Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Kearney, Mike
====Rouhani’s reformism solves nuclear proliferation – empirically against developing a weapon.====
AFP 13 
~Associated Foreign Press, Google Hosted News, and#34;Rowhani ’halted nuclear weapon programme’: ex-ambassadorand#34;, 7/27/13, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ga-NoKFoqXxebaTYhamNqZJsY4Rw~~**
PARIS — Iranian President-elect Hassan Rowhani personally stopped the development of a clandestine
AND
the programme that they held so very dearly,and#34; added the former diplomat.

Iran is moving away from proliferation now – reduction in uranium.
Karimi 9/13/13 (AP, and#34;Iran says it has reduced its 20 percent-enriched uranium stockpile by producing reactor fueland#34;, DailyReporter, 9/13/13, http://www.greenfieldreporter.com/view/story/f4a96cbc24cb44bb84e4cf8211afc449/Iran-Nuclear)**
Iran significantly reduced its stock of 20 percent-enriched uranium by converting it to
AND
. General Assembly as a point for resuming nuclear talks with world powers.

====Iran won’t build nukes – the Supreme Leader issued a religious ban.====
Tehran Times 13 
~Political Desk, and#34;No cause for concern about Iran’s nuclear program: Rafsanjaniand#34;, 7/30/13, http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/109674-no-cause-for-concern-about-irans-nuclear-program-rafsanjani~~**
Iran’s Expediency Council Chairman, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, has said that there should
AND
said in a meeting with a number of MPs in Tehran on Monday.

No impact to Iranian nukes – easily contained.

Barnett 11, Ph.D. in PoliSci from Harvard
~Thomas Barnett (Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, Ph.D. in PoliSci from Harvard, Distinguished Scholar at the Baker Center for Public Policy), World Politics Review, 11/14/11, and#34;The New Rules: How to Stop Worrying and Live with the Iranian Bomb,and#34; http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/10652/the-new-rules-how-to-stop-worrying-and-live-with-the-iranian-bomb~~

The International Atomic Energy Agency’s latest report on Iran’s nuclear program surprised no one,
AND
a generation. The Iranian mullahs’ self-destruction will come far faster.

====Deterrence solves – India and Pakistan prove.====
Waltz 12 Professor of PoliSci @ Columbia, Research Scholar @ Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies
 ~Kenneth N. Waltz (Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, winner of James Madison Lifetime Achievement Award in Political Science, has 5 honorary doctorates, had an award named after him for studies on international security and arms control), Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, Issue 4, and#34;Why Iran Should Get the Bomband#34;, Jul/Aug 2012, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true26db=a9h26AN=76591794~~
In 1991, the historical rivals India and Pakistan signed a treaty agreeing not to
AND
comes to nuclear weapons, now as ever, more may be better.

====No regional proliferation – empirically proven in even more unstable situations.====
Waltz 12 Professor of PoliSci @ Columbia, Research Scholar @ Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies
~Kenneth N. Waltz (Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, winner of James Madison Lifetime Achievement Award in Political Science, has 5 honorary doctorates, had an award named after him for studies on international security and arms control), Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, Issue 4, and#34;Why Iran Should Get the Bomband#34;, Jul/Aug 2012, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true26db=a9h26AN=76591794~~
Another oft-touted worry is that if Iran obtains the bomb, other states
AND
arms race then, there is no reason a nuclear Iran should now.

====Iran won’t strike first – rhetoric is domestic hype.====
Capaccio 12, Writer for Bloomberg 
~Tony Capaccio, and#34;Iran Unlikely to Strike First, U.S. Intelligence Official Says,and#34; 2/17/12, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-02-17/iran-unlikely-to-strike-first-u-s-intelligence-official-says.html~~
Feb. 16 (Bloomberg) — The Iranian military is unlikely to intentionally provoke
AND
The announcement was and#34;hypedand#34; for a domestic audience, she said.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Kearney, Mike

No impact to terror—terrorism is shifting to and#34;homegrownand#34; efforts which have no risk for major escalation

Bergen and Sterman 9/10 ~Peter Bergen is CNN’s national security analyst and a director at the New America Foundation. David Sterman is a graduate student at Georgetown University’s National Security Studies Program, and#34;Jihadist terrorism in America since 9/11and#34;, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/09/opinion/bergen-terrorism-since-9-11/index.html~~
The good news is that the number of and#34;homegrownand#34; jihadist extremists who have
AND
not one case involved an allegation of CBRN acquisition, manufacture or use.

====No nuclear terror – surveillance and unpredictability solve.====
Waltz 12, Professor of PoliSci @ Columbia, Research Scholar @ Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies
~Kenneth N. Waltz (Senior Research Scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies, Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, winner of James Madison Lifetime Achievement Award in Political Science, has 5 honorary doctorates, had an award named after him for studies on international security and arms control), Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, Issue 4, and#34;Why Iran Should Get the Bomband#34;, Jul/Aug 2012, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true26db=a9h26AN=76591794~~
As for the risk of a handoff to terrorists, no country could transfer nuclear
AND
the product of that investment to parties that cannot be trusted or managed.

