Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: Octas | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: Omar Guevara, Joel Lemuel, James Stevenson

We advocate the entirety of the affirmative without their use of the term "ableism" – Instead, understanding oppression experienced surrounding disability should conceptualize it as "disablism" – breaks the connection between discrimination and ability

Chapman 10, Professor of Social Work at York University
(Christopher S., Crippling narratives and disabling shame: disability as a metaphor, affective dividing practices, and an ethics that might make a difference, still.my.revolution.tao.ca/node/68)
I used to use the term "ableism" to describe oppression against people who
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which actually works to reinforce our oppression, not the other way around.

Use of the term ableism blocks effective resistance to discrimination

Egan 08
(Lisa, Disablism Vs. Ableism, lisybabe.blogspot.com/2008/05/disablism-vs-ableism.html)
Those of you who don’t know, "ableism" is the American/Australian
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medical model roots. Another reason why I think this term is superior.

Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State AC | Judge: Jared Anderson

THE AFFIRMATIVE IS A FUNDAMENTAL MISREADING OF POLITICS AND THE REPRODUCTION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS.  THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS THE ’BIOPOLITICAL STATE’ THAT SEEKS TO MANAGE AND CONTROL POPULATIONS FOR THE SAKE OF POWER.  THE STATE AND CAPITAL MOVE HAND IN GLOVE—ONE CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT THE OTHER.  ONLY A TOTAL DISTANCE FROM THE MODERN STATE CAN ALLOW FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF CAPITAL.  OTHERWISE WHAT IS PUSHED OUT THE DOOR ONLY COMES BACK IN THROUGH THE WINDOW

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
~Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo~

P. 65
The modern state as the comprehensive political command structure of capital — is both the
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most mediated ideological and political theorizations of its raison d’être and claimed legitimacy.
It is on account of this reciprocal determination that we must speak of a close
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faithful to the Marxian concern with the ’withering away’ of the state.

NEXT, THE REDUCTION OF CLASS TO A NEUTRAL LEVEL AMONG A LONG LIST OF OTHER OPPRESSIONS SUCH AS RACE AND GENDER, DESTROYS THE EMANCIPATORY POTENTIAL OF CLASS TO REACH ACROSS ALL LINES OF INDENTITY AND FORGE POLITICAL ACTION.  CLASS MUST BE RECOGNIZED AS QUALITATIVELY MORE IMPORTANT—OTHERWISE THE SYSTEM IS ABLE TO SATISFY DEMANDS ON GROUNDS OF FORMAL EQUALITY, DESTROYING ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME CAPITALIST OPPRESSION*

GIMENEZ (Prof. Sociology at UC Boulder) 2001
~Martha, "Marxism and Class; Gender and Race", Race, Gender and Class, Vol. 8, p. online: http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html-http://www.colorado.edu/Sociology/gimenez/work/cgr.html wyo-tjc~

There are many competing theories of race, gender, class, American society,
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thirty six times (Andersen and Collins, 1995: 1-9).
I agree with the importance of learning from the experience of all groups, especially
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relations and interactions are "raced," "classed," and "gendered."
In the RGC perspective, race, gender and class are presented as equivalent systems
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anywhere from three or four to twelve "classes" can be identified).
~Cont’d~
~Cont’d~
From the standpoint of Marxist theory, however, class is qualitatively different from gender
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just one oppression among others, intersectionality will not realize its revolutionary potential.
Nevertheless, I want to argue against the notion that class should be considered equivalent
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what happens in social interactions grounded in "intersectionality" is class power.

FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF STRUCTURAL KRITIK, THERE CAN BE NO SUCH THING AS ’MAKING THINGS BETTER’— THEIR MODEL OF POLITICS, NO MATTER HOW SUBVERSIVE OR CONSERVATIVE, ALL FUNDAMENTALLY EXAGERATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORMAL INSTITUTION OF POLITICS AND POWER, IGNORING THE WAYS SUCH A SYSTEM CREATES KNOWLEDGE—ONLY A MARXIST SHIFT TO KRITIK THE STRUCTURE AND CREATE MASS SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS WILL OVERCOME THIS FAILURE OF POLITICS

HARNECKER 2000
~Marta, Dir of MEPLA, Links, p. online: http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html-http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue16/harnecker.html wyo~

