Science, "The Truth About al Qaeda", 8/2/2011, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda?page=show, CMR
The chief lesson of 9/11 should have been that small bands of terrorists
AND
3.5 million per year, even with 9/11 included.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber AH | Judge: Phillip DiPiazza

Speaking for others requires investigating one’s historical position of privilege – retreating from representing others only excuses us from accountability for that privilege.

Spivak 1990 ~Gayatri, Prof of English at Columbia, The Post-Colonial Critic, p.62-3~
It is a problem that is very close to my heart because I teach,
AND
probably be made welcome, and can hope to be judged with respect.

Moreover, speaking for the Third world masks imperialism and legitimates the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of people.

Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, "The Problem of Speaking for Others," http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html.

This shows us why it is so important to reconceptualize discourse, as Foucault recommends
AND
of people who have tried to bring democratic and progressive governments into existence.

The affirmative is a perfect erasure of the other; they craft an image of the other in terms of their own systems of knowledge. This image inevitably overwhelms the other and denies them any sort of individual subjectivity.

Linda Alcoff, Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies and Political Science, Director of Women’s Studies, Syracuse University, 1995, Linda Martin-Alcoff, "The Problem of Speaking for Others," http://www.alcoff.com/content/speaothers.html.

This is partly the case because of what has been called the "crisis of
AND
individual doubt, we are denying a reality of our experiential lives.9

The erasure of the other constitutes a form of spiritual genocide which represents the destruction of human dignity – it outweighs the aff.

Williams 1987 (PATRICIA WILLIAMS, Associate Professor of Law, The City University of New York Law School at Queens College, University of Miami Law Review, 42 U. Miami L. Rev. 127, September)
There are certain societies that define the limits of life and death very differently than
AND
numbing pathology before it wipes out what precious little humanity we have left.

Tournament: unlv | Round: 6 | Opponent: Weber | Judge: 

Targeted killing is just a symptom of larger Imperial ambitions – the continuance of Bush policies under Obama proves

ICL 02/22/13 (Workers Vanguard No. 1018, http://www.icl-fi.org/english/wv/1018/kill_list.html)

Remote-Control Murder Guantánamo is not closed, but Obama is taking few prisoners
AND
In the end, a civilian show trial sentenced him to 17 years. 

Imperialist domination empirically outweighs visible war and makes extinction inevitable

Eckhardt 90 (William, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory of St. Louis, JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, February 1990, p. 15-16)

Modern Western Civilization used war as well as peace to gain the whole world as
AND
challenge is very urgent indeed. Life itself may depend upon our choice.

Vote negative to question the epistemological foundations of empire. US neo-imperialism sustains itself by controlling the boundaries of knowledge.  Only exposing the epistemic violence of imperialism and addressing the needs of the oppressed can solve.

McLaren and Kincheloe in 5 (Peter Professor of Education, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies @ UCLA and Joe, professor and Canada Research Chair at the Faculty of Education, McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Third Edition, Eds Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln)

In this context, it is important to note that we understand a social theory
AND
relation to different points in a new era. P306-307

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 6 | Opponent: Wayne State BS | Judge: Gabe Murillo

Iran Strikes DA

Syria proves to Iran that Obama can credibly negotiate with military force or diplomacy – this flex lets him negotiate an end to Iran’s nuclear weapons program
Benen, writer for MSNBC and producer of the Rachel Maddow show, 9/20/2013
(Steve, "When crises become opportunities," http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite-http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news/2013/09/20/20599445-when-crises-become-opportunities?lite)

When it comes to the Middle East, progress has never moved in a straight
AND
moment for Obama to be demonstrating flexibility and diplomacy toward the Middle East.

Plan guts Obama’s military credibility and kills negotiations
Matthew Waxman 13, professor of law at Columbia Law School and an adjunct senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. He previously served as principal deputy director of policy planning (2005–7) and acting director of policy planning (2007) at the US Department of State, 1/28/13, Executive-Congressional Relations and National Security, www.advancingafreesociety.org/the-briefing/executive-congressional-relations-and-national-security/

The last four years should have been a good period for executive-congressional relations
AND
it will find its freedom to maneuver and deliver on assurances severely constrained.