====Deterrence checks nuclear terror. ====
Carpenter 7, VP of Defense and Foreign Policy Studies @ Cato
~Ted Galen Carpenter (Vice President for Defense and Foreign Policy Studies at the Cato Institute) and#34;Toward a Grand Bargain with Iranand#34; Mediterranean Quarterly 18:1, 2007, p. 12-27~
The concern that Iran might pass along nuclear weapons to terrorist groups has slightly greater
AND
that Iran, like other nuclear powers, would jealously guard its arsenal.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: Paul Johnson
THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A LONG LIST OF OTHER OPPRESSIONS SUCH AS RACISM DESTROYS THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF CLASS TO REACH ACROSS ALL LINES OF INDENTITY AND FORGE POLITICAL ACTION.  CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT—OTHERWISE THE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO SATISFY DEMANDS ON GROUNDS OF FORMAL EQUALITY, DESTROYING ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION*

GIMENEZ (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) 2001
~Martha, "Marxism and Class; Gender and Race", Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html-http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html wyo-tjc~

There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
AND
what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

SECOND, THE DETERMINISM OF CAPITAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ALL LIFE—IT IS THIS LOGIC THAT MOBILIZES AND ALLOWS FOR THE 1AC’S SCENARIOS IN THE FIRST PLACE 

DYER-WITHERFORD (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario) 1999
~Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism.~

For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
AND
degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Capitalism causes extinction and destroys value to life

Simonovic 7 ~Ljubodrag, Ph.D. in Philosophy; M.A. in Law; author of seven books, 2007, A New World is Possible, "Basis of contemporary critical theory of capitalism."~ Gender edited
The final stage of a mortal combat between ~hu~mankind and capitalism is
AND
of the capitalist society, the withering away of life is taking place. 

Vote Negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is the 1NC.

Tumino 01
~Stephen Tumino, Prof. English @ Pitt "What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever", Red Critique, 2001 p. online~
Any effective political theory will have to do at least two things: it will
AND
determinism of corporate theory ("knowledge work") that masquerades as social theory.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: ASU RV | Judge: Will Repko

Text: The United States Congress should authorize federal damages suits by the immediate family members of individuals killed in drone strikes.

Damages actions solve the aff while preserving executive flexibility

Vladek 2013 - professor of law and the associate dean for scholarship at American University Washington College of Law (February 10, Steve, "Why a "Drone Court" Won’t Work–But (Nominal) Damages Might…" http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/-http://www.lawfareblog.com/2013/02/why-a-drone-court-wont-work/)
At first blush, it may seem like many of these issues would be equally
AND
go along way toward proving the lawfulness vel non of an individual strike…

Congressional granting of ex post review solves norms and recruitment

Jonathan Hafetz 13, Associate Prof of Law at Seton Hall University Law School, former Senior Staff Attorney at the ACLU, served on legal teams in multiple Supreme Court cases regarding national security, "Reviewing Drones," 3/8/2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-hafetz/reviewing-drones_b_2815671.html

The better course is to ensure meaningful review after the fact. To this end
AND
If a drone strike satisfies these requirements, the suit should be dismissed.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Kearney, Mike

Obama has the upper hand on debt limit now but GOP demands could create a complicated battle

Kapur, 9/9 —- TPM’s senior congressional reporter and Supreme Court correspondent
(9/9/2013, Sahil, and#34;Is House GOP Backing Down In Debt Limit Fight?and#34; http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/09/house-gop-cantor-memo-debt-ceiling-cr-sequester-immigration.php-http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2013/09/house-gop-cantor-memo-debt-ceiling-cr-sequester-immigration.php)