To think about the construction of forces and the correlation of forces is to change the traditional vision of politics. This vision tends to reduce politics to the struggle over judicial and political institutions and to exaggerate the role of the state. Immediately one thinks of political parties and the fight over the control and orientation of the formal instruments of power.17
The most radical sectors focus all their political action on the conquest of political power and the destruction of the state. The reformists focus on the administration of political power and the exercise of government as the fundamental and sole form of political practice. The popular sectors and their struggles are the ignored colossus. This is what Helio Gallardo calls the "politicism" of the Latin American left.18
2) Overcoming the narrow conception of power
To think about constructing forces is also to overcome the narrow vision that reduces the
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its own way of being seen and of looking at the world.19
To think about how to construct forces is also to overcome the old and deeply rooted mistake of trying to build political forces whether through arms or the ballot box without building social force.20
3) Politics as the art of building social force in opposition to the system
The rise of a social force opposing the system is what the ruling classes fear most. That is the source of their narrow conception of politics as the struggle to win positions of power within the institutionalised judicial and political apparatus.
For the left, on the other hand, politics must be the art of building social force in opposition to the system. The left must not, therefore, see the people or popular social force as something given that can be manipulated and only needs to be stirred up, but as something that has to be built.

THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN ETHICAL ACTION THAT STANDS OUTSIDE OF POLITICS—YOUR ETHICAL DEMAND TO COME PRIOR TO THE STRUCTURAL NEGATION OF CAPITAL IS THE LARGEST VIOLATION OF ETHICS

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
~Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo~

p. 409-10
Politics and morality are so closely intertwined in the real world that it is hardly
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(as well as in that of political philosophy) is very problematical.
No doubt this has a great deal to do with the ever narrowing margin of
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strategy, taking fully on board the painful lessons of the recent past.

Vote negative to validate and adopt the method of structural/historical criticism that is in the 1NC.

THIS IS NOT THE ALTERNATIVE, BUT IN TRUTH THE ONLY OPTION—A RADICAL SOCIALIST REIMAGINATION OF POLITICS IS THE ONLY SOLUTION TO THE CRISIS OF CAPITAL—INSTITUTIONAL POLITICAL ACTION IS THE ROAD TO NOWHERE AS CAPITALIST INERTIA WILL DESTROY ANY RADICAL COMPONENT

MESZAROS (Prof. Emeritus @ Univ. Sussex) 1995
~Istavan, Beyond Capital: Towards a Theory of Transition,  wyo~

p. 451
Given the existing social division of labour, this questioning in the first place cannot arise anywhere else but in the ’political arena properly so called’ (Marx). If, however, the questioning remains trapped within the confines of the strictly institutional forms of political action, it is bound to be defeated by the necessary reemergence of the past economic and political/institutional inertia.
The alternative to being trapped in this way is to use the critical/liberating potentials inherent in the historically favourable moment of socialist politics so as to turn its radical aims into an enduring dimension of the social body as a whole. And to do this by asserting and diffusing its own transient power through an effective transfer of power to the sphere of mass self-activity.
The failure to consciously pursue such course of action can only turn defeat from a more or less real possibility into a self-imposed certainty. This is why the aim of ’restructuring the economy’ badly needs qualifications. For in our present context its inner truth reveals itself as the need for a radical structuring of politics itself through which the realization of socialist economic aims first becomes feasible at all.

Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: Octas | Opponent: Fullerton BS | Judge: Omar Guevara, Joel Lemuel, James Stevenson

The absence of structural historicism in the 1AC is no mere oversight – the reliance on identity-based politics is not an accidental instance of ignoring class. The demand arises out of the crisis of liberalism – such politics particularizes the oppressions of capitalism to the point that the universal system in naturalized. Attaining white, male, bourgeoisie privilege becomes the benchmark of success, re-entrenching the foundation of the capitalist system.

Brown 93 (Wendy, Professor of PoliSci @ Berkeley, "Wounded Attachments", Political Theory, p. 392)
Although this détente between universal and particular within liberalism is potted with volatile conceits,
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produced by capitalism in addition to that bound to the explicitly politicized marking.

The determinism of capital causes all their impacts – the dual technological instrumentalization of humanity and nature allows for both the devaluation of human life and accelerating destruction of the environment.

Dyer-Witherford 99 (professor of Library and Info. Sciences at the U of Western Ontario)
~Nick. Cyber Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism.~
For capitalism, the use of machines as organs of "will over nature"
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degree to which this project of mastery has backfired is all too obvious.

The alternative is to adopt a historical materialist perspective of analyzing disability through the lens of political economy – this is a more effective means of explaining and challenging the experiences and oppression faced by disabled people.