Israeli perception of a nuclear armed Iran makes a strike inevitable – that causes a regional war which escalates
Malin 7/1/13, Executive Director of the Project on Managing the Atom Harvard, and Eiran, asst prof international relations at the Haifa University in Israel, (Martin, and Ehud, affiliate of the middle east negotiation initiative at the program on negotiation, Harvard Law School, former assistant to the Foreign Policy Advisor to Israel’s Prime Minister, "The Sum of all Fears: Israel’s Perception of a Nuclear-Armed Iran", http://live.belfercenter.org/files/thesumofallfears.pdf-http://live.belfercenter.org/files/thesumofallfears.pdf)

Thucydides’ ancient logic still governs: uncertainty (over Iran’s nuclear intentions) and the
AND
Iranian nuclear challenge should therefore begin with an analysis of these different fears.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 2 | Opponent: Georgia Tech SJ | Judge: Devin Cooper
Capitalism is an inertial system- any vestige left remaining will inevitably spin back up. The affirmative merely attacks a single instance of capitalism, but allows the system as a whole to remain intact. A complete negation is the only alternative.
kovel 2002
~Joel, Prof at Bard, Enemy of Nature, Zed Books~p. 142-3
The value-term that subsumes everything into the spell of capital sets going a
AND
field into zones of greater concentration, expanded profitability — and greater ecodestruction.

Vote Negative to adopt the method of structural historicism.
METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION ON KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, and#34;and#34;What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Everand#34;, Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory (and#34;knowledge workand#34 that masquerades as social theory.

Case

Video games program us to become neoliberal machines, constantly seeking out greater and more possessions. It is impossible to create a meaningful dialogue about games because the history- the birth of the industry into the height of neoliberal growth- cannot be severed. It taints everything these games represent.
DOHO 11 (January 14, 2011, Author unnamed, but is a PhD Student in Communications and Cultures, http://dropouthangoutspaceout.tumblr.com/post/2753901971/neoliberalism-and-videogames-as-public-good)
In the popular narrative around videogames the most puzzling for many observers is the rapid
AND
experiencing this game within the context of that war (Grant, 2010).

Even their aff got played- the call to make video games appear to be a medium for social change is a trick by the videogame industry to extend their protection under the first amendment by CLAIMING they make a political statement- The cards written for their aff are LITERALLY neoliberal tools to increase the profits of those companies.

DOHO 11 (January 14, 2011, Author unnamed, but is a PhD Student in Communications and Cultures, http://dropouthangoutspaceout.tumblr.com/post/2753901971/neoliberalism-and-videogames-as-public-good)
Electronic Arts and other development houses have long been lobbying for videogames to continue being
AND
, not citizens, reflecting the dominant ideology and subject position of neoliberalism.

Video games, especially Metal Gear Solid 4, advance imperialist violence by normalizing killing and violence. This is a conscious effort from the Military Industrial Complex
John Sanbonmatsu 95 (and#34;War Simulation and the Militarization of Everyday Life,and#34; in Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Critical Reader, p. 429-430) Associate professor of humanities 26 arts.
War Simulation and the Militarization of Everyday Life To frame my discussion, I want
AND
which and#34;the gamer involved in a military shooter set in the Middle East

This causes is an assimilative process translating into inevitable violence, genocide and colonialism. Metal Gear solid continues the narrative of the American War Hero, out in the foreign frontier saving the world. We become psychologically primed to believe that American exceptionalism is a sexy bicep we should flex at every available moment.
Nayar in ’99
(Jayan, RE-FRAMING INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: Orders of Inhumanity, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall, 1999, 9 Transnat’l L. 26 Contemp. Probs. 599, MDA)
Despite the vision of world-order founded on a notion of a universal society
AND
-ingand#34; within the historical epoch of colonialism is now plainly visible.

Video games are largely unethical. This should be a given. Gaming communities are breeding grounds for racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, and just about any other phobia you can think of. Devon, we know you will not vote for unethical arguments- this is the epitome of that. 