House Republicans are taming members’ expectations ahead of the debt limit showdown, signaling that they may not be able to extract significant concessions from Democrats.
A Friday memo to GOP members by Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-VA) says and#34;the House will act to prevent a default on our obligations beforeand#34; the mid-October deadline the Obama administration has established. and#34;House Republicans,and#34; he says, and#34;will demand fiscal reforms and pro-growth policies which put us on a path to balance in ten years in exchange for another increase in the debt limit.and#34;
The language is vague — intentionally so, in order to maintain wiggle room for Republicans to avert a disastrous debt default. President Barack Obama has vowed not to pay a ransom to ensure the U.S. can meet its obligations.
If and when they do cave, Republicans will be hard-pressed to show their base they got something in return for raising the debt ceiling. In January, they got Senate Democrats to agree to pass a non-binding budget resolution. This time around, the possibilities for symbolic concessions range from a doomed Senate vote to delay or defund Obamacare or instructions to initiate the process of tax reform.
There are a number of demands rank-and-file Republicans have urged leaders to make which could genuinely complicate the battle, such as dollar-for-dollar spending cuts or unwinding Obamacare. Cantor’s memo mentioned neither. GOP members have also called on leadership not to bring up any debt limit bill that lacks the support of half the conference. Boehner hasn’t committed to this and Cantor didn’t mention it in his memo.
There are several reasons Republicans will have a hard time extracting concessions. Back in January, when Obama held firm and refused to negotiate on the debt limit, Republicans folded and agreed to suspend the debt ceiling without substantial concessions but rather symbolic ones. And due to deep divisions within the conference, House Republicans will face enormous challenges in rounding up 218 votes to pass any conceivable debt limit hike.
The party’s top priority is to cut safety-net programs like Social Security and Medicare. But there’s no internal consensus on what to cut. And Republicans, whose constituents are disproportionately older, have generally refused to vote on entitlement cuts without bipartisan cover from Democrats. In this case Democrats are highly unlikely to give it to them, which complicates their task of passing a debt limit bill.
The Cantor memo makes it all but official that Republicans won’t seek to defund Obamacare
AND
derailing this train wreck and replacing it with a patient-centered system.and#34;
The GOP’s big stand in the fiscal battles will be to force Obama to accept the lower spending levels ordered by sequestration — automatic spending cuts enacted in 2011 — in a measure to keep the government funded. Here Republicans will refuse to cede and the White House has not suggested it’ll veto a bill that maintains sequester spending levels, although Obama wants to cut a deal to replace the sequester.
and#34;In signing a CR at sequester levels,and#34; Cantor writes, and#34;the President would be endorsing a level of spending that wipes away all the increases he and Congressional Democrats made while they were in charge and returns us to a pre-2008 level of discretionary spending.and#34;

Plan is a perceived loss for Obama that saps his capital

Loomis, 7 —- Department of Government at Georgetown
(3/2/2007, Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and#34;Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy,and#34; pg 35-36, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php-http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php)

Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
influences infiltrate policy-making processes and affect the character of policy decisions.

Political capital is finite —- the plan would tradeoff with domestic economic priorities  
Moore, 9/10 —- Guardian’s US finance and economics editor
(Heidi, 9/10/2013, and#34;Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America’s economic security,and#34; http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester)-http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester))

Before President Obama speaks to the nation about Syria tonight, take a look at what this fall will look like inside America.
There are 49 million people in the country who suffered inadequate access to food in 2012, leaving the percentage of and#34;food-insecureand#34; Americans at about one-sixth of the US population. At the same time, Congress refused to pass food-stamp legislation this summer, pushing it off again and threatening draconian cuts.
The country will crash into the debt ceiling in mid-October, which would be an economic disaster, especially with a government shutdown looming at the same time. These are deadlines that Congress already learned two years ago not to toy with, but memories appear to be preciously short.
The Federal Reserve needs a new chief in three months, someone who will help
AND
to some – with a Congress already unwilling to do the President’s bidding.
Congress was supposed to pass a farm bill this summer, but declined to do so even though the task is already two years late. As a result, the country has no farm bill, leaving agricultural subsidies up in the air, farmers uncertain about what their financial picture looks like, and a potential food crisis on the horizon.
The two main housing agencies, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, have been in limbo for four years and are desperately in need of reform that should start this fall, but there is scant attention to the problem.
These are the problems going unattended by the Obama administration while his aides and cabinet members have been wasting the nation’s time making the rounds on television and Capitol Hill stumping for a profoundly unpopular war. The fact that all this chest-beating was for naught, and an easy solution seems on the horizon, belies the single-minded intensity that the Obama White House brought to its insistence on bombing Syria.
More than one wag has suggested, with the utmost reason, that if Obama had brought this kind of passion to domestic initiatives, the country would be in better condition right now. As it is, public policy is embarrassingly in shambles at home while the administration throws all of its resources and political capital behind a widely hated plan to get involved in a civil war overseas.
The upshot for the president may be that it’s easier to wage war with a foreign power than go head-to-head with the US Congress, even as America suffers from neglect.
This is the paradox that President Obama is facing this fall, as he appears to turn his back on a number of crucial and urgent domestic initiatives in order to spend all of his meager political capital on striking Syria.
Syria does present a significant humanitarian crisis, which has been true for the past two years that the Obama administration has completely ignored the atrocities of Bashar al-Assad.
Two years is also roughly the same amount of time that key domestic initiatives have also gone ignored as Obama and Congress engage in petty battles for dominance and leave the country to run itself on a starvation diet imposed by sequestration cuts. Leon Panetta tells the story of how he tried to lobby against sequestration only to be told:
    Leon, you don’t understand. The Congress is resigned to failure.
Similarly, those on Wall Street, the Federal Reserve, those working at government agencies, and voters themselves have become all too practiced at ignoring the determined incompetence of those in Washington.
Political capital – the ability to horse-trade and win political favors from a
AND
on the domestic tasks it wants to accomplish, one at a time.
The president is scheduled to speak six times this week, mostly about Syria. That includes evening news interviews, an address to the nation, and numerous other speeches. Behind the scenes, he is calling members of Congress to get them to fall into line. Secretary of State John Kerry is omnipresent, so ubiquitous on TV that it may be easier just to get him his own talk show called Syria Today.
It would be a treat to see White House aides lobbying as aggressively – and on as many talk shows – for a better food stamp bill, an end to the debt-ceiling drama, or a solution to the senseless sequestration cuts, as it is on what is clearly a useless boondoggle in Syria.
There’s no reason to believe that Congress can have an all-consuming debate about Syria and then, somehow refreshed, return to a domestic agenda that has been as chaotic and urgent as any in recent memory. The President should have judged his options better. As it is, he should now judge his actions better.