Oliver 99 (Michael J. Oliver, Professor of Disability Studies @ University of Greenwich, "Capitalism, Disability and Ideology: A Materialist Critique of Normalization Principle", 1999, http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Oliver-cap-dis-ideol.pdf)
This interest has led me to begin to sketch out what a social theory of
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affecting the distribution of social goods". ¶ (Estes et al 1982)

Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: 1 | Opponent: Weber State AC | Judge: Jared Anderson

A focus on policy is necessary to learn the pragmatic details of powerful institutions – acting without this knowledge is doomed to fail in the face of policy pros who know what they’re talking about ~highlight~

McClean 01 SOCIETY FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY – GRADUATE AND PHILOSOPHER – NYU, "THE CULTURAL LEFT AND THE LIMITS OF SOCIAL HOPE", http://www.american-philosophy.org/archives/200120Conference/Discussion20papers/david_mcclean.htm~~
Leftist American culture critics might put their considerable talents to better use if they bury
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critics with their snobish disrespect for the so-called "managerial class."

Forcing specific policy analysis is key – allows state institutions to be reclaimed and generates debater education necessary to create a left governmentality – necessary to create a public sphere ~highlight~

Ferguson, Professor of Anthropology at Stanford, 11
(The Uses of Neoliberalism, Antipode, Vol. 41, No. S1, pp 166–184)
If we are seeking, as this special issue of Antipode aspires to do,
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some rather useful little mechanisms may be nearer to hand than we thought.

Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: 6 | Opponent: Sacramento GH | Judge: Omar Guevera

Interpretation –

War powers authority is the president’s power to conduct war as Commander-in-chief

Gerald G. Howard - Spring, 2001, Senior Notes and Comments Editor for the Houston Law Review, COMMENT: COMBAT IN KOSOVO: IGNORING THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION, 38 Hous. L. Rev. 261, LexisNexis

 ~*270~  The issue, then, becomes one of defining and monitoring
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of authority to properly assess the legality of the combat operations in Kosovo.

Offensive cyber operations must disrupt or damage information in computers 26 networks or the computers 26 networks themselves

Washington Post – 8/30/13, Barton Gellman and Ellen Nakashima, U.S. spy agencies mounted 231 offensive cyber-operations in 2011, documents show, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html-http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-spy-agencies-mounted-231-offensive-cyber-operations-in-2011-documents-show/2013/08/30/d090a6ae-119e-11e3-b4cb-fd7ce041d814_story.html

The scope and scale of offensive operations represent an evolution in policy, which in
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timing of an attack, lose control of a computer or miscalculate locations.

Violation – The aff includes only  cyberexploitation which doesn’t disrupt its target – only cyberattacks are "conduct of war"

James A. Lewis – Senior Fellow, Tech 26 Public Policy, CSIS - September 2010, Thresholds for Cyberwar, http://csis.org/files/publication/101001_ieee_insert.pdf

There is a broad range of hostile or malicious action in cyberspace – crime,
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not intimidation, not the use of force, and not an attack.

Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: 4 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Abi Williams

Restricting detention causes shift to targeted killing which is net worse —- even intelligent liberals acknowledge the tradeoff

Feldman, 10/23 —- professor of constitutional and international law at Harvard
(10/23/2013, Noah, "Blame Liberals for Obama’s Illegal Drone War," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-23/blame-liberals-for-obama-s-illegal-drone-war.html)-http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-23/blame-liberals-for-obama-s-illegal-drone-war.html))
The advocacy groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are accusing the administration of U
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"signatures" without detailed intelligence almost certainly violates the law of war.

Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: 4 | Opponent: USC HS | Judge: Abi Williams

Trade promotion authority will be introduced soon —- it can pass if Obama effectively persuades opponents

Wingfield, 1/6 (Brian, 1/6/2014, "Business Groups Back Obama on Trade Amid Historic Debate (2)" http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-06/business-groups-back-obama-on-trade-as-historic-debate-begins)-http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-01-06/business-groups-back-obama-on-trade-as-historic-debate-begins))
Some of the largest U.S. business groups are lining up behind President
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do-able for the administration," he said in a phone interview.

Only this leadership and prioritization by Obama will ensure passage

Business Times Singapore, 12/17 ("Obama must make the case for freer trade," 12/17/2013, Factiva))
The TPA bill, which is expected to be introduced in January, will face
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strengthen the power of President Barack Obama by granting him a new TPA.
So the president now has his work cut out. He must place the goal
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- by creating new jobs and investments, while strengthening US global leadership.

Congressional opposition to transferring detainees and trying them in civilian courts

LAT, 13 (5/1/2013, "Erasing the stain of Guantanamo," http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/01/opinion/la-ed-guantanamo-hunger-strike-20130501)-http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/01/opinion/la-ed-guantanamo-hunger-strike-20130501))

It has been more than four years since the newly inaugurated president issued an executive
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9/11 conspirators before a military commission rather than in civilian courts.