Metal Gear Solid 4 is the worst thing a video game could be. Let’s start with the unforgivable racism, outside of the already imperialist message:

The only reoccurring black character in the game is named Drebin, who naturally must
AND
Black men are only seemed as disposable cogs in the military industrial complex.
Every instance of racism must be rejected on ethical grounds, but it gets worse for you- racism is a tool of the neoliberal system. The aff pushes cap out the door only for it to return through the window.
Young 6 (Robert, Red Critique, Winter/Spring, and#34;Putting Materialism back into Race Theoryand#34;, http://www.redcritique.org/WinterSpring2006/puttingmaterialismbackintoracetheory.htm)
This essay advances a materialist theory of race. In my view, race oppression
AND
to one of democratic multiculturalism, ultimately, requires the transformation of capitalism.

Ethical obligation to reject racism- voting aff cedes the public sphere, destroying their offense.

Giroux ’11 
Henry A Giroux, Truthout, Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals, 21 November 2011, http://truth-out.org/index.php?option=com_k226view=item26id=5046:occupy-colleges-now—students-as-the-new-public-intellectuals
Of course, such a position is at odds with those intellectuals who have retreated
AND
critical - to all the power of dogmatic and unjust appropriation.~3~

This game fails in its representations of women as well
The boss of this game- a male- has control over the four mini bosses- four women who are severely afflicted with PTSD, whose trauma was exploited as they were given animal suits and turned into killing machines. They are only referred to by their animal names (i.e Crying Wolf). You then get to free them from their suits and have the option of sexually assaulting them or killing them. 

This translates to real acts of sexual assault, rape, and violence against women. 
Totilo 11 (Steven, 2/10/11, Interviewing psychologist and author Carol Lieberman http://kotaku.com/5757307/the-doctor-who-said-video-games-cause-rape-explains-what-she-meant)

and#34;The more video games a person plays that have violent sexual content,and#34; she
AND
head. Would you please come here so I can fulfill my needs?and#34;¶

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown SK | Judge: Bankey

Marx

THE AFFIRMATIVE IS A FUNDAMENTAL MISREADING OF POLITICS AND THE REPRODUCTION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS.  THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS THE ’BIOPOLITICAL STATE’ THAT SEEKS TO MANAGE AND CONTROL POPULATIONS FOR THE SAKE OF POWER.  THE STATE AND CAPITAL MOVE HAND IN GLOVE—ONE CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT THE OTHER.  ONLY A TOTAL DISTANCE FROM THE MODERN STATE CAN ALLOW FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF CAPITAL.  OTHERWISE WHAT IS PUSHED OUT THE DOOR ONLY COMES BACK IN THROUGH THE WINDOW

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~P. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
AND
faithful to the Marxian concern with the ’withering away’ of the state.

Capitalism structures our actions, encouraging indefinite detention.

WSWS 06 ("US Congress legalizes torture and indefinite detention" http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2006/09/tort-s29.html?view=print)
The legislation adopted by the House of Representatives Wednesday and the Senate Thursday, legalizing
AND
who has attained that office through blatantly illegal and anti-democratic methods? 

FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF STRUCTURAL KRITIK, THERE CAN BE NO SUCH THING AS ’MAKING THINGS BETTER’— THEIR MODEL OF POLITICS, NO MATTER HOW SUBVERSIVE OR CONSERVATIVE, ALL FUNDAMENTALLY EXAGERATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORMAL INSTITUTION OF POLITICS AND POWER, IGNORING THE WAYS SUCH A SYSTEM CREATES KNOWLEDGE—ONLY A MARXIST SHIFT TO KRITIK THE STRUCTURE AND CREATE MASS SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS WILL OVERCOME THIS FAILURE OF POLITICS

HARNECKER 2000
~Marta, Dir of MEPLA, Links, p. online: http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html-http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html ~
To think about the construction of forces and the correlation of forces is to change
AND
to be stirred up, but as something that has to be built.

NEXT, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE—IT IS THIS LOGIC THAT MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS IN THE FIRST PLACE

dyer-witherford 99
~Nick, Prof at U. of Western Ontario, Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism ~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

FINALLY, THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN ETHICAL ACTION THAT STANDS OUTSIDE OF POLITICS—YOUR ETHICAL DEMAND TO COME PRIOR TO THE STRUCTURAL NEGATION OF CAPITAL IS THE LARGEST VIOLATION OF ETHICS

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~p. 409-10
Politics and morality are so closely intertwined in the real world that it is hardly
AND
strategy, taking fully on board the painful lessons of the recent past.