This will destroy the U.S. and global economy
Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s and#34;Planet Moneyand#34; 9/10/2013, and#34;Our Debt to Society,and#34; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0))

This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
AND
they raise the debt ceiling — if they even raise it at all.
If the debt ceiling isn’t lifted again this fall, some serious financial decisions will
AND
by most accounts, the largest self-imposed financial disaster in history.
Nearly everyone involved predicts that someone will blink before this disaster occurs. Yet a
AND
record of that happening to the country that controls the global reserve currency.
Like many, I assumed a self-imposed U.S. debt crisis
AND
would collapse far worse than anything we’ve seen in the past several years.
Instead, Robert Auwaerter, head of bond investing for Vanguard, the world’s largest
AND
. Indeed, interest rates would fall and the bond markets would soar.
While this possibility might not sound so bad, it’s really far more damaging than
AND
U.S. would lose its unique role in the global economy.
The U.S. benefits enormously from its status as global reserve currency and
AND
free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Kearney, Mike

The Executive branch of the United States federal government should restrict the war powers authority of the President in the area of introducing Armed Forces into hostilities with the Islamic Republic of Iran and implement this through self-binding mechanisms including, but not limited to independent commissions to review and ensure compliance with the order and transparency measures that gives journalists access to White House decisionmaking.

Including self-binding mechanisms ensures effective constraints and executive credibility

Posner 26 Vermeule, 6 —- *Prof of Law at U Chicago, AND  Prof of Law at Harvard (9/19/2006, Eric A. Posner 26 Adrian Vermeule, and#34;The Credible Executive,and#34; http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=931501)-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=931501))

IV. Executive Signaling: Law and Mechanisms¶ We suggest that the executive’s credibility
AND
. Bush discovered when he broke his clear pledge not to raise taxes.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: ASU RV | Judge: Will Repko

The executive branch of the United States federal government should issue an executive order that

publishes clear guidelines for targeting to be carried out by nonpoliticians and make assassination truly a last resort,

stipulates that an outside court review the evidence before placing Americans on a kill list

releases the legal briefs upon which the targeted killing was based

and implement these through self-binding mechanisms including, but not limited to releasing legal briefs upon which targeted killings were based, independent commissions to review and ensure compliance with the order and transparency measures that gives journalists access to White House decisionmaking. The executive should also sign a directive that consolidates lead executive authority for planning and conducting non-battlefield targeted killings under the Department of Defense.

Obama himself decides drone targeting —- publishing guidelines creates transparency

NYT, 12 (Editorial, 5/30/2012, "Too Much Power for a President," http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/opinion/too-much-power-for-a-president.html?_r=0)-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/opinion/too-much-power-for-a-president.html?_r=0))

It has been clear for years that the Obama administration believes the shadow war on
AND
it should release the legal briefs upon which the targeted killing was based.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 3 | Opponent: ASU RV | Judge: Will Repko

1^st Off

Obama is aggressively pushing completion of a farm bill —- it’s his top priority and passage is possible

Dreiling, 11/15 (Larry, 11/15/2013, "Branches jockey for farm bill positions," http://www.hpj.com/archives/2013/nov13/nov18/1112FarmBillLDsr.cfm))
While the House-Senate farm bill discussions continue, the White House staked out
AND
listed immigration reform and a responsible budget as his second and third priorities.

Obama’s involvement key to broker a deal on SNAP —- it will be the last crucial item in negotiations

Hagstrom, 11/3 —- founder and executive editor of The Hagstrom Report (11/3/2013, Jerry, "Compromise Is the Key to a New Farm Bill; It is time for House and Senate conferees to stop listening to the lobbyists and finish the bill," http://www.nationaljournal.com/outside-influences/compromise-is-the-key-to-a-new-farm-bill-20131103-http://www.nationaljournal.com/outside-influences/compromise-is-the-key-to-a-new-farm-bill-20131103))
"Can we do it? Can we still compromise?" a prominent agricultural lobbyist
AND
passed bill would cut it by 2439 billion over the same period.