Undercutting Obama’s authority undermines his leverage on other agenda fights

Lillis 26 Wasson, 13 (9/7/2013, Mike Lillis and Erik Wasson, "Fears of wounding Obama weigh heavily on Democrats ahead of vote," http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats)-http://thehill.com/homenews/house/320829-fears-of-wounding-obama-weigh-heavily-on-democrats))
The prospect of wounding President Obama is weighing heavily on Democratic lawmakers as they decide
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debt limit/appropriations battles that are now coming close to being engaged."

TPA is key to reverse slow growth and ensure U.S. global competitiveness

Oberhelman, 12/30 —- chairman and CEO of Caterpillar in Illinois and chairman of Business Roundtable’s International Engagement Committee (Doug, 12/30/2013, "Guest: Should Congress give Obama fast-track authority for trade deals? Yes," http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2022546185_dougoberhelmanprotradeoped30xml.html)-http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2022546185_dougoberhelmanprotradeoped30xml.html)
LIKE most Americans, I’m frustrated with the slow rate of economic growth in the United States over the last several years.
Most proposals to fix the problem focus on domestic issues — government spending, taxes and infrastructure projects, to name a few.
As the chairman and chief executive officer of Caterpillar, I particularly like to talk about the need to invest in our nation’s infrastructure, which helps to make America more competitive in the world economy.
But while all of these issues are critically important to the U.S. economy, the opportunity to increase U.S. investment, growth and jobs requires us to go beyond America’s border.
Ninety-six percent of the world’s consumers live outside of the United States. In fact, in the last five years, Caterpillar has exported more than 2482 billion in products manufactured at our factories in the United States, supporting tens of thousands of jobs. Creating opportunities for American companies to reach these consumers through new and expanded free-trade agreements can help to get our economy back on track and keep our nation globally competitive.
Today, trade supports more than one in five American jobs. U.S. exports have grown more than twice as fast as GDP since 2002, accounting for 14 percent of GDP in 2012. And workers in U.S. companies that export goods earn on average up to 18 percent more than those in similar jobs in non-exporting companies.
The United States is currently pursuing one of the most ambitious trade agendas in a generation, trade agreements that would open markets in the Asia-Pacific region and in Europe.
Also being negotiated is an agreement aimed at knocking down barriers to boost the global competitiveness of U.S. services companies. But to realize the economic benefits of these pending trade deals, Congress must update and pass Trade Promotion Authority legislation.
A partnership between Congress and the Administration, TPA legislation helps shape a strategic vision for U.S. trade policy and the goals the United States wants to accomplish in trade negotiations.
It provides a framework for Congress and the president to work together to craft that vision, and it helps define the critical constitutional relationship between Congress and the president with respect to foreign commerce.
From the 1930s until 2007, Congress has authorized every president to pursue trade agreements that open markets for U.S. goods and services. Such authority was last passed by Congress in 2002 and expired in 2007.
Updated TPA legislation would provide clear guidance on Congress’ requirements for trade agreements. It would also provide our trade negotiating partners with a degree of comfort that the United States is committed to the international trade negotiating process and the trade agreements we negotiate.
In the coming weeks it is expected that Congress will introduce updated TPA legislation. Congress should seize the opportunity to shore up the benefits of current and future trade agreements — increased U.S. investment, growth and jobs — by passing updated TPA legislation.
Working with the president to do so would ensure that the United States continues to pursue trade agreements that not only would allow companies like Caterpillar to remain globally competitive, but also would benefit America.

The impact is global nuclear war

Freidberg 26 Schonfeld, 8 —- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, "The Dangers of a Diminished America", Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)
With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America’s geostrategic dominance likely to
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disastrous effects of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

Tournament: Cal Chico | Round: 6 | Opponent: Sacramento GH | Judge: Omar Guevera

Separation of powers now allows exec full control on surveillance – the plan disrupts this

Pilon and Epstein 13 (Roger, Center for Constitutional Studies, CATO, and Epstein, Ph. D and law prof @ NYU, "NSA surveillance in perspective", CATO.org, July 2013, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/nsa-surveillance-perspective-http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/nsa-surveillance-perspective, accessed 19 Jan 2014)

In domestic and foreign affairs, the basic function of government is to protect our
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everyone on both sides of the aisle is seeking the right constitutional balance.

The restructuring of the NSA and its ability to gather info are key to mitigate terror attacks – 9/11 proves

Coyle 13 (Gene, lecturer @ Indiana University school of Public 26 Environmental Affairs, "National Security Policy Responses to the 9/11 Attacks", published intra-university online, http://www.iu.edu/~~spea/pubs/undergrad-honors/Volume-7/Gingerich,20Chase20-20National20Security20Policy20Responses20to20the209-1120Attacks20-20Faculty20Gene20Coyle.pdf-http://www.iu.edu/~spea/pubs/undergrad-honors/Volume-7/Gingerich, Chase - National Security Policy Responses to the 9-11 Attacks - Faculty Gene Coyle.pdf, Spring 2013, accessed 19 Jan 2014) 

The acts of terrorism against the United States on September 11, 2001 were devastating
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doing the opposite of that and not allowing the sharing of essential information.