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION— METHOD IS THE FOREMOST POLITICAL QUESTION BECAUSE ONE MUST UNDERSTAND THE EXISTING SOCIAL TOTALITY BEFORE ONE CAN ACT ON IT—GROUNDING THE SITES OF POLITICAL CONTESTATION ON KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE OF LABOR AND SURPLUS VALUE MERELY SERVE TO HUMANIZE CAPITAL AND PREVENT A TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY BEYOND OPPRESSION

tumino 2001
~Stephen, Prof English at Pitt, ""What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
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determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

AND NEXT, RESISTANCE TO CAPITAL MUST BE A TOTAL NEGATION OF THE SYSTEM FROM OUT-SIDE OF GOVERNMENT—WHILE SOME INSIDE POLITICAL GAINS ARE POSSIBLE, THEY ARE TRUMPED BY THE ABILITY OF THE SYSTEM TO USE REFORMS TO RESTABILIZE CAPITAL AND MARGINALIZE LABOR AS A SOCIAL ALTERNATIVE

Meszaros 95
~Istavan, Prof. Emeritus at Sussex, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition~p. 738
Thus the role of labour’s extra-parliamentary movement is twofold. On the one
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a vital precondition for countering the massive extra-parliamentary power of capital.

AND SO MUCH FOR YOUR PERMUTATION—CAPITALISM IS AN INERTIAL SYSTEM—ANY VESITAGE LEFT REMAINING BY THE PERMUTATION WILL INEVITABLY SPIN BACK UP.  LIKE A MANY-HEADED HYDRA, IT WILL REGENERATE WITH EVERY ATTEMPT THAT ATTACKS THE INSTRUMENTS AS OPPOSSED TO THE SYSTEM ITSELF*

kovel 2002
~Joel, Prof at Bard, Enemy of Nature, Zed Books~p. 142-3
The value-term that subsumes everything into the spell of capital sets going a
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field into zones of greater concentration, expanded profitability — and greater ecodestruction.

FINALLY, METHODOLOGY IS THE FOREMOST POINT OF DEPARTURE TO ANY POLITICAL QUERY.  YOU SHOULD EVALUATE EPISTEMOLOGY FIRST BECAUSE THE WAY YOU THINK ABOUT PROBLEMS DETERMINES HOW YOU RESPOND TO THEM AND THE CONSEQUENCES THEY ENGENDER

        
Smith ’96
~Steve, Professor of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, "Positivism and Beyond," International theory: Positivism and beyond, New York: Cambridge University Press, 12-1 3~
But the stakes are also high because of the links between theory and practice.
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are far more considerable than at first sight seem to be the case.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 4 | Opponent: Weber AH | Judge: Phillip DiPiazza
we affirm Mestiza Double Consciousness as a method of resistance to status quo indefinite detention policies.

Mestiza Consciousness cannot account for the lived experiences of Afro-Peruvians. It ignores how race shapes the experience and desires of different types of Peruvian women. Mestiza Double Consciousness solves best.
Falcon 8, http://www.academia.edu/179084/Mestiza_Double_Consciousness_The_Voices_of_Afro-Peruvian_Women_on_Gendered_Racism
Perú, similar to many countries in the Americas, is haunted by the legacy
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Hine 1996; Harris 1982; Knight, Talib, and Curtin 1989).
Even the discourse of "mestiza" renders Afro-Peruvian women invisible
Falcon 8, http://www.academia.edu/179084/Mestiza_Double_Consciousness_The_Voices_of_Afro-Peruvian_Women_on_Gendered_Racism
The image of the mestiza, upon which mestiza consciousness emerges,
reflects certain experiences based on a particular type of body despite the
influence of mestizaje. Mestizaje refers to the racial mixture of African,
indigenous, and Spanish descent in Latin America resulting from a history
of colonialism and conquest. However, the common conceptualization of
mestizaje largely renders African (and indigenous) heritage invisible
(Saldaña-Portillo 2003). Therefore, expanding mestizaje to include experiences
beyond the mestizo/a body itself validates the pluralities of lived
realities in the borderlands because of its effect on mestiza consciousness.
Inclusion of the "organic hybridity" (Bhavnani 2000) of the African
descendant in the Americas offers us a more comprehensive discourse and
theory about their borderland existence.
Mestiza consciousness is a good attempt, but is ultimately saturated by the racism of colonial Peru, which sees women as sexualized objects because of their race.
Falcon 8, http://www.academia.edu/179084/Mestiza_Double_Consciousness_The_Voices_of_Afro-Peruvian_Women_on_Gendered_Racism
The testimonios of Sofía, Mónica, and Martha detail the overt and covert displays
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read her identity as both raced and gendered, and he reacts accordingly.