Plan is a perceived loss for Obama that saps his capital

Loomis, 7 —- Department of Government at Georgetown
(3/2/2007, Dr. Andrew J. Loomis is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, "Leveraging legitimacy in the crafting of U.S. foreign policy," pg 35-36, http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php-http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/7/9/4/8/pages179487/p179487-36.php)
Declining political authority encourages defection. American political analyst Norman Ornstein writes of the domestic
AND
influences infiltrate policy-making processes and affect the character of policy decisions.

Key to rural economies, secure food supply and healthy forest —- disagreement over food assistance will make or break the bill

Denver Post, 11/10 (The Post Editorials, 11/10/2013, "Here’s why the farm bill matters," Factiva))
The farm bill has the rap of being a public policy snooze, a broad measure that gets boiled down to a debate over subsidies to wealthy farmers and food stamp handouts to the poor.
Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack reminded the Denver Post editorial board last week that it’s important
AND
Federal lawmakers need to move off their entrenched positions and pass the legislation.
 

Rural economy key to the overall economy—studies prove

Rocha 13—Electric Coop Today. (Victoria, Strong Rural Economy, Strong America, February, http://www.ect.coop/industry/trends-reports-analyses/usda-rural-america-growth-report/52264-http://www.ect.coop/industry/trends-reports-analyses/usda-rural-america-growth-report/52264**, chm)
Investments in rural communities are vital to the nation’s overall economic health and, if
AND
revenue opportunities for governments facing budgetary shortfalls and rising deficits," O’Brien added.

Growth solves war
Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.
AND
not featured prominently in the economic-security debate and deserves more attention.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: Paul Johnson

Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government.

B – Definitions

Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan

American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)

should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  

Federal government is the central government in Washington DC

Encarta Online 2005, 
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html~~23howtocite**
United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, D.C.-http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576320/Washington_D_C.html

Resolved implies a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm-http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm**
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) 

C – Vote neg –

First is Decisionmaking

The primary purpose of debate should be to improve our skills as decision-makers.   We are all individual policy-makers who make choices every day that affect us and those around us.  We have an obligation to the people affected by our decisions to use debate as a method for honing these critical thinking and information processing abilities.

Austin J. Freeley and David L. Steinberg – John Carroll University / U Miami – 2009, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, p. 1-4, googlebooks
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
AND
customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Specifically, through discussing paths of government action, debate teaches us to be better organizational decision makers. Learning about the uniquely different considerations of organizations is necessary to affecting change in a world overwhelmingly dominated by institutions.

Algoso 2011 – Masters in Public Administration (May 31, Dave, "Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter" http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/-http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)

Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle school
AND
right program for you and use your time well, can do both.

Additionally, The best route to improving decision-making is through discussion about public policy

Mutually accessible information – There is a wide swath of literature on governmental policy topics – that ensures there will be informed, predictable, and in-depth debate over the aff’s decision.  Individual policymaking is highly variable depending on the person and inaccessible to outsiders.

Harder decisions make better decisionmakers – The problems facing public policymakers are a magnitude greater than private decisions.  We all know plans don’t actually happen, but practicing imagining the consequences of our decisions in the high-stakes games of public policymaking makes other decisionmaking easier.

External actors – the decisions we make should be analyzed not in a vacuum but in the complex social field that surrounds us

Second is Predictable Limits - The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer and creates a bounded list of potential affs for us to think about.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate

Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003,
When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
AND
least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

Third is Dogmatism – Most problems are not black and white but have complex, uncertain interactions.  By declaring that _ is always bad, they prevent us from understanding the nuances of an incredibly important and complex issue.  This is the epitome of dogmatism

Keller, et. al,– Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago - 2001
(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
John Dewey, the philosopher and educational reformer, suggested that the initial advance in
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systems, the learning process will be facilitated" (p. 28).
The authors believe that involving students in substantive debates challenges them to learn and grow
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yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Our method solves – Even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink

Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011 
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications**
Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.
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suggestions have been made in the past (e.g., Bohman,
 2007; Sunstein, 2003, 2006), the present theory provides additional arguments
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(e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, 26 Ragan, 1986).

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia TB | Judge: Donny Peters

Their framework for debate is mired in totalitarian ideology—the privileging of "oppressed" voices over and against that of "oppressors" buys into a dangerously homogenizing world view which authorizes genocidal violence against all world views that are not sufficiently "liberatory."

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998  "Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy," http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~~ilangz/Critpe39.html)**
Freire’s Critical Pedagogy did not grow out of mere principles but out of his direct
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American colleges so as to be successful in the present order of things.

Their elevation of personal experience as intrinsically valid is a dangerous political gesture – their notion of liberation is an illusion which works to stave of real change

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998  "Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy," http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~~ilangz/Critpe39.html)**
From this perspective, the consensus reached by the reflective subject taking part in the
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an effort to transcend reality and the present realm of self-evidence.