The plan spills over to broader Congressional decisionmaking
Paul 2008 - Senior Social Scientist; Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School Pittsburgh Office Education Ph.D., M.A., and B.A. in sociology, University of California, Los Angeles (September, Christopher, "US Presidential War Powers: Legacy Chains in Military Intervention Decisionmaking* ," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Sep., 2008), pp. 665-679)

Legacy Chains
Finegold 26 Skocpol (1995: 222) describe policy legacies: Past and present
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law (see the extended ex ample presented later in the article).1 

Executive control of warmaking is key to avoiding nuclear war and terrorism
Li 2009 - J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University (Zheyao, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE)

A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
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and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.

Tournament: Fullerton | Round: 1 | Opponent: Texas FM | Judge: Kevin Kallmyer

The Executive branch of the United States federal government should prohibit the war powers authority of the president to introduce the United States Armed Forces into hostilities for humanitarian intervention.

Including self-binding mechanisms ensures effective constraints and executive credibility

Posner 26 Vermeule, 6 —- *Prof of Law at U Chicago, AND  Prof of Law at Harvard (9/19/2006, Eric A. Posner 26 Adrian Vermeule, "The Credible Executive," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=931501)-http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=931501))

IV. Executive Signaling: Law and Mechanisms¶ We suggest that the executive’s credibility
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given an ill-motivated executive an excuse not to use those mechanisms.

Tournament: UNLV | Round: 5 | Opponent: Los Rios PR | Judge: Jamie Cheek

framework

A – Interpretation:

Topical affirmatives must affirm the resolution through defense of action by the United States Federal Government.

B – Definitions

Should denotes an expectation of enacting a plan

American Heritage Dictionary 2000 (Dictionary.com)

should. The will to do something or have something take place: I shall go out if I feel like it.  

Federal government is the central government in Washington DC

Encarta Online 2005, 
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741500781_6/United_States_(Government).html~~23howtocite**
United States (Government), the combination of federal, state, and local laws, bodies, and agencies that is responsible for carrying out the operations of the United States. The federal government of the United States is centered in Washington, D.C.-http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576320/Washington_D_C.html

Resolved implies a policy

Louisiana House 3-8-2005, http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm-http://house.louisiana.gov/house-glossary.htm**
Resolution  A legislative instrument that generally is used for making declarations,  stating policies, and making decisions where some other form is not  required. A bill includes the constitutionally required enacting clause; a  resolution uses the term "resolved". Not subject to a time limit for  introduction nor to governor’s veto. ( Const. Art. III, §17(B) and House  Rules 8.11 , 13.1 , 6.8 , and 7.4) 

C – Vote neg –

First is Decisionmaking

The primary purpose of debate should be to improve our skills as decision-makers.   We are all individual policy-makers who make choices every day that affect us and those around us.  We have an obligation to the people affected by our decisions to use debate as a method for honing these critical thinking and information processing abilities.

Austin J. Freeley and David L. Steinberg – John Carroll University / U Miami – 2009, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, p. 1-4, googlebooks
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and
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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Specifically, through discussing paths of government action, debate teaches us to be better organizational decision makers. Learning about the uniquely different considerations of organizations is necessary to affecting change in a world overwhelmingly dominated by institutions.

Algoso 2011 – Masters in Public Administration (May 31, Dave, "Why I got an MPA: Because organizations matter" http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/-http://findwhatworks.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/why-i-got-an-mpa-because-organizations-matter/)

Because organizations matter. Forget the stories of heroic individuals written in your middle school
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right program for you and use your time well, can do both.

Second is Predictable Limits - The resolution proposes the question the negative is prepared to answer and creates a bounded list of potential affs for us to think about.  Debate has unique potential to change attitudes and grow critical thinking skills because it forces pre-round internal deliberation on a of a focused, common ground of debate

Robert E. Goodin and Simon J. Niemeyer- Australian National University- 2003,
When Does Deliberation Begin? Internal Reflection versus Public Discussion in Deliberative Democracy, POLITICAL STUDIES: 2003 VOL 51, 627–649, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-3217.2003.00450.x/pdf
What happened in this particular case, as in any particular case, was in
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least one possible way of doing that for each of those key features.