Their method essentializes all mestiza bodies, erasing black mestizas. This allows for the continuation of imperialism.

Falcon 8, http://www.academia.edu/179084/Mestiza_Double_Consciousness_The_Voices_of_Afro-Peruvian_Women_on_Gendered_Racism
Gendered interpretation of racialized realities and agency is at the core of mestiza double consciousness
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have played in trying to immobilize U.S. imperialism and racism.

Only double consciousness can understand the experiences of black Latinas.

Falcon 8, http://www.academia.edu/179084/Mestiza_Double_Consciousness_The_Voices_of_Afro-Peruvian_Women_on_Gendered_Racism
Some scholars highlight the parallel struggles of U.S. Blacks and U.
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of this differing perspective that results in the formation of mestiza double consciousness.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 4 | Opponent: Georgetown SK | Judge: Bankey

Interpretation- the aff should have to defend a parametricization of their method

Violation- the aff only discusses issues with existing scholarship without proposing an alternative or defending an alternative system of knowledge- their advocacy statement is literally meaningless. "This authority should not exist" is a statement of what it desired. There is no mechanism for how your vote for the aff eliminates the authority of indefinite detention.

THEIR ADVOCACY STATEMENT IS NOT A CALL FOR EXPLORATION- EVEN THOUGH THEY HAVE CARDS FOR THIS, YOU NEED TO STICK THEM TO THE CLEAR CUT ADVOCACY STATEMENT THEY PROVIDE. IF AT THE END OF THE 2AR YOU DON’T KNOW HOW THEY ACTIVELY THE RID OF THE AUTHORITY OF INDEFINITE DETENTION OUTSIDE OF THIS DEBATE ROUND, YOU VOTE NEG ON PRESUMPTION. 

Vote neg-
1.) Aff conditionality- absent defense of a specific advocacy the aff can shift their interpretation of their argument in every speech to dodge method criticisms, counter-methods and impact turns to their understanding of scholarship- a moving target affirmative makes all of their truth claims falsifiable, which replicates the form of hegemonic knowledge production they criticize

2.) Neg ground- no robust defense of an abstract method- all the
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- it also means their aff isn’t subjected to rigorous scrutiny to determine if 

The aff will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation

Ignatieff 4—Prof of Human Rights @ Harvard
Michael, Lesser Evils p. 20-1
As for moral perfectionism, this would be the doctrine that a liberal state should
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right, and thus respect for one right might lead us to betray another

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas - Austin CM | Judge: Deven Cooper

Interpretation – the aff must increase restrictions on the introduction of armed forces into hostilities

"United States Armed Forces" only means personnel

Eric Lorber – January 2013, EXECUTIVE WARMAKING AUTHORITY AND OFFENSIVE CYBER OPERATIONS: CAN EXISTING LEGISLATION SUCCESSFULLY CONSTRAIN PRESIDENTIAL POWER?, J.D. Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Law School, Ph.D Candidate, Duke University Department of Political Science, JOURNAL OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Vol. 15:3 , https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1773-lorber15upajconstl9612013

As discussed above, critical to the application of the War Powers Resolution—especially
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human members of the armed forces, such a conclusion is not determinative. 