Their calls for a liberatory pedagogy are dangerous—their uncritical application of reasoned deliberation as a means for acknowledging oppression is based in the same enlightenment principles which they claim have normed the white body in the first place—our link turns the entirety of their case.

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998  "Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy," http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~~ilangz/Critpe39.html)**
Giroux constructs an original synthesis of the Enlightenment’s universalistic commitment to liberate the repressed and
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typical representative of both feminist and "patriarchal" Critical Pedagogy.(44)
Acknowledgment of difference as the foundation of  the "language of possibilities" may justify
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no defined concept of reason; this is philosophically and politically very dangerous.

Vote to negate their strategically oriented praxis.  Your ballot can be used as form of counter-education which is able to challenge their dangerous utopianism while mounting a more effective challenge to dominant knowledge production regimes precisely because it refuses to ascribe normative standards for what makes a strategy "emancipatory."

Gur-Ze’ev 98 (Ilan, Education—Haifa University, 1998  "Toward a Non-Repressive Critical Pedagogy," http://construct.haifa.ac.il/~~ilangz/Critpe39.html)**
Critical Theory is committed to universal emancipation, in the sense I have presented,
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only non-repressive form of hope possible in such an educational project.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: Donny Peters
Their bourgeois cultural criticism denies us the ability to challenge ruling class oppression on the basis of its objectivity, by focusing on solely situated knowledge
Mas’ud Zavarzadeh, Department of English, Syracuse University, editor of Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, Politics and Culture—a biquarterly published by the not-for-profit Maisonneuve Press, College Literature Vol 21 Issue 3, 1994, "The Stupidity That Consumption is Just as Productive as Production: In the Shopping Mall of the Post-Al Left" Questia
The unsurpassable objectivity which is not open to rhetorical interpretation and constitutes the decided foundation
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by which this violence is made more tolerable, justifiable, and naturalized. 

Capitalism causes extinction
Dyer-Witherford 99 (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario)
~Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism.~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
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degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

Our alternative is to engage in a radical socialist reimagination of politics by adopting a historical materialist perspective. Historical materialism is the best methodological approach to fighting capitalism – it provides the ideological backdrop necessary to turn theory into praxis and end capitalist exploitation.

Lukacs 67 (George, Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic. He is a founder of the tradition of Western Marxism. He contributed the ideas of reification and class consciousness to Marxist philosophy and theory, and his literary criticism was influential in thinking about realism and about the novel as a literary genre. He served briefly as Hungary’s Minister of Culture as part of the government of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, History and Class Consciousness)
Historical materialism has, therefore, a much greater value for the proletariat than that
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and so that, armed with this knowledge, it could act accordingly.

The affirmative’s claims of radical resistance are nothing more than interpassivity in the face of capitalism – their energetic promotion of an ideal critical theory serves as an ideological screen to allow the logic of capital to remain unchallenged.
Zizek 02—Professor of Philosophy @ Institute for Sociology, Ljubljana ~Slavoj, "Revolution at the Gates", pg 167-172~

The problem lies in the further implicit qualifications which can easily be discerned by a
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normal accepted meaning, multiculturalism perfectly fits the logic of the global market.

The affirmative misreads politics. Any understanding of state oppression outside of capital prevents overcoming oppression.

Meszaros 95 (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex)
~Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition, p. 65~
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
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faithful to the Marxian concern with the ’withering away’ of the state.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Kearney, Mike
====Asking how the executive should be allowed to conduct war masks the fundamental question of whether war should be allowed at all – ensures a military mentality====
Cady 10 (Duane L., prof of phil @ hamline university, From Warism to Pacifism: A Moral Continuum, pp. 22-23)
The widespread, unquestioning acceptance of warism and the corresponding reluctance to consider pacifism as
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a given war or the morality of specific acts within a particular war.

This mindset is important – our consciousness of war guarantees endless violence that ensures planetary destruction and structural violence
Lawrence 9 (Grant, and#34;Military Industrial and#34;Warand#34; Consciousness Responsible for Economic and Social Collapse,and#34; OEN—OpEdNews, March 27)
As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama-http://obama.senate.gov/ called Afghanistan-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_282001E28093present29 ’’the war we must win.
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will be forced to live the life our present war consciousness is creating.

The alternative must begin in our minds – we need to free ourselves of the presumption towards war and advocate for peace and social justice to stop the flow of militarism that threatens existence

Demenchonok 9 – Worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the
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Economics and Sociology, Volume 68, Issue 1, Pages 9-49
Where, then, does the future lie? Unilateralism, hegemonic political anarchy,
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also of the extent, quality, and urgency of our present choices.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: Donny Peters
The United States federal government should eliminate ’signature strikes’ and make its targeted killing program transparent.

Secrecy is the bigger subversion of ethics in the drones debate. Transparency is required for productive debate about the moral complexities of war and develop norms that guide international use.