Third is Dogmatism – Most problems are not black and white but have complex, uncertain interactions.  By declaring that _ is always bad, they prevent us from understanding the nuances of an incredibly important and complex issue.  This is the epitome of dogmatism

Keller, et. al,– Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago - 2001
(Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, "Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning," Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost)
John Dewey, the philosopher and educational reformer, suggested that the initial advance in
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systems, the learning process will be facilitated" (p. 28).
The authors believe that involving students in substantive debates challenges them to learn and grow
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yield a reevaluation and reconstruction of knowledge and beliefs pertaining to the issue.

Our method solves – Even if the resolution is wrong, having a devil’s advocate in deliberation is vitally important to critical thinking skills and avoiding groupthink

Hugo Mercier and Hélène Landemore- 2011 
(Philosophy, Politics and Economics prof @ U of Penn, Poli Sci prof @  Yale), Reasoning is for arguing: Understanding the successes and failures of deliberation, Political Psychology, http://sites.google.com/site/hugomercier/publications**
Reasoning can function outside of its normal conditions when it is used purely internally.
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suggestions have been made in the past (e.g., Bohman,
 2007; Sunstein, 2003, 2006), the present theory provides additional arguments
AND
(e.g. Schweiger, Sandberg, 26 Ragan, 1986).

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cornell PH | Judge: Patrick Kennedy

Obama will circumvent the plan with creative lawyering

Hafetz, 11/5 —- law professor at Seton Hall
(11/5/2013, Jonathan, "Outrage Fatigue: The Danger of Getting Used to Gitmo," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13311/outrage-fatigue-the-danger-of-getting-used-to-gitmo))
The Obama administration has shown no shortage of creative lawyering in justifying U.S
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the urgency tends to dissipate once the public pressure and media attention fades.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Vanderbilt BM | Judge: Jacob Thompson
Text: The United States federal judiciary will rule that all individuals currently detained, or detained in the future, will be expediently tried or released. 

Judicial action is critical to resolve the Kiyemba decisions and establish legitimate habeas laws

Milko 12
~Winter, 2012, Jennifer L. Milko, "Separation of Powers and Guantanamo Detainees: Defining the Proper Roles of the Executive and Judiciary in Habeas Cases and the Need for Supreme Guidance", 50 Duq. L. Rev. 173~
In light of the compelling arguments on both sides, several important issues have ambiguous
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potential of making this important right just a phrase with no underlying force.

The judiciary is key—perception of US provision of habeas rights is critical to US soft power—the vital aspect of US legal jurisprudence—court action is key

Sidhu 11 
~2011, Dawinder S. Sidhu, J.D., The George Washington University; M.A., Johns Hopkins University; B.A., University of Pennsylvania, Judicial Review as Soft Power: How the Courts Can Help Us Win the Post-9/11 Conflict", NATIONAL SECURITY LAW BRIEF, Vol. 1, Issue 1 http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=100326context=nslb~~
The "Great Wall" The writ of habeas corpus enables an individual to challenge
AND
unique and modern circumstances of the post-9/11 con? ict.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan State BS | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Text: The United States Congress should require a declaration of war that is consistent with jus ad bellum principles of self-defense under international law for any decision to use or deploy armed forces against a nation-state in circumstances likely to lead to an armed attack.

Congress should define "armed attack" as: The use of force of a magnitude that is likely to produce serious consequences, epitomized by territorial intrusions, human casualties, or considerable destruction of property.

Congress should allow an exception in the event of an armed attack against the United States, or members of U.S. alliances or alignments making prior approval impractical.  Congress should require immediate notice of such a determination, and shall require approval within 14 days.

The text of the plan signals an abandonment of Israel- they are not a U.S. ally

Morrow 2K, Hoover Institute
(James D.-, June, Annual Review of Political Science, "Alliances: Why Write Them Down?", Vol. 3, http://arjournals-http:arjournals/. annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.63?amp;searchHistoryKey=24~{searchHistoryKey~}26cookieSet=1)
Alliances should be differentiated from alignments (Dingman 1979). Alignments are not written down
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. Historically, few sovereign states have voluntarily formed tighter relationships than alliances.