Violation – the Aff includes weapons systems / other non-human capabilities

Vote Neg –

Effects topical – impossible to predict infinite number of things they could add on to the plan

Predictable limits – The United States has hundreds of different weapons systems that could be deployed by any of the 4 services across over 200 countries – These include nukes, which was its own entire topic 4 years ago

Ground – Deploying troops is the core question of the president’s war power because it puts troops in harm’s way – there’s no disadvantage to repositioning a forward-deployed systems

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Oklahoma MM | Judge: Aaron Weathers

Counter Method

Debaters should have a truth and reconciliation which addresses the issues of oppression in debate. 

A TRC is the best methodology for addressing white supremacy in round – TRCs are based on the idea of acknowledging how privilege works and all of our individual participation as oppressors and/or as the oppressed can be communicated in whatever way each person desires. The TRC is praxis. It is an action we can all participate in that deals with the violence we as debaters have visited upon each other.

Oaklahoma is correct debate has been through a process of mass exclusion and violence. We don’t need a different forum like a banquet or a CEDA meeting where there is no way to question and account for the participation in a problematic system. But we need to be skeptical of the punishment paradigm. They will read evidence that ballots are the only way to change the mindset of debaters. We believe that is true in the status quo which is why a TRC is necessary. We have to accept healing as a goal.

A paradigm of punishment related to wins and losses is more harmful to both victims and perpetrators. We should instead embrace a method of truth and reconciliation in order to create space for emotional recovery.
Rauschenbach and Scalia ’8
Mina Rauschenbach and Damien Scalia Trained as a forensic pathologist and social psychologist, Mina
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the Red Cross. Victims and international criminal justice: a vexed question?
That being the case, should we rebuild totally the criminal justice system? Some
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victim’s desire for punishment and retribution26 and contribute to his emotional recovery.27

We cannot simply forget – we must remember what to remember and remember what to forget. A TRC allows for that process on an individual level. There is only a risk the counter advocacy allows us a way to escape the cycle of revenge through a dynamic process of remembering not some intact picture but an assemblage of experiences. Their methodology only allow them to access their own personal experiences.

Minow ’99 Martha Minow is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law and the Dean of Harvard Law School-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School Between Vengence and Forgiveness Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence 1999 (118-120)

After mass atrocity, what can and should be faced about the past? World
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resurface and are used, often dirtily, in current political disputes." 7
The alternation of forgetting and remembering itself etches the path of power. William Gladstone
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the Terror as a historical misfortune that one should try to forget.9
The double edged dangers of too much and too little memory lead contemporary figures to
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assault and violation of rules in order to remember their fundamental brotherhood.12
Living after genocide, mass atrocity, totalitarian terror, however, makes remembering and
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, and for separating what cannot be severed from both present and future.

We should not be called upon to find a solution to white supremacy, walk around from this round, and forget. There is no one waiting in the tab room to see the results of this debate and others like it to see if a team was successful in examining whiteness so we can alter the norms of debate through an algorithm of wins vs. Losses. A TRC leaves a permanent record, which prevents forgetting and protects survivors from being re-oppressed as anger and passion fade away and the norms of debate re-emerge by Northwesterners hungry for an NDT trophy.

Minow ’99 Martha Minow is the Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor of Law and the Dean of Harvard Law School-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School Between Vengence and Forgiveness Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence 1999 (ix-xi)

It should be recognized that in a perfect society victims are entitled to full justice
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genocide, crimes against humanity, and other gross violations of human rights.
In other countries wiser leaders recognized that in order to lay a foundation for an enduring peace, measures had to be taken to manage the past. It was acknowledged that history has to be

The problem with standing in solidarity with those who have been oppressed the way in which we construct them. The media and academics have painted romantic pictures of how we can use our privilege to help expose the wrongdoings of white supremacy. A TRC is a space where those people can talk for themselves, rather than talking for them. The aff simply invites them into our space and says "yes, we’ll let you talk here" instead of opening up a space where anyone can talk– our debates must attend to the multiplicity of voices involved in these movements.

TRC’s heal dehumanizing and violent social relations- that’s especially necessary in Egypt

Rayman ’11
Noah Rayman, Daily News Egypt, "Cairo Conversation draws parallels between Egypt and South Africa," July 6, 2011, http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egypt/cairo-conversation-draws-parallels-between-egypt-and-south-africa.html
She says she learned to look forward and not to the past from the likes
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we should really take this lesson as a guideline for the near future."