Brunstetter 26 Braun 2011
Daniel Brunstetter, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine and codirector of UC Irvine’s Program in Conflict Analysis and Resolution; Megan Braun, Rhodes Scholar pursuing a master’s in Philosophy in International Relations at Oxford University; "The Implications of Drones on the Just War Tradition," Ethics 26 International Affairs, Vol 25, Iss 03
While the Uruzgan incident illustrates that the U.S. military is instituting an
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deliberate on the scope of drone usage today, and in the future.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia TB | Judge: Donny Peters

Interpretation –

War power includes anything having to do with military force – that’s distinct from the conduct of other foreign affairs

David I. Lewittes - Winter 1992, Associate, Rogers 26 Wells, New York City; J.D., New York University School of Law, ARTICLE: CONSTITUTIONAL SEPARATION OF WAR POWERS: PROTECTING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIBERTY., 57 Brooklyn L. Rev. 1083, Brooklyn Law Review, LexisNexis

The next question should be: What is the executive war power?
  B. The Commander-in-Chief Power Justice Frankfurter once said:
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peace. One method of accomplishing this is diplomacy — another is war.

Violation – Only enemy aliens fall under "war powers" authority – excludes detention for immigration

Karen Nelson Moore - Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit – June 2013, MADISON LECTURE: ALIENS AND THE CONSTITUTION, New York University Law Review, 88 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 801, LexisNexiss
 ~*864~  Further clarification of the constitutional bounds of detention in the immigration
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, or even suspicion." Cole, supra note 134, at 959.

Vote Neg –

Limits - "Indefinite detention" happens in a variety of areas – medical quarantine, legal commitment, and immigration – that doubles the size of the topic by adding 3 more areas to the 4 listed in the topic.

Ground – Presidential power to make war is the core of the topic – focusing on immigration sidesteps all our DAs about presidential flexibility, the war on terrorism, and the US military.  That leaves bad kritiks and the politics DA.

Tournament: Wake | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wayne State LM | Judge: Donny Peters

We must conceptualize the just use of drones in an era of changing warfare, otherwise technology will outpace ethics and a new era of robotic warfare will be used without guidelines.

Brunstetter 26 Braun 11
Daniel Brunstetter, Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Irvine and codirector of UC Irvine’s Program in Conflict Analysis and Resolution; Megan Braun, Rhodes Scholar pursuing a master’s in Philosophy in International Relations at Oxford University; "The Implications of Drones on the Just War Tradition," Ethics 26 International Affairs, Vol 25, Iss 03
The arguments that we make here are not intended to suggest that drones should not
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body of knowledge to bear on the relationship between drones and military ethics.

The mind/body dualism ignores emotion as embodiment and is the Western thought they criticize. Even well-intentioned dualism exacerbates a view of women as hysterical and in need of male correction.

Williams 01 Simon, professor of sociology at the University of Warwick, Emotion and Social Theory: Corporeal Reflections on the (Ir) Rational, SAGE
Debates continue to rage, as these very questions suggest, as to what precisely
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and emotion, public and private have been artificially separated and rigidly reinforced.

Drones should be positively re-envisioned as a disruption status quo gendered military dyads. The affirmative only sees the other perspective which cedes interpretation of "men’s and women’s jobs" in the military.

Manjikian 13
Mary, Assistant Professor in the Robertson School of Government at Regent University, "Becoming Unmanned: The Gendering of Lethal Autonomous Warfare Technology," International Feminist Journal of Politics
If technological change causes us to query the changing activities of the warfighter, it
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the destabilization of the traditional gendered regime of women’s jobs and men’s jobs.

Their over-focus on technological change obscures the social constructions placed onto machines. Without a positive, emancipatory projection of drones, military leaders will exacerbate gendered conceptions of technology.

Manjikian 13
Mary, Assistant Professor in the Robertson School of Government at Regent University, "Becoming Unmanned: The Gendering of Lethal Autonomous Warfare Technology," International Feminist Journal of Politics
Thus, developments in the field of autonomous warfare provide fodder for the constructivist position
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technology, thus, might exist but has not so far been realized.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 2 | Opponent: UNT OF | Judge: Kearney, Mike

Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms

Posner 9/3, Law Prof at University of Chicago
(Eric, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
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and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

====Statutory restriction of Presidential War Powers makes warfighting impossible====
Yoo 12 – prof of law @ UC Berkeley
(John, War Powers Belong to the President, ABA Journal February 2012 Issue, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president) we do not endorse the ableist language used in this card, but have left it in to preserve the author’s intent. we apologize for the author’s inappropriate use of the word "paralyze"
The framers realized the obvious. Foreign affairs are unpredictable and involve the highest of
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time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

This is particularly true with the plan because…..

Rapid response is key to warfighting – only unfettered executive deployment of armed forces can keep up

Royal 11 – fellow @ Institute of World Politics
(John Paul, "War Powers and the Age of Terrorism," http://www.thepresidency.org/storage/Fellows2011/Royal-_Final_Paper.pdf)
The international system itself and national security challenges to the United States in particular,
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changes, Congress possesses the intrinsic power to rescind and limit these powers.

