Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 2 | Opponent: Weber AH | Judge: Lundeen, Geoff

Case

Video games are an alt cause – make it easier to kill

Wallop 2012 – Stanford (Althea Vail, and#34;When Virtual Reality Becomes Simply Reality,and#34; Intersect, Vol 5, pdf)

Furthermore, the recent establishment of online game play facilities may perpetuate the mentality that
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themed video games may impact gamers’ perception of modern warfare and its consequences.

Drone killing is more personal than conventional attacks – can see the results

Leo 2013 (July 11, Sarah, and#34;Former drone operator: and#34;I lost that respect for lifeand#34;and#34; http://aoav.org.uk/2013/interview-former-drone-operator/-http://aoav.org.uk/2013/interview-former-drone-operator/)

In a rare first-person account, former Air Force drone operator Brandon Bryant
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game than weapon, the act of killing is not even remotely virtual.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Puget Sound DM | Judge: Allen, Sam
====Asking how the executive should be allowed to conduct war masks the fundamental question of whether war should be allowed at all – ensures a military mentality====
Cady 10 (Duane L., prof of phil @ hamline university, From Warism to Pacifism: A Moral Continuum, pp. 22-23)
The widespread, unquestioning acceptance of warism and the corresponding reluctance to consider pacifism as
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a given war or the morality of specific acts within a particular war.

this mindset is important – our consciousness of war guarantees endless violence that ensures planetary destruction and structural violence

Lawrence 9 (Grant, "Military Industrial "War" Consciousness Responsible for Economic and Social Collapse," OEN—OpEdNews, March 27)
As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama-http://obama.senate.gov/ called Afghanistan-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_282001E28093present29 ’’the war we must win.
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will be forced to live the life our present war consciousness is creating.

The alternative must begin in our minds – we need to free ourselves of the presumption towards war and advocate for peace and social justice to stop the flow of militarism that threatens existence

Demenchonok 9 – Worked as a senior researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the
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Economics and Sociology, Volume 68, Issue 1, Pages 9-49
Where, then, does the future lie? Unilateralism, hegemonic political anarchy,
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also of the extent, quality, and urgency of our present choices.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Puget Sound DM | Judge: Allen, Sam

Judicial deference to executive war powers high now

McCormack 13, Professor of Law at Utah
(8/20, Wayne, U.S. Judicial Independence: Victim in the "War on Terror", today.law.utah.edu/projects/u-s-judicial-independence-victim-in-the-war-on-terror/
One of the principal victims in the U.S. so-called "
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, or have examined with undue deference, the actions of government officials.

====Judicial restriction of Presidential War Powers makes warfighting impossible====
Knott 13, Professor of National Security Affairs at the United States Naval War College
(8/22, Stephen F., War by Lawyer, www.libertylawsite.org/2013/08/22/war-by-lawyer/)
It is important to keep this in mind in light of the recent National Security
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Howard, part of the ongoing drift toward the death of common sense.

This is particularly true with the plan because drones are key to warfighting – they are the future of combat

Bruntstetter 12, Political Science Professor at UC Irvine
(Daniel, Drones: The Future of Warfare?, www.e-ir.info/2012/04/10/drones-the-future-of-warfare/)
Since President Obama took office, the use of and hype surrounding drones has greatly
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, and precision) make them an important addition to any military arsenal.

Loss of warfighting effectiveness ensures nuclear war in every hotspot

Kagan and O’Hanlon 07,  resident scholar at AEI and senior fellow in foreign policy at Brookings
(Frederick and Michael, The Case for Larger Ground Forces, April, http://www.aei.org/files/2007/04/24/20070424_Kagan20070424.pdf)
We live at a time when wars not only rage in nearly every region but
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intensive missions such as the ones now under way in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Tournament: UMCK | Round: 8 | Opponent: Washburn LK | Judge: kaut, kenda

1NC

A – Interpretation:

Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through instrumental defense of action by the United States Federal Government.

B – Definitions

Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan

American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)

should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  

Federal government is the central government in Washington DC

Encarta Online 2005, 
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html~~23howtocite**
United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, D.C.-http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576320/Washington_D_C.html

Resolved implies a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm-http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm**
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) 

C – Vote neg –

First is Decisionmaking

The primary purpose of debate should be to improve our skills as decision-makers.   We are all individual policy-makers who make choices every day that affect us and those around us.  We have an obligation to the people affected by our decisions to use debate as a method for honing these critical thinking and information processing abilities.

Austin J. Freeley and David L. Steinberg – John Carroll University / U Miami – 2009, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, p. 1-4, googlebooks
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Specifically, through discussing paths of government action, debate teaches us to be better organizational decision makers. Learning about the uniquely different considerations of organizations is necessary to affecting change in a world overwhelmingly dominated by institutions.