Consistent statements in support of U.S. security assurances that the US will come to the defense of Israel if they are under attack are key to prevent Israeli lashout

Murdock 09, Sr Advisor CSIS 
(Clark A.-, Jessica M. Yeats, Linton F. Brooks, M. Elaine Bunn, Franklin C. Miller, James L. Schoff, CSIS Workshop Proceeding and Key Takeaways, "Exploring the Nuclear Posture Implications of Extended Deterrence and Assurance", http://csis.org/files/publication/091218_nuclear_posture.pdf-http://csis.org/files/publication/091218_nuclear_posture.pdf)
U.S. security assurances to Israel probably have their greatest impact on Israel’s
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bases and military facilities would survive a first strike to retaliate effectively."147

An Israeli strike collapses the global economy, heg, and sparks war with China and Russia

Reuveny 10, Public Affairs Professor at Indiana
(Rafael, Guest Opinion: Unilateral strike on Iran could trigger world depression, www.indiana.edu/~spea/news/speaking_out/reuveny_on_unilateral_strike_Iran.shtml)
A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including
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green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan State BS | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Korea is the most volatile hotspot in the world and risk of North Korean miscalc is high – US deterrence across the DMZ is key

MARTHA RADDATZ and LUIS MARTINEZ – 4/2/13, U.S. General Says North Korea Situation Is ’Volatile’ and ’Dangerous’, http://abcnews.go.com/International/us-general-north-korea-situation-volatile-dangerous/story?id=1886386426singlePage=true
Gen. James Thurman, the top U.S. commander in South Korea
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during the farming season "so that they can have a good harvest."

Changes in US defense commitments below the nuclear threshold collapse extended deterrence in Korea

Linton Brooks and Mira Rapp-Hooper - Oct 2013, Extended Deterrence, Assurance, and Reassurance in the Pacific during the Second Nuclear Age, Brooks = badass, former nuclear sub commander, and nonresident senior adviser at CSIS, http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=706~~23.Uoi1Mfl1ySo
The need to simultaneously deter China and North Korea, assure multiple allies, and
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fact of life and by working to implement modest confidence-building measures.

Extinction

Hayes 26 Hamel-Green, 10 – *Executive Director of the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainable Development, AND  Executive Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development act Victoria University (1/5/10, Executive Dean at Victoria, "The Path Not Taken, the Way Still Open: Denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia," http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf-http://www.nautilus.org/fora/security/10001HayesHamalGreen.pdf)

The international community is increasingly aware that cooperative diplomacy is the most productive way to
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threat but a global one that warrants priority consideration from the international community.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan State BS | Judge: Ana Nikolic

The President of the United States of America should seek the legal advice of the United States Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel in the area of offensive use of military force.  The OLC should publically disclose a written legal opinion that the executive branch of the United States federal government should not initiate offensive use of military force prior to receiving Congressional authorization and the President should issue an executive order complying with that advice. Other executive branch legal personnel, including the Attorney General, will defer to the advice of the OLC on this issue.

The counterplan solves —- internalizes legal norms, effectively constrains the president, establishes precedent
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was evidently inconsistent with the Justice Department officials’ understanding of their professional roles.

Tournament: USC | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cornell PH | Judge: Patrick Kennedy

aff’s use of the law is a militaristic tactic that creates legal legitimacy to propel more frequent, more deadly violent interventions that ensure infrastructural violence that maims civilians – they actively displace moral questions in favor of a pathologically detached question of legality

Smith 2 – prof of phil @ U of South Florida
(Thomas, International Studies Quarterly 46, The New Law of War: Legitimizing Hi-Tech and Infrastructural Violence)
The role of military lawyers in all this has, according to one study,
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and construed, hopes of rescuing law from politics will be dim indeed.

militarism is a fundamentally unsustainable system that is the root cause of all extinction threats and ensures mass structural violence – non-violence is the only possible response

Kovel 2
(Joel, "The United States Military Machine", http://www.joelkovel.org/americanmilitary.htm; Jacob)
I want to talk to you this evening about war - not the immediate threat
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military machine is about to plunge, dragging us all down with it.

the aff’s certain calculations about war are an impossibly arrogant form of mechanical, sterile analysis that eases the path towards war. their language is coopted to provide rhetorical ammunition for militarists. our alternative is not pure pacifism, but rather a pacifist analysis that injects moral and epistemic doubt into our decisionmaking about war – this is the only way to formulate better policies that address structural causes of war and avoids inevitable cycles of violence

Neu 13 – prof @ U of Brighton
(Michael, International Relations 27(4), December, The Tragedy of Justified War)
Just war theory is not concerned with millions of starving people who could be saved
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otherwise deprive themselves, today, of the possibility of not wronging tomorrow.

Tournament: USC | Round: 2 | Opponent: Michigan State BS | Judge: Ana Nikolic

Trade promotion is a top priority and will pass if Obama invests capital —- he can overcome opposition

Schneider, 12/17 (Howard, 12/17/2013, "Obama, to sell trade pacts, will outline the benefits of globalization," http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/obama-to-sell-trade-pacts-will-outline-the-benefits-of/article_3bebc586-6ed7-50dd-879c-3f331fd54363.html-http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/obama-to-sell-trade-pacts-will-outline-the-benefits-of/article_3bebc586-6ed7-50dd-879c-3f331fd54363.html))
WASHINGTON • After months of international negotiations over two new trade treaties, the Obama
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pass "early next year, if we have the administration’s active participation."