A TRC is the best method for creating healing in debate. Taylor and I believe that in a system where everyone is empowered to ask the tough questions without fear of losing we’ll be better able to confront violence in debate. This rejection of the punishment paradigm further ensures that in rounds between allies, we don’t have to call our allies our oppressors or take a ballot away from them just to get ahead.

The recommendations made by TRCs are necessary to resolve conflicts and ensure that the oppressed don’t become the opressors of the new system.

Mooneshingle 2/23/12 Gnana, http://groundviews.org/2012/02/23/a-road-to-reconciliation-in-sri-lanka-will-we-take-it/
There are several recommendations made by the LLRC if/or when implemented will set
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next generation better opportunities so that they will become achievers and not losers.

Interpersonal violence arises from reactions to systemic and institutional ideologies and practices- only investigating responsibility thoroughly and acting on all dimensions allows us to move forward and effectively criticize configurations of power relations that gave rise to violence in debate. Refusal to include all teams in a truth commission reflects that violent.

Parodi ’4
Carlos A Parodi, Illinois State University Professor in the Politics and Government Department, Acclaimed international truth commission expert, Meeting of Latin American Studies Association October 7-9, 2004, "Readings of the Final Report of Peru’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
Defining responsibility for the violence is key for overcoming human rights violations. A conclusion
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a nationalist framework that defines human rights violations as happening exclusively between nationals.

Only a TRC prevents the creation of a violent backlash and renewed conflict between elites and the public, that’s critical to allow an effective transition

Fadel ’11
???ammad Fadel, law professor at Univeristy of Toronto, primary focus on Islamic law and liberalism, March 21, 2011, http://shanfaraa.com/2011/03/toward-a-practical-platform-for-the-jan-25th-revolution/
• Torture: While the decision to dissolve state security is a small step in
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police abuse to sue the perpetrators directly and attain prompt and adequate compensation.

TRCs support the healing process for a country badly wounded by social and political violence- they bring hidden activities to light and expose the inner workings of a corrupt system to allow the people to learn from their mistakes and move forward.

Coyne ’5
RANDALL T. COYNE*, Frank and Edna Asper Elkouri Professor of Law, University of Oklahoma. B. Music Education, University of Massachusetts, 1980; J.D., Georgetown University, 1986, ESCAPING VICTORíS JUSTICE BY THE USE OF TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSIONS, 2005
A third, and perhaps superior, option would be for Iraq to set up
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the same approach adopted by the post-apartheid South African government.43

The TRC is a critical step on the path to healing- it simultaneously holds those who have committed acts of violence responsible for their actions without seeking retribution and gives debaters that bore the brunt of the norms of the activity the chance to share their stories with the world.

Ahour ’11
Omar Ashour is a lecturer in Middle East Politics and Director of the Middle East Graduate Studies Program at the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter,
History does repeat itself. The evening of 5 March in Egypt was much like
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formation of a reconciliation commission will usher in a democratic transition in Egypt.

Tournament: Kentucky | Round: 7 | Opponent: Oklahoma MM | Judge: Aaron Weathers

Case

"Community" means to fortify, to put up walls to the foreign other- this is the opposite of hospitality, which is constantly open and porous to the incoming of the other.

Caputo ’97
(John D., David R. Cook Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Villanova University, Deconstruction in a Nutshell: A Conversation with Jacques Derrida, pgs. 118-120)
Postmodern difference, let us say, the difference that interests Derrida,¶ is deeply
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we, "a "we, if such a thing exists. "

The call for a debate "community" calls for inclusion. This guarantees exclusion which has caused murder and oppression on a global scale.
Reiff ’8 (School of Law University of Manchester)
(Mark R., Terrorism, Retribution, and Collective Responsibility, Social Theory and Practice 34 no2 209-42 Ap 2008, WilsonWeb)
This is not to say that believing in collective responsibility will always produce such catastrophic
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of retaliation and counter-retaliation that ultimately proves devastating for everyone involved.