Algoso 2011 – Masters in Public Administration (May 31, Dave, "Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter" http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/-http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)

Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle school
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right program for you and use your time well, can do both.

Additionally, The best route to improving decision-making is through discussion about public policy

Mutually accessible information – There is a wide swath of literature on governmental policy topics – that ensures there will be informed, predictable, and in-depth debate over the aff’s decision.  Individual policymaking is highly variable depending on the person and inaccessible to outsiders.

Harder decisions make better decisionmakers – The problems facing public policymakers are a magnitude greater than private decisions.  We all know plans don’t actually happen, but practicing imagining the consequences of our decisions in the high-stakes games of public policymaking makes other decisionmaking easier.

External actors – the decisions we make should be analyzed not in a vacuum but in the complex social field that surrounds us

Second is Predictable Limits - The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer and creates a bounded list of potential affs for us to think about.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate – simply saying the caselist is bad does not allow the possibility of in-depth discussions of the resolution

Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003,
When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

Third is Dogmatism – Most problems are not black and white but have complex, uncertain interactions.  By declaring that caselist is always bad, they prevent us from understanding the nuances of an incredibly important and complex issue.  This is the epitome of dogmatism

Keller, et. al,– Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago - 2001
(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
John Dewey, the philosopher and educational reformer, suggested that the initial advance in
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systems, the learning process will be facilitated" (p. 28).
The authors believe that involving students in substantive debates challenges them to learn and grow
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yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Our method solves – Even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink

Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011 
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications**
Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.
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suggestions have been made in the past (e.g., Bohman,
 2007; Sunstein, 2003, 2006), the present theory provides additional arguments
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(e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, 26 Ragan, 1986).

Refusing to play the game is why we’re losing – we need more administration and governance, not less

Dean, 2011 (Jodi, Professor of Political Science at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, "Politics without Politics," in "Reading Ranciere," ed. Paul Bowman and Richard Stamp, p. 75-78)
The criticisms of left embrace of democracy I raise here are part of a broadly
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this setting, techno-legal regulation and administration would be an improvement.

The state is inevitable – our obligation is to make it as ethical as possible

Simmons 99 William Paul, current Associate Professor of Political Science at ASU, formerly at Bethany College in the Department of History and Political Science, "The Third: Levinas’ theoretical move from an-archical ethics to the realm of justice and politics," Philosophy 26 Social Criticism November 1, 1999 vol. 25 no. 6
Since ’it is impossible to escape the State’, 70 Levinas insists that the
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to itself, only hastens the contrary of what it wants to secure.

A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy professionalists who make the decisions that actually affect outcomes

McClean, Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at Molloy College in New York, ’1 (David E., "The Cultural Left and the Limits of Social Hope", Conference of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, http://www.americanphilosophy.org/archives/past_conference_programs/pc2001/)
Or we might take Foucault who, at best, has provided us with what
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

The uncompromising ideology of the affirmative creates greater exclusion than it solves

Knight, Professor of Education at LaTrobe University, 2k
(The Urban Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, Democratic Education and Critical Pedagogy, link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.10232FA3A1005177227794.pdf)
It is difficult for critical pedagogy to encourage the oppressed to traditional academic success,
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, but what is proposed is vague and is expressed in secret code.
Critical pedagogy has its own brand of exclusiveness. It is an exclusiveness that is
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is used to include and exclude—nobody excludes better than critical pedagogues.

Only the organized public matters – individual opinion alone is useless

Skocpol 2013 – professor in political science at Harvard (January, Theda, "NAMING THE PROBLEM   What It Will Take to Counter Extremism and   Engage Americans in the Fight against Global Warming" http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/sites/default/files/skocpol_captrade_report_january_2013y.pdf-http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/sites/default/files/skocpol_captrade_report_january_2013y.pdf)

This will never be just a matter of merely pointing to national opinion polls in   
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USCAP spent on disconnected messaging campaigns in 2009 and 2010 were   largely wasted.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Puget Sound DM | Judge: Allen, Sam

Debt ceiling likely to be increased now without GOP extracting concessions

Beutler, 9/24 —- Salon’s political writer (Brian, "Ted Cruz’s complaints are meaningless; Republicans are painting their way to a debt limit cave, and the government (and Obamacare) will be funded," http://www.salon.com/2013/09/24/ted_cruzs_complaints_are_meaningless/-http://www.salon.com/2013/09/24/ted_cruzs_complaints_are_meaningless/))
Several commentators have watched the defund campaign go flaccid and responded by reissuing breathless exhortations
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the fight is resolved. But the risk of default remains extremely low.