Only this leadership and prioritization by Obama will ensure passage

Business Times Singapore, 12/17 ("Obama must make the case for freer trade," 12/17/2013, Factiva))
The TPA bill, which is expected to be introduced in January, will face
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- by creating new jobs and investments, while strengthening US global leadership.

The plan will roil key factions in the administration, congress and the public —- wrecks other agenda priorities

Scheuerman, 13 —- Professor of Poli Sci at Indiana University (Spring 2013, William E., Constitutional Commentary, "BOOK REVIEW: BARACK OBAMA’S WAR ON TERROR: POWER AND CONSTRAINT: THE ACCOUNTABLE PRESIDENCY AFTER 9/11," 28 Const. Commentary 519))
Last but by no means least, the Obama Administration has gone beyond anything President
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seemed so deep, and the political costs of challenging it correspondingly exorbitant.

TPA is key to reverse slow growth and ensure U.S. global competitiveness

Oberhelman, 12/30 —- chairman and CEO of Caterpillar in Illinois and chairman of Business Roundtable’s International Engagement Committee (Doug, 12/30/2013, "Guest: Should Congress give Obama fast-track authority for trade deals? Yes," http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2022546185_dougoberhelmanprotradeoped30xml.html)-http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2022546185_dougoberhelmanprotradeoped30xml.html)
LIKE most Americans, I’m frustrated with the slow rate of economic growth in the
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companies like Caterpillar to remain globally competitive, but also would benefit America.

The impact is global nuclear war

Freidberg 26 Schonfeld, 8 —- *Professor of Politics and IR at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School, AND senior editor of Commentary and a visiting scholar at the Witherspoon Institute in Princeton (10/21/2008, Aaron and Gabriel, "The Dangers of a Diminished America", Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122455074012352571.html?mod=googlenews_wsj)
With the global financial system in serious trouble, is America’s geostrategic dominance likely to
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disastrous effects of disengagement and the stiff price tag of continued American leadership.

Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: Vanderbilt BM | Judge: Jacob Thompson

Obama’s Syria maneuver has maximized presidential war powers because it’s on his terms

Posner 9/3, Law Prof at University of Chicago
(Eric, Obama Is Only Making His War Powers Mightier, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/09/obama_going_to_congress_on_syria_he_s_actually_strengthening_the_war_powers.html)
President Obama’s surprise announcement that he will ask Congress for approval of a military attack
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and avoid it when he knows that it will stand in his way.

Court intervention in detention decisions jacks the military overall

Yoo 6 – law prof at Cal 
(October 19, John, "Congress to Courts: ’Get Out of the War on Terror’" http://online.wsj.com/article/SB116121703953197111.html)
While there may be different ways to strike a balance, this is a decision
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the intelligence sources and methods that may allow us to win the war.

====Statutory restriction of Presidential War Powers makes warfighting impossible====
Yoo 12 – prof of law @ UC Berkeley
(John, War Powers Belong to the President, ABA Journal February 2012 Issue, http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/war_powers_belong_to_the_president) we do not endorse the ableist language used in this card, but have left it in to preserve the author’s intent. we apologize for the author’s inappropriate use of the word "paralyze"
The framers realized the obvious. Foreign affairs are unpredictable and involve the highest of
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time to introduce sweeping, untested changes in the way we make war.

The plan spills over to broader Congressional decisionmaking

Paul 2008 - Senior Social Scientist; Professor, Pardee RAND Graduate School Pittsburgh Office Education Ph.D., M.A., and B.A. in sociology, University of California, Los Angeles (September, Christopher, "US Presidential War Powers: Legacy Chains in Military Intervention Decisionmaking* ," Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 5 (Sep., 2008), pp. 665-679)

Legacy Chains
Finegold 26 Skocpol (1995: 222) describe policy legacies: Past and present
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law (see the extended ex ample presented later in the article).1 

Executive control of warmaking is key to avoiding nuclear war and terrorism

Li 2009 - J.D. candidate, Georgetown University Law Center, 2009; B.A., political science and history, Yale University (Zheyao, "War Powers for the Fourth Generation: Constitutional Interpretation in the Age of Asymmetric Warfare," 7 Geo. J.L. 26 Pub. Pol’y 373 2009 WAR POWERS IN THE FOURTH GENERATION OF WARFARE)

A. The Emergence of Non-State Actors
Even as the quantity of nation-states in the world has increased dramatically since
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and action necessary to prevail in fourth-generational conflicts against fourthgenerational opponents.