Loss of warfighting effectiveness ensures nuclear war in every hotspot

Kagan and O’Hanlon 07,  resident scholar at AEI and senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings
(Frederick and Michael, The Case for Larger Ground Forces, April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf)
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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key strategic regions of the world such as the Persian Gulf and East Asi

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 4 | Opponent: Wake LM | Judge: Paul Johnson

Absent questions of engagement with existing institutions their aff is useless – individual change is overshadowed by dominant structures

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50 

One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as
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upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

Participating in organizations checks impulses to care about short-term personal issues

Cole 2011 - Professor, Georgetown University Law Center (Winter, David, "WHERE LIBERTY LIES: CIVIL SOCIETY AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AFTER 9/11," 57 Wayne L. Rev. 1203, Lexis)

But the engagement that "civil society constitutionalism" identifies as essential has a more
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Constitution, or you may find it wanting when it is needed most.

Even if  their topic  is important to talk about, a controversial policy statement must be the starting point for discussion – That focus is the internal link to all our decision-making impact AND turns the aff – Without striving towards concrete solutions, we are just spitting into the wind

Austin J. Freeley and David L. Steinberg – John Carroll University / U Miami – 2009, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, p. 4-5, googlebooks
 Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference
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the comparative effectiveness of writing or physical force for a specific purpose.
Although we now have a general subject, we have not yet stated a problem
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particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Engaging policy is key
McClean, Professor – Philosophy, Rutgers, 1
(THE CULTURAL LEFT AND THE LIMITS OF SOCIAL HOPE, http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm)
Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Engaging with experts is necessary for genuine political discussion

Turner, Graduate Research Professor and Chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of South Florida, ’1 (Stephen, February "What is the Problem with Experts?" Social Studies of Science, Vol 31 Issue 1, p 123-149, Sage Publications)
The answer to Fish is to treat the liberal principle of neutrality not as an
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theory only if this banal process is beyond the capacity of ordinary people.

Tournament: UMKC | Round: 5 | Opponent: Emporia TB | Judge: Donny Peters

AT: Perm 2NC

Tied to the method of the 1ac – otherwise constantly shift the aff and impossible for the neg to get offense
Higher standard when they don’t have an advocacy statement and answer cross – ex questions with "it depends"

Out links gut permutation solvency –

Counter education is mutually exclusive with their project—we refuse their attempt to ground our pedagogy in one particular liberatory framework—the alternative is less than the aff.

Biesta 98 (Gert J. J. Biesta, Educational Sciences—Utrecht, 1998
"SAY YOU WANT A REVOLUTION…SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPOSSIBLE FUTURE OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY," Educational Theory 48:4)
Negative utopianism provides the starting point for Cur-Ze’ev’s nonrepressive  form of critical pedagogy
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will be able to stand up and confront "the  forgetfulness of being."

they are a counterfeit reflection which creates normalizing social relations which ensure status quo can never change – only our counter-education strategy alone can solve.

Gur-Ze’ev et al 01 (Ilan Gur-Ze’ev, Haifa—Education, Jan Masschelein, Psychology and Educational Sciences—KU Leuven, and Nigel Blake, Educational Technology—Open University, 2001
"Re?ectivity, Re?ection, and Counter-Education," Studies in Philosophy and Education 20: 93–106)
In today’s Western societies, the progress of technology and the globalization  of capitalist attitudes
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education, is committed  to dialogue, negation and transcendence, and against normalization

erefore it  answers to the challenge of a prevailing educational practice which serves and  represents
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renewal and anti-traditionalism, yet also in a  context of conservatism.
Some putative attempts at developing or realising the autonomy of the subject  are in fact
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the system, and thus in a Kantian sense to a mere object.
There are at least two possible views as to how this minimization of intellectual  possibilities
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dialogue which could treat the question of the good in the  public sphere.
Some ways of realising the human potential for transcendence are not re?ective.  some are
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critical dialogue.  That is why we should struggle to secure its realisation. 

AT: You Don’t Explicitly Change Domination

Our links straight turn this argument and only the alternative can solve—our strategy of counter-education employs an emancipatory ignorance which is able to destabilize dominant ideology without devolving into dogmatic authoritarianism

Biesta 98 (Gert J. J. Biesta, Educational Sciences—Utrecht, 1998
"SAY YOU WANT A REVOLUTION…SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPOSSIBLE FUTURE OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY," Educational Theory 48:4)
If it is the case that the very possibility of education is sustained by its  
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all claims to authority including the claims to authority  of critical pedagogy itself.
This implies that such a challenge cannot be put in the name of some superior  
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the possibility of disclosure. It is, therefore, an emancipatory  ignorance.

Tournament: USC | Round: 4 | Opponent: MSU | Judge:
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