Political capital is finite —- the plan burns up favors he needs on domestic economic issues

Moore, 9/10 —- Guardian’s US finance and economics editor
(Heidi, 9/10/2013, "Syria: the great distraction; Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America’s economic security," http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester)-http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester))

Before President Obama speaks to the nation about Syria tonight, take a look at
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better. As it is, he should now judge his actions better.

====Drone courts  create massive fights ====
Munoz 13
(Carlo Munoz, National Security writer, "Turf battle builds quietly in Congress over control of armed drone program", The Hill, 4/9/13, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/292501-turf-battle-builds-quietly-over-control-of-armed-drone-program)**
A turf war is quietly building between congressional defense and intelligence committees over who will
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Langley and intelligence lawmakers was bound to spark a fight, he said.

Entertaining GOP negotiating demands will drag the process out and trigger economic collapse

Lobello, 8/27 —- business editor at TheWeek.com (Carmel, 8/27/2013, "How the looming debt ceiling fight could screw up the U.S. economy; Yup, this is happening — again," http://theweek.com/article/index/248775/how-the-looming-debt-ceiling-fight-could-screw-up-the-us-economy)-http://theweek.com/article/index/248775/how-the-looming-debt-ceiling-fight-could-screw-up-the-us-economy))

Ready for more debt-ceiling drama? The Treasury Department said Monday it would
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Failure to meet that responsibility would cause irreparable harm to the American economy."

This will destroy the U.S. and global economy and collapse trade

Davidson, 9/10 (Adam - co-founder of NPR’s "Planet Money" 9/10/2013, "Our Debt to Society," http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0)-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/magazine/our-debt-to-society.html?pagewanted=all26_r=0))

This is the definition of a deficit, and it illustrates why the government needs
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free asset more risky, the entire global economy becomes riskier and costlier. 

The impact is global nuclear war

Freidberg 26 Schonfeld, 8 —- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, "The Dangers of a Diminished America", Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)

With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America’s geostrategic dominance likely to
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disastrous effects of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

Tournament: UMCK | Round: 8 | Opponent: Washburn LK | Judge: kaut, kenda

They say limits control populations, Absent questions of engagement with existing institutions their aff is futile – individual change is overshadowed by dominant structures —

Wight – Professor of IR @ University of Sydney – 6
(Colin, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology, pgs. 48-50 

One important aspect of this relational ontology is that these relations constitute our identity as
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upon it, upon its specific characteristics, its constants and its variables’.

America has failed to act on global warming due to its devaluation of developing countries – The silence and disengagement of debate marginalizes the energy-oppressed poor guaranteeing a destruction of their cultures

Gordon 7 – Professor of Law at Villanova University
(Ruth, "THE CLIMATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: TAKING STOCK: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE POOREST NATIONS: FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON GLOBAL INEQUALITY, 78 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1559, lexis, dml)

There is no longer any question that the earth’s climate is warming. We can
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whether it is or is not is entirely in the hands of others.

AT: Aff K2 Ethical Decisionmaking 

Ethical obligations must take into account the consequences

Johnson, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Maryland, ’85 (Conrad, August, "The Authority of the Moral Agent" Journal of Philosophy, No 8 p 391, JSTOR)
If we follow the usual deontological conception, there are also well-known difficulties
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of the philosophical thought experiment, has been verified by the Infallible Optimizer.

Tournament: Gonzaga | Round: 4 | Opponent: Puget Sound DM | Judge: Allen, Sam

Text: The United States federal government should establish a drones Court with jurisdiction to apply a strict scrutiny standard to executive drone strike orders.

The affirmative plan text establishes a court for all targeted killing.  This includes both drone strikes and Special ops.  The counterplan is just drone strikes

Special forces conduct important targeted killings – turns case - key to Afghanistan stability and preventing terrorist attacks

Sascha-Dominik Bachmann 13, Reader in International Law (University of Lincoln), 2013, "Targeted Killings: Contemporary Challenges, Risks and Opportunities," Journal of Conflict and Security Law, doi: 10.1093/jcsl/krt007
Targeted killing has also been used by the USA in theatres of actual combat operations
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the respective governments have created areas which are outside effective state control.33

Judicial review disrupts special forces targeted killing

Hudson 99 – Major in US Army
(Walter, March, Racial Extremism in the Army, Military Law Review (159 Mil. L. Rev. 1)
Where Brennan’s argument may appear to be the most persuasive is where the potential "
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at the gravest danger posed by racial extremists–the violent hate crime.

Special forces operations are key to counter-prolif—-solves nuclear war

Jim Thomas 13, Vice President and Director of Studies at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, and Chris Dougherty is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2013, "BEYOND THE RAMPARTS THE FUTURE OF U.S. SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES," http://www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOF-Report-CSBA-Final.pdf
WMD do not represent new threats to U.S. security interests, but
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for deposing WMD-armed regimes through UW campaigns should the need arise.